University of San Carlos – Talamban Campus

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

ME 3224L

Refrigeration Engineering Laboratory

FINAL PROJECT:

COLD STORAGE OF BEEF

Submitted To:

Engr. Armando Siez

Submitted By:

Lobiano, John Loyd

Madelo, Jaime Federico

Manliguez, Lowell M.

Nanual, Ian Lionel S.

1
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1

CHAPTER 2: CALCULATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Summary of Known Values ................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Calculating Total Heat Absorbed......................................................................................................... 5
2.3 The Vapor Compression Cycle .......................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 3: THE COLD STORAGE DESIGN .................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Design of Auxiliaries .......................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Design of Beef and Steel Hanging Frame .......................................................................................... 27
3.3 Design of Cold Storage Room............................................................................................................ 28
3.4 Section View of All Components Assembled .................................................................................... 37
3.5 Exploded View of All Components Assembled ................................................................................. 40
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 44

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Cold storage is an area in which products such as meat, fruits, vegetables, and other
organic and decomposing products are preserved by storing these products at low temperatures
using a refrigerating unit. The size of the cold storage, the refrigerating unit, the materials used in
the construction of the cold storage, the storage temperature, and the duration of storage would
depend on the product or products to be stored in the cold storage.

The product to be used in the cold storage is beef, which are freshly cut or butchered
cows that have been skinned and with its limbs cut off, leaving the carcass. The cow carcasses
will be stored in the cold storage for chilling the carcasses before leaving the cold storage to be
processed and distributed to consumers. According to the book entitled “Manual on Meat Cold
Store Operation and Management” by Dr. G. Cano-Muñoz in 1991 published by the Food and
Agricultural Organization of the United Nations in the Animal Production and Health Paper,
chilling is done to reduce the deterioration of meat after being butchered and to prevent or reduce
microbial growth on the meat. Chilling of meat is done in cold storage until the meat has reached
a temperature of 7℃ within 16 to 24 hours, for primary chilling phase, up to -1℃ for long term
storage applications [1]. Quick primary chilling, which has some downsides wherein the muscles
of the meat can irreversibly contract, and that costs are much higher due to higher operational
costs, is done by having the cold storage temperature set to -5℃ to quickly cool the meat and be
chilled, and is a form of unsteady-state cooling since the meat will not reach the cold storage
temperature. However, for this project, which requires a storage time of less than 24 hours, and
that heat transfer must be at steady-state condition, quick chilling of the beef will be done, where
the storage time is 16 hours, and that the final temperature of the meat will be the cold storage
temperature of -5℃. To cool the cold storage, the system makes use of vapor compression cycle
using R 134-a refrigerant.

1
 From the book “Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps” by Hundy, Trott, and
Welch, in page 232, Table 15.1, the specific heat capacity above freezing of beef is 3.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙
𝐾, the highest freezing point is −2℃, the latent heat of freezing is 230 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔, and the specific
heat capacity below freezing 1.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 [2].

For the cold storage dimensions, the shape of the cold storage is a cube, where in the
length of each side at the exterior of the cold storage is 3 meters. 3 meters was chosen so that a
steel frame can be constructed inside the cold storage that is used to support the carcasses as they
are hanged below it, where a height of about 2500 mm is required for the steel frame to hang the
carcasses, and approximately 18 cow carcasses can fit inside the cold storage since there is 3
railings, where in per meter of the railing, 3 carcasses are hanged below it [3]. The steel dram is
assumed to be at storage temperature, and does not produce heat in the cold storage. The average
hanging weight of a cow carcass is 660 lbs, which is approximately 300 kg [4]. So the total mass
of the product in the cold storage is its weight times the number of carcass, which is 5400 kg.

