AJ Sadler Specialist Unit 3 CH 4 Worked Solutions

SADLER UNIT 3 MATHEMATICS
SPECIALIST
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 4: Vector equation of a line in the x-y
plane
Exercise 4A
Question 1
At t hours after 8 a.m.:
rA (t )  (5i  4 j)  (10i  j)t  (5  10t )i  (4  t ) j
rB (t )  (6i  8 j)  (2i  8 j)t  (6  2t )i  (8t  8) j
rC (t )  (2i  3j)  (4i  3j)t  (2  4t )i  (3  3t ) j
Body D has position vector (9  10)i  (10  6) j at 8 a.m.
rD (t )  (19i  4 j)  (10i  6 j)t  (19  10t )i  (6t  4) j
Body E has position vector [16  (4)]i  (7  3) j at 8 a.m.
rE (t )  (20i  4 j)  (4i  3j)t  (20  4t )i  (4  3t ) j , t ≥ 1.
Body F has position vector [2  (12  2)]i  [3  (8  2)]j at 8 a.m.
rF (t )  (4i  7 j)  (12i  8 j)t  (12t  4)i  (7  8t ) j , t ≥ 0.5.
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Question 2
a 6 a.m. is one hour after 5 a.m.
r (t )  (7i  10 j)  (3i  4 j)t

 (7  3t )i  (10  4t ) j
r (1)  (10i  14 j) km
b 7 a.m. is two hours after 5 a.m.
r (t )  (7  3t )i  (10  4t ) j
r (2)  (13i  18 j) km
c 9 a.m. is four hours after 5 a.m.
r (t )  (7  3t )i  (10  4t ) j
r (4)  (19i  26 j) km
d Speed = 32  42  5km/h
e 8 a.m. is three hours after 5 a.m.
r (t )  (7  3t )i  (10  4t ) j
r (3)  16i  22 j
Distance from 16i  22 j to 21i  20 j is (21  16) 2  (20  22) 2  29 km
Question 3
9i  36 j  (2i  12 j)  (7i  24 j) km
7i  24 j was the position vector at 9 a.m.
a At 9 a.m. the boat was 72  242  25 km from O.
b At 8 a.m. the position vector of the boat was 9i  36 j  2(2i  12 j)  5i  12 j
At 8 a.m. the boat was 52  122  13 km from O.
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Question 4
a At 3 p.m. the distance between the boats is (25i  6 j)  (21i  7 j)  4 2  ( 13) 2  185 km
b At 4 p.m. t  1
rA (1)  (21i  7 j)  (10i  5 j)1 31i  12 j
rB (1)  (25i  6 j)  (7i  10 j)1 32i  4 j
i  8j  1  64  65 km
At 4 p.m. the distance between the boats is 65 km.
c At 5 p.m. t  2
rA (2)  (21i  7 j)  (10i  5 j)2  41i  17 j
rB (1)  (25i  6 j)  (7i  10 j)2  39i  14 j
2i  3j  (2)2  (3)2  13 km
Question 5
a At 9 a.m. t  1
rA (1)  (5i  13j)  (7i  2 j)1  2i  11j
rB (1)  (3j)  (3i  2 j)1  3i  1j
5i  12 j  (5)2  (12)2  169  13km
b At 10 a.m. t  2
rA (2)  (5i  13j)  (7i  2 j)2  9i  9 j
rB (1)  (3j)  (3i  2 j)2  6i  j
15i  8 j  (15)2  (8)2  289  17 km

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Question 6
a At t hours after 8 a.m.:
rA (t )  (28i  5 j)  (8i  4 j)t  (28  8t )i  (4t  5) j
rB (t )  (24 j)  (6i  2 j)t  (6t )i  (24  2t ) j
b (14t  28) 2  ( 2t  29) 2 =25
t  2, 2.5
The ships will be 25 km apart at 10 a.m. and 10:30 a.m.
Question 7
rA (t )  (12i  61j)  (7i  8 j)t  (12  7t )i  (61  8t ) j
rB (t )  (57i  29 j)  (2i  10 j)t  (57  2t )i  (29  10t ) j
Equating the parts:
12  7t  57  2t
9t  45
t 5
61  8t  29  10t
18t  90
t 5
r  (12  7  5)i  (61  8  5) j

 (47i  21j) km
The i components and j components are the same position at the same time for both ships, therefore
the ships collide after 5 hours at 1 p.m.
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Question 8
rA (t )  (11i  8 j)  (7i  1j)t  (11  7t )i  (8  t ) j

rB (t )  (2i  4 j)  (4i  5 j)t  (2  4t )i  (4  5t ) j
Equating the parts:
11  7t  2  4t 8  t  4  5t
3t  9 6t  4
t 3 2
t
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The i components and j components are not the same at the same time for both ships, therefore the
ships will not collide.
Question 9
At 8 a.m.:
rA (t )  (24i  25 j)  (3i  4 j)t  (11  7t )i  (8  t ) j
At 9 a.m.:
rB (t )  (9i  33j)  (2i  5 j)t  (9  2t )i  (33  5t ) j
At t hours past 8 a.m.:
 24   3   24  3t 
rA (t )   t    
 25   4   25  4t 
 9  2
rB (t )     (t  1)  
 33   5 
 9  2t  2 
 
 33  5t  5 
 11  2t 
 
 38  5t 
Position vectors of A and B will have the same i component when 24  3t  11  2t
i.e. when t  7 .
Position vectors of A and B will have the same j component when 25  4t  38  5t
i.e. when t  7 .
A and B will collide at 3 p.m. at position vector (3i  3j) km.
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Question 10
At 9:30 a.m.:
rA (t )  (6i  44 j)  (4i  6 j)t  (6  4t )i  (44  6t ) j
At 9 a.m.:
rB (t )  (2i  18 j)  (2i  7 j)t  (2  2t )i  (18  7t ) j
 6   4
rA (t )     (t  0.5)  
 44   6 
 6  4t  2 
 
 44  6t  3 
 8  4t 
 
 47  6t 
 2   2
rB (t )     (t )  
 18  7
 2  2t 
 
 18  7t 
Position vectors of A and B will have the same i component when 8  4t  2  2t
i.e. when t 5
Position vectors of A and B will have the same j component when 47  6t  18  7t
i.e. when t 5
A and B will collide at 2 p.m. at position vector (12i  17 j) km.
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Question 11
At noon:
rA (t )  (11i  4 j)  (10i  4 j)t  (11  10t )i  (4  4t ) j
At 12:30 p.m.:
rB (t )  (3i  5 j)  (7i  5 j)t  (3  7t )i  (5  5t ) j
At t hours past noon:
 11  10 
rA (t )   t 
 4   4 
 11  10t 
 
