PATHOLOGY INTERNSHIP TRAINING REPORT

A Project Report submitted to the P P Savani University

For the Award of

Bachelor of Science

In
Biotechnology

By

Name of the Student

Enrollment ID

GUIDE
Name of Contributor, Department and Institute

School of Sciences
P PSavani University
March-2024

1
 CERTIFICATE

I certify that [Name of Student] has prepared his/her training report entitled [PATHOLOGY
INTERNSHIP TRAINING REPORT], for the award of Bachelor of Science degree in
Biotechnology/Microbiology/Chemistry/Environmental Science of the School of Sciences, P
PSavani University. He/She has carried out the work under the guidance of [Name of the Guide]
at the Department of [Department Name], [University/Institute Name]. I have evaluated her work
thoroughly and gave comments during his/her viva.

External Examiner AK/SP/AP/JP

Name & Sign Program Coordinator
Designation
SOS, PPSU

Dr Rajesh Jha DrAnish Kumar Sharma

Training and Placement Coordinator, Principal,
School of Sciences, School of Sciences,
P PSavani University, P PSavani University,

Date:
Place:

2
 CERTIFICATE

I certify that [Your Name]has prepared her thesis entitled “[PATHOLOGY INTERNSHIP
TRAINING REPORT]”, for the award of Bachelor of Science degree in
Biotechnology/Microbiology/Environmental Science/Chemistry of the [University Name], under
my guidance. He/She has carried out the work at the Department of [Department Name],
[University Name]

Guide Name

Department Name, Industry Name

Date: 31st March, 2023

Place:

3
 DECLARATION

I declare that the thesis entitled “Name of the Report” has been prepared by me under the
guidance of Name of the Guide, Professor of Department Name, University Name. No part of this
thesis has formed the basis for the award of any degree or fellowship previously.

You’re Name

Department Name, P P Savani University

Date: 31st March, 2024

Place of Training:

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to everyone who gave me the opportunity to
finish this report. I would like to express my gratitude and respect to [Guide and Lab] for giving
me the opportunity to complete [tiime duratyion] internship in their renowned and well-equipped
laboratory. Having him as a mentor makes me feel valued. I must express my deepest gratitude to
every employee at [lab name]

Without the [lab name] staff and all the P.P. without help and support from teaching staff. Savan
University, this report would not be possible.

[Name of student]
[number of student]
B.Sc. [Biotechnology]

TABLE OF CONTENTS

5
 SR. NO. Title Page No.

INTRODUCTION
 Introduction
 Significant of pathology lab internship
 Objective of pathology lab internship
CHAPTER : 1 A. Hands-on Experience 13-14
B. Understanding laboratory procedures
C. Interpretation of Result
D. Communication Skills
E. Professional Development

INSTRUMENTS OF PATHOLOGY
1. Various tubes
2. Syringe
3. Tourniquet belt
4. Nicrome wire loop
5. Forceps
6. Measuring cylinder
CHAPTER : 2 15-18
7. Capillary tubes
8. Beakers and Flasks
9. Slides and Coverslip
10. Test tubes
11. Petri dish
12. Pipettes
13. Urine container
RAPID CARD TEST KIT
CHAPTER : 3 Rapid test kits such as HIV, Syphilis, hcG, Dengue, 19
HbsAg.
CHAPTER : 4 MACHINARY INSTRUMENTS OF 20-21
PATHOLOGY LABORATORY
1. Microscope
2. Biochemistry analyzer
3. Cell counter
4. ESR Machine

6
 5. Uri plus 600 analyzer
6. DRI-CHEM NX 700
7. MispaClog Coagulation Analyser
Electrolyte analyser

LEARNING TESTS
1] Blood collection
2] Complete blood count (CBC)
3] Blood slide preparation
4] ABO blood grouping
5] Erythrocytes Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
6] Biochemistry test
1. Glucose test (RBS,FBS,PPBS)
2. Renal function test
3. Liver function test (Bilirubine,SGPT,SGOT,ALP)
4. Lipidprofile (cholesterol,triglyceride)
CHAPTER : 5 22-34
5. Albumin test
7] Urine routine micro (URM)
8] Routine stool examination
9] Hormones (CLIA)
10] WIDAL test
11] Rapid card test
I. HIV test
II. Syphilis test
III. HCG test
IV. Dengue test
V. HbsAg test

CHAPTER : 6 DAY WISE WORK REPORT 35-37

CHAPTER : 7 OUTCOME OF INTERSHIP 38

CHAPTER : 8 REFERENCES 39

7
 LIST OF TABLES

SR.NO
CONTENT LIST OF SUB-CONTENT
.

