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Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

The study of the carbon and carbon containing compounds is known as organic chemistry.
Organic chemistry takes a look at what composes the living things (and nonliving things) , and how they’re
structured. Organic chemistry mainly focus on carbon, hydrogen and few other elements. Organic compounds
are very important compounds in human life. They include hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, proteins, steroids,
fats, sugar, fats, plant oils, urea, Fuels, plastic, rubber, detergents, insecticides, most medicines etc

In organic compounds carbon is present as compulsory element. The second abundant element in organic
compounds is hydrogen. Others elements that can be present in organic compounds are oxygen, nitrogen, or
halogen etc.
REPRESENTATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic compounds can be represented by different formulae. There are four formulae that can be used for
representation.
 Molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms present in a single molecule
 Empirical Formula this formula shows the simple ratio between the atoms present in a molecule
 Structural formula shows how the many atoms are connected with each other in the molecule
 Displayed formula shows all the atoms and all the bonds present in a compound
 Skeletal formula shows the simplest structure by showing very few atoms

For example, butane can be represented as

Molecular Empirical Structural Displayed Formula
Formula Formula Formula
Pentene C5H10 CH2 CH3CH=CHCH2CH3

Butane C4H10 C2H5 CH3CH2CH2CH3

Question: - Draw the formula of Butane, showing all atoms and all bonds. [ Displayed formula of Butane]

General Formula of Homologous series

We will study homolgous series later, but each homologous series has a general formula. These series are
(a) alkanes, CnH2n+2
(b) alkenes, CnH2n
(c) alcohols, CnH2n+1OH
(d) carboxylic acids, CnH2n+1COOH

Isomers

Two compounds are considered Isomers if they have the same molecular formula but
different structural formula.
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Organic Chemistry

Above figure shows three molecules of pentane. If we count the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in each
molecule. we will see that the formula of each molecule is C5H12. So, we can say that they have the same
molecular formula. However, their structures are different. Therefore, they are isomers as they have same
molecular formulas but structural formulas are different.

Right hand side fig shows three isomers. They have the
same molecular formula but different structural formula.
Find its Molecular formula
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Draw the possible Iosmers of C6H14
Functional Group

An atom or group of atoms which determine the chemical properties of a homologous series is known as
Functional Group. Homologous series are represented and identified by their functional groups. These
homologous series have following functional Groups,

(a) alkanes, has functional group C – C

(b) alkenes, has functional group C = C
(c) alcohols, has functional group – OH
(d) carboxylic acids, has functional group COOH

Homologous Series

general characteristics of a homologous series are as:

molecules of a homologous series

(a) have the same functional group

(b) have the same general formula
(c) differ from one member to the next by a –CH2– unit, differ in their Mr by 14
(d) display a trend in physical properties
(e) share similar chemical properties,
Types of Organic Compound

Organic Compounds can be divided into two categories based on saturation.

 Saturated Compounds
 Unsaturated Compounds

Mubashir Sulehri [ 0322 4307040 ] O / AS / A – Level Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

Saturated Compounds are Compounds in which the carbon – carbon atoms have single bond (C–C) with
each other.
Unsaturated Compounds are Compounds in which the carbon – carbon atoms make double bond (C=C) or
triple bond (𝐶𝐶 ≡ 𝐶𝐶) with each other.
Naming Organic Compounds
Alkane
Name Molecular Structural Formula
Formula
Methane CH4 CH4
Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3
Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3
Butane C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3
Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Hexane C6H14 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Heptane C7H16 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Octane C8H18 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Nonane C9H20 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Decane C10H22 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
.

Alkene Alcohol
Name Molecular Structural Formula Name Molecular Structural
Formula formula Formula

Ethene C2H4 CH2 = CH2 Methanol CH3OH

Propene C3H6 CH2 = CH CH3 Ethanol C2H5OH

But – 1 – ene C4H8 CH2 = CH CH2 CH3 Propan – 1 – ol C3H7OH

But – 2 – ene C4H8 CH3 CH = CH CH3 Propan – 2 – ol C3H7OH

Pent – 1 – ene C5H10 CH2 = CH CH2CH2 CH3 Butan – 1 – ol C4H9OH

Pent – 2 – ene C5H10 CH3 CH2 CH = CH CH3 Butan – 2 – ol C4H9OH

.

Carboxylic acid

Methanoic acid HCOOH

Ethanoic acid CH3COOH

Propanoic acid CH3CH2COOH

Butanoic acid CH3CH2CH2COOH

Fuel

the fossil fuels: coal, natural gas and petroleum are used as fuel. Methane is the main constituent of natural
gas. Whereas Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

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Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbon : Different hydrocarbons (fractions) are present in crude oil. These hydrocarbons have different
boiling points, so can be separated by fractional distillation. The crude oil is evaporated and then these vapours allowed
to condense at different temperatures in the fractionating column. These fractions have different no of carbons and uses
Fractional distillation of crude oil

Oil fractions

The diagram above summarizes the main fractions obtained from crude oil and their uses, and the trends in
properties. Note that the gases condense at the top of the column, the liquids in the middle and the solids stay
at the bottom. The properties of fractions obtained from Crude oil [petroleum] change from the bottom to the
top of the fractionating column.

The properties of Hydrocarbons changes from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column are as
(a) decreasing chain length
(b) higher volatility
(c) lower boiling points
(d) lower viscosity

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Organic Chemistry

Uses of the fractions

the uses of the fractions obtained from fractional distillation are as:
a) refinery gas fraction for gas used in heating and cooking
b) gasoline / petrol fraction for fuel used in cars
c) naphtha fraction as a chemical feedstock
d) kerosene / paraffin fraction for jet fuel
e) diesel oil / gas oil fraction for fuel used in diesel engines
f) fuel oil fraction for fuel used in ships and home heating systems
g) lubricating oil fraction for lubricants, waxes and polishes
h) bitumen fraction for making roads

Mubashir Sulehri [ 0322 4307040 ] O / AS / A – Level Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

Mubashir Sulehri [ 0322 4307040 ] O / AS / A – Level Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

Mubashir Sulehri [ 0322 4307040 ] O / AS / A – Level Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

Mubashir Sulehri [ 0322 4307040 ] O / AS / A – Level Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

Mubashir Sulehri [ 0322 4307040 ] O / AS / A – Level Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

Mubashir Sulehri [ 0322 4307040 ] O / AS / A – Level Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

Mubashir Sulehri [ 0322 4307040 ] O / AS / A – Level Chemistry