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Gauss Theorem &its Application

Nitsh oy
Class- X1. High Yield Notes)

9123738018
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Electric flux ($)
1. Electric fluxt)
surface is the measure of distribution of electric field
through@ given surface. It is proportional to the number of electric field
lines
IStte passingthrough a surface normally.
2 Flux linked with an elementary area da in the uniform electric field Eis
by, do = E. ds cos = .ds S P A C

ds

3. Total electric flux (¢) =fE.ds (For opened surface)

= fE. da (For closed surface)
(For plane surface in uniform electric
field)
4. Electric flux is a it is scalar product of
electric field intensity (E)
and area vector
5. Unit of () = N m²c-1 = volt-meter
(In SI unit)
= dyne cmesu= stat
volt-cm (In CGS unit)
6.

Electric flux () = Electric field intensity (E) x Surface area (S)

Electric flux
’ Electric field intensity = Surface area

’ Electric field intensity = Electric flux densits

7. [Electric flux] = [ML³T-3A-]

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8 a r n g

Concept of Solid Angle

1

Plane Angle () Solid Angle (2)

Dimensional Concept 2-D 3- D(Solid Angle)
Unit Radius Steradian
Relation

S,
S2

S1 S2
Angle subtended by 2
rí
closed surface. at its AT
any interior point

2 Solid angle subtended by any closed surface at anyexternal

3. If surface is not
to line starting from point is zero.
figure. the point O, as shown in
the

ds cos 0

Solid angle is given by, d) = s cos 6

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Gauss Theorem
I n s t i t t e f o r a r t n e A e a r n s

. Statement
Total ogtric, (9)through any closed surface in vacuum is equal to times
the
(Qenc) enclosed by the closed surface.
Lenc
Eo
u S P A C E

=Lenc

Here, eo =Absolute permittivity of vacuum,

E= Electric field intensityon the closed surface,
ds = Elemental areaof closed surface.
2. An imaginary closed surface drawn on around charge is called Gaussian
surface.
3. The number of field lines of force passing
through per unit area of perpendicular
surface, is called Density of Lines of Force.
4 The number of field lines of
force emerging form or terminating on a
proportional to the magnitude of the charge. charge is
E In uniform electric
field, the net enclosed charge (9enc) in
Zero.
R a r n i n g

any closed region is

Properties of GaussianSurface
1 It is animaginary closed surface.
2.It never touches the charge.
3., The surface can have any arbitrary shape.

For simple calculation,,the shape of Gaussian

surface may be taken as
1. CylindricalGaussian surface for:
(a) Aline charge.
(b) Acylindrical charge distribution.
2. Spherical Gaussian surface for: S

(a) Apoint charge.

(b) Aspherical charge distribution
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Proof of Gauss's
Theoremn
Considera
Electrio feldclosedsuYace area around the charge +q as
at point X shown in the
due to +q charge is gven as, E figure.
= 4TEo rz along 0X

ds cos
i o r

Total electric flux over the

closed surface is given by,
=$E. ds
= E. ds cos
1
4TEO r2 ds cos
=

-6 ds cos
r2

Solid angle (d0) = dsr2cose

44T
Eo
This is the Gauss theorem.
We know, d = Total solid angle at
interior point O of closed surface = 4T
Derivation of Coulomb's law of electrostatics from the Gauss
Theorem
Draw a spherical Gaussian surface with radius r
shown in the figure. around the charae +q1
+ as

instit

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By Gauss's theorem,
lectric flux linked with sphere is given by. E.da =
»ýE.ds çgs0
i o g p l h e

I n s t i i t t e

Eo [ ds = 4r = Surface area of
spherej
E=
= k.
41Lr
(k-)
Electric force experienced by the charge +42
F= 42E placed at the point Xis given by,
’F=q2. k.
F=k142
r2 (Force is directed along the line
This is the Coulomb's law of OX)
electrostatics.
Calculation of Electric Field
straight thin wire Intensity due to uniformly charged infinite long
Consider an, infinite tÓng
linear ch¥rge density à and uniformly
it is placedcharged (+ve, say) thin
shownstraight
alongthe 9-axis as
TIMEneSP

in the
wire with
Y-axisi figure.
ds

la

ds
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We have to calculate electric field intensity E at distance r form the wire.

To calculate this, cylinder of length l, radius r,and axis as the

wire.

