“SECTION 1”

1. Who was Aurangzeb?

- Mughal emperor -succeeded Shahjehan -became king in 1658` -
introduced Jizya -fought against
- M a r a t h a s / E I C / Pa t h a n s -died in 1707
2. Who were Marathas?
-Hindu of Deccan/South India -lead by Shiva -Aurangzed fought
them for 25 years
-1737 defeated Mughals & plundered Delhi - Marathas were defeated
b y A f g h a n s i n 1 7 6 1 a t Pa n i p a t
3. Who was Nadir Shah?
- Pe r s i a n L e a d e r - I n v a d e d I n d i a 1 7 3 8 - A l s o d e f e a t e d M u g h a l e m p o r e r
Muhammad Shah -in 1739
-…at Karnal -plundered Mughal empire
4. Who was Ahmed Shah Abdali/ Durani?
-Afghan general - I n 1 7 4 7 a t t a c k e d K a b u l , Pe s h a w a r L a h o r e - I n 1 7 4 9
had control of Punjab
- In1756 attacked Kashmir and Multan -1761 defeated Marathas
i n b a t t l e o f Pa n i p a t
5. What was Jizya?
- Re i m p o s e d b y A u r a n g z e d - t a x o n N o n - M u s l i m s -displeased Hindus
-lost support
6. Who was Rober t Clive?
-British General -Defeated Nawab Siraj-ud-Dualah -…in 1757 -….in
Battle of Plassey
- Wa s m a d e t h e G o v e r n o r o f B e n g a l a f t e r p l a s s e y -died in 1773
7 . D e s c r i b e t h e B a t t l e o f B a x u r.
-Mir Qasim joined forces with Nawab of Oudh, Mughal emporer Shah Alam
II -….to drive EIC out of Bengal -EIC defeated them -…..in 1764 -EIC
t o o k c o n t r o l o f B e n g a l , B e h a r, O r r i s a a n d O u d h
8 . D e s c r i b e t h e B a t t l e o f P a l a s s e y.
-1757 -French encouraged Siraj-ud-Daulah to attack EIC base at
Calcutta
- Captured city but couldn’t keep hold of it - Ro b e r t C l i v e d e f e a t e d
Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-dualah
- … w i t h h e l p o f M i r J a f f e r ’s t r e a c h e r y -Siraj-ud-dualah was killed and
his body was found in River
- Ro b e r t C l i v e w a s m a d e N a w a b o f B e n g a l
9. Who was Tipu Sultan?
-Sultan of Maysore -was son of Haider Ali -defeated British many
times -killed in 1799 by British
-titled “ Tiger of Maysore”
10. What was Suttee?
-Hinud Custom -widow was burned alive with her dead husband
- British tended to ignore the practice because of the fear of offending
h i g h - c a s t e H i n d u s s e r v i n g i n t h e B r i t i s h a r m y a n d c i v i l s e r v i c e . - H o w e v e r,
it was officially banned by British in1829
-Suttee remained legal in some princely states.
11. Who was Titu Mir?
- A disciple of Syed Ahmed - horrified by sufferings of Muslim farmers in
West Bengal during
1830s - Organised a stand against zamindars -set up his own rule near
Calcutta with small
Army - provoked British and killed in battle 1831

