Parts of Speech 5.

Pronouns

1. Noun - substitute a noun

- names a person, animal, thing, place,
or concept
- Types of Nouns:
 Proper – specific, Manila
 Common – general, pencil
 Abstract - love, charity (can’t
touch)
 Collective - group, class
 Concrete nouns – chair
- types of pronoun:
 Demonstrative – This, that,
these, those
 Interrogative – WH questions
 Personal – I, we, he. Him,
she, her, they, them
 Reflexive – myself,
themselves, himself
6. Conjunction

2. Verb - joins or connects words, phrase or

clauses.
- names an action, state, or occurrence - type of conjunction:
- Types of Verbs:  Coordinating – FANBOYS,
neither, either
 Subordinating – although,
because, since, if
7. Preposition
- locates the placement a noun or
Verb +
pronoun
d/ed
8. Interjection
Change in
spelling - a word / expression that shows
emotion
3. Adjective
- modifies or describes a noun or
pronoun

4. Adverb
- modifies or describes a verb, an
adjective or another adverb
- types of adverbs:
 Manner: how
 Frequency – how often
 Time – when

Sentence Structure
Phrase
- Either has a subject or verb.
- Do not have a complete thought.
Clause
- Both has subject or verb.
- Types are Independent and
Dependent Clause.
1. Simple
- It has subject and a verb.
- A single independent clause.
2. Compound
- It has subject and a verb.
- It has two or more independent
clauses.
- Uses coordinating conj.
- Uses comma or semicolon.
3. Complex
- It has one independent clause, and
dependent clause.
- Uses subordinating conj.
- Uses comma or semicolon.
4. Compound-Complex
- It has two independent clauses, and
one dependent clause.
- Uses both coordinating and
subordinating conj.
- Uses comma or semicolon.
Subject-Verb Agreement
1. If the verb is an action or main verb
- PS + BFV
- SS + es/s V
2. If the SS takes the singular verb, and
PS takes the plural verb.
3. A parenthesis in the sentence is not
affecting the subject and verb.
4. Each, every or no comes before the
subject, the verb is singular.
5. The verb agrees to the nearest
subject.
Academic Text
- Is defined as critical, objective,
specialized texts written by experts
or professionals in a given field
using formal language;
- This means that academic texts are
based on facts with a solid basis;
- It varies from different styles and
structures of writing depending on
the discipline.
1. Textbooks
- a standard work for a particular
branch of study;
- design to help the learner;
- vary in style, tone, and level
depending on their audience
2. Essay
- A short literary composition on a
particular theme or subject, usually
in prose and generally analytic,
speculative, or interpretative.
- Vary in length and formality
- Citation of resources
- Structure:
 Introduction
 Body
 Conclusion
 Study III. Results
III. RRL IV. Discussion
3. Dissertation and Thesis IV. Methodology
- A long period of reading, research, V. Results &
and reflection Discussion
VI. Recommendation
- Difference:
and Conclusion

4. Research Articles
- reports the result of original
research, assesses its contribution
to the body of knowledge in each
area.
- normally published in a journal
- written mainly for specialist
audiences.
- Structure:
 Introduction
 RRL
 Background of Research
and Method
 Results and Discussion
 Recommendations and
Conclusion
 Bibliography

5. Case Study
- is a report about a person, group, or
situation that has been studied.
- most common disciplines such as
business, sociology and law.
- understands and provides a possible
answer.
- Structure:
 Context (Focus, When and
Where?)
 Description (Person or Place)
 Account (Was there a change?)
- Structure:
 and Headings (What is the
I. Introduction I. Introduction perspective of the reader?)
II. Background of the II. Methods
6. Reports Writing Skills
- written account of something that Thesis Statement
one has observed, heard, done or
investigated; - serves as your summary of the main
- describe what happened and discuss argument;
and evaluate its importance - it controls the flow of the text.
- Structure: - it is the interpretation, not the subject
 Context itself.
 Introduction - a single sentence.
 Methodology Derermining a thesis statement:
 Findings/Main Points
Discussion/Evaluation 1. Am I answering a question?
 Conclusion 2. Have I taken a position that others might
challenge or oppose?
3. Is the thesis statement specific enough?
4. Does the thesis pass the “so what?” test?
Language of Academic Text 5. Does the thesis pass the “how and why?”
Formal test?