The cold storage is exposed to the open air environment with an ambient temperature of
36℃. From the book “Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach” by Cengel and Boles, in
page 93, the convection heat transfer coefficient for natural convection of gases ranges from
2 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 to 25 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾, and for forced convection, the convection heat transfer coefficient
ranges from 25 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 to 250 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 [5]. In addition, from the study of Xanthopoulos et
al. (2012) titled “Estimation of Heat and Mass Transfer Coefficients During Air-Freezing of
Cucumber, the convection heat transfer coefficient inside the refrigerated room ranged from
10.99 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 for 0.5 𝑚/𝑠 air speed to 40.07 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 for air speeds of 5.0 𝑚/𝑠 [6], and
from the book “Unit Operations in Food Processing” by Earle in 2004, a sample problem with
regards to chilling fresh apples gave a convection heat transfer coefficient of 30 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾 [7].
For the convection heat transfer coefficient of the outside air, the chosen value is 7 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾,
which is within the range for natural convection of air. For the convection heat transfer
coefficient of the inside air in the cold storage, since there is an evaporator fan inside the cold
storage, there is forced convection of air, and since typical velocities of air for chilling meat
ranges from 0.25 to 3.0 m/s, the value chosen is 28 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾.

2
 The cold storage is made of insulated sandwich panels having polyurethane foam
thickness of 75 mm, and is sandwiched by stainless steel sheets with thickness of 0.8 mm [8].
Each panel is 3000 mm in length and 1000 mm in width. The panels at the corners of the cold
storage and the ceiling has been cut and adjusted to fit together and form a cube cold storage
with 3 meters at each side. The 4 walls of the cold storage, the ceiling, and the interior part of the
door are made using the same panels. However, the door is constructed with additional layer of
polyurethane foam with thickness of 49.2 mm and stainless steel with thickness of 0.8 mm. The
height and width of the exterior of the door is 1900 mm and 800 mm in width, respectively [9],
while the height and width of the interior of the door is 1850 mm and 750 mm, respectively, to
ensure that the cold storage is properly sealed at the entrance. The stainless steel used is 304
stainless steel and its thermal conductivity is 16.2 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, as given in the product data bulletin
of AK Steel [10], and the thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam is 0.026 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾, as given
in the book “Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps” by Hundy, Trott, and Welch, in
page 12, Table 1.2 [2].

The cold storage has auxiliary components that contribute to the heat addition into the
system, and these are the evaporator fans and lighting. For the evaporator, model DD-2.2/12 is
used for it works within the temperature range of -2℃ to -18℃, with an evaporator dimension of
1030 mm by 460 mm by 540 mm, and with 2 motor fans with 300 mm diameter, each with a
power rating of 90 W [11]. For the lighting, 18 LED tube lighting of size T8 will be used, which
has a length of 2 foot and diameter of 1 inch, and a power rating of 9 W each [12].

3
 CHAPTER 2

CALCULATIONS

2.1 Summary of Known Values:

Variable Value Reference

𝑚𝑝 300 𝑘𝑔 × 18 = 5400 𝑘𝑔 https://www.camphillmn.org/faq-beef-and-pork
𝐶𝐴 3.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 “Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps”
by Hundy, Trott, and Welch, in page 232, Table
15.1
𝑇𝐸 36℃ = 309 𝐾
𝑇𝐹 −2℃ = 271 𝐾 “Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps”
by Hundy, Trott, and Welch, in page 232, Table
15.1
ℎ𝑝 230 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 “Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps”
by Hundy, Trott, and Welch, in page 232, Table
15.1
𝐶𝐵 1.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 “Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps”
by Hundy, Trott, and Welch, in page 232, Table
15.1
𝑇𝑆 −5℃ = 268 𝐾
𝐿 3000 𝑚𝑚 = 3 𝑚
𝐻𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟,𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 1900 𝑚𝑚 = 1.9 𝑚 https://igloodoors.com/cold-room-doors-
2/?fbclid=IwAR2eRsXaR_cfRMewS4M86COsprT
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1XlrnrManT_gv35Xs#:~:text=IDS150%20datashee
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𝐵𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟,𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 800 𝑚𝑚 = 0.8 𝑚 https://igloodoors.com/cold-room-doors-
2/?fbclid=IwAR2eRsXaR_cfRMewS4M86COsprT
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ℎ𝑜 7 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾
𝑥1 0.8 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0008
𝑘1 16.2 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 product data bulletin of AK Steel
𝑥2 75 𝑚𝑚 = 0.075 𝑚
𝑘2 0.026 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 “Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps”
by Hundy, Trott, and Welch, in page 12, Table 1.2