1. Blood collection The basic steps of Blood collection

2. CBC Chart of normal ranges

3. Blood grouping test ABO test result and Compatibillity

4. ESR Westergren’s pipette detail chat

5. Urine

6. day wise work report (Feb 01,2024 to March 30,2024)

8
 LIST OF FIGURES

SR.NO. NAME OF FIGURE

1] Blood collection tubes
2] Syringe
3] Tourniquet belt
4] Nicrome wire
5] Forceps
6] Measuring cylinder
Chapter: 2 7] Capillary tube
8] Beaker and Flask
9] Slides and Coverslip
10] Test tubes
11] Petri dish
12] Pipettes
13] Urine container
Chapter: 3 14] Rapid test kits

15] Microscope
16] Biochemistry analyzer
17] Cell counter
18] ESR Machine
Chapter: 4
19] Uri plus 600 analyzer
20] DRI-CHEM NX 700
21] Coagulation analyzer
22] Electrolytes analyser

9
 23] Types of sample collection
24] Mindray BC-6000
25] Blood smear preparation and microscopic examination
26] ABO blood grouping kit
27] ESR Test
 Machine, Katz tube, sodium citrate bottle
Chapter: 5  Westergerns method
28] Bio-chemistry analyzer
29] Urine examination
 Physical examination by tube method
 Chemical examination by Uri plus 600
30] Widal kit and results
31] Rapid card test

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 ABBREVIATIONS

ESR Erythrocyte Sedimentation rate

Hct Hematocrit
RBC Red Blood cel
WBC White Blood cell
Hb Hemoglobin
BUN Blood urea nitrogen
HIV Human Immune deficiency virus
RFT Renal function test
LFT Liver Function test
KFT Kidney Function test

ASO Anti Streptolysin-O

VDRL Venereal disease research Laboratory
WIDAL Widely investigated disease assay Transaminase
SGOT Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transminase
SGPT Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transminase
ALP Alkaline Phosphatase
G6PD Glucose 6 Peroxidase
CBC CBC
Mm Milli Meter
IU International Unit
H High value
L Low value

11
 ABSTRACT

Pathology is a medical specialty that diagnoses disease through the analysis of biological
samples, including blood, tissue, and other body fluids. It involves the study of the anatomy and
physiology of blood cells and other cells that make up the blood (such as red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets in a blood test) to diagnose diseases and medical care.

Pathology testing equipment is frequently used in clinical practice to diagnose liver

disease, monitor known diseases, and monitor the effects of hepatotoxic drugs. This includes
researching and testing new technologies and methods to improve the accuracy and reliability of
laboratory tests. I will briefly describe the work I did in the laboratory during my training at
Sterling Accrues Diagnostics. The results of the report highlight the key findings of the exercise
and its implications for staff career development.

This report will describe my internship, highlight key learning points and identify opportunities
for further development.

12
 CHAPTER :1
INTRODUCTION

Introduction:

Pathology lab internships offer invaluable hands-on experience for students pursuing
careers in healthcare. These internships provide an opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge to
real-world scenarios, gain practical skills, and observe professionals in action. In this essay, we
will explore the significance of pathology lab internships, their objectives, and the benefits they
offer to aspiring healthcare professionals.

During a pathology lab internship, students are exposed to various aspects of pathology,
including histopathology, clinical pathology, and molecular pathology. They work under the
guidance of experienced pathologists and laboratory technicians, learning to perform diagnostic
tests, analyze specimens, and interpret results.

Significance of Pathology Lab Internship:

Pathology lab internships play a crucial role in the education and training of future
healthcare professionals. They provide students with exposure to various aspects of diagnostic
medicine, including specimen analysis, laboratory techniques, and quality control procedures.
Interns learn how to perform tests accurately, interpret results, and communicate findings
effectively. Moreover, they gain insight into the role of pathology in disease diagnosis, treatment
planning, and patient care. Overall, pathology lab internships contribute to the development of
competent and skilled professionals who are capable of meeting the demands of the healthcare
industry.

Objectives of Pathology Lab Internship:

A. Hands-On Experience:

One of the primary objectives of pathology lab internships is to provide students with
hands-on experience in laboratory settings. Interns learn how to handle specimens, operate
equipment, and perform various tests under the supervision of experienced professionals.
This practical exposure enhances their technical skills and prepares them for future roles in
diagnostic medicine.

B. Understanding Laboratory Procedures:

Another objective is to familiarize interns with laboratory procedures and protocols.

They learn about specimen collection, processing, and analysis methods used in different
diagnostic tests. Additionally, interns gain knowledge about safety precautions, quality
assurance measures, and regulatory guidelines governing laboratory practices.
Understanding these procedures is essential for ensuring accurate and reliable test results.

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C. Interpretation of Results:

Interns are trained to interpret test results and identify abnormalities or deviations from
normal findings. They learn how to correlate laboratory data with clinical information to
assist in disease diagnosis and monitoring. Through guided practice and feedback, interns
develop the analytical skills needed to make informed decisions and communicate findings
to healthcare providers and patients.

D. Communication Skills:

Effective communication is a key objective of pathology lab internships. Interns learn

how to convey information accurately, both verbally and in writing. They practice
documenting test results, preparing reports, and communicating with colleagues,
supervisors, and other healthcare professionals. Strong communication skills are essential
for collaboration, patient care, and maintaining quality standards in laboratory settings.