 4  4t 
At t hours past 12:30 p.m.:
3 7
rB (t )     (t  0.5)  
 5  5
 3  7t  3.5 
 
 5  5t  2.5 
 0.5  7t 
 
 7.5  5t 
Position vectors of A and B will have the same i component when 11  10t  0.5  7t
i.e. when t  3.5
Position vectors of A and B will have the same j component when 4  4t  7.5  5t
i.e. when t  1.28
The same i component of position vector occurs at 3:30 p.m., but the same j component occurs at
1:17 p.m. so A and B do not collide.
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Question 12
a At 8 a.m.:
rP (t )  (23i  3j)  (18i  4 j)t  (23  18t )i  (3  4t ) j
rQ (t )  (7i  30 j)  (12i  10 j)t  (7  12t )i  (30  10t ) j
rR (t )  (32i  30 j)  (2i  14 j)t  (32  2t )i  (30  14t ) j

 23  18   23  18t 
rP (t )   t    
 3   4   3  4t 
 7   12   7  12t 
rQ (t )     t   
 30   10   30  10t 
 32   2   32  2t 
rR (t )   t    
 30  14   30  14t 
Position vectors of P and Q will have the same i component when 23  18t  7  12t
i.e. when t 5
Position vectors of P and Q will have the same j component when 3  4t  30  10t
i.e. when t  1.92
The same i component of the position vector occurs at 1:00 p.m. but the same j component
occurs at 9:58 a.m., so P and Q do not collide.
Position vectors of P and R will have the same i component when 23  18t  32  2t
i.e. when t  3.44
Position vectors of P and R will have same j component when 3  4t  30  14t
i.e. when t  3.3
The same i component of the position vector occurs at 11:26 a.m. but the same j component
occurs at 11:18 a.m., so P and R do not collide.
Position vectors of Q and R will have the same i component when 7  12t  32  2t
i.e. when t  2.5
Position vectors of Q and R will have the same j component when 30  10t  30  14t
i.e. when t  2.5
Q and R will collide at 10:30 a.m. at position vector (37i  5 j) km.
When t = 2.5
rP (2.5)  (23i  3j)  (18i  4 j)2.5  (23  45)i  (3  10) j  22i  13j
b The distance from the collision to boat P is (37  22) 2  (5  13) 2  152  (8) 2  17 km.
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Exercise 4B
Question 1
The line through the point with position vector a and parallel to b has equation r  a  b so
r  2i  3 j   (5i  j)
 (2  5 )i  (3   ) j
Question 2
r  3i  2 j   (i  j)
 (3   )i  (  2) j
Question 3
r  5i  3 j   (0i  2 j)
 5i  (3  2 ) j
Question 4
r  0i  5 j   (3i  10 j)
 3 i  (5  10 ) j
Question 5
2 1  2   
r     
 3   4   3  4 
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Question 6
 0  5   5 
r     
 5  0  5 
Question 7
The line that passes through point A, position vector a , and point B, position vector b is parallel to

AB.
  
AB  AO  OB
 
 OA  OB
 (5i  3j)  2i  j
 3i  4 j
The line is parallel to 3i  4 j and passes through point A, position vector a . Thus the vector equation
of the line is r  5i  3j   (3i  4 j).
i.e. r  (5  3 )i  (3  4 ) j
Question 8

AB.
  
AB  AO  OB
 
 OA  OB
 (6i  7 j)  (5i  2 j)
 11i  5 j
The line is parallel to 11i  5 j and passes through point A, position vector a . Thus the vector equation
of the line is r  6i  7 j   (11i  5 j).
i.e. r  (6  11 )i  (7  5 ) j
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Question 9

AB.
  
AB  AO  OB
 
 OA  OB
 6   2 
     
 3   4
8
 
1
8
The line is parallel to   and passes through point A, position vector a . Thus the vector equation of
1
 6  8
the line is r        .
3 1
 6  8 
i.e. r   
 3  
Question 10

AB.
  
AB  AO  OB
 
 OA  OB
 1   3 
     
 3   1 
 4 
 
 4
 4 
4
1  4 
the line is r        .
 3  4
 1  4 
i.e. r   
 3  4 
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Question 11

AB.
  
AB  AO  OB
 
 OA  OB
 1   1 
     
4  9 
 2 
 
 5
 2 
5
1  2 
the line is r        .
 4 5
 1  2 
i.e. r   
 4  5 
Question 12

AB.
  
AB  AO  OB
 
 OA  OB
 5   1 
     
 0   4 
 6 
 
 4 
 6 
 4 
5  6 
the line is r        .
0  4 
 5  6 
i.e. r   
 4 
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Question 13
a  2i  3 j  ( 1)(i  4 j) b  2i  3 j  1(i  4 j) c  2i  3 j  2(i  4 j)

 i  7j  3i  j  4i  5 j

a AB  2i  8 j

b BC  i  4 j

BC  17
 
c AB : BC  (2i  8 j) : (i  4 j)
 2(i  4 j) : (i  4 j)
 2 :1
Question 14
a The line passing through point A, position vector 5i  j , and parallel to 7i  2 j has vector
equation r  5i  j   (7i  2 j).
i.e. r  (5  7 )i  (2  1) j
b For the line passing through point A, position vector 5i  j , and parallel to 7i  2 j
 x   x   5  7 
Considering the general point, position vector   :     
 y   y   1  2 
 x  5  7
Thus the parametric equations are 
 y  2  1
c y 1
Eliminating  from the parametric equations (as   )
2
 y 1
x  5  7 
 2 
7y  7
x5 
2
2 x  10  7 y  7
7 y  2 x  17
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Question 15
a 2  3 
The line passing through point A, position vector   , and parallel to   has vector
 1 4
2  3 
equation r        .
 1 4
 2  3 
i.e. r  
 1  4 
b 2  3 
For the line passing through point A, position vector   , and parallel to  
 1 4
 x   x   2  3 
Considering the general point, position vector   :     
 y   y   1  4 
 x  2  3
 y  1  4
c y 1
4
 y 1 
x  2  3 
 4 
3 y  3
x2 
4
4 x  8  3 y  3
4x  3y  5
14
Question 16
a 0 7
The line passing through point A, position vector   , and parallel to   has vector
 3  8 
0  7   7 
equation r          .
 3  8   3  8 
b 0 7
For the line passing through point A, position vector   , and parallel to  
 3  8 
 x  x   0  7 
Considering the general point, position vector   :   
 y  y   3  8 
 x  7
 y  3  8
c x
7
x
y  3  8 
7
21  8 x
y
7
7 y  21  8 x
8 x  7 y  21
Question 17
 x  2  3
Given the parametric equations 
 y  5  2
a  2      2   
The vector equation is r         
 5   2   5  2 
b y5
From y  5  2 ,  
2
 y5
x  2  3  2  3  
 2 
3 y  15
x2 
2
2 x  4  3 y  15
3 y  2 x  11
2 x  3 y  11  0
15
Question 18
2  1
r   
 1 3
 2   1 3
D     1   Point D has position vector  
 1  3   4 
 2   1 0
E     2    Point E has position vector  
 1  3  5
 2   1  1
F     3    Point E has position vector  
 1  3  8
  1  0   1
a EF    
 85   3 
  3  0   3 
b ED    
 4  5   9 
  0  3   3 
c DE    
 5  (4)   9 