12. Who was Siraj-ud-dulah?

-Nawab of Bengal -in 1756 attacked EIC base at Calcutta -1757
fought Battle of Plassey
- … . w a s d e f e a t e d b y Ro b e r t C l i v e - was killed and his body was found
in the River
13. What was the Battle of Kanpur?/ Who was Nana Sahib?
-Indian troops led by Nana sahib rose against British-British forces were
trapped -British surrendered and
were given safe passage - H o w e v e r, w h e n t h e y r e a c h e d o u t o f t h e c i t y
they were attached from behind
-300 British women and Children were massacred
14. What were greased Cartridges?
-1857 -British introduced greased car tidges made of cow and pig fat
-Indians refused use them
- M a n g a l Pa n d e y w a s e x e c u t e d w h e n h e r e f u s e d t o u s e t h e m -reason
of revolt against British (WOI)
15. Who was Rani of Jhansi?
-Lakshmibai was the Rani of Jhansi -she dressed like a man -she was
a s s i s t e d b y Ta t y a To p e e i n W O I - killed by British in a battle in 1858
1 6 . D e s c r i b e t h e e v e n t s o f Wa r o f I n d e p e n d e n c e ?
-1857 - a s e p o y M a n g a l Pa n d e y e x e c u t e d -May sepoys in Meerut
refused to touch car tridges
-were imprisoned and broke out -Meerut sacked and British officers killed
-Soldiers marched on Delhi and captured it
-revolt spread and British lost control of a number of towns (Mathura,
K a n p u r, J h a n s i a n d A l l a h a b a d )
-In September British took Delhi back -Bahadur Shah II surrendered and
his sons murdered
-Lucknow taken back -Jhansi held out until Rhani was killed in 1858 .
17. What was the Doctrine of Lapse?
-Lord Dalhousie introduced it -1852 - it extended British control
-when a ruler died without a
natural heir the British would annex his lands e.g. Oudh
18. What was the Proclamation Act of 1858?
- introduced in 1858 at Allahbad by British after WOI-This act recognized
the rights of Indians
-e.g. no interefence in the religious belief of people
- H o w e v e r, i n p r a c t i s e B r i t i s h p a i d l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n t o t h e i r p r o m i s e
19. Describe the annexation of Sindh?
- British were worried about expansion policy of Ranjit singh
–Sir Charles Napier provoked the Amirs of Sindh
- A m i r s o f S i n d h a t t a c k e d B r i t i s h Re s i d e n c y - in 1843 -British got an
excuse to attack Sindh
- Amir of Sindh were defeated and Sindh was annexed
20. Describe the annexation of Punjab?
-British signed treaty of perpetual with Ranjit Singh in 1809
-Af ter his death in 1839, Sikhs were worried that British might invade
Punjab so they attacked British -Sikhs were defeated in 1846
-In Second war 1848-49 British defeated Sikhs and Sikh empire came to an
end
2 1 . W h a t w a s C h a r t e r A c t?
-introduced by British in 1833-it said that Indians could be par t of Civil
service in India
- its exams were help in England (in English)
-So Indians could take par t in it and so India was entirely ruled by British
officials
22. Who was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan?
-born in 1817 - founded Aligarh Movement -founded Muhammadan
Anglo Oriental College(MAO)
-tried to remove improve B-M relations after WOI e.g. wrote Loyal
Muhammadan of India
- G a v e h i s T N T - k n o w n a s ‘ Fa t h e r o f Pa k i s t a n M o v e m e n t ’
2 3 . W h a t w a s t h e E s s a y o n c a u s e s o f I n d i a n r e v o l t?
- Written by SSAK -in this pamphlet he pointed out the main reasons for
the WOI
-…e.g. forcible conversion, poor management of Indian army
-Some British read it with sympathy while others got angered.
24. What was the Muhammadan Educational Conference?
-Established by SSAK in 1886 -was setup to publicize new educational
schemes to be used at MAO school-… and to raise the educational
standards of the Muslims
-it was a political platform for Muslims of India before formation of ML

-after its 20th session ML was formed.