E. Professional Development:

Pathology lab internships aim to promote the professional development of students by

exposing them to diverse learning experiences and challenges. Interns have the opportunity
to observe different laboratory techniques, interact with multidisciplinary teams, and
participate in ongoing research projects or quality improvement initiatives. These
experiences help interns develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork skills
essential for success in the healthcare field.

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 CHAPTER: 2
BASIC INSTRUMENTS OF PATHOLOGY LABORATORY

In the pathology laboratory need some instruments for do the test. Here some instruments are
mention.

1. Various tubes

i. Red tube
 Plain tubes are has red colored cap.
 It’s not contain any anticoagulants.
 Its use to separation serum for biochemical and immunological testing

ii. Purple tube

 EDTA tubes has purple colored cap.
 Contain anticoagulants EDTA (Ethylene Di-amine Tetra-acetic Acid)
 Its used to separation of plasma for done hematological test.

iii. Gray tube

 Sodium fluoride contain gray colored cap.
 Gray tube uses for sugar test (RBS,FBS,PPBS)

iv. Light blue tube

 Light blue tube known as citrate tube.
 Its uses for collecting blood for performing coagulation studies. Such as APTT,
PT

v. Green tube
 Green colored tube contain Heparin.
 Its used for collecting whole blood for special tests such as clinical chemistry,
immunology and microbiological serology.

vi. Yellow tube

 Yellow colored tube contain cotrate.
 It’s used for blood culture

15
 Figure 1: BLOOD COLLECTION TUYBES

2. Syringe :
Syringes are vital tools used in
pathology labs for various purposes,
including specimen collection, sample
preparation, and administration of
medications or contrast agents.

3. Tourniquet belt:
Tourniquet belts are important tools in
medical settings for safely and effectively
occluding blood flow to facilitate medical
procedures while minimizing patient
discomfort and risk of complications. Proper
training and adherence to clinical guidelines
are essential for the safe and appropriate use
of tourniquet belts in healthcare practice.

4. Nicrome wire loop:

A wire loop, also known as a
bacteriological loop or inoculating loop, is a
simple yet essential tool used in
microbiology laboratories for transferring
microorganisms. It consists of a thin metal
wire bent into a loop at one end and a handle
at the other end.

5. Forceps:
Instrument commonly used in
pathology labs for grasping, manipulating,
and handling delicate tissues, specimens, or
instruments during procedures. They consist
of two arms that are joined at one end and
operated by squeezing the handles together.
16
6. Measuring cylinder:
A measuring cylinder, also known as a
graduated cylinder, is a cylindrical container
with a narrow, uniform diameter and
graduated markings along its length. It is
commonly used in pathology labs for
accurate measurement and dispensing of
liquid volumes.

7. Capillary tubes:
Capillary tubes are thin, hollow tubes
made of glass or plastic with a small internal
diameter. They are commonly used in
pathology labs for various purposes due to
their ability to facilitate the measurement,
collection, and handling of small volumes of
liquids or samples.

8. Beakers and Flasks:

Beakers and flasks are glass containers
with wide mouths and varying capacities
used for mixing, heating, and storing liquid
specimens or solutions. Beakers are
cylindrical in shape, while flasks have a
narrow neck and may be round-bottomed or
flat-bottomed. They are essential for
conducting chemical reactions, preparing
solutions, and performing dilutions.

9. Slides and Coverslips:

Microscope slides are flat, rectangular
pieces of glass used to hold tissue or fluid
samples for microscopic examination.
Pathologists place tissue sections or smears
on slides, cover them with a coverslip, and
examine them under a microscope to make
diagnoses.
Cover slips are thin, square pieces of
glass placed over specimens on microscope
slides to protect them and provide a flat
surface for viewing. They also help prevent
evaporation and distortion of specimens
during microscopic examination.

17
 10.Test Tubes:
Test tubes are cylindrical glass tubes
used for holding and mixing liquid
specimens, reagents, or solutions. They come
in various sizes and may have rounded or flat
bottoms, depending on the intended use. Test
tubes are commonly used in specimen
collection, preparation of reagents, and
biochemical assays.

11. Petri Dishes:

Petri dishes are shallow, circular glass
or plastic dishes with lids used for culturing
microorganisms or observing cell growth in
vitro. They provide a sterile environment for
the growth of bacteria, fungi, or cells and are
essential tools in microbiology and cell
culture experiments.

12. Pipettes:
Pipettes are slender glass tubes with
calibrated markings used for accurately
measuring and transferring small volumes of
liquid specimens or reagents. They come in
various types, including volumetric pipettes,
micropipettes, and serological pipettes, and
are essential for performing precise
analytical and biochemical assays.