The charge by Gaussian cylinder is given by, qenc = l

By the Gauss theorem, the total electric flux linked with the Gaussian cylinder is
given by, Eds = enc

’ So E. da + Spottom E. da + SE.da ens Eo

’ o E. ds. cos 90° + Sotom E. ds. cos 90 + [ E . ds. cos 0 lenc
rve

>0+0+ E. S ds = Qenc
» E.(2nrl) = Eo ( S. ds = 2rl = Curve surface area of the cylinder)
E=k
(*k=)
Direction of electric field intensityis awayfrom the wire.

Notes:

Electric potential at distance r form the uniformly charged infinite

long straight
wire iS given by, V=-k.2a. In )
Here r, is the distance from the wire where electric potential is
zero.
TiMEnSPACE

+
+

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Calculation of Electric Field, Intensity due to uniformly charged thin
spherical shell OR solid conducting sphere
Le

We
electric field intensity E at the
Ymly +q charged spherical shell (or distance r form the centre
solid conducting sphere) of radius R
charge density o.
4TR2

’q=0.4nR?
We have to drawa
gaussian sphere of radius r and
Let, ds =
Elemental area of the gaussian sphere. còncentric with the shell.
’ ds

Learning

1. At eriop
(r> R)
(Gaussian Sphere)
the
as, E.da =9
theorem, the total electric flux
linked with the
Efds = 9
(: Value of
gaussian sphere ls
Note: electric field is uniform over
Eoutside = G.4nRZ

»
4NEO gaussian sphere)
Egutside= )
(Directed radial outward)
E (: ds 4nr =
Surface area of
Eoutside =k.
(Field is directed radial gaussian sphere)
outward)
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 conducting
sphere
solid
Caleulation

3.surface At
2. Note:
Electric Charge
enclosed E_urtace Eoutside(a) =
density
chargep. of We Interior
At=k. Epatside(b)
a of
uniformly have Easde ’
ACE Electric field (qenc) only
to point (r= R)
intensity resides 4TTE0 1
calculate
by (r<
+q G.4nR?
Field gaussian
* charged on R)
titute electric inside
Intensity the
sphere outer (Field
non-conducting the
for field
nline shell is
surface
is directed
intensitu due
is zero.
ning given
to
of
solid E the radial
at by,
* Einside=0
05) sphere the uniformly Einside NEET
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distance =
ductoe
of k. JEE
radius 2
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centre XII tor
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 DrawGaussian sphere of radius r and concentric withNEET(UG) JEE State Board
L e a r n i n g
the solid sphere
TIMEnSP
T I M E S P A C E
ds

O n l i n e

i o r

n s l a u t e

,ds =
Elemental area of the gaussian sphere.
1. At
exterior point (r > R)
Charge enclosed by the
By the Gauss
gaussian sphere is given as, 4
=q =p. TR
theorem, the total electric flux
given by, E. ds = enc linked with the gaussian
Eo sphere is
’E.ds. cos 0° =Qenc
Eo
’Eds =lenc
’E.4Tr2 =
[: $ ds = 4nr =
1

4TEO r2 Surface area of gaussian

Eoutside =k. spherel
r2
is
Notes:
TIMEnSNC

directed radial outward from the

(a) sphere)
R3
3Eo r2

2. At
Eoutsidek
surface, R)
(r =
Esurface =k. pR
3. At
R?

inside point (r< R) (Field is directed

radial outward from the
sphere)
ds
X

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Charge enclosed by the gaussian sphere is given by, qenc P4 r

By the Gauss theorem the total electric flux linked with the gaussian sphere is
given by. . da
Eo

’$E.ds Lenc

Qenc
6E. Learnin

ds = enc
Eo

’E (4r²) = enc [: f ds = 4r? = Surface area of gaussian

Eo
sphere]
’E(4r2) =*
p.r k .r
’Éinside 3Eo R3

’ Einside = Pr
3E0 (Field is direcled radial outward from the
sphere)

NhusSeLearnit

K R .