25. What was Muhammadan Anglo Oriental school/ College/ Aligarh
College/University?
- SSAK MAO school was set in 1875 -it gave education on English Public
school pattern
-offered western and Islamic education -later the school became college
and then university in 1920
-it became a symbol of Muslim unity
-Leader like L AK and Ayub khan studied here and later contributed to
Pa k i s t a n M o v e m e n t
2 6 . W h a t w a s t h e Tw o N a t i o n T h e o r y ?
-by SSAK -that Hindus and Muslims cannot live togather
-because they have cultural differences e.g. Hindi-Urdu Controver y -and
political differnces e.g. domination of domination of Hindus through
c o n g r e s s o r c i v i l s e r v i c e - T N T b e c a m e b a s i s o f Pa k i s t a n M o v e m e n t s o S S A K
i s a l s o k n o w n a s ‘ Fa t h e r o f Pa k s i t a n M o v e m e n t
27. Describe the Hindu Urdu Controversy?
-1867 -Hindus demanded Hindi be the official language instead of
Urdu
-Sir Syed and Muslims shocked at attack on Urdu as it had a special
meaning to them
-Even Hindu members of his Scientific Society wanted their journal
published in Hindi
- Growing belief that Hindus working against the interests of Muslims and
l e d t o h i s T N T.
28. What was the Indian National Congress?
-established in 1885 -so that British could hear the views of educated elite
class
-would represent all communities of India, regardless of their religion
- H o w e v e r, i t b e c a m e a H i n d u d o m i n a t e d b o d y a n d w a s w o r k i n g t o h a v e
Hindu supremacy over Muslims
2 9 . W h o w a s H a j i S h a r i a t u l l a h ? / D e s c r i b e t h e Fa r a i z i M o v e m e n t ( F M ) .
-Born in 1781 -FM founded by Haji Shariat Ullah -to restore pride of
Muslims
-revive Islam -remove Hindu practices in worship -emphasis on
praying for past sins
-promising to lead a righteous life infuture -alarmed Hindus
-his work carried on by son.
30. Who was Shahwaliullah?/ Describe the ser vices of Shahwaliullah.
Re v i v e d I s l a m - P r o m o t e d h i s m e s s a g e t h r o u g h w r i t i n g s e . g . 5 1 b o o k s o n
fiqh and Hadiths
- t r a n s l a t e d t h e H o l y Q u r a n i n t o Pe r s i a n w h i c h w o u l d e n a b l e m o r e p e o p l e
read it
-persuaded Ahmed Shah Durani to defeat Marathas to have Muslim rule in
Subcontinent
-emphasized on social justice and equilibrium etc
31. Who was Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi?/ What was the Jihad
M o v e m e n t?
-Born in 1786 -religious reformer who worked for revival of Islam in
sub-contient
-Believed that muslims should be ruled by fellows Muslims -launched jihad
Movement Sikhs of Punjab
-gathered mujahideens -was killed at Balakot by Sikh army (1831)
32. Describe the steps taken to promote Urdu language?
- n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e o f Pa k i s t a n i n c o n s t i t u t i o n o f 1 9 7 3
-medium of instrcution in edcucational instiution
-dictionary has been published
-medium for radio and television –Urdu film and play are famous
-novels, poetr y and magazines are widely read.
33. Describe the development of Punjabi language af ter 1947?
-Punjabi is the local language of the Punjab
-It was a popular language amongst the Sufi poets who used it for their
romantic
folk poetr y and contributed to the popularity of Punjabi -The Government
have ensured its development by giving suppor t to those institutions that
are using it. Radio,
T V and film promoting classical and folk literature -Punjabi theatre is also
popular
-Punjabi literature is taught upto MA level
34. Describe the development of Sindi language af ter 1947?
-used mainly by people of Sindh
-Sindhi literar y board which prints books and magazines e.g. G. Allana.
Fa q i r N . B u x
- B a z m e Ta l i b u l M a u l a w a s s e t u p t o p r o m o t e S i n d h i l i t e r a t u r e
-Sarmast Academy was established in memor y of Sachal sarmast
-Sindhiology dept in Sindh univeristy Jamshoro
35. Describe the development of Balochi language af ter 1947?
- R a d i o Pa k i s t a n K a r a c h i b r o a d c a s t s i n B a l o c h i - B a l o c h i L i t e r a r y
Association set up
-weekly and monthly magazines published -Quetta TV station
-development of Balochi literature,writers and poets e.g.
Atta Shad, Ishq Shamin, Gul Khan Nazir and Azad Jamal Din.
36. Describe the development of Pushto language af ter 1947?
- Pushto is mainly spoken by people of NWFP
- p u s h t o l i s t e r a t u r e i s t a u g h t a t Pe s h a w a r u n i v e r s i t y
-Pushto Dictionar y has been prepared by the academy
-has played an impotant role in driving British in 1947
37. Who was Ranjit Singh?
Ranjit Singh annexed Punjab,Kashmir and most of Afghanistan -In Sindh he
signed a treaty with Great Britain in 1809 -Great Britain worried about
Russian expansion into Afghanistan
-…agreed with Ranjit Singh -ruler of Punjab
-Ranjit Singh didn’t suppor t Great Britain and they went ahead anyway but
in 1841
Great Britain troops were killed in Afghanistan
3 8 . W h a t w e r e t h e C e n t r a l a i m s o f A l i g a r h M o v e m e n t? / W h a t w a s t h e
A l i g a r h M o v e m e n t?
- Introduced SSAK at Aligarh -aim was to improve British-Muslim
relations
-Aim was improve political and economic position - aim was to remove
threat of Hindu domination