4
 𝑥3 0.8 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0008 𝑚
𝑘3 16.2 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 product data bulletin of AK Steel
𝑥4 49.2 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0492 𝑚
𝑘4 0.026 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 “Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps”
by Hundy, Trott, and Welch, in page 12, Table 1.2
𝑥5 0.8 𝑚𝑚 = 0.0008 𝑚
𝑘5 16.2 𝑊/𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 product data bulletin of AK Steel
ℎ𝑖 28 𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 𝐾
𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 2 http://www.srefrigerationcompressor.com/product-
485.html?fbclid=IwAR2t5i9Dj9Ku5j6Fr0DM4QIm
p
3AmUP3yoK9EppvbHEXax_2sVWwwtKx8W-c
𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 90 𝑊 http://www.srefrigerationcompressor.com/product-
485.html?fbclid=IwAR2t5i9Dj9Ku5j6Fr0DM4QIm
p
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𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 18
𝑃𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 9𝑊 https://shopee.ph/Brightex-T8-LED-Tube-Light-
9W-18W-Industrial-for-Bedroom-Ceiling-Living-
Room-i.221590990.7373697031
t 16 ℎ𝑟

2.2 Calculating Total Heat Absorbed

Finding heat to be absorbed from the beef:

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 Eq. 1

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝑄1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑄2 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑒

𝑄3 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

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 𝑄1 = 𝑚𝑝 𝐶𝐴 (𝑇𝐸 − 𝑇𝐹 ) Eq. 2

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡

𝐶𝐴 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑇𝐸 = 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑇𝐹 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑄2 = 𝑚𝑝 ℎ𝑝 Eq. 3

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡

ℎ𝑝 = 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡

𝑄3 = 𝑚𝑝 𝐶𝐵 (𝑇𝐹 − 𝑇𝑆 ) Eq. 4

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡

𝑇𝑆 = 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑇𝐹 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

Substituting Eq. 2, 3, and 4 into Eq. 1, 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 can be simplified to

𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚𝑝 (𝐶𝐴 (𝑇𝐸 − 𝑇𝐹 ) + ℎ𝑝 + 𝐶𝐵 (𝑇𝐹 − 𝑇𝑆 )) Eq. 5

6
Substituting the given values into Eq. 5, the heat to be absorbed from the beef in the cold storage
is

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5400 𝑘𝑔 (3.2 (309 𝐾 − 271 𝐾) + 230 + 1.7 (271 𝐾 − 268 𝐾))
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟐𝟔, 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑱

Finding heat transfer into the cold storage walls, ceiling, and door:

A) Finding heat transfer into the door:

𝑄̇ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇 Eq. 6

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

Taken from page 369 of the book “2014 ASHRAE Handbook: Refrigeration SI Edition [13]:

1 𝑊
𝑈 = 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = ( 2 )
1 𝑥 1 𝑚 𝐾
+ + Eq. 7
ℎ𝑜 𝑘 ℎ𝑖

Using Eq. 7, the overall heat transfer coefficient for the door is

1
𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 =
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 1
+ + + + + + Eq. 8
ℎ𝑜 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑘4 𝑘5 ℎ𝑖

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

ℎ𝑜 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝑥1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝑘1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝑥2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟/𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑘2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟/𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

7
𝑥3 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

𝑘3 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

𝑥4 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

𝑘4 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

𝑥5 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

𝑘5 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟

ℎ𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

Substituting the values into Eq. 8, the overall heat transfer coefficient of the door is

1
𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 =
1 0.0008 𝑚 0.075 𝑚 0.0008 𝑚 0.0492 𝑚 0.0008 𝑚 1
𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊
7 2 16.2 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 0.026 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 16.2 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 0.026 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 16.2 𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 28 2
𝑚 ∙𝐾 𝑚 ∙𝐾