13. Urine container:

Pipettes are slender glass tubes with calibrated
markings used for accurately measuring and
transferring small volumes of liquid specimens
or reagents. They come in various types,
including volumetric pipettes, micropipettes,
and serological pipettes, and are essential for
performing precise analytical and biochemical
assays

These are just a few examples of the many glass instruments used in pathology labs. Each
instrument plays a specific role in specimen preparation, analysis, and experimentation,
contributing to the accurate diagnosis and understanding of disease processes. Proper handling,
cleaning, and maintenance of glass instruments are essential to ensure their longevity and
reliability in laboratory procedures.

18
 CHAPTER: 3
RAPID CARD FOR TEST

Rapid card test such as HIV, Syphilis, hcG, dengue IgM-IgG, HbsAg,

19
 CHAPTER: 4
MACHINARY INSTRUMENTS OF
PATHOLOGY LABORATORY

1. Microscope

A microscope is an instrument used to

examine small objects. They are frequently
used in laboratories. Convex lenses are used
in simple microscopes to control how light
enters the eye. There are different types of
microscopes used for different purposes.

2. Biochemistry analyzer

Biochemical analyzers can be used in

hospital laboratories to perform various tests
such as albumin test, blood sugar test, or to
determine blood enzyme and creatinine, CRP,
urinalysis levels and uric acid measurement.
Some types of biochemical tests can be used
in the hospital to measure the antigen-
antibody reaction in the biochemical reaction.

3. Cell counter

BC-6000 can load up to 50 samples at a time

and offers a throughput of up to 110 tests per
hour. BC-6000 requires less sample volume
as well as reagent consumption. For a
CBC+DIFF test with NRBC result, BC-6000
only requires 80μL of whole blood and 35 μL
of capillary blood.

20
4. ESR Machine

The ESR is typically higher in

females than males and increases gradually
with age.Normal values for the erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR), as obtained using
the Westergren method, are as follows:
Male <50 years old: ≤15 mm/hr.
Female <50 years old: ≤ 20 mm/hr.
Male >50 years old: ≤20 mm/hr.

5. Uri plus 600 Analyzer

Uri-Plus 600 automatically adjusts
temperature, pH, gravity and color. It can be
connected with an external barcode reader
and output analysis. Screen: 5.7 inch LCD
touch screen. Printer: internal thermal
printer / external printer (optional)

6. DRI-CHEM NX 700
The Fuji-film DRI-CHEM NX700 is a
compact, automated chemistry analyzer used
in medical laboratories for clinical chemistry
testing. It offers fast and accurate results for
various tests such as liver function, renal
function, electrolytes, and lipid profiles. It's
designed for high throughput and efficiency
in smaller labs.

7. MispaClog
Automated Coagulation Analyzer:
MISpa clog uses a filter testing
method The light intensity is adjusted
according to the turbidity pattern, which
means all samples are analyzed accurately
and get good results. Automatic calculation
of PT and APTT results

8. SENSACORE ST-200 PLUS

ELECTROLYTE ANALYSER
Sensa Core's ST-200 CC Blood Gas
Analyzer is used to measure blood gas, pH,
and electrolytes in whole blood samples.
They can measure pH, partial pressure of
carbon dioxide and oxygen, and the
concentration of many ions (K+ ,Na+ and Cl-).

21
 CHAPTER: 5
LEARNING TESTS

1] Blood collection

Introduction:

Blood collection typically refers to the process of drawing blood from a patient's vein for
medical testing, donation, or other purposes. It's commonly done using a needle and syringe or
through a specialized device like a vacutainer.

The Basic steps of blood collection:

1. Preparation: Gather necessary equipment such as collection tubes, needles, and antiseptic
wipes.
2. Patient Preparation: Inform and prepare the patient, ensuring they are comfortable and
informed about the procedure.
3. Venipuncture: Inserting a needle into a vein, usually in the arm, to draw blood.
4. Blood Collection: Using vacuum tubes or syringes to collect the desired amount of blood.
5. Labeling: Properly labeling the collected samples with patient information and other
necessary details.
6. Post-Collection: Applying pressure to the puncture site to stop bleeding and providing
care instructions to the patient.
7. Transportation: Ensuring proper storage and transportation of collected samples to the
laboratory for analysis or processing.

https://
www.ephlebotomytraining.com/phlebotomy-procedure/
22
Two types of blood collection:

1] Capillary blood collection: mostly taken from the finger.