“SECTION II”

1. What were the Objectives of All India Muslim league?

- Formed in 1906 -to show loyalty to the British
-to protect political rights of Muslims
-to represent Muslims in the Government
-to counter the growing influence of Congress
2. What were the Morley Minto reforms?
-1909 -Indian Act was passed in British parliament
-reforms like separate electorate were given to the Muslims
- ….Congress called it undemocratic
-No. of seats in the both the Provincial and Executive council were also
increased
-Council could just advise and had no real powers so Congress opposed
it
3 . W h a t w a s t h e L u c k n o w p a c t? ( m a r k s c h e m e a n s w e r )
(Dec) 1916 - Congress agreed to concessions with Muslim League
- right to separate electorates -one third of seats in Councils.- Both
 wanted more seats in Councils
- protection of Minorities -Self Rule seemed a possibility and Muslim
League realized they needed to work with Congress.
4. Describe Montague-Chelmsford Reform?
-1919 -it was proposed that Indian would be given 2% voting rights

- s y s t e m o f d i a r c h y w a s i n t r o d u c e d w i t h r e s e r v e d ( e . g . Po l i c e ) a n d
transferred subjects (forests)
-council of Princes was set up
5. Describe the Rowlatt Act.
-1919 - people could be tried in private by 3 High Cour t Judges - no
right of appeal
-people could be ordered to live in a par ticular place - stopped from
holding meetings or arrested
With out warrant and kept in prison without trial -Indian protested
against this act
6. What was the Amritsar Massacre?
1919 - G e n e r a l D y e r, J a l l i a n w a l a B a g h , - b a n n i n g o n p u b l i c m e e t i n g i n
the city
- crowd of 20000, fired on crowd without warning, 400 killed,
1200+ wounded
-Hunter Committee set up after wards -Dyer removed from active
service
-Indians insulted by this action.
7. Describe the first Khilafat Conference?
-1919 -lead by Mualana Muhammad Ali & Mualana Shaukat Ali
-Ghandi was also par t of the conference
-aim of conference was the protection of Khalifa
8. Describe the Second Khilafat Conference?
-1919 -ML and Congress were both present
- b o t h w e r e w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r t o s t o p t h e d i s m e m b e r m e n t o f Tu r k e y

-It was decided that Gandhi would persuade the British not to punish
turkey
-Mualana M. Ali went to Britain to persuade the British
9. Describe Simon Commission.
-1927 -Conser vative Government feared that it might lose power to
labour par ty who are too sympathetic towards Indians so they bought
the date of commission for ward -a seven man committee lead by Sir
Simon
-opposed by Indians (ML & Congress) as it all the members were British
10. Describe the Delhi Proposals.
-1927 -Jinnah called conference of All Muslim leaders -proposed that
Sindh should be given full provincial status -no. of seats in Punjab and
Bengal would be propor tional to their population etc
-If all the Proposal were accepted Muslims would drop the demand of
separate electorate
1 1 . W h a t w a s t h e N e h r u R e p o r t? ( m a r k s c h e m e )
-1928 -constitutional guarantee of fundamental rights including
freedom of conscience and
Liber ty -central government responsible for peace and order -Dominion
St a t u s
-India to become a federation with a 2 chamber parliament -
protection of minorities
-vote for all men and women.
12. What are the 14 points of Jinnah?
-1929 -presented to All India Muslim league and were accepted -
Opposed by Congress/Nehru
-Demanded same amount of provincial autonomy -Muslims culture,
religion etc should be protected
-Sindh should be separated from Bombay
13. Who was Chaudri Rehmat Ali? (mark scheme)
-1930 -left India to study law at Cambridge -attended conferences in
London on Hindu-Muslim
Re l a t i o n s h i p s - B e l i e v e d i n a s e p a r a t e M u s l i m h o m e l a n d – p a r t i t i o n -
1933 a pamphlet ‘Now or
N e v e r ’ - g a v e t h e n a m e Pa k i s t a n . B e c a m e p o p u l a r a m o n g s t m o s t
Muslims during the 1930s.
Considered less impor tant than Allama Iqbal, Jinnah refused to meet
him