𝑊
𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 0.202
𝑚2 𝐾

Using Eq. 6, the heat transfer through the door is

𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 𝑈𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟,𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 ∆𝑇 Eq. 9

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟,𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 𝐻𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟,𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟,𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟

∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝐸 − 𝑇𝑆

Substituting the values into Eq. 9, the heat transfer through the door is

𝑊 1 𝑘𝑊
𝑸̇𝒅𝒐𝒐𝒓 = 0.202 2
((1.9 𝑚)(0.8 𝑚))(309 𝐾 − 268 𝐾) ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟔 𝒌𝑾
𝑚 𝐾 1000 𝑊

8
B) Finding heat transfer into the walls and ceiling:

The walls and ceiling are made of the same material with same thickness of each. Using Eq. 7,
the overall heat transfer coefficient of the walls and ceiling is

1
𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈3 = 𝑈4 = 𝑈5 =
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 1 Eq. 10
+ + + +
ℎ𝑜 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 ℎ𝑖

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑈1 = overall heat transfer coefficient of front wall

𝑈2 = overall heat transfer coefficient of right side wall

𝑈3 = overall heat transfer coefficient of left side wall

𝑈4 = overall heat transfer coefficient of rear wall

𝑈5 = overall heat transfer coefficient of ceiling

Substituting the values into Eq. 10, the overall heat transfer coefficient is

1
𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈3 = 𝑈4 = 𝑈5 =
1 0.0008 𝑚 0.075 𝑚 0.0008 𝑚 1
𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊
7 2 16.2 0.026 16.2 28 2
𝑚 ∙𝐾 𝑚∙𝐾 𝑚∙𝐾 𝑚∙𝐾 𝑚 ∙𝐾

𝑊
𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 𝑈3 = 𝑈4 = 𝑈5 = 0.326
𝑚2 𝐾

Using Eq. 6, the heat transfer through the walls and ceiling is

𝑄1,2,3,4,5 = 𝑈1 𝐴1 ∆𝑇 + 4𝑈2 𝐴2 ∆𝑇 Eq. 11

9
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝐴1 = 𝐿2 − 𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟,𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟

𝐴2 = 𝐴3 = 𝐴4 = 𝐴5 = 𝐿2

Substituting the values into Eq. 11, the total heat transfer to walls and ceiling is

𝑊
𝑄̇1,2,3,4,5 = (0.326 ((3 𝑚)2 − (1.9 𝑚)(0.8 𝑚))(309 𝐾 − 268 𝐾)
𝑚2 𝐾

𝑊 2 (309
1 𝑘𝑊
+4 (0.326 ) (3 𝑚) 𝐾 − 268 𝐾)) ( )
𝑚2 𝐾 1000 𝑊

𝑸̇𝟏,𝟐,𝟑,𝟒,𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑾

Total heat transfer through the cold storage is structure is

𝑸̇𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 = 𝑄𝑑𝑜𝑜𝑟 + 𝑄1,2,3,4,5 = 0.0126 𝑘𝑊 + 0.581 𝑘𝑊 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝑾 Eq. 12

Finding heat produced by auxiliaries:

𝑄̇𝑎𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 𝑄̇𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝑄̇𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 Eq. 13

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑄̇𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠

𝑄̇𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑠 = 𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑃𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠

10
𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠

𝑃𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑛

𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝐸𝐷 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑃𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝐿𝐸𝐷 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

Substituting the values into Eq. 11, the heat produced by auxiliaries is

1 𝑘𝑊
𝑸̇𝒂𝒖𝒙𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 = (2(90 𝑊) + 18(9 𝑊)) ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑾
1000 𝑊

Finding total heat absorbed in the cold storage during storage duration:

𝑄𝐴 = 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 + 𝑄̇ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑡 + 𝑄̇𝑎𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡 Eq. 14

Substituting the values into Eq. 14, the total heat absorbed is

3600 𝑠 3600 𝑠
𝑄𝐴 = 1,926,180 𝑘𝐽 + 0.5936 𝑘𝑊 ((16 ℎ𝑟) ( )) + 0.342 𝑘𝑊 ((16 ℎ𝑟) ( ))
1 ℎ𝑟 1 ℎ𝑟

𝑸𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟖𝟎, 𝟎𝟕𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑱

11
2.3 The Vapor Compression Cycle

Figure 1. Pressure-enthalpy diagram of vapor compression cycle.