Caleuation of Electric Potential due to

or solid conducting sphere uniformly charged thin spherical shell
We have to calculate the electrio
+q charged spherical shellpotential
V at the distance r from center
uniformly (or solid conduoting sphete) of radius of
PA R.
(+9)

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 1. At exterior point (r > R)
TIMEndSPACE
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Electric field intensity at the outside
soaieartin y point at distancer from shell is given bu
Eout = k. (Field is directed radial outward from the sphere)
dV
dr

Oni
both the sides, we get,
av = -kq r.dr
-ka
V-0= kq :
»V= k|
Voutside =kI
r
2. At surface (r = R)
Vsurface = k. 9R
3. At inside point (r< R)
Since charge only resides on the
(Einside) inside the shell is zero. outer surface of shell, so the net electric field
:. Einside = 0
dy
dr
=0
’ dV =0
(From center to surface of
On integrating both the sphere)
TIMESPiR

g t i nfto
eB
Vinstde
r a l i n e
=Vsurface
=k'= Constant

V= constant
V

* R

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Calculation of Electric due to uniformly charged non-conducting

solid sphere P A C K

We calculate electric potential V at distance r from the centre of

+q charged non-conducting solid sphere of radius R and L e a r i n k

yolume
charge density p.
B u i i n e

(+q)
f o r

I n s ü t u E

+ R

1. Atexterior point (r > R)

The electric field intensity at the
conducting solid sphere is given by, outside point of the uniformly charged non
a e a n g

Eoutside = k. (Field is directed radial outward

dV
dr
from the sphere)
dV =-k4
On integrating both the sides, we get,
dV = -ksfr2. dr

’V-0 = S D E

’V= k
outside = k9
r

2. On the surface (r = R)
Vsurface = k
R

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3. At inside point (r< R)

At inside point the, field intensity due to uniformly charged non

is given by,
conducting9olid
Einside R3
(Field is directed radial outward fron the sphere)

T H E n a S P A C E

-k.rdr
integrating both the side, we get,
dV = -kr. dr
Jyaurface
surface

’V-V,urface =-k;-)
’V=surface -k. -)
’ Vinside =Rk -2R3
k r - R2)

Vinside
e f oOrd i n e

surface

K R
........
Note:

(a) Volume charge density of sphere (p) =

9 P
4mR3

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 Calculation
charged

15 charged infinite
of IfLAxis Draw plane,
the at We (c) (b) *
charge
4enc sheet have of VinsideVcentre Vinside
At
of Gaussian
long center Vinside
MEndSPACE = infinite to Electric Vinside
isgaussian
Cross-section == =
0. 4enc = 3[o
dsgiven Z-axis4 ds distancecalculate plane 6¬0 SATR
2E0 k3
of =
lS 6Eo
by,
2r=
cylinder Lengthcylinder long (3R sphere3 -r2)
(3R² P 2Eo 1
enclosed Field k=1.5
* thin
R Q
Institute r the
non-conducting (3R²(3R²-r)
area which from r2) (r=
is sheet
Genc
ds parallel Y-axis electricIntensity -r)
by = +++ =
sheet, Ycentre R)
for the ds is 2
Vsurface
Online symmetrical
to
gaussianX-axisl as field (3R²
shownplane due
intensity -
Learning
as to p2)
cylinder about inthin
shown the
non-conducting
* sheet E NEET
74262605) ’X-axis
the tds figure. due
then in (UG)
stin the plane which to
surface abave +ve JEE
TIMEndSPACE
of fuw is
nature State
sheet lying
charge figure. uniform Board

with in (Institute
uniformly XI
the &
density for

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TINESPAC XII Cntine
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*Total electricflux linked gaussian cylinder is given by. E.da =*ETE Sino
E.ds. cos 00 E. ds,cos 0º 4JE.ds. cos 90º J.ds
left curve

I n s t ii
t h
o
+E.
O n i
o.ds

O.ds

2[0 (Field is directed away from the sheet)

Electric field is uniform close to the uniformly charged sheet.

Notes:
If V. is theelectric potential on the surface of the sheet then
at distance x from the sheet is given by, V= Vc
electric potential
L e a r n i n g

-x 2E
S P A C E

C n i n e

T I M E o S l

f o r

s t i t u i e

Caleulation of Electric Field Intensity due to uniformn ehareed nlane

eonductor

We have to calculate the electric tlela intensity E due to

+ve nature uniformly
charged infinite long plane conductor lging in the 92-plane, at distance r from
figure.
plane conductor, as shown in the

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4Y-axis
M EA
n CE i e a r n i

e
+

ds
+ +
’X-axis
Z-axis<
th¿Dlane a 'conductor with
Draw Gaussian cylinder which is symmetrical about
Length = 2r,
Cross-section area = ds, as shown in the above figure.
LAxis of gaussian cylinder is parallel to X-axisl
gaussian culinden ththen the surface charge
I charge qenc is enclosed by the
densityof plane conductor is given by, qenc
2.ds

’ Yenc = 26. ds
:Total electric flux linked with the gaussian cylinder is given by, E. da = Yenc
En