14. Who was Allama Iqbal? / Describe the Allahabad Address. (mark
scheme)
-A philosopher -politician and poet who practiced law in England
-Knighted by the British in
1922 in recognition of his poetr y -He believed in the need for
Muslims to have a separate
countr y and that Hindus and Muslims were 2 nations - In 1927
appointed General Secretar y
of Muslim League -made his Allahabad speech in 1930 - Buried outside
Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.
15. Describe the Communal Award.
-1932 -introduced by British PM Ramsey MacDonald -right of
separate electorate given to all minorities - Wieghtage was also given -
ML opposed it as it reduced Muslim majority in Punjab and Bengal
- Congress also opposed it
1 6 . W h a t w a s t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f I n d i a A c t?
-1935 -voting rights increased to 25% for Indians -diarchy
abolished at provincial level and introduced at Central level -NWFP
given status of full fledged province
-opposed by ML, Congress & Princes
- N e h r u c a l l e d i t ‘c h a r t e r o f s l a v e r y ’
17. What was Ar ya Samaj?
-Formed in 1877 -by Dayananda Saraswati was influential in
Punjab -aimed at purifying corrupt Hindu practices -also carried
out Militant activities -forcibly conver ted non-Hindus to Hinduism
-
1 8 . W h a t w a s t h e S w a d e s h i M o v e m e n t? ( m a r k s c h e m e )
-Formed in response to par tition by the Hindus between 1903 and 1905

-Hindus were furious with the par tition as they saw it as par t of the
B r i t i s h ‘d i v i d e a n d r u l e ’ p o l i c y
- Swadeshi Movement was a boycott of British goods and bought only
I n d i a n p r o d u c e d g o o d s - B r i t i s h s u g a r, s a l t a n d c l o t h e s p e c i a l l y
suffered and cotton in par ticular -British cloth was burnt on
bonfires. - Pe o p l e p i c k e t e d t h e s h o p s s e l l i n g f o r e i g n g o o d s .
19. Describe the election of 1937?
-ML lost -….because of image problem, lack of organization
etc -Congress won absolute majority in 5 provinces -ML did not do
well in Muslim majority areas like Bengal, Punjab & Sindh
2 0 . W h a t w a s Wa r d a S c h e m e ?
- E d u c a t i o n a l s c h e m e b a s e d o n G a n d h i ’s i d e a s - s p i n n i n g o f c o t t o n - n o
religious education
-bow before Gandhi picture in school
-Muslims were offended as they saw it as an attempt to conver t their
children to Hinduism
21. What was Band e Matram?
-Nationalist Hindu Song -Hindus were encouraged to expel
Muslims from Hindustan -Singing of song was made compulsor y
before star t of official business in the provincial assemblies during
congress rule
-Muslims were offended
22. What was Vidya Mandir scheme?
 -Introduced during Congress rule -introduced in school - children
were taught about Hindu heroes
- Muslims were offended as they saw it as an attempt to conver t their
children to Hinduism
2 3 . W h a t w a s t h e H i j r a t M o v e m e n t? ( m a r k s c h e m e )
-1920 to Afghanistan - reminiscent of journey of Holy Prophet from
Makkah to Madina
- To l d t o l e a v e a f o r e i g n r u n s t a t e a n d m o v e t o a n I s l a m i c o n e -
refused entr y to Afghanistan