Determining various thermodynamic property values at each state:

Using Table A-11 at page 916 of the book “Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach” by
Cengel and Boles, the enthalpies at each state for refrigerant R 134-a is

At state 1 (using interpolation):

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑔@𝑇 = 247.545 , 𝑠1 = 𝑠𝑔@𝑇 = 0.93452 ,
𝑆 =−5℃ 𝑘𝑔 𝑆 =−5℃ 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

𝑚3
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑔@𝑇 = 0.0828885 , 𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡@𝑇 = 243.645 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.243645 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆 =−5℃ 𝑘𝑔 𝑆 =−5℃

12
At state 3:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ3 = ℎ𝑓@𝑇 = 102.34 , 𝑃3 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡@𝑇 = 912.35 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.91235 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸 =36℃ 𝑘𝑔 𝐸 =36℃

At state 4:

𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = ℎ3 = 102.34 , 𝑃4 = 𝑃1 = 243.645 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.243645 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔

At state 2:

𝑘𝐽
𝑠2 = 𝑠1 = 0.93452 , 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = 912.35 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 0.91235 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Using Table A-13 at page 919 of the book “Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach” by
Cengel and Boles, a table for superheated R 134-a at 0.91235 𝑀𝑃𝑎 is made through
interpolation.

Table 1. Superheated R 134-a at 0.91235 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑻 𝒉 𝒔
40℃ 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
273.886 0.9310
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
𝑇2 ℎ2 𝑘𝐽
0.93452
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
50℃ 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
284.539 0.9644
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

Through interpolation of Table, the temperature and enthalpy at state 2 is

𝑘𝐽
𝑇2 = 41.054℃, ℎ2 = 275.009
𝑘𝑔

13
Finding heat rate of absorption:

If the heat absorbed must be expressed in kilowatts instead of kilojoules, the following equation
must be used

1
𝑄̇𝐴 = 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ( ) + 𝑄̇ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 + 𝑄̇𝑎𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 Eq. 15
𝑡
Substituting the values into Eq. 16, the heat rate of absorption is

1
𝑄̇𝐴 = 1,926,180 𝑘𝐽 + 0.5936 𝑘𝑊 + 0.342 𝑘𝑊
3600 𝑠
((16 ℎ𝑟) ( ))
1 ℎ𝑟
( )

𝑸̇𝑨 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟑𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑾

Finding mass flow rate of refrigerant R 134-a:

𝑄̇𝐴 = 𝑚̇𝑟 (ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) Eq. 16

By rewriting Eq. 16 and substituting the values, the mass flow rate of refrigerant R 134-a
required is

𝑄̇𝐴 34.376 𝑘𝑊 𝒌𝒈
𝒎̇𝒓 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟕
(ℎ1 − ℎ4 ) 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝒔
247.545 − 102.34
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

14
Finding compressor work:

𝑊̇𝐶 = 𝑚̇𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) Eq. 17

Substituting the values into Eq. 17 gives a compressor work of

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑾̇𝑪 = 0.237 (275.009 − 247.545 ) = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟎𝟗 𝒌𝑾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

Finding heat rejection rate:

𝑄̇𝑅 = 𝑚̇𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) Eq. 18

Substituting the values into Eq. 18 gives a heat rejection rate of

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑸̇𝑹 = 0.237 (275.009 − 102.34 ) = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝑾
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

Finding volume flow rate of refrigerant R 134-a:

𝑉1̇ = 𝑚̇𝑟 𝑣1 Eq. 19

Substituting the values into Eq. 19, the volume flow rate of R 134-a is

𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 𝒎𝟑
𝑽̇𝟏 = 0.237 (0.0828885 ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟔
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝒔

15
Finding Coefficient of Performance (COP):

ℎ1 − ℎ4
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = Eq. 20
ℎ2 − ℎ1

Substituting the values into Eq. 20, the COP of the vapor compression cycle for the cold storage
is

𝑘𝐽
247.545 − 102.34
𝑘𝑔
𝑪𝑶𝑷 = = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟕
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
275.009 − 247.545
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

16
 CHAPTER 3

THE COLD STORAGE DESIGN

3.1 Design of Auxiliaries

LED Tube Light

Specifications:
Diameter - 25.4 mm
Length - 609. 6 mm

Isometric View

Right Side View

Front View

17
Light Housing

Specifications:
Length = 703.58 mm
Width = 173.10 mm
Height = 107.95 mm

Front View

Bottom View

Right Side View

18
Isometric View

Exploded View

19
Evaporator

Model: Air Cooler DD - 2.2/12

Specifications:
Length = 1030 mm
Width = 460 mm
Height = 540 mm
Fan Diameter = 300 mm
Fan Power = 90 W (per fan)
Fin Space = 6 mm
Coil Diameter = 9.52 mm

Front View

20
 Rear View

Right Side View

21
Isometric View

Exploded View

22
Source:

Star-Worth Refrigeration Co., Ltd. (nd). "Ceiling Evaporator for Cold Room Projects." Available
at http://www.srefrigerationcompressor.com/product-485.html accessed May, 2021 [11].

Condensing Unit

Model: Xurui Condensing Unit

Compressor Brand: Britzer
Compressor Model: 4FES-5Y

Specifications:
Length = 1300 mm
Width = 750 mm
Height = 670 mm

Front View

23
Rear View

Top View

24
Isometric View

25
 Exploded View

Source:

Shanghai Xurui Refrigeration Equipment Co., Ltd. (nd). "Air Cooled Condensing Unit"
Available at https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Compressor-condensing-unit-
prices_62121283570.html?spm=a2700.themePage.1022475639749.47.5d3b233dfrt2DS accessed
May, 2021 [14].

______________________________________________________________

26
3.2 Design of Beef and Steel Hanging Frame

27
3.3 Design Cold Storage Room

Cold Storage Room

Property Dimension

Height 3000 mm
Length 3000 mm
Width 3000 mm

Perspective View

28
Door

Property Dimension

OUTER
Height 1900 mm
Length 800 mm
Width 50 mm

INNER
Height 1850 mm
Length 750 mm
Width 76.6 mm

Source: Igloodoors. (n.d.). “Hinged Cold Room Doors”

Retrieved at: https://igloodoors.com/cold-room-doors-2/#:~:text=IDS150%20datasheet-
,Available%20sizes,and%20of%201800mm%20of%20height

Front View Isometric View

29
Door Hinges and Lock

Property Dimension/s

COLD ROOM DOOR HINGE

Body

COLD ROOM DOOR LOCK

Body

Source: PartsNetCN. (n.d.). “Cold room door hinge 1470”

Retrieved at: http://www.partsnetcn.com/Cold-room-door-hinge-1470/ [15].

Source: Kunlong. (n.d.). “SK1-78013 KUNLONG Cold Room Door Handle Latch”
Retrieved at: http://www.chinalatch.com/sk1-78013-kunlong-cold-room-door-handle-
latch.html?fbclid=IwAR1832UeSTEg-J_np4yysMdg-4jAebKfuDlfRt2C4KbAL0tIgH04v5d-
VS4 [16].
30
Material: Zinc Alloy

Isometric View (Hinge 2pcs)

Isometric View (Handle/Lock)

31
Isometric View (Handle/Lock Assembled)

32
DRAWING:

Top view layout (Wall)

33
DETAILED VIEW

Section View

34
EXPLODED VIEW

Isometric View (Empty Cold Room)

35
INSULATION MATERIAL

Polyurethane Foam

Thickness: 75 mm
Temperature: between -10 to 0 degree C

Source: Squarepanel. (n.d.). “Cold Room Panel”.

Retrieved at: https://www.squarepanel.com/en/
products/cold-room-panel.html [17].