2] Venous blood collection: usually collected from veins in the elbow or forearm most
commonly used

[Figure 2 :- Types Blood Sample Collection]

2] COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC):

CBC stands for Complete Blood Count, which is a common blood test that provides important
information about the types and numbers of cells in the blood. The CBC typically includes the
following components:

1. Red Blood Cell Count (RBC): Measures the number of red blood cells in a given volume
of blood. It helps evaluate oxygen-carrying capacity and overall health.
2. White Blood Cell Count (WBC): Measures the number of white blood cells, which are
important for fighting infections. Abnormal levels can indicate infection, inflammation, or
other conditions.
3. Hemoglobin (Hgb): Measures the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
Low levels may indicate anemia.
4. Hematocrit (Hct): Measures the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.
It is often used in conjunction with hemoglobin to diagnose anemia.
5. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): Measures the average size of red blood cells. It can
help classify anemia into different types.
6. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): Measures the average amount of hemoglobin
per red blood cell. It provides information about the amount of hemoglobin in each cell.
7. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): Measures the concentration
of hemoglobin in red blood cells. It helps diagnose and classify different types of anemia.
8. Platelet Count: Measures the number of platelets in the blood. Platelets are important for
blood clotting, and abnormal levels can indicate bleeding disorders or other conditions..

23
 Param Linearity
Precision Carryover
eter Range

0-500 X < 1.0

WBC < 2.5% (> 4X 109/L)
109/L

0-8.60 X < 1.5% (> 3.5 X1012/L) < 1.0

RBC
1012/L

HGB 0-260g/L < 1.0% (110-180 g/L) < 1.0

HCT 0-75 % < 1.5% (30%-50%) < 1.0

0-5000 < 4.0% (> 100X109/L) < 1.0

PLT
X109/L

Mindray BC-6000

3] BLOOD SLIDE PREPARATION

Blood slide preparation, also known as a blood smear, is a technique used to examine
blood cells under a microscope. It's commonly performed for diagnostic purposes to identify
abnormalities in the blood cells.

Steps of blood preparation:

1. A clean glass slide should be placed on a flat surface. One end should have a small
drop of blood
2. Grab another clean slide and, while holding it at a 45-degree angle, touch the blood
with one end so that the capillaries in the slide cause the blood to stream along the
edge.
3. Create two smears, let them air dry, and then properly mark them.
4. Slides with thick layers are fixed by dipping for 30 seconds in 100% methanol or
ethanol.

24
 5. If differently stains bacterial and human cells, respectively, in purple and pink. It can
be applied to some bone marrow specimens and the histological diagnosis of malaria.
15 minutes for a gesso stain.

[Figure :- Smear observation

under microscope]
[Figure 3:- Process of Slide Preparation]

4] ABO BLOOD GROUPING

Introduction:

ABO blood grouping is a system used to classify human blood based on the presence or
absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. It is essential for blood transfusions
and organ transplants to ensure compatibility between donor and recipient blood types. Here's an
overview of the ABO blood grouping system:

Blood Types:

 Type A: Individuals with A antigens on their red blood cells and anti-B antibodies in their
plasma.
 Type B: Individuals with B antigens on their red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in their
plasma.
 Type AB: Individuals with both A and B antigens on their red blood cells and no anti-A or
anti-B antibodies in their plasma. Considered the universal recipient.
 Type O: Individuals with no A or B antigens on their red blood cells and both anti-A and
anti-B antibodies in their plasma. Considered the universal donor.

Rh Factor:

In addition to the ABO system, blood is also classified based on the presence or absence of
the Rh factor (Rh-positive or Rh-negative). The Rh factor is important for Rh compatibility in
blood transfusions and pregnancies.

Antibodies and Antigens:

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and bind to
specific antigens. Antigens are molecules (usually proteins or carbohydrates) present on the
surface of cells that can trigger an immune response.

25
 Testing:

ABO blood typing is typically performed using

a blood sample obtained through a finger prick or
venipuncture. The blood sample is mixed with anti-A
and anti-B antibodies. The reaction observed
determines the blood type. For example, if the blood
agglutinates (clumps) when mixed with anti-A
antibodies but not with anti-B antibodies, the blood
type is A.

Compatibility:

 Type A blood can receive blood from type A

or type O donors.
 Type B blood can receive blood from type B
or type O donors.
 Type AB blood can receive blood from any
blood type (universal recipient).
 Type O blood can only receive blood from
type O donors (universal donor).

5] ESR
Elevated ESR levels indicate increased inflammation in the body, but they do not provide
specific information about the cause of the inflammation. Conditions associated with elevated
ESR include infections, autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus),
inflammatory bowel disease, certain cancers (such as lymphoma or multiple myeloma), and tissue
injury. It's important to note that ESR can be influenced by various factors such as age, sex,
anemia, pregnancy, and certain medications.

26
Steps of ESR on Machine :

1. Take whole blood in cuvette at first

(bottom) mark by micro pipette.
2. Add the 3.8% sodium citrate solution till
second mark, and Mix it well.
3. Enter the cuvette tube in the machine
reader.
4. After 30 minutes machine saw the result
automatically.

Westergrens method:

1. Take 1000µl whole blood in westergren

katz by micro pipette.
2. Add 250µl 3.8% sodium citrate solution
and Mix it well.
3. Put it in stand for 1 hour and observe
setting the RBC cells and note the gap
between before and after 12 hour.

