ARTIFICIAL STONES, TILES AND

PAVERS
Unit -3
22.04.2024
CONTENTS
01 ARTIFICIAL STONES

02 TILES

03 PAVERS
 TILES
◦Ceramic Tiles, Vitrified Tiles,
Anti-
skid Tiles
◦Terracotta Tiles, Flat tiles,
Corrugated Tiles, Brick tiles
◦Mangalore Tiles, Allahabad Tiles
◦Cement Tiles, Carpet Tiles
◦Stone Tiles, Wooden tiles
◦ Pavers
◦Synthetic tiles or Artificial tiles
 TILES
◦ Tiles are thin plates or elements used to
cover surfaces like roofs, floors, and walls.
◦ They are used to finish and beautify building
interior as well as exterior.
◦ They are mainly made up of clay material
or any form of inorganic raw material.
◦ Nowadays tiles are also manufactured from
recycled materials, making the element
eco-friendlier.
 Earthwares –
Types of tiles
Terracotta
Roofing exposed to
weather tiles…etc.

Ceiling

Porcelain

Common tiles Flooring Ceramics

Vitrified

Wall

Types of Tiles
Partition

Encaustic tiles Decorative tiles Cement Tiles

 Manufacturing of tiles
•Clay cleaned and converted to powder in pug mill
Preparation of Clay •To obtain fine clay particles, water is added to clay to settle down
heavy coarse particles and then dried.

Molding •Prepared clay is placed in molds of pattern & shape desired for the tile.
•Can be done manually or mechanically

•After molding, the tile formed is taken out, stacked and left to dry in
shade to prevent warping & cracking due to rain & sun.
Drying •Tiles are corrected for irregularities in shape, edges & under surface are
cleaned.

•Tiles are burnt in kiln.

•First the fire is gentle to remove moisture and later temperature is
Burning increased to bake them.
•Burning can also be done single firing technology –automatic process.
 Manufacturing of tiles
◦The shape of the tiles is obtained by the different
processes like extrusion or pressing at room
temperature or any other method.
◦After the shaping, they are allowed to dry. These dried
elements are subjected to fire.
◦This stage of firing is to ensure that they gain the
required properties, that they are required in the
building application.
◦Different types of tilesused in building construction
which are available in both glazed or unglazed form.
◦They are incombustible in its nature & are unaffected
under the light.
Characteristics of a good tile
1. Should be free from any cracks, flaws or bends.
2. Should be regular in shape & size.
3. Should be sound, hard & durable.
4. Should be well burnt.
5. Should give a clear ringing sound when struck with hand or any light object.
6. Should fit in properly, when placed in position.
7. Should give an even & compact structure when seen on its broken surface
8. Should possess uniform color.
CERAMIC TILES
◦Ceramic tile –tile made from clay
◦Vitrified & Porcelain tiles are type of ceramic tiles
◦Non-Porcelain tiles are ceramic tiles only
◦Used for –flooring, walling, roofing & ceiling
◦Flat tiles with variation in strength according to the application.
CERAMIC TILES
◦Available in different shapes & sizes,
colours, patterns & surface finish.
◦Generally, square or linear in shape with
thickness varies from 8-25mm.
◦Standard sizes in mm -300x300, 600x600,
800x800, 300x450, 300x600 etc.
◦Nowadays, bigger size tiles also know as
slab tiles -1200x1200, 1200X2400,
1600X200.
 CERAMIC TILES -Manufacturing