E. ds. cos 00,E. ds. cos 0,+ (E.ds. cos 900 2.0.ds
En
left Curve

02.0.ds
E. ds + E.ds + Eo

2Eds

(Field is directed auway from the plane conductor)

SPACE

E
E S

Electric field is uniform close to the uniformly charged plane conductor.

l : s t i t e

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Electric field intensity due
L e a t o i r g

two parallel plane sheets having equal and

opposite charge density
T I M E n S P A C

O n l i n e

l o r

I n s t i t u t e

EA
EA E
EB EB
A B
Here, EA = Eg =Be
2¬o

1. Net electric field intensity at outside point is

given as,
Eoutside = EA - Eg = 0
2. Net electric field
intensity at any point between sheet is given as.
Einside = E + Eg

Einside =4
(Uniform field is directed from +ve to -ve
I M E n S P A C E

charged sheets)
+o

M E
SKAC

Equipotential surface

1. Equipotential surface isa surface on which electrie rentiol

the surface. is same throughout
2. On equipotential surface the work done in movtng any
points, is zero. char ge between any two

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3. Electric field lines always intersect the equipotential surface at perpendicularly
4.In electrostatic equilibrium, surface of any charged conduct is an equipotential
surface.

5. Two equipotential surfacesnever intersect with each other, if they do so then at

point of interseetion there will two normals Le. two directions of electric field
intensity but it is not possible because electric field intensity is a vector which
has specitic direction.
6.

Shape of equipotential surface

1. Point char ge or spherical 1. Spherical surface with centre as, point charge (OR
charge concentric with spherical charge),
2. Line charge or cylindrical2. Cylindrical curve surface with axis as line charge (0R
charge coaxial with cylindríca charge).
3. Electric dipole 3. Plane surface perpendicular to the axis and passing
4. Uniform electric field
through centre of theelectric dipole.
4. Plane surfaces perpendicular to the
electric lines of
Force.

Show that on the equipotential

between any two points, is zero surface
the work done in moving any
charge

On equipotential surface,
electric potential (V) is constant.
:V= Constant

Work done in moving charge q on

dW =qdV
equipotential surface is given by
T i E o d S P A E

’ dW =0

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Show that the electric field
Vangle 900 SPACE

Yequipotential surface on which uniform electric potential is V. The

moves through small length dr on the equipotential surface.
Constant
’ dV=0 T N E S

’-[dY =0
. dY =0

Electrical shielding

A shielding
Electrical o t i n iso e t e s s to
shield (make safe) an
laboratory from the
with a
of the
external electric field by
electronic device or
oreen. covering the device

Distinguish polar molecules and

Ute
non-polar molecules
Polar molecules

absence ofNon-polar molecules

1. In absence of
external electric field, 1. In
the dipole moment (p) is not zero, p # 0
dipole external electrio field, the
2. Centre of mass of positive
charges, do 2. Centremoment
of
(p) is zero, p = 0
coincide with that of negative charges with that of mass of positive charges, coincide
3. It has permanent or intrinsic dipole 3. It does notnegative charges
Moment have intrinsic
external dipole
but in
presence of electricmoment
has induced dipole field, it
4. e.g. -HCl, H,0, Nacl etc. 4. e.g. -Hz.0z, CO, moment
NH, etc.

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Learnine
nce)
wetron-volt (ev)
when it is accelerated in the
the energy gain by an electron
Electrone
potentiat of 1 Volt.

T I M E a u S P A C E

Electron-volt and Joule

Relation between

We know, dw = q.dV
’1Eectron volt = e x 1volt
x 1
= 1.6 x 10-19

Joule
(eV) = 1.6 x10-19
’ 1Electron volt

path is zero
field (conservative) alonga closed
of electric
The line integral

position by following any closed path

initial
particle returns to its
If a charged
differenoe (dV) is zero.
potential
then

dV = 0

’fE.dY =0

charged arc at its centre

Electric field intensity due to uniformly
S P A C

R
++(+q)

2 kq.sin()
Ec= o.R2

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Electric field intensity due

T I M E S P A C E

a3ednemi-sphere at its ceniro

i n s t i t f
u o
tO
er n l i n e

(+o)

Ec A8o
Electric field is uniform inside the cavity of
solid sphere uniformly charged non-conducting

f o
C ra lLi e
e a r n i I y

M k : S P A C E

cavity

Eleotric field at point p due to the solid sphere =

the (Cavity + Remaining solid part) Electric field at point p due to
p.Y
3Eo pYi
3Eo +
Ëremaining
» Eremaining 3E

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