Normal range:

 Male: 01-15 mm/hr

 Female: 01-20 mm/hr

6] BIO-CHEMISTRY
27
Introduction:
Clinical biochemistry is a branch of medicine that uses chemical and biochemical methods
to study diseases; In theory it covers all morphological studies, but in practice it is mostly (but not
exclusively) limited to the examination of blood and urine. Although analysis is performed for
other body fluids such as gastric aspirate and cerebrospinal fluid, such samples are very easy to
analyze at the time of collection. Biochemical tests are useful in determining the severity of
disease in many organs.

Principle:
The measurement principle is based on Lambert's law and Beer's law. Optical density is
directly proportional to drug concentration and cuvette thickness.

[Figure 7:- Biochemistry Analyzer]

Name of the test:

1. Glucose:
 Fastingbloodsugar
 Randombloodsugar
 Postprandial blood sugar

2. Renal function test ( RFT ):

3. LiverFunctionTest(LFT):
 Bilirubindirectandtotal
 SGPT
 SGOT
 ALP

4. Lipidprofile:
 Cholesterol
 Triglyceride

Procedure:

28
 I). Centrifuge the sample for serum separation.
II). In a suspension tube, take the serum sample.
III). Add the reagents suitable amount. And take incubation time if required.
IV). Give the analyzer the command and choose the tests.
V). Press the start button.
VI). Thereafter, put a suspension under the sample accepter pipe of the analyzer.
VII). Analyzer automatically produces a result.

Normal Range of Glucose:

Fasting 70-110 mg/dl

Post-pyramidal 70-150 mg/dl
Random 100-150 mg/dl

RFT (RENAL FUNCTION TEST):

Blood urea nitrogen ( BUN )

Normal range:- 7-10 mg/dl

LIVER FUNCTION TEST ( LFT ):

Liver function testsare commonly used in clinical practice to screen for liver disease, monitor the
progression not known disease, and monitor the effects of potentially hepatotoxic drugs.

1) Total Bilirubin: Normal range :- 0.20-1.00 mg/dl

2) SGOT-Serum oxaloacetate transaminase/AST-Aspartate transaminase
:- Normal range :- 15-37 U/L
3) SGPT ( Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transminase): Normal range:- 30-65 U/L

LIPID PROFILE:

Cholesterol:

Principle

A total cholesterol test (also known as a lipid panel or lipid profile) is a blood test that
measures cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Cholesterol testing can help identify the risk
of atherosclerosis, the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque in the arteries) that can cause narrowing or
blockage of arteries in the body. How much: - 0-200 mg/dl :

Triglycerides:

Principle:

The change in absorbance due to quinimine formation is proportional to the total amount
of glycerol and its precursors in the sample and is measured by the dichroic (510,700 nm)
endpoint method. A triglyceride test is a blood test that measures the amount of fat called
triglycerides in the blood. High triglycerides can increase your risk of heart attack or stroke.

29
Triglyceride testing can help you decide whether you need to take steps to reduce your risk. Your
body uses triglycerides for energy.

How much: - 15-1000 mg/dl

Albumin test:

Urine protein test is a test designed to check if there is too much protein in the urine. One
of these proteins is called albumin.

A protein urine test is a way to look for protein in your urine. When the kidneys are
healthy, protein does not pass from the kidneys into the urine. However, if your kidneys are
infected or damaged, protein begins to appear in the urine. One of the main proteins your doctor
looks for in this test is albumin.

7] URINE ROTINE MICRO (URM)

Performing a urine routine microscopy involves the manual examination of a urine
specimen under a microscope to identify and quantify various elements present in the urine. Here's
a general procedure:

1. Urine physical examination

After collecting the first step of urine

examination is physical examination. Its
involve urines color, odor, transparency,
volume, specific gravity, sediments study etc.

Appearance:

 Visually inspect the urine for color and

clarity.

 Normal urine color varies from pale yellow to deep amber.

 Note if the urine is clear, cloudy, or turbid.

Clarity:

 Hold the container up to light to assess clarity.

 Normal urine is typically clear or slightly hazy.

Odor:

 Gently smell the urine to assess its odor.

 Normal urine has a slightly aromatic odor.

Specific Gravity:

30
  Estimate density by observing urine concentration.
 More concentrated urine will have higher specific gravity.

Foam:

 Agitate the urine and note the presence of foam.

 Excessive foam may indicate protein presence.

Sediment:

 Allow urine to sit and observe the bottom for sediment.

 Sediment may include cells, crystals, or other solids.

2. Urine Chemical examination

The URI Plus 600 analyzer is a

urine chemistry analyzer commonly
used in clinical laboratories for
urinalysis. While I can provide a
general overview of a typical
urinalysis procedure, including urine
reagent strip (RM) testing, I don't have
access to specific details about the
procedures for a particular analyzer
like the URI Plus 600. However, I can
outline a standard procedure for urine
RM testing:

Steps involving of URM in

uri plus 600

1. Sample collection in laboratory

washroom.
2. Stick patient detail sticker and
barcode.
3. Scan the barcode by scanner
and command to machine.
4. Dip the urine strip in urine
sample and place it in machine,
after 3 minutes result appear on
the screen of machine.
5. Control result also given on the
strip bottle so we can also
check the result by color
changing.