Theinitialstep in ceramic tile manufacture involves mixing the ingredients. Sometimes, water is then
added and the ingredients are wet milled or ground in a ball mill. If wet milling is used, the excess
water is removed using filter pressing followed by spray drying. The resulting powder is then pressed
into the desired tile body shape.
CERAMIC TILES -Manufacturing
After forming, the file is dried
slowly (for several days) and at
high humidity, to prevent
cracking and shrinkage. Next,
the glaze is applied, and then
the tile is fired in a furnace or kiln.
Although some types of tile
require a two-step firing process,
wet-milled tile is fired only once,
at temperatures of 2,000 degrees
Fahrenheit or more. After firing,
the tile is packaged and
shi pped.
 CERAMIC TILES
◦The tiles are generally made from a
mixture of water, sand, and clay.
◦The spaces between the tiles, known
as “grout,” are filled with a separate
mixture of water, sand, and “cement”
like material. In some installations, the
tile grout is made from epoxy instead
of cement.
◦Ceramic tile is very diverse with a
myriad of options from natural stone
looks to solid colors in a variety of sizes.
CERAMIC TILES
◦With advanced options for printing on
ceramic, different material patterns
can give extremely realistic look.
◦While hexagons and other tile shapes
are also available, a majority of tiles
come in a linear rectangle or square.
◦In current interior design trends, large
tiles are being used than small tiles -
large tiles can help make small spaces
look larger plus minimum grouting
gives a clean finish.
CERAMIC TILES –Characteristics
◦ Available in endless ranges of colours, finishes & designs
◦ Available in different shapes & sizes with the scope of
customization
◦ Easy to lay
◦ Relatively less costly than stone
◦ Lighter than stone, mosaic.
◦ Hard, compact & resist wear & tear & durable
◦ Scratch, stain & damp-roof as well as anti-slip
◦ Do not require polishing & ready for use the very next day
◦ Easy to clean & maintain
 CERAMIC TILES -Application
◦ Bathrooms
◦ Kitchen
◦ Bedrooms
◦ Patios
◦ Decks
◦ Courtyards
Disadvantages of ceramic tiles
◦Cold: the ceramics tile flooring does not absorb or retain heat effectively; making floor
chilly in the winter. Same goes for advantage as in the summer the floor will be cooler
inside while it is sweltering outside.
◦Heavy: because ceramictile flooring is heavy, it is not a good choice for upper-story
installations.
◦Hard: ceramic tiles may be durable and easier to maintain. However, the hard surface
makes standing on the floor for extended periods of time unpleasant. Ceramic tile
impacts can be mitigated by placing soft rugs on such floors.
◦Installation: ceramic tiles are heavier and harder than regular tiles. As a result, they are
handled with care and experienced tile installers are required to install ceramic tiles.
 Glazing of tile
◦Glaze is a glassy coat of thickness about 0.1-0.2mm
applied on the surface of tile and then fused into
place by burning it at high temperature.
◦Glazing improves the appearance, makes article
more durable & impervious, gives smooth surface,
produce decorative effect & protect tile from
atmospheric agencies.
◦ Glazing can be transparent like glass or opaque like
enamel. Colored glazes can be obtained by adding
coloring agents or oxides & slats of various metals.
 Glazing of tile
◦The glazing is made from silica, fluxes,
stabilizers, colorant for the desired effect,
texture or color, clays and other materials.
◦Types of glazing –
◦Transparent glazing –
Salt◦ glazing –gives brownish color, used for
sanitary pipes & chemical stone ware
Lead
◦ glazing –Use for terracotta, fire-clay
wares & earthen wares
◦Opaque glazing –enamelling
Vitrification Of Tile
◦
Vitrification means "to vitrify" or "to fuse into
glass".
◦Vitrified tiles areceramic tiles with a low
percentage of void space in the rock.
◦It is used as an alternative to granite and marble
flooring, especially outdoors, because of its
water and frost resistance.
◦These tiles come in a variety of styles, patterns
and colors.
◦Vitrified tilesare a mixture of clay, feldspar, silica
and quartz which is made by hydraulic pressing,
which creates the vitreous surface.
Vitrification Of Tile
◦The process of vitrification occurs when the mixture is heated between 900 and 1400°C,
and the clay dehydrates and vitrification (or melting) occurs. Rigidity and strength is
obtained by firing.
◦In vitrification, the flux (egfeldspar) reacts with the ceramic particles and clay to form a
liquid glass. This fills some of the pores. After cooling the liquid forms a rigid glass that
binds the ceramic particles together. The degree of vitrification depends on
temperature and time and as the degree of vitrification increases, strength, durability
and density increase. Or
◦During the process of vitrification, the silica and clay melt and blend together to form a
glass-like element inside each tile, allowing it to retain the original sheen even after
several years of use.
Ceramic Vs Porcelain Vs Vitrified
 TILES CERAMIC PORCELAIN RUBBER

A porcelain tile are ceramic tiles

with dense body and also fired at
Ceramic tile with extremely low
Definition Fired-Clay tiles a higher temperature. These tiles
porosity is called a Vitrified tile
are made by the dust pressed
method.

