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Noun
Noun
Definition of noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1: Abstract Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2: Concrete Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
3: Countable Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
4: Non-Countable Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5
5: Material Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6: Collective Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6
7: Compound Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Kinds of Compound Noun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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5: Object Complement Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6: Oblique Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7: Vocative Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8: Appositive Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9: Possessive Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1: Pre-Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2: Post-Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3: Pre and Post Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cases of Noun Phrase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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Noun is used to name anything.
Person: Ail, Hamad, Wail…
Place: Afghanistan, Kabul, US…
Thing: book, table, bike…
Animal: cat, dog, elephant, ant…
Ok, we recognized that noun is a grammatical word and name is a lexical word.
Noun
pluralization
Kinds Gender cases
rules
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________Part1: Kinds of Noun_____
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Kinds of noun: a noun has generally two kinds {proper noun} and {common
noun} and common noun has seven kinds as bellow:
Abstract Noun
Concrete Noun
Material Noun
Hyphenated
1) Proper Noun
Proper noun: It is used for proper person, place or thing.
Like: Ail, Ahmad, Afghanistan…
2) Common Noun
Common noun: common noun is used for common person, place or thing.
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Kinds of Common Noun
Common noun is divided into 7 parts:
1) Abstract Noun
Abstract Noun: It is a noun that has no physical existence and can’t be touched.
2) Concrete
Concrete Noun: it is a noun that has physical existence and we can see and touch
it.
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3) Countable Noun
Countable Noun: It is a noun that we can count it.
Note: There are some nouns that are countable as well, non-countable.
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4) Non-Countable Noun
Non-countable noun: It is a noun that we can’t count it.
Note: There are some nouns that are countable as well, non-countable
Like: hair, rice…
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5) Material Noun
Material Noun: It shows that what substance is a noun made of.
6) Collective Noun
Collective Noun: It shows a collection of people, places or things.
Like: family, team, group…
Note: if we use singular form of verb after collective noun it is correct and it is more
different in the meaning if there be a plural form of verb after collective noun.
1. My family are going to go to Herat. (the whole members of my family will go)
2. My family is going to go to Herat. (some members of my family will go and some of
them will stay)
7) Compound Noun
Compound Noun: It is a noun which made from two or more than two words.
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b) Close Compound Noun
Close Compound Noun: It is a noun which is written as two words.
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________Part2: Genders of Noun_____
What is a gender?
Gender: A noun is always considered according to being male, female or neuter.
Or: A gender determines the Kind of a noun according to being male, female or not
male and not female
Genders of Noun
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1) Masculine Gender
Masculine Gender: A noun which denotes a male human or animal is called masculine
gender.
Like: Father, boy, lion, brother…
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2) Feminine Gender
Feminine Gender: A noun which denotes a female human or animal is called
feminine gender.
Like: mother, girl, lioness, sister, …
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3) Common Gender
Common Gender: A noun which denotes to both human or animal female or
male is called common gender.
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4) Neuter Gender
Neuter Gender: A noun which denotes neither male nor female (a thing without
life) is called neuter gender.
Like: stone, book, glass, rock…
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________Part3: Cases of a Noun_____
Vocative Case
Oppositive Case
Possessive Case
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1) Subjective/ Nominative Case
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5) Object Complement Case
Material Noun: it is a case when a noun be in the place of object and be an
object.
Like:
I called to my brother Hamid.
I called to my brother for money.
7) Vocative Case
Compound Noun: it is a case of noun that used to order someone for something.
2. (imperative + Noun)
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8) Appositive Case
Objective Case: in appositive case two nouns will come together and the second
noun will give more information about the first noun.
Noun + Noun
Like:
Kabul, Capital of Afghanistan, is a good city.
Afghanistan, a country in the heart of Asia, is a beautiful country.
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Note: for singular nouns add (‘S) and for plural nouns add (S’)
Like:
Ali’s car is new. (singular)
Ahmad’s motorbike. (singular)
Students’ class. (plural)
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________Part4: Pluralization Rules_____
Pluralization: Pluralization means changing a noun from singular form to plural form.
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There are some rules by following them you can change a noun from singular form to
plural very easily.
They are:
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2) Nouns ending in (s, ss, ch, sh, x, z) takes (es) in plural form.
Like:
Box boxes
Church churches
Class classes
Fishfishes
Note1: nouns that are ending with (ch) but their sound is like (K) add just “S”.
Like:
Monarch Monarchs
Stomach Stomachs
Note2: nouns that are ending with (z) it is doubled before adding (es).
Like:
Quiz Quizzes
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Like:
Army Armies
City Cities
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7) Nouns ending in (F) or (Fe) change them to (V) then add (es).