DE  32  ( 9) 2  90  3 10
   3   1

d DE : EF    :    3 :1
9 3
   3   1 
e DE : FE    :    3 : 1
 9   3 

f FE  12  ( 3) 2  10
 
DE : FE  3 10 : 10
 3 :1
16
Question 19
The line passing through point A, position vector 7i  2 j , and parallel to 2i  6 j has vector equation
r  7i  2 j  (2i  6 j).
i.e. r  (7  2)i  (6  2) j

If B, position vector i  16 j , lies on r  (7  2)i  (6  2) j there must exist some  for which
i  16 j  (7  2)i  (6  2) j
i.e. 1  7  2 and 16  6  2
3 3
Thus a suitable value of  does exist.
Point B lies on r  (7  2)i  (6  2) j .
If C, position vector 2i  13j , lies on r  (7  2)i  (6  2) j , there must exist some  for which
2i  13j  (7  2)i  (6  2) j

i.e. 2  7  2 and 13  6  2
5 15 5
  
2 6 2
Thus a suitable value of  exists.
Point C lies on r  (7  2)i  (6  2) j .
If D, position vector 8i  7 j , lies on r  (7  2)i  (6  2) j , there must exist some  for which
8i  7 j  (7  2)i  (6  2) j
i.e. 8  7  2 and 7  6  2
1 5
 
2 6
Point D does not lie on r  (7  2)i  (6  2) j .
If E, position vector 2i  5 j , lies on r  (7  2)i  (6  2) j , there must exist some  for which
2i  5 j  (7  2)i  (6  2) j

i.e. – 2  7  2 and 5  6  2
9 7
 
2 6
Point E does not lie on r  (7  2)i  (6  2) j .
17
Question 20
4  1
The line passing through point F, position vector   , and parallel to   has vector equation
 9  2
4  1  4   
r     .
 9   2   9  2 
5  4   5  4   
If G, position vector   , lies on r    , there must exist some  for which   ,
9  9  2   9   9  2 
i.e. 5  4   and 9  9  2
  1 9
 4 
Point G does not lie on r   .
 9  2 
0  4 
If H, position vector   , lies on r    , there must exist some  for which
 1  9  2 
 0   4 
  
 1  9  2 
i.e. 0  4   and 1  9  2
4 4
 4 
Point H lies on r   .
 9  2 
 3   4 
If I, position vector   , lies on r    , there must exist some  for which
5  9  2 
 3   4   
  
 5   9  2 
i.e. 3  4   and 5  9  2
7 7
 4 
Point I lies on r   .
 9  2 
18
Question 21
3 6
Points A to F lie on the line r        .
 1 8
A, position vector 3i  aj
 3  3  6
  1
a  1  8  1  8  9
B, position vector bi  23j
23  1  8   3
b  3  6  3  6  3  21
C, position vector 9,c
9  3  6    2
c  1  8  1  8(2)  17
D, position vector d , 21
5
21  1  8  
2
 5
d  3  6  3  6     12
 2
12 
E, position vector  
e
12  3  6
3

2
3
e  1  8  1  8    11
2
f
F, position vector  
f
f  3  6
f  1  8
3  6  1  8
2  4    2
f  3  6  2  3  12  15
 a  9, b  21, c  17, d  12, e  11, f  15.
19
Question 22
The vector equation of the line passing through the point with position vector 5i  6 j and parallel to the
line r  (2   )i  (3   ) j is (5   )i  (6   ) j  (5   )i  (6   ) j .
Question 23
6
The vector equation of the line passing through the point with position vector   and parallel to the
5
 2  3   6  3 
line r    is  .
 1  4   5  4 
Question 24
x  2  6
y  12  10
x2

6
 x2 10 x  20 5 10
y  12  10    12   12  x 
 6  6 3 3
46 5
  x
3 3
So the Cartesian equation is
3 y  46  5 x
5 x  3 y  46
Question 25
When   4 , the line r  2i  8 j   (i  2 j) cuts the x-axis at A.
The position vector for A is 6 i .
When   2 , the line r  2i  8 j   (i  2 j) cuts the y-axis at B.
The position vector for B is 12 j .
20
Question 26
5 2
When   4 , the line r        cuts the x-axis at A.
 4   1
 3 
The position vector for A is   .
0
For point B, 5  2  11, so   3 .
c  4  3  7
Question 27
Line through 2i  3j and parallel to vector from position vector 2i  3j to position vector 5i  4 j .
Line through 2i  3j and parallel to 3i  7 j has vector equation r  (2  3)i  (3  7) j .
For point B with position vector bi  7 j
3  7  7
 7  4
4

7
 4 2
b  2  3  2  3    
 7 7
For point D with position vector 2i  dj
2  3  2
3  4
4

3
 4  37
d  3  7  3  7    
 3 3
21
Question 28
 5 1 9  2
Given r        and r        represent the same straight line,
 3  4 d  c
 2 1
  must be a multiple of   so c  4  2  8 .
c  4
5    9  2    4  2
3  4  d  8 
By substitution, this becomes
3  4(4  2  )  d  8
3  16  8  d  8
d  19
Question 29
3i  4 j must be a multiple of i  f j .
4
f  43  .
3
1  3  e  
4 1
3  4  5      2  
3 3
By substitution, this becomes
 1 
1  3 2     e  
 3 
1 6    e  
e7
4
f 
3
22
Question 30
The Cartesian equation for set  is shown below:
  y 3
x  1  2
x  1  2( y  3)  2 y  5
2y  x  5
The Cartesian equation for set  is shown below:

  y 1
x  2  2
x  2( y  1)  2
2y  x  4
The Cartesian equation for set  is shown below:

  y6
x  8  2
x  8  2( y  6)
x  8  2 y  12
2y  x  4
So set is the odd one out as the other two have the same Cartesian equation.
Question 31
 2  1  2  1
L1 is a line with equation r        is a line through   and parallel to   .
 4 3  4 3
 3  6  3  6
L2 is a line with equation r        is a line through   and parallel to  .
1  2 1  2
 1 6
The scalar product of   and   is 1 6  2  3  0 , so L1 is perpendicular to L2.
3  2
23
Question 32
3  a  2  b  0, a, b  
a  2, b  3
 4  2 
So the line with equation r        is perpendicular to L1.
 3 3
Question 33
a  b  a  b  cos θ
1 2  (4)  1  12  (4) 2  22  12  cos θ
 2  85 cos θ
2
cos θ  
85
θ  102.53  103(obtuse)
  180  103  77
The acute angle between the L1 and L2 is approximately 77.
24
Exercise 4C
Question 1
L1 : r  14i  j  (5i  4 j)
L2 : r  9i  4 j  (4i  6 j)
The point common to both lines will be such that