Made with red, brown or white Made with white clay - fine Made with clay, silica, quartz &
Composition
clay - coarse clay grained, sand and feldspar. feldspar

Vitrification process with the help of

Manufacturing Method Dust Press method Dust Press method
Hydraulic Press method.

Vitrified tiles are available as

Porcelain tiles are available fully soluble salt Vitrified tiles,
Available in both glazed and non-
Types vitrified, glazed or unglazed Double Charge Vitrified tiles,
glazed versions
forms. Full Body Vitrified tiles and
Glazed vitrified tiles.

Porous & hence absorb water

Water absorption capacity is less Non porous hence suitable for
Water absorption quickly so not recommended to
than 0.5% wet areas
be used in exterior & wet areas
 TILES CERAMIC PORCELAIN RUBBER
Tiles Ceramic Porcelain Vitrified
Vitrified Tiles, due to the
Comparatively ceramic tiles Procelain tiles are stronger due process of vitrification, are
Strength
are weaker to density of base material. stronger as compared to
ceramic ones

These are long-lasting, low

Properties Softer and less dense. Harder and more dense. maintenance scratch and
abrasion resistant tiles

Rough & external glazed is

Texture Smooth finish Smooth & glossy.
applied for the glass look.

Natural & earthen look, lack

These tiles are grained finished.
glossy finish.
A true porcelain tile has the
Ceramic tile designs and colors
same color throughout its body.
are printed on the surface and
If the tile chips, then also it
Appearance protected with a type of glaze. Artificial look
become less noticeable as
So if these tiles get chipped, it’ll
same color is
be more noticeable since the
observed underneath the
body of the tile is a different
chipped surface.
color than the surface.

More durable due to glass-

Durable Less compared to vritified tiles More durable
like surface
 Tiles
TILES Ceramic
CERAMIC Porcelain
PORCELAIN Vitrified
RUBBER

Glazed Glazed for protection Glazing is optional Need not to be glazed

Frost resistance Low Relatively high High

Low, color of tiles do not remain More, when tiles have

Resistance to
same throughout its surface Relatively high scratched the color of the
scratches over in period - of time tiles will remian the same.

Scratch, Staining
& Abrasion Low Relatively high High
resistance

Slip resistance not as slippery as vitrified tile - very slippery

Color resistance direct sunlight exposure makes

no effect of sunlight no effect of sunlight
to UV light color of tiles dull & fade

Installation Easier to install Comparatively difficult to install Comparatively difficult to install

Maintanece Not easy as compared to vitrified Easy Easy

Tiles Ceramic
TILES CERAMIC PORCELAIN RUBBER

Cost Cheaper Expensive Relatively expensive

Require special tools for

Working Easy to cut and shape Can be difficult to cut.
cutting.

Used in residential areas and areas

having medium commercial traffic.
Floors.
Interior only. Used in residential areas and areas
Use on walls depending on weight
Walls and floors. having high commercial traffic. Can be
Commercial properties – hotels,
Application Home interiors. used alternatively for marble and
offices, retail outlets.
Commercial interior walls. granite flooring. Good for outdoor
Areas with very high moisture levels
Low foot traffic areas. construction.
such as wet rooms.
High foot traffic areas.
Both in exterior and interior.
Installation method of tile
Sources:
1. https://www.homedepot.com/c/ah/how-to-install-tile-
floor/9ba683603be9fa5395fab909b1ae90d
2. https://www.tileshop.com/resources/how-to-lay-tile
3. https://www.thisoldhouse.com/flooring/21016706/how-to-tile-a-floor
Choose Tiles & Prep the Gather Tools & Use a Layout Test the Layout
Space Materials

Prepare the Thin-Set Use a Tile Trowel Test the Mortar & Lay Apply Mortar in Sections
Mortar the First Tiles
Level Tiles Finish Laying Full Tiles Measure & Cut Tiles Apply the Grout

