Blood pressure is closely monitored by baroreceptors.

They send messages to the

cardio regulatory center of the medulla oblongata to regulate blood pressure every
moment.

Baroreceptors

Baroreceptors transmit changes in blood pressure to the brain

Blood Pressure Regulation.

a.)Baroreceptors.
What happens when blood pressure is too high?

Parasympathetic stimulation occurs to the heart, which increase heart rate and
stimulate the heart muscle to pump with more force. Parasympathetic stimulation
still occur to the heart decreasing the heart rate and stroke volume, which decreases
the cardiac output and decreases blood pressure.
The cardio regulatory center of the medulla also decrease sympathetic input to the
blood vessels causing vasodilation, thus decreasing total peripheral resistance
hence lowering blood pressure.

What if blood pressure is low?

Decreased action potentials sent to the cardio regulatory center of the medulla.

There is increase in Sympathetic activity to the SA node, causing it to fire more

frequently.

Results to increased heart rate.

The heart muscle is also stimulated to pump with more force,

This increases the stroke volume.

Increased heart rate and stroke volume translates to increased cardiac output thus
increased blood pressure, restoring blood pressure back to a normal level.

Sympathetic effect to the blood vessels:- Causes vasoconstriction, leading to

increased total peripheral resistance thus increase in blood pressure.
Explanation of how the body lowers blood pressure

b.) Chemoreceptors

Located in carotid and Aortic bodies detect changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen
concentration. When PH is low(acidosis) signals are send to cardiovascular centre
of medulla oblongata, causing subsequent increase sympathetic activity to the heart
and blood vessels to increase tissue percolation.

c.)Renal Endocrine Hormonal Mechanisms:

Activation of rennin angiotensin.Rennin is produced as an inactive precursor

prorenin. Main circulating rennin originates from juxtaglomerular cells
surrounding afferent arterioles. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to release
angiotensin 1.Angiotensin converting enzyme located in the endothelial cells
convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 producing arteriolar constriction and a rise
in BP.

Vasopressin system (ADH): Regulates fluid volume and Na+ concentration which
is a factor affecting BP. Low BP, more is produced causing vasoconstriction, high
BP, less is produced.