-returned to villages penniless, unable to buy back their homes and
land sold, lost jobs
24. What was Hindu Mahasba?
2 5 . W h a t w a s t h e n o n - c o o p e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t?
-1920 -launched by Gandhi -British clothes were burned and
handmade Indian cloth was encouraged
- Te a c h e r s a n d s t u d e n t s l e f t E n g l i s h s c h o o l s a n d c o l l e g e s -boycott
of elections -British arrested 30,000 prisoners -Ghandi called off
the movement in 1922 because of Chaura Chauri incident -failed in
its aim to attain swaraj (self rule) and failed to protect khalifa -
Gandhi used this tool many times to threaten British
2 6 . D e s c r i b e t h e C h a u r i C h a u r a i n c i d e n t? ( m a r k s c h e m e )
-Pitched battles between locals and British soldiers in Nilambur 1921
-at Tirur police station
set on fire which was a precursor to C-C in Feb 1922 – 21 policemen
killed after they fired on
a political procession -Gandhi concerned about increasing level of
violence and called off his
civil disobedience campaign -which upset many Congress leaders and
Muslims especially
-It weakened H-M unity and also weakened suppor t for the KM
27. What was Mopilla Rebellion?
-1921 -it was an armed uprising against the British & Hindus during
KM -they forcibly conver ted Hindus to Muslim -took control of
Po l i c e s t a t i o n s a n d G o v e r n m e n t o f f i c e s - w e r e v i o l e n t & k i l l e d H i n d u s
28. Describe the Day of Deliverance?
-1939 -Muslims obser ved DOD on the call of Jinnah -…to celebrate the
end of Congress tyranny e.g. Bande Matram - … because Congress
resigned from the Government
29. What was Pakistan/Lahore Resolution?
- 2 3 r d M a r c h 1 9 4 0 - a l s o k n o w n a s Pa k i s t a n r e s o l u t i o n -passed at
annual session of ML in Lahore
- M a u l v i Fa z a l - u l - H a q p u t f o r w a r d t h e r e s o l u t i o n -demanded for
 independent Muslim majority areas
30. What was the Cripps Mission plan? (mark scheme)
- 1 9 4 2 - S i r St a f f o r d C r i p p s , i n e x c h a n g e f o r f u l l s u p p o r t f o r w a r e f f o r t
he promised full and
complete independence at end of war -Constitution to be drawn
up by Indians and Indian
political par ties to join Executive Council with control of all government
depar tments except
armed forces during war -Congress rejected it as wanting full
c o n t r o l o f I n d i a ’s a f f a i r s t h e n .
Muslim League rejected it because no mention of separate state
3 1 . W h a t w a s t h e Q u i t I n d i a M o v e m e n t?
-1942 -Congress on the call of Gandhi passed Quit India resolution -
It demanded withdrawal of British from India -…because there was a
threat of Japanese invasion - It was decided that protests would be
peaceful
- Congess was banned -Gandhi and Nehru arrested -Jinnah called
QIM as ‘blackmail’
3 2 . W h a t w a s t h e Wa v e l l p l a n / S i m l a C o n f e r e n c e ?
- 1 9 4 5 - L o r d Wa v e l l c a m e t o I n d i a t o d e c i d e t h e f u t u r e p o l i c y i n I n d i a
-he proposed that an Executive council should be set up -Executive
council would have equal no. of Hindus and Muslim members