Clean Excess Grout Seal the Grout Install Thresholds &

From Tiles Baseboards
Installation method of tile
To start with -
•Strive for a layout that maximizes the number of whole tiles and
the size of any cut tiles.
•When awkwardly sized tiles can't be avoided, place them where
fixed furniture will cover them later or out of the main sight lines
from the doorway.
• First, prepare surface by cleaning it and marking the starting point
or middle point for laying the tiles.
•Prepare a thinset-an adhesive cement used to secure floor and
wall tiles to concrete surfaces.With the flat edge of a trowel,
spread a thin layer of thinset(scratch coat).
•Press it into the backer board or subfloor at roughly a 45-degree
angle. This will ensure the mortar fully adheres.
Installation method of tile
•
Before the scratch coat dries, apply more thinsetusing the notched
edge of the trowel.
•Gently lay a tile on thinsetnext to the straightedge. With fingertips
widespread, push down with a slight twist of the wrist.
•Wiggling the tile back and forth a bit allows the ridges in the thinset
to break down and fill in the valleys.
•Use this same technique to set each tile, making one row along the
straightedge. Using tile spacers ensures even joints.
•Place two spacers along the side where you will add a tile, one on
each end. Spacers helpensure equal spacing between tiles.
Always position your spacers so they stick up and out.
•Continue spreading thinsetand setting tiles in 2-by-3-foot sections.
Installation method of tile
•
Every few rows, hold a framing square or A-square alongside
the edge of the tiles to check that they are square to each
other.
•At the edges of the room, cutting of tiles to fit is required.
Measure the space you need the tile to fit into before you cut,
and don’t forget to take the grout joint into account.
•Typically, at least an eighth of an inch is left where the tile
meets the wall to allow for any spexpansion, contraction or
shifting of the house, which is natural. This ace will usually be
covered up with wall tile or trim and caulked.
•Snap cutter or wet saw are used for cutting tiles.
•Throughout the process, use a damp sponge to clean off any
mortar that ends up on top of the tiles. Do not let it dry. Once
dry, mortar on tile is extremely hard to remove.
Installation method of tile
• After laying tiles, leave tile to set overnight, use a margin trowel to
scrape off any thinsetfrom the tile surface or in the joints.
• Mix up a batch of grout to an appropriate loose consistency. Add
water a little at a time by squeezing it from a sponge.
•Scoop a trowelful of grout onto the floor and spread it with a rubber
float held at a 45-degree angle to the floor. Push grout into the
joints by first moving the float in line with the joints, then diagonal to
them. Work from the edges of the room toward the center.
•Allow the grout to set up for 20 or 30 minutes. It should be firm to the
touch before you begin washing the tile's surface. Wipe away grout
haze with a damp, well-squeezed sponge rinsed often in a bucket
of clean water.
•Again, wait for grout to haze over, then wipe with clean sponge.
Repeat until the tile is clean.
Cement Tiles
◦Cement tiles or Concrete cement tiles or Encaustic
cement tiles or inlaid tiles are made of concrete and the
color in the pattern comes from mineral pigments which
are mixed and poured into a mold.
◦Encaustic means “to heat or burn in”. The term is
mistakenly used with cement tiles as the tiles are not
burned or heated during their manufacturing.
◦Cement and ceramic tiles may look quite similar to each
other, but they are actually made with very different
materials and processes.
◦Cement tiles are made with a mixture of cement, sand,
pigment, and mineral powders that is poured into a metal
mold that forms the pattern design. Ceramic tiles involve
clays and glazes that are fired in a kiln.
 Concrete Cement Tile
◦Cement tiles are made from a mixture of sand,
cement, color pigment, and a marble powder.
◦They are hand made & decorative tiles–adds
warmth & style to the space.
◦These tiles aren't painted, or glazed or fired in a kiln.
The pattern found in cement tiles is created by
pouring pigmented concrete into a mold.
 Concrete Cement Tile
◦They are divided in 3 parts –Face, Body & Back.
◦To prepare cement tiles, colored cement liquid,
pattern or design mold, steel frame, hydraulic press &
loose cement & sand are required.
◦The mixture is poured into metal molds, backed by a
dry concrete mixture, and then compressed under
2,000 pounds of pressure.
◦After formation of tiles, they are dipped in water for
surface cleaning and then dried for few days.
◦Before packaging, tiles are pre-treated with a coat
of sealer or wax as they are porous and
therefore need to be sealed to avoid staining.
1.Face - The color layer of tiles is about 1/8" thick. The color layer is made from a mixture of -
White Portland cement, Marble dust, Silica sand, Calcium carbonate & Mineral pigments (such as
iron, cobalt and chromium oxides).
2. Patterned tiles are created using a mold that follows the lines of the pattern. Molds are made
from steel in a machine shop. At least one mold for each piece of the pattern is needed.
3. The pattern mold sits inside the frame or format mold. The frame determines and molds the tile
shape. The pattern mold determines the design on the tile's face.
4. The colored cement is hand-poured into the different sections of the molds. Then, the pattern
mold is removed.
5.Two layers of cement and sand are poured on top of the color layer. These layers add strength
and absorb water from the color layer.
6.Sand is sprinkled on the tile.
7.Finally, the cement tile is pressed using a hydraulic press, which applies 1,700 PSI of pressure. The
frame is removed to turn out the tile. The tiles are then placed on racks as they come off the line.
8.The following day, the tiles are soaked in water in order to achieve water saturation and
hardness. The water bath guarantees proper cement hydration.
8. The tiles are left to dry for 10 days and then hand-inspected.
After 28 days from start of manufacturing, the cement tile color
surface will have obtained 98% of its hardness and is usually
ready to be installed.
9. Before packaging, Penetrating sealers are applied to coat the
cement particles in the tile making it less likely they will retain
stains. Also they give glossy or matte finish to the tile as per the
chosen sealer.
 Concrete Cement Tile
Used for –
◦the floors and walls in the kitchen, living room,
foyer, dining room, bathroom, and laundry
room, on stair risers
◦On the kitchen backsplash and underside of the
island
◦they can be used on the walls to add a unique
work of art, on an outdoor patio; and can be
applied in unique ways to create one-of-a-kind
features like tile rugs
Concrete Cement Tile -Characteristics
◦