14  5  9  4
1  4  4  6
Solving simultaneously gives   3,   2.5
With   3 line L1 gives r  14i  j  3(5i  4 j) i.e. r  i  11j
With   2.5 line L1 gives r  9i  4 j  2.5(4i  6 j) i.e. r  i  11j
Lines L1 and L2 intersect at the point with position vector i  11j .
Question 2
 3  1
L1 : r      
4  1
 10   4 
L2 : r    
 2  1
3    10  4
4  2
Solving simultaneously gives   5,   3
 3   1  2
With   5 , line L1 gives r     5   i.e. r   
 4   1  1
 10   4  2
With   3 , line L1 gives r     3   i.e. r   
 2  1  1
2
Lines L1 and L2 intersect at the point with position vector   .
 1
25
Question 3
 1  4 
L1 : r      
0  10 
 5  1
L2 : r      
 9  7
 1  4   5  
10  9  7
Solving simultaneously gives   0.5,   2
 1  4   3 
With   0.5 , line L1 gives r     0.5   i.e. r   
0  10  5
 5   1   3 
With   2 , line L1 gives r     2   i.e. r   
 9   7  5
 3 
Lines L1 and L2 intersect at the point with position vector   .
5
Question 4
At time t1, t2 > 0, particle A will have position vector r  16i  t1 (3i  2 j)
At time t1, t2 > 0, particle B will have position vector r  i  6 j  t2 (2i  3j)
For these position vectors to be equal, 16i  t1 (3i  2 j)  i  6 j  t2 (2i  3j)
i.e. 16  3t1  1  2t2
2t1  6  3t2
Solving simultaneously gives t1  3, t2  4
With t1 = –3, particle A has position vector r  16i  3(3i  2 j) , i.e. r  7i  6 j
With t2 = 4, particle B has position vector r  i  6 j  4(2i  3j) , i.e. r  7i  6 j
Thus if particle A was moving with the given velocity prior to t = 0 then, when t = –3 particle A was at
7i  6 j and particle B reaches that point at t = 4. Paths of particles A and B do not cross in the
subsequent motion.
26
Question 5
At time t1, t2 > 0, particle A will have position vector r  i  4 j  t1 (4i  j)
At time t1, t2 > 0, particle B will have position vector r  37i  20 j  t2 (2i  5 j)
For these position vectors to be equal i  4 j  t1 (4i  j)  37i  20 j  t2 (2i  5 j)
i.e. 1  4t1  37  2t2
4 + t1  20  5t2
Solving simultaneously gives t1  6, t2  6
With t1 = 6, particle A has position vector r  i  4 j  6(4i  j) i.e. r  25i  10 j
With t2 = 6, particle B has position vector r  37i  20 j  6(2i  5 j) i.e. r  25i  10 j
Thus particles A and B are each at the point with position vector 25i  10 j at time t = 6 seconds. A
collision is involved.
Question 6
At time t1, t2 > 0, particle A will have position vector r  i  19 j  t1 (2i  j)
At time t1, t2 > 0, particle B will have position vector r  3i  8 j  t2 (3i  j)
For these position vectors to be equal i  19 j  t1 (2i  j)  3i  8 j  t2 (3i  j)
i.e. 1  2t1  3  3t2
19  t1  8  t2
Solving simultaneously gives t1  7, t2  4
With t1 = 6, particle A has position vector r  i  19 j  7(2i  j) i.e. r  15i  12 j
With t2 = 6, particle B has position vector r  3i  8 j  4(3i  j) i.e. r  15i  12 j
Thus particles A and B each pass through the point with position vector 15i  12 j , but at different times,
both greater than zero. Thus in the subsequent motion the paths of the particles cross at the point with
position vector 15i  12 j , but a collision is not involved.

For questions 7 to 12, the line in the answer will be parallel to AB and passes through point A.
    
AB  AO  OB  OA  OB
27
Exercise 4D
Question 1
The vector equation of a line passing through the point with position vector a and perpendicular to the
vector n is: r  n  a  n
Thus the vector equation of a line passing through the point with a position vector of 2i  3j and
perpendicular to 3i  4 j is:
r  (3i  4 j)  (2i  3 j)  (3i  4 j)

 (2)(3)  (3)(4)
 18
Thus the vector equation of a line perpendicular to 3i  4 j and passing through the point with position
vector 2i  3j , is r  (3i  4 j)  18
Question 2
The vector equation of a line passing through the point with position vector a and perpendicular to the
vector n is: r  n  a  n
Thus the vector equation of a line passing through the point with a position vector of i  7 j and
perpendicular to 5i  j is:
r  (5i  j)  ( i  7 j)  (5i  j)
 ( 1)(5)  (7)( 1)
 12
Thus the vector equation of a line perpendicular to 5i  j and passing through the point with position
vector i  7 j , is r  (5i  j)  12 .
28
Question 3
r  (i  2 j)  12
( xi  yj)  (i  2 j)  12
x  2 y  12
A general point on the line has position vector r  xi  yj and a point lying on the line must have
x  2 y  12 .
For point A, position vector 6 j , x  2 y  0  2  6  12 , so point A lies on the line.
For point B, position vector 6i  3j , x  2 y  6  2    12 , so point B lies on the line.
For point C, position vector 10i , x  2 y  10  2      12 , so point C does not lie on the line.
For point D, position vector 3i  6 j , x  2 y  3  2  6  15  12 , so point D does not lie on the line.
For point E, position vector 4i  8 j , x  2 y  4  2   12 , so point E lies on the line.
For point F, position vector 14i  j , x  2 y  14  2   12 , so point F lies on the line.
Points A, B, E and F lie on the line, C and D do not.
Question 4
 2
Given that all points lie on the line with vector equation r     10
 3
For point U, For point X,

u   2  x   2
      10       10
 2  3  2   3 
u  2  2  3  10 x  2  2  3  10
2u  6  10 2 x  6  10
u2 x 8
For point V, For point Y,