31
 Routine stool examination
1) Gross and physical examination by visual observation :
2) CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF STOOL BENZIDIN TEST
RESULT:
No change in color- occult blood absent
Color changes green to blue – occult blood present

8] HORMONES ( CLIA )
Principle:

The principle is a sandwich method based on the antigen-antibody reaction. Acredium

Ester binds to antibodies in the presence of specific antigens and forms a sandwich structure (Ag-
Ab-Acrediumester) due to the chemical structure of Ags. Ab & Acredium Esters Light emission
occurs from Acredium esters and the amount of light emission is directly proportional to the
antigen present in the sample.

Name of the test:

1) T3 (Triiodothyronine)
2) T4. (Thyroxine)
3) TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine):

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). thyroid gland. >Triiodothyronine (T3) is approximately
four times more toxic than thyroxine (T4).Function.

FUNCTION OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND THYROXINE:

Thyroid hormone stimulates metabolic activity.

 It increases oxygen consumption in most tissues of the body.

 Effects on protein synthesis: Thyroid hormone stimulates protein synthesis by acting like a
steroid.

Clinical significance:

 Increase in the size of the thyroid gland is called goiter

 Increase in thyroid hormone level is called hyperthyroidism,
 Decrease in thyroid hormone level is more commonly called hypothyroidism.

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone):

TSH is a dimeric (a) glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 30,000. TSH
release from the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by feedback mechanisms. Hormones of the
thyroid gland (T and T) and thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) of the hypothalamus.
32
Functions:

 Improving the thyroid's uptake of iodine from the circulation (iodine pump)
 The process of improving the conversion of iodine to iodine is often called tissue paper.
 Ensure the proteolysis of thyroglobulin by releasing T and T into the system.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:

 Increase level of TSH: Hypopituitarism

 Decrease level of TSH: Hypopituitarism

Normal range:

 T3:- 1.2-2.8 nmol/L

 T4:- 77-105 nmol/L
 TSH:- 0.5-5.0 mU/
9] WIDAL test
WIDAL test is one of the best ways to check your body's resistance to salmonella bacteria that
causes typhoid fever. It looks for O and H antibodies in the patient's blood sample (blood). This
test helps detect life-threatening diseases such as typhoid fever.

Slide test

Take a clean glass slide → add serum 1 drop in each four circle → add a drop of all 4 antigens in
each circle. 1, 2, 3 and 4

Tube test

1. First, take a clean tube.

2. Add N/S to plan tube at 1400 ul.
3. Add 100 ul of serum.
4. Serial dilution in tubes.
5. All test tubes in this serial dilution tube have
6. Added 300ul anti-H and 300ul anti-O.
7. Then, H and O tube put in incubation for 1 hour than, observed result.

33
 10] RAPID CARD TEST

It seems like you're listing various medical tests. Each of these tests screens for different
conditions:

HIV Test: This test checks for the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus, which
can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Syphilis Test: This test detects the presence of the bacteria Treponema pallidum, which
causes the sexually transmitted infection syphilis.
HCG Test: This test measures the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the
blood or urine, which is produced during pregnancy and can indicate pregnancy.
Dengue Test: There are several tests for dengue fever, including tests that detect the
virus itself or antibodies produced by the body in response to the virus. Dengue fever is a
mosquito-borne viral infection.
HBsAg Test: This test checks for the presence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg),
which is a marker of hepatitis B virus infection.

Result: Band on control only means test is negative.

Band on control and test both means test is positive.
Band on test only means test is invalid.
No any bands saw means test is invalid.

CHAPTER: 6
DAY WISE WORK REPORT
34
35
1/02/2024 Day1:-On my first day at pathology lab, I was introduced to the laboratory
2/02/2024 Day2:- Introduced Pathology lab andinstruments.
3/02/2024 Day3:-Blood Collection department
4/02/2024 Day4:- Holiday
5/02/2024 Day5:- Blood Collection department
6/02/2024 Day6:-Slide preparation
7/02/2024 Day7:-Blood Collection department
8/02/2024 Day8:-Home visit for Blood Collection
9/02/2024 Day9:- I observed the preparation of Clinical Pathology department
10/02/2024 Day10:-Physical test of urine
11/02/2024 Day11:-Holiday
12/02/2024 Day12:-Holiday
13/02/2024 Day13:-Chemical test of urine
14/02/2024 Day14:-I learned about Bio chemistry department
15/02/2024 Day15:-I learned about the IMMONOLOGY machine
16/02/2024 Day16:-Procedure of the machine of Urine analysis
17/02/2024 Day17:-Glucose test (FBS, PPBS, RBS)
18/02/2024 Day18:-Holiday
19/02/2024 Day19:-Holiday
20/02/2024 Day20:-Renal Function test
21/02/2024 Day21:-Lipid profile test
22/02/2024 Day22:-Liver function test(SGOT, SGPT)
23/02/2024 Day23:- Creatinine test
24/02/2024 Day24:- I learned about the hematology Department
25/02/2024 Day25:- Holiday