Cement tiles have high thermal mass, acting as excellent insulators.

◦They are eco-friendly. Since they aren’t fired, they use far less energy than ceramic tiles and do not
emit pollution into the air.
◦They last far longer than ceramic tiles and wood, and can be customized.
◦Have a very high resistance to heat, and are usually used for flooring and countertops.
◦Available in many different colors, styles, shapes, thicknesses, and textures.
◦They are meant to last much longer than natural stone.
•Used on exterior and interior floors for indoor or outdoor areas.
•They are scratch-resistant and less likely to cause slip and falls.
•They’re durable (and warm) enough to be used outdoors, but they can also be used indoors.

• They’re usually thinner than regular ceramic or porcelain tiles &have an almost woodsy feel to them.
•Cement tiles are extremely versatile and can provide you with amazing patterns and colors.
Artificial stones & tiles
◦Also known as cast stone.
◦They are used to replaces thenatural
stonesurfaces at external and internal walls.
◦Produced with lightweight aggregates in
order to have little weight compared to
natural stones.
◦Artificial stones are about 2-4 cm thick and
are manufactured in a variety of designs.

◦ The general characteristics are usually same

as of the natural stone used in production.
 Artificial stones & tiles
◦The designs can be squared stones, irregular
shaped or rounded, even imitation bricks.
◦Can be produced in one or more colors.
◦The back of the stones is extremely uneven in
order to get the best bond with the adhesives.
◦Although artificial stone is synthetic, but it has
the characteristics of ordinary stone.
◦Stone tile comes in several types of stone—
marble, travertine, and limestone among them.
Natural stone tiles are generally made of just
one type of rock, while Stone Tile may be made
out of several different types.
Manufacturing of Artificial stones & tiles
◦They are manufactured by crushing the natural
stone into small size pieces.
◦The stone dust is removed and a mixture of stones,
sand and cement is prepared.
◦Cement and aggregates are mixed in proportion
of 1:3.
◦The pigment is added for desired color effect.
◦The water in required quantity is added and
thorough mixing of materials is done.
◦The mixture thus prepared is transferred to specially
constructed molds.
 Manufacturing of Artificial stones & tiles
◦It is allowed to harden and the surface is kept wet.
◦After the stone is ready in block form, it is polished.
◦White cement can be used to produce color of light
shade.
◦Artificial stone can be mosaic tiles & terrazzo.
◦Can be molded into the most intricate forms, cast
into any size, reinforced to have higher strength.
◦Can be cast easily and are economical.
Types of Artificial Stones
Some of the artificial stones –
◦Terrazzo–a mixture of marble chips and cement. Used in Terrazzo stone
bathrooms, residential buildings, temples etc.
◦Mosaic–these are pre-cast concrete tiles with marble chips at
top surface. They are available in different shades and widely
adopted.
◦Concrete flooring is a type of stone flooring and Concrete
blocks can also be known as stone blocks