Stainless Steel

Thickness: 0.8 mm

Source: SMT. (n.d.). “Stainless Steel PU Panel”.

Retrieved at: http://www.smtfreeze.com/2
52/i-5095.html [8]

36
3.4 Section View of All Components Assembled

Front View

37
Right Side View

38
Top View

39
3.5 Exploded View of All Components Assembled

Front View

40
Top View

41
Right Side View

42
Isometric View

43
REFERENCES:

[1] G. Cano-Muñoz, Manual on Meat Cold Store Operation and Management, 92nd ed. Food
and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1991.

[2] G. F. Hundy, A. R. Trott, and T. C. Welch, Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat
Pumps, 5th ed., vol. 46, no. 5. Elsevier Ltd., 2016.

[3] “Simplex: Aluminium Meat Rail System,” 2016.

[4] Camphill Village Minnesota, “Beef Ordering.” https://www.camphillmn.org/faq-beef-and-

pork-
ordering?fbclid=IwAR3qLieFCodeqEtblLFlggSw6o4aF00Oe2YY987NnRIo9FMGfFRUJ
_3WBeA (accessed May 25, 2021).

[5] Y. A. Çengel and M. A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 8th ed., vol.
22, no. 2. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.

[6] G. Xanthopoulos, D. Mitropoulos, and G. Lambrinos, “Estimation of Heat and Mass

Transfer Coefficients During Air-Freezing of Cucumber,” Int. J. Food Prop., vol. 15, no.
2, pp. 221–235, 2012, doi: 10.1080/10942911003778006.

[7] R. L. Earle, “Unit Operations in Food Processing,” Pergamon Press, 2004.

https://nzifst.org.nz/resources/unitoperations/httrapps3.htm (accessed May 25, 2021).

[8] “Stainless Steel PU Panel.” http://www.smtfreeze.com/252/i-5095.html (accessed May 28,

2021).

[9] Igloodoors, “Cold Room Doors.” https://igloodoors.com/cold-room-doors-

2/?fbclid=IwAR2eRsXaR_cfRMewS4M86COsprTWcJMYRvTDhSMB9W1XlrnrManT_
gv35Xs (accessed May 26, 2021).

[10] AK Steel, “304/304L Stainless Steel.” [Online]. Available:

http://kortlink.dk/aksteel/2bddx.

44
[11] STAR-WORTHS Refrigeration Co., “Cold room Air Cooler Evaporator.”
http://www.srefrigerationcompressor.com/product-
485.html?fbclid=IwAR2t5i9Dj9Ku5j6Fr0DM4QImp3AmUP3yoK9EppvbHEXax_2sVW
wwtKx8W-c (accessed May 25, 2021).

[12] Shopee Philippines, “Brightex T8 LED Tube Light 9W 18W Industrial for Bedroom,
Ceiling & Living Room .” https://shopee.ph/Brightex-T8-LED-Tube-Light-9W-18W-
Industrial-for-Bedroom-Ceiling-Living-Room-i.221590990.7373697031 (accessed May
25, 2021).

[13] 2014 ASHRAE Handbook: Refrigeration SI Edition. 2014.

[14] “Compressor Condensing Unit Prices .” https://www.alibaba.com/product-

detail/Compressor-condensing-unit-
prices_62121283570.html?spm=a2700.themePage.1022475639749.47.5d3b233dfrt2DS
(accessed May 27, 2021).

[15] “Cold Room Door Hinge 1470-.” http://www.partsnetcn.com/Cold-room-door-hinge-

1470/ (accessed May 28, 2021).

[16] “SK1-78013 KUNLONG Cold Room Door Handle Latch .”

http://www.chinalatch.com/sk1-78013-kunlong-cold-room-door-handle-
latch.html?fbclid=IwAR1832UeSTEg-J_np4yysMdg-
4jAebKfuDlfRt2C4KbAL0tIgH04v5d-VS4 (accessed May 28, 2021).

[17] “Cold Room Panel.” https://www.squarepanel.com/en/products/cold-room-panel.html

(accessed May 28, 2021).

45