- unique characteristics such as direct Steps in creating a thesis statement:

and respectful. 1. Choose a subject
- It is the opposite of how one would 2. Pick your argument
speak or write casually to a friend. 3. Express it in one sentence
Objective 4. Assert your conclusion

- Uses research as the basis of

language usage; impersonal language Summarizing
is disregarded - synthesis of the key ideas from the
- Interpret findings text;
- Evaluate a theory - uses of your own words to express
- Develop an argument your idea
- Critique the work of others - words should not exceed 250.
Technical Steps in Summarizing:
- Uses vocabulary in a technical term 1. Read the text
used in the field of discipline. 2. Find the Main Idea or Subject
- E.g. Jargon 3. Identify the needed information
4. Write your summary
 - connects easily an idea to another
idea specially the thesis statement.
Techniques of summarizing:
Types of outlining:
Somebody Wanted But So Then
Purpose
 Somebody—Who is the text
about? Reading Outline Writing Outline
 Wanted—What did the main
character want? Done after reading a Done before
 But—What was the problem text to understand writing a text
encountered? Mostly combined Mostly combined
with the sentence with the topic
 So—How was the problem
outline outline
solved? Format
 Then—How did it end?
Sentence Outline Topic Outline
SAAC Method
 State— The name of the article, Write in complete Use keywords or
sentences phrases
book, movie
Symbols
 Assign—the name of the author
 Action—what the author is doing ALPHANUMERI ALPHANUMERI
(ex. Tells, explains) C DECIMAL C DECIMAL
 Complete—complete the
sentence or summary with Uses a Uses the decimal
keywords and important details. combination of the number system. (1,
alphabet 1.1, 2, 2.1, etc.)
5W’s and 1 H (uppercase and
lowercase), Roman
 Who is the text about? numerals, and
 What did he/she do? Hindu-Arabic
 When did it happen? numerals
 Why did he/she do it?
 How did he/she do what he/she Principles of outlining:
did?
Coordination
First Then Finally
- equal significance has
 First– What happened first? comparable numerals or letter
 Then– What key details took designation. E.g A is to B;
place during the event/action? - having the same value
 Finally– What were the results of - maintains coherent and consistent
the action? document
Outlining Subordination
- visually organize the ideas; - shows the level of significance.
 - uses major and minor heading - can be made by knowledgeable
people

Division
Critique Paper
- it always need at least 2 (two)
parts; - most academic and most elevated
- chunks the idea from one evaluation
another. - written made by experts of the field
- focused on analyzing and evaluating
Parallelism
the components
- focus on showing a parallel head. - made to provide directions for future
- E.g. Noun is to Noun Verb is to improvements
Verb - evaluates the ff:
 Creative Works
 Research
Reaction, Review, Critique  Media

Paper The Do’s

- is a response, or reaction, to some  ✓ Organize your thoughts

sort of prompt;
- specialized forms of writing which
author reviews or evaluates a subject
- evaluate the ff:
 Scholarly Works
 Work of Art
 Designs
 Graphic Designs
Reaction Paper
- Presents reasonable response to
anything seen, read, or experienced.
- can be made by anyone
- focused on personal appreciation
- for expression of personal judgement
Review Paper
- term paper or book review
- objective judgement
- focused on good and bad points
- gives audience an informed
judgement about the subject
 ✓ Summarize (short, but concise)
 ✓ Analyze or evaluate the subject
 ✓ Explain your reaction
 ✓ Citation and References
The Don’ts
 ✓ Avoid using “I …”
 ✓ Avoid using YOU
 ✓ Avoid autobiographical
 ✓ Avoid repetition
Structure:
- It follows the three-part essay
structure.
o Introduction
o Body
o Conclusion
- The word counts will be 250 – 750
words

Steps in Writing of Reaction, Review and
Critique Papers
1. Read and study the material.
2. Annotate the text you read.
3. Ask questions as you read.
4. Free write.
5. Decide on your angle and determine
your thesis statement.
6. Organize your paper.
7. Gather quotations.
8. Structure your paragraph.
Tips in Writing of Reaction, Review and
Critique Papers
1. Follow the structure and know your
main idea.
2. Be sure to support your points and
opinions with specific examples.
3. Proofread
4. Use quotation, but do not overuse.
5. Express your opinions clearly
6. Opinions with evidences
7. Use effective writing
Literary Approaches
Formalism
- Attempts to treat each work as its
own distinct piece, free from its
environment, era, and even author.
- Centers on the structure and
components of a certain work.
- Meaning is extracted from the whole
piece through: THE ELEMENTS!
Historical
- Biographical Approach
- Connection between the content and
the historical context.
- Effects basis
- Cite the influences
Feminism
- The principles and ideology of
feminism to critique the language of
literature
- Male dominant – patriarchal culture
- Images and concepts of women in
literature
- They argue that gender determines
everything, or just the opposite
Moral
- Moral judgement – Author’s
Philosophy
- Teach morality and probe
philosophical issues
- Plato dynamics
Marxism
- Economics based on the social,
political and ideological realities.
- Economics shapes the society.
- Culture and Socioeconomics are
bond by each other