-Jinnah pointed out that low caste Hindu/Sikhs would always vote for
Hindus -He also rejected that Congress would nominate Muslim
members
33. What were 1945-46 election?
- Wa v e l l w a s t o o r g a n i z e t h e e l e c t i o n s - M L f o u g h t e l e c t i o n w i t h t h e
aim of separate homeland (as per Lahore resolution) - Congress
aimed for undivided India -ML 87% from Muslim majority areas
-Congress won 91% from Hindu Majority areas
34. What was the Cabinet Mission plan?
-1946 - three man British delegation met ML, Congress -Jinnah
was insisting on par tition
-congress rejected par tition -All India commission was set up to
decide whether par tition would take place or not
- ML and Congress rejected the Commission -..However the commission
decided that there will be three par ts (Bengal and Assam, Muslim
m a j o r i t y, H i n d u m a j o r i t y a r e a s )
35. What was the Direct Action Day?
-1946 -Muslims feared that British might leave India un par titioned -
ML called for DAD to show their feelings
 -peaceful protests were carried out -Except Calcutta where 4000 people
died (Great Calcutta killing)

36. What was the 3rd June Plan?

-1947 -Lord Mountbatten was sent to India to negotiate the future
of India & par tition seemed inevitable to him
- P l a n d e c i d e d t h a t t h e r e w o u l d b e 2 s t a t e s ( I n d i a a n d Pa k i s t a n ) -
Each state will have dominion status
- M u s l i m m a j o r i t y a r e a w o u l d v o t e e i t h e r t o s t a y i n I n d i a o r Pa k i s t a n
37. What was the Par tition of Bengal?
-1905 -By Lord Curzon -divided Bengal into two par ts East and
W e s t B e n g a l - H i n d u s v i e w e d t h i s a s B r i t i s h ‘d i v i d e d a n d r u l e ’ p o l i c y
-Muslims views this as a positive step as they will evade Hindu
domination in Bengal
38. What was the Simla deputation? (mark scheme)
-1906 -led by Aga Khan -visited Minto the Viceroy to make some
requests – Muslims to have
own representatives elected by Muslim voters - in councils Muslims
to have higher
percentage of seats than their percentage of population -Minto
agreed to these proposals.
-Showed British were prepared to work with Muslims -persuaded
Muslims that they were a
separate community to Hindus and the idea grew of a separate political
p a r t y.
39. What was the Reversal of Par tition of Bengal?
- 1 9 1 1 - L o r d H a r d i n g a g r e e d t o r e v e r s e t h e Pa r t i t i o n -British were
unable to protect Muslim interests because of Hindu protests e.g.
Swadeshi Movement -Muslims were annoyed
40. Describe the system of Diarchy?
-Introduced in1919 at provincial level - i n M o n t- F o r d r e f o r m s -two
t y p e s o f S u b j e c t s ( r e s e r v e d a n d t r a n s f e r r e d ) - Re s e r v e d s u b j e c t s l i k e
Po l i c e w e r e w i t h B r i t i s h - Tr a n s f e r r e d S u b j e c t s l i k e F o r e s t w e r e I n d i a n s
4 1 . W h a t w a s I n d e p e n d e n c e a c t?
-1947 -Act stated that ‘British India’ would be divided into two par ts
‘ Pa k i s t a n a n d I n d i a ’
-Both states will use GOIA 1935 until they make their own constitution -
O n 1 4 t h A u g u s t 1 9 4 7 Pa k i s t a n c a m e i n t o b e i n g a n d o n 1 5 t h A u g u s t 1 9 4 7
India declared its Independence
42. Who was Lord Mountbatten?
- last viceroy of India in 1947 -also the first Governor general of
India -he made speedy arrangements to avoid civil war in India after
 meeting with the political leaders - gave 3 rd June plan -he brought the
date of par tition for ward to 15 th August 1947
43. Who was Pundit Mohan Malaviya?
-UP congressman -he formed Hindu Mahasaba (a political par ty)
-….in 1923 -Hindu Mahashab contested its first election in 1926 -this
par ty was against the par tition of India
44. What was the Salt March?
-1930 -24 days march launched by Gandhi - was launched unfair Salt
laws of British -…..who had banned making of salt without government
lisecnce -was also launched to oppose British rule
- British schools/collages were boycotted
4 5 . D e s c r i b e t h e f i r s t R o u n d Ta b l e C o n f e r e n c e .
-1930 -held in London -attended by ML and Princely states rulers -
Congress did not attend as they were given no guarantee regarding
implementation… -Princes declared that they would join future
federation etc

4 6 . D e s c r i b e t h e s e c o n d R o u n d Ta b l e C o n f e r e n c e ?
-1931 -Congress attended and Gandhi refused to accept the rights of
minorities -NWFP/Sindh were made separate provinces with their own
Governors
4 7 . D e s c r i b e t h e t h i r d R o u n d Ta b l e C o n f e r e n c e ?
- 1 9 3 2 - C o n g r e s s b o y c o t t e d t h e 3 r d RTC -Gandhi and Nehru
arrested -non-cooperation was restar ted -Lord Willington less
p r e p a r e d t o g i v e c o n c e s s i o n s - 4 6 d e l e g a t e s a t t e n d t h e 3 r d RTC -
Jinnah had gone in voluntar y exile
4 8 . D e s c r i b e t h e G a n d h i - I r w i n P a c t?
- 1931 -Ir win agreed to release some prisoners and return proper ty
seized by Government
-In return Gandhi agreed to call off non cooperation Movement -
… . h e a l s o a g r e e d t o a t t e n d t h e 2 RTCnd

49. What was the Hunter Committee?

- was set up to inquire what Dyer had done in Amritsar -Dyer was
removed from ser vice
-he was given no punishment by the Committee
-In the eyes of Europeans he was a hero but the Indian people were
highly insulted
50. Who was General Dyer?
-Born in India -1919 ordered troops to fire on unarmed 20,000
peaceful protester
-400 killed and 1200 wounded - Hunter Committee was set up to
 investigate his action
-removed from ser vice - given no punishment

“SECTION III”