26/02/2024 Day26:- Holiday

27/02/2024 Day27:- I learned about CBC analyzer machine(Mindray BC-6000)
28/02/2024 Day28:- CBC test
29/02/2024 Day 29:- ESR. Blood group, urine analysis

36
1/03/2024 Day30:-CBC test
2/03/2024 Day31:-ESR Machine
3/03/2024 Day32:-Holiday
4/03/2024 Day33:-Blood grouping
5/03/2024 Day34:- ABO Blood group (Tube Method)
6/03/2024 Day35:-Holiday
7/03/2024 Day36:-ABO Blood Group (SlideMethod)
8/03/2024 Day37:- Holiday
9/03/2024 Day38:-General information about semen examination
10/03/2024 Day39:-Holiday
11/03/2024 Day40:- I learned about Hormones department
12/03/2024 Day41:- Perform T3, T4 and TSH test
13/03/2024 Day42:-FSH, IGE, AMH, LH, FERR test
14/03/2024 Day43:- Quality control
15/03/2024 Day44:- PT, APTT test
16/03/2024 Day45:-PT, APTT test
17/03/2024 Day46:- Holiday
18/03/2024 Day47:- general Informationabout SD Biosensor
19/03/2024 Day48:-Holiday
20/03/2024 Day49:-B-HCG Test performin SD Biosensor Machine
21/03/2024 Day50:- Electrolyte
22/03/2024 Day51:-Biochemistry Test recheck in FujiFilmsemi-automaticmachine
24/03/2024 Day52:-Holiday
25/03/2024 Day53:-Holiday

26/03/2024 Day54:- WIDAL Slide method

27/03/2024 Day55:-Holiday
28/03/2024 Day56:- Visit Reception
29/03/2024 Day57:-Holiday
30/03/2024 Day 58 :- WIDAL Tube method

37
 PPSU

CHAPTER: 7
DAY WISE WORK REPORT

38
 The outcome of a pathology internship can vary depending on the specific goals and
objectives of the program, as well as the individual's performance and dedication during the
internship period. However, some common outcomes of completing a pathology internship may
include:

Hands-on Experience: Interns gain practical experience in various aspects of pathology,

including laboratory techniques, specimen processing, and diagnostic procedures.

Skill Development: Interns develop essential skills such as slide preparation, staining
techniques, microscopy, and interpretation of laboratory results.

Exposure to Different Subspecialties: Interns may rotate through different subspecialties

within pathology, such as surgical pathology, clinical pathology, hematopathology,
microbiology, and cytology, gaining exposure to a wide range of diagnostic areas.

Professional Development: Interns have opportunities to work closely with experienced

pathologists and laboratory staff, learning from their expertise and receiving mentorship.

Letter of Recommendation: Successful completion of an internship may result in a letter

of recommendation from supervising pathologists, which can be valuable for future career
opportunities or further education.

Career Opportunities: Internships may lead to job offers or further training opportunities
in pathology or related fields.

Overall, completing a pathology internship can be a valuable experience that provides

interns with the knowledge, skills, and connections necessary to pursue a career in pathology or
related healthcare fields.

CHAPTER: 8
REFEENCES

39
1. NEWS MEDICAL LIFE SCIENCES https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-
Pathology.aspx#:~:text=Also%20referred%20to%20as%20laboratory,blood%20clotting
%20and%20electrolyte%20results

2. Jawetz, E., Adelberg, E. A., & Brooks, G. F. (2019). Medical microbiology (28th ed.). McGraw-
Hill Education. (pp. 91-109).

3. Burtis, C. A., Bruns, D. E., & Tietz, N. W. (2019). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and
molecular diagnostics (6th ed.). Elsevier. (pp. 287-312).

4. de la Serna, J., & Perez, M. A. (Eds.). (2019). Clinical laboratory hematology (4th ed.). Pearson.
(pp. 121- 141).

5. Wilkins, M. R., Appel, R. D., & Hochstrasser, D. F. (Eds.). (2017). Proteome research: Two-
dimensional gel electrophoresis and identification methods (3rd ed.). Springer. (pp. 87-107).

6. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/microscopes/

7. MispaClog https://www.agappe.com/in/mispa-clog.html

8. https://www.ephlebotomytraining.com/phlebotomy-procedure/

9. Medline plus https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/rapid-tests/#:~:text=Rapid%20tests%20are

%20most%20often,Strep%20throat

10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491417/#:~:text=The%20Westergren%20method
%20measures%20the,is%20called%20the%20Westergren%20tube.

11. https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate-esr-principle-
method-procedure-and-clinical-application/

40