 10   2   5   2
      10       10
 v   3  y   3
10  2  v  3  10 5  2  y  3  10
3v  20  10 3 y  10  10
v  10 y0
29
For point W, For point Z,
 w   2  z   2
      10       10
 4   3  6  3
w  2  4  3  10 z  2  6  3  10
2w  12  10 2 z  18  10
w  11 z  4
Question 5
a The vector equation of a line passing through point A, with a position vector of i  j and
perpendicular to 5i  2 j is:
r  (5i  2 j)  (i  j)  (5i  2 j)
 (1)(5)  (1)(2)
7
Thus the vector equation of a line perpendicular to 5i  2 j and passing through the point with
position vector i  j , is r  (5i  2 j)  7 .
b If a general point on the line has position vector r  xi  yj then:

( xi  yj)  (5i  2 j)  7
5x  2 y  7
Thus the Cartesian equation of the line is 5 x  2 y  7 .
Question 6
a The vector equation of a line passing through point A, with a position vector of 2i  j and
perpendicular to 2i  5j is:
r  (2i  5 j)  (2i  j)  (2i  5 j)
 (2)(2)  ( 1)(5)
 1
Thus the vector equation of a line perpendicular to 2i  5j and passing through the point with
position vector 2i  j , is r (2i  5 j)  1 .
b If a general point on the line has position vector r  xi  yj then:

( xi  yj)  (2i  5 j)  1
2 x  5 y  1
Thus the Cartesian equation of the line is 2 x  5 y  1 .
30
Question 7
From r  2i  3j  (i  4 j)
x  2    x2
y  3  4
y  3  4( x  2)
y  11  4 x, the gradient of the line is  4.
From r  (8i  2 j)  5
( xi  yj)  (8i  2 j)  5
8x  2 y  5
2 y  8 x  5
5
y  4 x  , the gradient of the line is  4.
2
Both lines have gradient = –4 so the lines are parallel.
Question 8
Let r  xi  yj be the vector equation of the line perpendicular to 8i  5 j.

r  (8i  5 j)  0
( xi  yj)  (8i  5 j)  0
8x  5 y  0
A line parallel to r would also be perpendicular to 8i  2 j
8x  5 y  k
This line would pass through the point (1,3) at 8(1)  5(3)  k  7
Hence the line perpendicular to the vector 8i  5 j and passing through the point (–1, 3) has Cartesian
equation 8 x  5 y  7 .
31
Question 9
L1: r  5i  2 j  (3i  2 j)
L2: r  (6i  4 j)  4
From L1
x 5
x  5  3   
3
y  2  2
 x 5
y  2  2 
 3 
 x 5
y  2  2  
 3 
3 y  6  2 x  10
2
3 y  2 x  16, the gradient of this line is .
3
From L2
r  (6i  4 j)  4
6 x  4 y  4
3
4 y  6 x  4, the gradient of this line is .
2
m1  m2 = –1 so the two lines are perpendicular.
32
Exercise 4E
Question 1
a x  4t c  x  t2
 
 y  2t  y  2t
t  x4 y
t
y  2( x  4) 2
y  2x  8 y2
x
4
y  4x
2
b xt d  x  t  1
 
 1  y  t
2
 y  t
t y
1
y
x x y  1,[ y  1  0, so y  1]
x2  y 1
x2  1  y
y  ( x 2  1) 2 , x  0
Question 2
a r  (3  t )i  (4  2t ) j c r  (t  1)i  (t 2  4) j
x  3t  t  3 x x  t 1  t  x 1
y  4  2t y  t2  4
y  4  2(3  x) y  ( x  1) 2  4
y  10  2 x
y  x2  2x  5
b 1 d r  (2  cos θ)i  (1  2sin ) j

r  (t  1)i  j
t x  2  cos θ
x  t 1  t  x  1 y  1  2sin θ
1 x  2  cos θ
y
t y 1
1  sin θ
y 2
x 1 2
 y 1 
(x  2) 2     sin θ  cos θ  1
2 2
 2 
33
Question 3
Given r  (2cos θ)i  (3sin θ)j
 x  2cos 

 y  3sin 
From the parametric equations:
x y
 cos θ,  sin θ
2 3
x2 y2
 cos 2 θ,  sin 2 θ
4 9
x2 y2
  sin 2 θ  cos 2 θ
4 9
x2 y2
 1
4 9
9 x 2  4 y 2  36
Question 4
Given r  (3 secθ)i  (2 tan θ)j
 x  3sec 

 y  2 tan 
From the parametric equations:
x y
 secθ,  tan θ
3 2
x2 y2
 sec 2 θ,  tan 2 θ
9 4
2 2
x y
  sec2 θ  tan 2 θ
9 4
x2 y 2
 1
9 4
4 x 2  9 y 2  36
34
Question 5
B r  6 is a circle, centre (0, 0) with radius = 6 units.
D r  (5i  4 j)  24 is a circle, centre (5, 4) with radius = 24 units.
E x 2  y 2  4 x  8 y  5 is a circle, centre (–2, 4) with radius = 5 units.
Question 6
a r  25
b To find out if point A lies inside, on or outside the circle, first find the magnitude of OA.
19i  18j  192  (18)2  685  26.17

The magnitude is larger than the radius so point A is outside the circle.
To find out if point B lies inside, on or outside the circle, first find the magnitude of OB.
20i  15 j  (20)2  (15)2  625  25

The magnitude is equal to the radius so point B lies on the circle.
To find out if point C lies inside, on or outside the circle, first find the magnitude of OC.
14i  17 j  142  172  485  22.02

The magnitude is less than the radius so point C is inside the circle.
To find out if point D lies inside, on or outside the circle, first find the magnitude of OD.
24i  7 j  (24)2  (7)2  625  25

The magnitude is equal to the radius so point D lies on the circle.
Question 7
r  65 is a circle, centre (0, 0) and radius 65.
Cartesian equation for this situation is x 2  y 2  652
Substitute Point A (–52, a) into the equation x 2  y 2  652
(52)2  a 2  652 and solve to get a = 39, given that a is positive we know that a = 39.
Substitute Point A (b, 25) into the equation x 2  y 2  652
b2  252  652 and solve to get b = 60, given that b is negative we know that b = –60.
35
Question 8
A circle has centre C with position vector 7i  4 j , this is the point (–7, 4) on the Cartesian plane.
 