Wife Wives
Leaf Leaves
Exceptions:
ProofProofs
Chief Chiefs
RoofRoofs
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Bus driver Bus drivers
Farming land Farming lands
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9) prepositions are usually pluralized by the main noun. The compound nouns they are
separated by
Like:
Father-in-law Fathers-in-law
Son-in-law Sons-in-law
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law
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11) The letters, numbers and other symbols are pluralized by ('s)
Like:
8 8’s
M M’s
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_______Noun Phrase _____
Noun Phrase: a noun phrase is a phrase that functions/works as a noun in the sentence.
Like:
A man
A book
This car
This small puppy
The first tall boy
The one small cat
The first black white picture.
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The small puppy
Noun Phrase
There are three ways to form a noun phrase
Forming a Noun
Phrase
Prepositonal
Determiners Numbers adjectives Gerund phrase Infintive phrase Relative Clause
phrase
1. Determiners
Article
(a, an, the)
Like:
a book
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an apple
the Kabul
Possessive adjectives
(my, our, your, their, his, her, its)
Like:
My pen
Your car
Our school
His motorbike
Demonstrative adjectives
(This, That, These, Those)
Like:
This book
That car
These cats
Those motorbikes
Quantifiers
(some, many, any, little, much, lot…)
Like:
Some books
Many things
Little water
Much water
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2. Numbers
Coordinal numbers
(one, two, three, four, five…)
Like:
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One book
Three cats
four turtles
five thieves
seven knives
Ordinal numbers
(first, second, third, fourth, fifth…)
Like:
First book
Second airplane
Third image
Fourth class
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3. Adjectives
Like:
Stupid boy
Lazy dog
Happy man
Beautiful rabbit
Note2: if you wish to use more than one pre-modifiers in a phrase then follow this structure:
Determiner + number + adjective + noun.
Like:
These two tall boys.
That one small car.
The second dirty door
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They often go after the noun and modifies it.
In Post-modifiers we have four kinds
Like:
it is a phrase that started with a gerund, the (ing) of verb which acts as a noun.
Like:
Phrase Using in a sentence
… calling to Ail. The boy calling to Ali is my brother.
…standing next to you. The man standing next to you is my father.
3. Infinitive phrase
Like:
Phrase Using in a sentence
…to wear is easy. This shirt to wear is easy.
…to teach English. I have no student to teach English.
… to school Dari. I have two students to school Dari.
…to glass the window. The boy wants to glass the window.
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4. Relative Clause
This clause often starts with subordinating conjunctions like:
(who, that, which, when, where, why, whose, whom)
Like:
Phrase Using in a sentence
…where Ail lives. This is Kart-e-now, where he lives.
…who teaches English. This is Farhad, who teaches English.
…when you firstly come here. This is Paghman, when you firstly come here.
…that you bought . The book that you bought is awesome.
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Both Pre and Post Modifiers
We use them to modify a noun by both pre and post modifiers and using this kind of
modifiers is too much, because, it forms by a noun phrase and a post modifier.
In table the red color refers to pre-modifier and the yellow color refers to post-modifier.
Like:
Phrase
The book that you gifted me was awesome.
The man who saw you was my uncle.
The door that you knocked was open.
This car which you bought was damaged.
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Where can we use the noun phrase?
1. Subject of a sentence
Like:
A book on the table.
A car in the street.
The first time I saw that car was 3 years ago.
2. Object of a sentence
like:
I live in a beautiful big house.
Ali bought a book.
Ail said I met with an intelligent person.
3. Object of a preposition
Like:
I want to live with my family.
I am from Kabul province.
Afghanistan is located at the heart of Asia.
4. Subject complement
Like:
Ahmad is my favorite fighter.
This NEWS is hard to believe.
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_______Noun Clause _____
Noun Clause: it is a part of dependent clause which acts as a noun in the sentence.
Like:
I want to go wherever you want.
I want to eat whatever you’re eating.
I am happy that I saw you here.
I was happy whenever I saw you here.
I worry about (that) you will left soon.
Note1: sometimes if we eliminate the conjunction (that) from sentence it won’t bring
changes in the meaning of the sentence.
Like:
I worry about (that) he will left soon.
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Where we can use a noun clause?
We use a noun clause as:
1. Subject of the sentence
Like:
What you said is none of my business.
Whatever you need you can take.
What you said was too bad.
3. Object of a preposition
Like:
I am from whatever you are.
I read for whatever you have written.
4. Appositive case
Like:
Kabul where he lives is a good city.
The book which you need is hard to find.
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If you want to learn English grammar with complete details, choose
this book. It will help you to learn whole noun with complete details from
basic to advance. This book consists of: Noun and its kinds, genders of
noun, cases of noun, some rules for pluralizing nouns, noun phrase which
is an advance grammar, Noun clause which is the most important issue in
the grammar of noun. P a g e | 25