Mosaic stone

49
Terrazzo Flooring

Mosaic Flooring
50
 Artificial
Stones Tiles
Types of Artificial Stones
Artificial marble
Some of the artificial stones –
◦Artificial Marble –Made from portlandgypsum, cement and sand.
Final surface is polished before used.
◦Victoria Stone –mixture of granite pieces with Portland cement. The
surfaces hardened by keeping immersed in soda silicate for about
Victoria Stone
two months
◦Imperial Stone -Finely crushed granite is washed carefully and
mixed with Portland cement. The mix is mouldedin desired shape
and then steam cured for 24 hours. The cured blocks are immersed
in silicate tanks for three days. Similar to Victoria stones. This stone
has white veining running on the surface.

Imperial Ston5e2
Types of Artificial Stones
Some of the artificial stones –
◦Ransom stone -also called chemical stone with a Ransom Flooring
compressive strength is at least 32 MPa. Ransom stone is
manufactured by blending silica soda with cement to
provide fancy and ornamental flooring.
◦Bituminous stone -Granite and diorite are soaked in refined
tar to form bituminous stone. Used for providing noise, wear
and dust resistant stone surfaces
◦Flag Stone -Produced by mouldinga mixture of iron slag and
portlandcement. Usedfor surface drains, walkwaysetc.

Flag stone Flooring

53
Advantages of Artificial stones & tiles
◦Weighs up to 7-8 times less than the
corresponding natural stone
◦Also has the characteristics of flame-
retardant, wear-resisting, impact-
resisting, and is not radioactive.
◦Ease of packaging & transportation
◦Variety of colors available
◦Easy & quick installation
◦Affordable choice
Artificial Stones vs Natural Stones
◦Can be cast as per Architectural requirements –any shape & size or features like
grooves
◦Economical –Large concrete blocks are more economical than natural stone blocks
◦Natural stones are placed with their natural bed in compression position but in artificial
stone, natural bed is absent, therefore they are conveniently placed with less
superv i si on
◦More durable as no cavity or defect is present as compared to natural stone
◦Can be made where natural stones are not available as broken stones can be easily
transported

55
Artificial Stones vs Natural Stones
◦Cavities or grooves can be kept while casting which can be used for fixing various
fittings, pipes, electrical wires etc.
◦Can be made in a single piece and hence the trouble of getting large blocks of stones
is avoided
◦Can be made more stronger than the natural stone
◦Good in resisting deterioration and disintegration caused by atmospheric agencies –
rain, frost etc.

56
 Pavers
◦ Pavers or paving stones - flat
construction units made of stones,
brick, or concrete.
◦ Usually used as exterior flooring and
stepping stones.
◦ Used in creating beautiful driveways,
walkways, patios, and pool decks.
◦ Available in almost all colors, shapes,
and sizes & can be installed in a
variety of laying patterns.
◦ They are extremely durable and easy
to maintain, clean & replace.
Pavers
◦ These blocks are aesthetically pleasing,
comfortable to walk on, extremely durable,
and easy to maintain.
◦ Available shapes – Square, rectangle,
hexagonal , octagonal, H-shaped
◦ They are used for making hardscapes on sites.
◦ Installation depends upon the design of the
pav ers.
◦ No adhesive is required if blocks are shaped
in interlocking design.

Source: https://jsbrickcorporation.com/what-are-pavers/
Shapes of Pavers
Four generic shapes of paver blocks each other along with all the vertical
faces when paved in any pattern and
corresponding to the four types of blocks:
4.Type D: 'L' and 'X' shaped paver blocks
1.Type A: Paver blocks with plain vertical that have all faces curved or corrugated
faces, which do not interlock into each and which lock into each other along with
other when paved in any pattern, all the vertical faces when paved in any
pattern.
2.Type B: Paver blocks with alternating plain
and curved/corrugated vertical faces,
which lock into each other along the
curve/corrugated faces, when paved in
any pattern,
3.Type C: Paver blocks having all faces
curved or corrugated, which lock into
Shapes & types of Pavers
Shapes & types of Pavers
Installation of Pavers
◦The soil immediately below the formation level is called subgrade.
Installation of Pavers

◦To prevent the lateral movement of pavers,

edge restraints are used at edges.
Installation of Pavers

Watering at sub-
Surface levelling of Compaction of sub-
Clean the site base for better
site base level
compaction

Spreading sand
Laying paver blocks
over blocks as joint Filling pavers blocks Levelling to
and ramming with
filler for good placed at edges maintain proper
mallet to fit in the
locking between with cement mortar slope
position
the pavers.
 CONCRETE BRICK OR CLAY STONE RUBBER PLASTIC

Manufactured using a
concrete mix and water
May either be freshly
to which various Made of clay.
Typically made from manufactured or
additives can be Manufacturing process Made of natural stone.
recycled materials. recycled from plastic
added for color & is same as of brick.
waste.
specific performance
characteristics.