2
( x  7)2  ( y  4) 2  4 5
( x  7)2  ( y  4)2  80
The distance from C, position vector 7i  4 j , to point A with position vector i  8j is given by
(1  (7)) 2  (8  4) 2 = 4 5 , which is equal to the radius of the circle.
r  7i  4 j  4 5
Point A lies on the circle.
Question 9
a Circle centre (1, –5) with radius = 9 has vector equation r  i  5 j  9 .
b Circle centre (–3, 4) with radius = 10 has vector equation r  3i  4 j  10 .
c Circle centre (–12, 3) with radius = 2 3 has vector equation r  12i  3j  2 3 .
d Circle centre (–13,–2) with radius = 4 has vector equation r  13i  2 j  4 .
Question 10
a Circle, centre has position vector 2i  3j and radius 5.
( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  25
x 2  4 x  4  y 2  6 y  9  25
x 2  y 2  4 x  6 y  13  25
x 2  y 2  4 x  6 y  12
b Circle, centre has position vector 4i  2 j and radius 7.

2
( x  4)2  ( y  2) 2  7
x 2  8 x  16  y 2  4 y  4  7
x 2  y 2  8 x  4 y  20  7
x 2  y 2  8 x  4 y  13
c Circle, centre has position vector 4i  3j and radius 7.

( x  4) 2  ( y  3) 2  7 2
x 2  8 x  16  y 2  6 y  9  49
x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  25  49
x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  24
36
Question 11
a Given r  (6i  3j)  5
Position vector of centre is 6i  3j and radius of the circle is 5.
b Given r  2i  3j  6
Position vector of centre is 2i  3j and radius of the circle is 6.
c Given ( x  3)i  ( y  4) j)  3
Position vector of centre is 3i  4 j and radius of the circle is 3.
d Given r  20
Position vector of centre is 0i  0 j and radius of the circle is 20.
25
e Given 16 x 2  16 y 2  25 , then x 2  y 2 
16
25 5
Position vector of centre is 0i  0 j and radius of the circle is  = 1.25.
16 4
f Given ( x  2)2  ( y  3)2  49
The centre of the circle is (2, –3)
Position vector of centre is 2i  3j and radius of the circle 49 = 7.
g Given x 2  y 2  6 x  18 y  65  0
( x  3)2  9  ( y  9)2  81  65  0
( x  3)2  ( y  9) 2  25
The centre of the circle is (3, 9)
Position vector of centre is 3i  9 j and radius of the circle 25 = 5.
h Given x 2  y 2  20 x  2 y  20
( x  10)2  100  ( y  1)2  1  20
( x  10)2  ( y  1)2  121
The centre of the circle is (–10, 1)
Position vector of centre is 10i  j and radius of the circle 121 = 11.
Question 12
The circle r  (i  j)  6 has centre (1, –1).
The circle r  6i  11j  7 has centre (6, 11).
The distance between (1, –1) and (6, 11) is
(6  1) 2  (11  ( 1)) 2  52  122  169  13units

37
Question 13
The circle r  (2i  5 j)  5 has centre A(2, –5).
The circle r  (5i  2 j)  3 has centre B(5, 2).
The horizontal distance from 2 to 5 is 3 and moving vertically from –5 to 2 is 7 units, hence the vector
equation from A to B is r  3i  7 j .
The straight line through A and B has equation r  2i  5 j   (3i  7 j)
r  (2  3 )i  (5  7 ) j
Question 14
The circle r  (3i  2 j)  3 has centre A(3, –2).
The circle r  (9i  6 j)  7 has centre B(9, 6).


AB  6i  8 j

AB  62  (8) 2
 10 units
The distance between the centres of the two circles
is equal to the sum of the two radii, hence the
circles touch at only one point.
Question 15
The circle r  (3i  j)  3 has centre A(3, –1).
The circle r  (13i  j)  7 has centre B(13, 1).


AB  10i  2 j

AB  102  22
 2 26
 10.20 units
The distance between the centres of the two circles is
greater than the sum of the two radii, therefore the
circles do not touch.
38
Question 16
If point A, position vector rA , lies on both the line and the circle then
 10  7  1

rA        and r     29 .
 15   3  7
Substituting the first expression into the second gives:
 10   7   1 
          29
 15   3   7 
 7  9 
   29
 8  3 
(7  9) 2  (8  3 ) 2  29
49 2  126  81  64  48  9 2  29
58 2  174  145  29  0
58 2  174  116  0
 2  3  2  0
(  1)(  2)  0
  1, 2
 3 
If   1, rA   
 12 
 4
If   2, rA   
9
 3   4
So the line meets the circle at the points with position vectors   and   .
 12  9
39
Question 17
If point A, position vector rA , lies on both the line and the circle then
rA  10i  9 j  (4i  5 j) and r  7i  2 j  41 .
Substituting the first expression into the second gives:
10i  9 j   (4i  5 j)  7i  2 j  41
(17  4 )i  ( 11  5 ) j  41
(17  4 ) 2  ( 11  5 ) 2  41
289  136  16 2  121  110  25 2  41

41 2  246  369  0
 2  6  9  0
(  3)2  0
  3 is the only solution.
If   3, rA  2i  6 j
 2 
So the tangent to the circle meets the circle at the point with position vector   .
6
40
Exercise 4F
Question 1
Let A be the point where the ship is closest to the drilling platform, at point P.
  
PA  PO  OA
 25i  15 j  t (10i  5 j)
 (10t  25)i  (5t  15) j
 
PA is perpendicular to PO at the point when the ship is closest to the platform.
Thus
(25i  15 j)   (10t  25)i  (5t  15) j  0
25(10t  25)  15(5t  15)  0
325t  850  0
34
t
13
34
The ship is closest to the platform minutes after 8 a.m., at approximately 10:36 a.m.
13
34  15 25
2 2
 15   25 
When t  , PA  i  j . Distance from the drilling platform =      5
13 13 13  13   13 
Question 2
  16 
AB   
 13 
 10   2   8 
vB  v A  vB       
 2   6   4 
A
Minimum distance between A and B is given by CB.

CB
Now sin(  θ) 
AB
CB  AB  sin (  θ)  (16) 2  132  sin (  θ)

 425  sin (  θ)  5 17  sin (  θ)
13 4
But tan θ   and tan   
16 8
By determining θ and  and hence (  θ) , we obtain CB  2 5 m , which occurs at t = 2.25.
41
Question 3
Let M be the point where the mouse is closest to the snake, at point S.
  
SM  SO  OM
 5i  6 j  t (i  2 j)
 (t  5)i  (2t  6) j
 
SM is perpendicular to SO at the point where the mouse is closest to the snake.
Thus
(5i  6 j)   (t  5)i  (2t  6) j  0
5(t  5)  6(2t  6)  0
17t  61  0
61
t
17
61  24 20
When t  , SM   i  j
17 17 17
2 2
 24   20 
Distance from snake to mouse is approximately       1.8 m .
 17   17 
So the snake is more likely to catch the mouse than miss it.
Question 4

AB  40i  5 j
A v B  v A  v B  3i  4 j  (3i)  6i  4 j
CB
sin (  θ) 
AB
CB  AB sin (  θ)  40 2  52 sin (  θ)
5 4
tan θ  , tan  
40 6
By determining θ and  and hence (  θ), we obtain CB  5 13 cm.
6(40  6t )+4(5  4t )  0
240  36t  20  16t  0
52t  260
t  5seconds
42
Question 5
 30  10t   54  8t 
rA   , rB   
 10  5t   19  7t 
 24  18t 
rA  rB   
 29  12t 
rA  rB  (24  18t ) 2  (29  12t ) 2  468t 2  1560t  1417
By viewing the graph of this function, the minimum value is 117  3 13 .
The minimum distance is 3 13 km .
Question 6
rA  (20  4t )i  (10  5t ) j, rB  (16  6t )i  (23  3t ) j

rA  rB  (4  2t )i  (33  8t ) j
rA  rB  (4  2t )2  (33  8t )2  68t 2  544t  1105
By viewing the graph of this function, the minimum value is 17 .
The minimum distance is 17 km .
Question 7
Suppose that the perpendicular from A to the line L meets the line at P. Suppose also that at P the value
of  is 1 .

Then OP  5i  22 j  1 (5i  2 j)
  
Now AP  AO  OP

AP  (14i  3j)  5i  22 j  1 (5i  2 j)
 (19  51 )i  (25  21 ) j

Line L is parallel to 5i  2 j and so (5i  2 j)  AP  0
 5(19  51 )  2(25  21 )  0
giving 1  5
 
Hence AP  6i  15 j and so AP  3 29 units.
43
Question 8
of  is 1 .
  3   3
Then OP     1  
 1  4
  
  11   3   3   8  31 
AP         1     
18   1  4   19  41 
 3  3  
Line L is parallel to   and so    AP  0
 4  4
 3(8  31 )  4(19  41 )  0
giving 1  4
  4  
Hence AP    and so AP  5 units.
 3 
Question 9
of  is 1 .
  3  2
Then OP     1  
0  2 
  
  3   3   2   21 
AP         1     
8 0  2   8  21 
2  2  
Line L is parallel to   and so    AP  0
 2   2 
 2(21 )  2(8  21 )  0
giving 1  2
  4  
Hence AP    and so AP  4 2 units.
 4 
44
Miscellaneous Exercise 4
Question 1
The scalar product of the position vector of L1 and the position vector of L2 is
10(2)  4  5  0 .
Hence L1 is perpendicular to L2.
Question 2
a y  x3 c y 3 x2
b y  x 3 d y 2 x2
45
Question 3
a r  (7i  j)  5 is a circle with centre (7, –1) and radius 5 units.
b r  7i  j  6 is a circle with centre (7, 1) and radius 6 units.
c x 2  y 2  18 is a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 18  3 2 units .
d ( x  1) 2  ( y  8) 2  75 is a circle with centre (1, –8) and radius 75  5 3 units.
e x 2  y 2  2 x  14 y  50 is a circle with centre (–1, 7) and radius 10 units (see working below).
( x  1)2  1  ( y  7)2  49  50
( x  1)2  ( y  7)2  100
f ( x  5) 2  ( y  7)2  225 is a circle with centre (–5, 7) and radius 15 units (see working below).
x 2  10 x  y 2  151  14 y
( x  5) 2  25  ( y  7) 2  49  151
Question 4
a c
b d
46
Question 5
a 3x3  11x 2  25 x  25  (ax  b)( x 2  cx  5)
a  3, b  5
3 x3  11x 2  25 x  25  (3 x  5)( x 2  cx  5)
 3 x3  5 x 2  3cx 2  5cx  15 x  25
 3 x3  (3c  5) x 2  (15  5c) x  25
From this 3c  5  11
3c  6
c  2
b 3x3  11x 2  25x  25  0
(3x  5)( x 2  2 x  5)  0
So 3x  5  0
3x  5
2
x 1
3
x2  2 x  5  0
2  4  20 2  16
x 
2 2
2  16i 2 2  4i
 
2 2
 1  2i
5
Solutions are , 1  2i, 1  2i .
3
Using calculator to find the solutions:
47
Question 6
1
f ( x)  1 
4 x
1 1 4
a f (21)  1   1 
4  (21) 5 5
b f (3)  0
1 1 1
f [ f (3)]  f (0)  1   1 
40 2 2
c Domain {x   : x  4}
d Range  y   : y  1
1
 ( 1) 4 1  ( 1) 1 1 1
e x    x   4  x 
x
 4  x 
x
    1 
4 x 4 x 4 x
1
1  ( 1) 1 4 1 x2 1  ( 1) 1
  4    4   
x
 1  x   x  1 x
(1  x) 2
(1  x) 2
(1  x) 2
1 x
1
f 1 ( x)  4 
(1  x)2
Domain  x   : x  1
Range  y   : y  4
48
Question 7

a z  2cis
6
z  a  ib
 3  1
a  2 cos  2  3, b  2sin  2 1
6 2 6 2
z  3 i
b w  1  3 i
w  r cis θ
 
2
r  (1) 2   3  10
tan θ  3
2
θ 
3
 2 
w  2cis   
 3 
  2 
c zw  2 cis  2 cis   
6  3 
In polar form:
  2   
zw  4cis     4cis   
6 3   2
In Cartesian form:
   
zw  a  ib  4 cos     4i sin     4  0  4i ( 1)  4i
 2  2

2cis
z 6
d 
w  2 
2cis   
 3 
In polar form:
z   2   5 
 cis      cis  
w 6  3   6 
In Cartesian form:
z 5 5 3 1
 cos  i sin   i
w 6 6 2 2
49
Question 8
a When line r  10i  24 j   (5i  j) meets circle r  (34i  12 j)  2 130
 10  5   34 
      2 130
 24     12 
 44  5 
   2 130
 12   
(44  5 ) 2  (12   ) 2  2 130
Solving gives   6,   10.
The position vectors of the points of intersection are:
r  ( 10  5  6)i  (24  6) j  20i  30 j