Cast in forms, and then
Manufactured in a
heated, and can be
standard size. Can have Can lack uniformity in
obtained naturally in
smooth as well as rough
many colors by mixing
surface.
various types of clay.
Manufacturing is done by
It's eco-friendly but melting the plastic with water
sturdy and tear- and combining the liquid with
resistant, plus it's the soil. The mixture is then
scale. affordable. stirred and poured into paved
They are slip-resistant, containers until it dries.
hard & durable. Surface is hard enough to
resist scratches.
 CONCRETE
They are sturdy, weather-
resistant material, proven to
withstand constant exposure
S
to heavy loads that can be
found in numerous styles.
L
They are tough, cost-
effective, & versatile
enough for any application.
Majorly, used in heavy-duty
R transportation, electronics, etc
areas.
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BRICK OR CLAY STONE RUBBER PLASTIC
To make installation easier,
avoid having pavers wet else
Used to obtain a classic Extremely durable and offer
they would grow. Thermal Different colors can be
& distinct look in patios, unique characteristics
expansion can also be added & different
driveways, & garden depending on the stone of
necessary when too much shapes by using dyes,
paths. choice.
solar heat is consumed before
installation.
A traditional or Almost all natural stones
vernacular design with can be used as paver
Used in packaging,
great durability and material, common ones
Used in parking areas, construction, textiles,
color retention can be are : Travertine ,
always & driveways. consumer goods,
achieved by using brick Granite, Basalt, Slate,
pavers. Majorly, used in Flagstone, Fieldstone,
low-traffic areas. Cobblestone.
Advantages of Pavers
1.Paver blocks do not need special maintenance as compared to concrete or asphalt
surfaces. A simple water washing can help keep the blocks clean and bright.
2.Paver blocks are very durable, and if they are adequately interlocked, they can easily
last for about 20 years. Paver blocks can withstand hefty vehicular load as well.
3.Paver blocks are available in different shapes and colors, making it very versatile.
These blocks can be used at residential as well as commercial premises.
4.Paver blocks are slip-resistant and skid resistant.
5.Paver blocks can be used in any weather conditions.
6.They are very easy to install and do not need any special equipment for its installation.
7.The most important advantage of paver blocks is that they can be easily replaced. If
one of the blocks gets damaged, it can be easily removed and replaced with another
one.
Tiling
◦Tiles are a form of surface covering that are usually used for interior applications. Ceilings, floors, walls,
showers, tabletops and other surfaces can be tiled for both practical and decorative purposes, ranging from
simple squares to intricate mosaics. Common materials used to make tiles include ceramic, glass, concrete,
metal, granite, marble and more, and grouting is required to keep each tile in place.
Paving
◦Paving is a similar form of tile or brick surface covering with a focus on exterior applications. Typically, pavers
are often larger than standard tiles for use on driveways, footpaths, patios, courtyards, landscaping and other
outdoor areas. Unlike traditional tiling, paving does not usually require any adhesive or retaining techniques
when it is placed: a concrete foundation is poured and covered with sand or soft earth before pavers are
laid by hand in the chosen pattern. Pavers are usually thicker than regular tiles but can be thinner with an
adequate substrate.

Cladding
◦Cladding refers to a layer of material that is applied on top of an existing external surface to provide
protection from the elements. It is usually used on the exterior of homes, sheds and other structures to control
water run-off from rain and diminish the effect of strong winds. The finish is not necessarily waterproof, but acts
as a control element at its most basic level. Cladding can even offer secondary benefits such as thermal and
sound insulation, easy cleaning and fire resistance. It also contributes to the aesthetic of the building—planks
are commonly used in a horizontal or vertical arrangement while numerous other patterns can also be
appl ied.
THANK YOU!
JOY K SAJI
ANANT SHARMA
VIDHAN GARG
YUVI JAIN