and
r  ( 10  5  10)i  (24  10) j  40i  34 j
b When line r  i  5j   (3i  j) meets circle r  (3i  j)  5
 1  3   3 
    5
 24     1 
 4  3 
  5
 23   
(4  3 ) 2  (23   ) 2  5
There are no real solutions so the line never touches the circle.
c When line r  i  7 j   (i  3j) meets circle r  (4i  2 j)  2 10
 1     4 
      2 10
 7  3   2 
 5   
   2 10
 5  3 
( 5   ) 2  (5  3 ) 2  2 10
Solving gives   1.
The position vector of the point of intersection is:
r   1  ( 1)  i   7  3( 1)  j  2i  4 j
50
Question 9
1 1

cis  cos   i sin 
1 cos   i sin 
 
cos   i sin  cos   i sin 
cos   i sin 

cos 2   i 2 sin 2 

cos 2   (1) sin 2 

cos 2   sin 2 

1
 cos ()  i (1) sin ()
 cos ()  i sin ()
 cis ()
Question 10
a Given z  cos θ  i sin θ ,
1 1
zk   (cos θ  i sin θ) k  , for some constant k
z k
(cos θ  i sin θ) k
1
 cos (kθ)  i sin (kθ) 
cos (kθ)  i sin (kθ)
 cos (kθ)  i sin (kθ)   cos (kθ)  i sin (kθ) ,
1
by applying De Moivre's theorem

= cos (kθ)  i sin (kθ)  cos ( kθ)  i sin ( kθ)
 cos (kθ)  i sin (kθ)  cos (kθ)  i sin (kθ)
 2cos (kθ)
51
cos(3θ)  3cosθ
b i Prove that cos3 θ  .
4
3
1  1
Since z   2 cos  , then  z    8 cos 
3
z  z
3 2
 1  1  1
z  z  z 
 z  z  z
 1  1
  z 2  2  2  z  
 z  z
  2 cos 2  2   2 cos  (by the result from part a)
 4 cos  cos 2  4 cos 
 2  cos   cos 3  4 cos 
 6 cos   2 cos 3
Hence, 6 cos   2 cos 3  8cos3  , and dividing both sides by 8, we get
3cos   cos 3
 cos3  , as required.
4
4
1  1
ii Since z   2 cos  , then  z    16 cos  .
4
z  z 
2
1   1 
4 2

 z  
  z   
 z   z  
2
 1 
  z2  2  2 
 z 
  2 cos 2  2 
2
(by the result from part a)
 4 cos 2  8cos 2  4
2
1 
 4  1  cos 4    8cos 2  4
2 
 2  2 cos 4  8cos 2  4
 6  2 cos 4  8cos 2
Hence, 6  2cos 4  8cos 2  16cos 4  , and dividing both sides by 16, we get
3  cos 4  4 cos 2
 cos 4  , as required.
8
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SADLER UNIT 3 MATHEMATICS

At t hours after 8 a.m.:

rA (t )  (5i  4 j)  (10i  j)t  (5  10t )i  (4  t ) j

rB (t )  (6i  8 j)  (2i  8 j)t  (6  2t )i  (8t  8) j

rC (t )  (2i  3j)  (4i  3j)t  (2  4t )i  (3  3t ) j

Body D has position vector (9  10)i  (10  6) j at 8 a.m.

rD (t )  (19i  4 j)  (10i  6 j)t  (19  10t )i  (6t  4) j

Body E has position vector [16  (4)]i  (7  3) j at 8 a.m.

rE (t )  (20i  4 j)  (4i  3j)t  (20  4t )i  (4  3t ) j , t ≥ 1.

Body F has position vector [2  (12  2)]i  [3  (8  2)]j at 8 a.m.

rF (t )  (4i  7 j)  (12i  8 j)t  (12t  4)i  (7  8t ) j , t ≥ 0.5.

a 6 a.m. is one hour after 5 a.m.

r (t )  (7i  10 j)  (3i  4 j)t

b 7 a.m. is two hours after 5 a.m.

c 9 a.m. is four hours after 5 a.m.

e 8 a.m. is three hours after 5 a.m.

Distance from 16i  22 j to 21i  20 j is (21  16) 2  (20  22) 2  29 km

7i  24 j was the position vector at 9 a.m.

a At 9 a.m. the boat was 72  242  25 km from O.

b At 8 a.m. the position vector of the boat was 9i  36 j  2(2i  12 j)  5i  12 j

At 8 a.m. the boat was 52  122  13 km from O.

rA (1)  (21i  7 j)  (10i  5 j)1 31i  12 j

rB (1)  (25i  6 j)  (7i  10 j)1 32i  4 j

At 4 p.m. the distance between the boats is 65 km.

rA (2)  (21i  7 j)  (10i  5 j)2  41i  17 j

rB (1)  (25i  6 j)  (7i  10 j)2  39i  14 j

2i  3j  (2)2  (3)2  13 km

rA (1)  (5i  13j)  (7i  2 j)1  2i  11j

rB (1)  (3j)  (3i  2 j)1  3i  1j

5i  12 j  (5)2  (12)2  169  13km

At 4 p.m. the distance between the boats is 13 km.

rA (2)  (5i  13j)  (7i  2 j)2  9i  9 j

rB (1)  (3j)  (3i  2 j)2  6i  j

15i  8 j  (15)2  (8)2  289  17 km

At 5 p.m. the distance between the boats is 17 km.

a At t hours after 8 a.m.:

rA (t )  (28i  5 j)  (8i  4 j)t  (28  8t )i  (4t  5) j

rB (t )  (24 j)  (6i  2 j)t  (6t )i  (24  2t ) j

b (14t  28) 2  ( 2t  29) 2 =25

The ships will be 25 km apart at 10 a.m. and 10:30 a.m.

rA (t )  (12i  61j)  (7i  8 j)t  (12  7t )i  (61  8t ) j

rB (t )  (57i  29 j)  (2i  10 j)t  (57  2t )i  (29  10t ) j

Equating the parts:

r  (12  7  5)i  (61  8  5) j

rA (t )  (11i  8 j)  (7i  1j)t  (11  7t )i  (8  t ) j

rA (t )  (6i  44 j)  (4i  6 j)t  (6  4t )i  (44  6t ) j

rB (t )  (2i  18 j)  (2i  7 j)t  (2  2t )i  (18  7t ) j

At t hours past 9 a.m.:

At t hours past 9 a.m.:

Position vectors of A and B will have the same i component when 8  4t  2  2t

A and B will collide at 2 p.m. at position vector (12i  17 j) km.

rA (t )  (11i  4 j)  (10i  4 j)t  (11  10t )i  (4  4t ) j

rB (t )  (3i  5 j)  (7i  5 j)t  (3  7t )i  (5  5t ) j

At t hours past noon:

At t hours past 12:30 p.m.:

i.e. when t  3.5

i.e. when t  1.28

rR (t )  (32i  30 j)  (2i  14 j)t  (32  2t )i  (30  14t ) j