1. Describe the Refugee Problem? (mark scheme)

-Summer 1947 saw rioting and many deaths because of violence
between Muslim and Non Muslim
communities across India –Af ter the Boundar y Award, things got worse
with millions
of people in the ‘wrong’ countr y –The largest migration then took place
with Muslims moving
i n t o Pa k i s t a n a n d n o n - M u s l i m s m o v i n g i n t o I n d i a - 1 0 m p e o p l e w e r e
involved in this migration
accompanied by violence and mass slaughter in some places -1 m
may have been killed and
20 m people made homeless - Karachi received 2 m refugees alone.
2. What was Canal water dispute?
- I n d i a t h r e a t e n e d a g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e P u n j a b ( Pa k i s t a n ) - i r r i g a t i o n
system depended on 6 rivers and 30 canals,
& some of which were in India - 1948 India shut off waters
f l o w i n g i n t o Pa k i s t a n f r o m
Firozpur headwork -threatening millions of acres of agricultural
l a n d i n Pa k i s t a n
- Te m p o r a r y s o l u t i o n w a s f o u n d i n 1 9 4 8 b u t n o t p e r m a n e n t l y u n t i l 1 9 5 9
a n d I n d u s Wa t e r Tr e a t ( 1 9 6 0 )
Who was Liaquat Ali khan?
-first PM - g a v e O b j e c t i v e s Re s o l u t i o n i n 1 9 5 0 - Withdrew first
Re p o r t o f B a s i c p r i n c i p l e c o m m i t t e e b e c a u s e o f c r i t i c i s m -signed
L i a q u a t- N e h r u p a c t f o r p r o t e c t i o n o f m i n o r i t i e s - shot dead in 1951
in Rawalpindi
-known as Shaheed-e-Millat
3. What was PRODA?
- P u b l i c a n d Re p r e s e n t a t i v e O f f i c e r D i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n A c t - A n y o n e f o u n d
guilty under PRODA would be debarred from Office -law was
designed to eliminate corruption -by Khawaja Nazim-uddin

4. What was One Unit Scheme?

- B o g r a p r o p o s e d t o u n i f y f o u r p r o v i n c e s o f w e s t Pa k i s t a n a l o n g w i t h 1 0
princely states -1955 ‘One Unit Scheme’ was passed by Iskander
M i r z a - n o w t h e r e w e r e t w o p r o v i n c e s ( E a s t a n d W e s t Pa k i s t a n ) -
equal no. of seats were given to both provinces -this policy was
u n p o p u l a r a m o n g E a s t Pa k i s t a n i s - i t w a s a l s o o p p o s e d b y s m a l l e r
provinces like Sindh whose Chief was dismissed
5. Describe the U-2 affair? (mark scheme)
-1960 -spy flights over USSR - G a r y Po w e r s s h o t d o w n - f l o w n
f r o m a U S b a s e i n Pa k i s t a n
- U S S R a n g r y w i t h Pa k i s t a n t h r e a t e n i n g m i l i t a r y a c t i o n -told USA
could no longer use airbase
unless destination known of aircraf t -showed how close the two
countries had become.
6. Who was Malik Ghulam Muhammad?
- 3 r d G . G o f Pa k i s t a n -gave 5 year and 6 year plan -dismissed
Khawaja Nazimuddin (PM) -responsible for constitutional crisis in
1954-55 (Dissolved the assembly) -1955 fell ill and resigned -
7. Who was Khawaja Nazimuddin?
-2nd G.G & 2nd PM -leader of ML - W i t h d r e w S e c o n d Re p o r t o f
Basic principle committee because of criticism
-dismissed by MGM in 1953

8 . W h a t w a s t h e 8 t h A m e n d m e n t?
-In 1985 martial law was lifted -…So Zia introduced 8 th
amendment -It stated that all previous acts of Mar tial law would
become law -President could appoint PM & Governors -President has
the right to dismiss PM & National assembly
9 . W h a t w a s t h e 1 3 t h A m e n d m e n t?
-Introduced by Nawaz Sharif -The authority of President to dismiss the
PM & National assembly was revoked -PM could appoint chief of
armed forces-Issues caused by 8 th amendment were minimized –it was
suppor ted by political par ties
10. What was the Objectives resolution?
-by Laiquat Ali khan -1949 -it stated that Constitution should
o b s e r v e p r i n c i p a l o f d e m o c r a c y, f r e e d o m a n d e q u a l i t y - r i g h t s
minorities would be protected -Human rights would be
protected
11. What was the 1956 constitution?
-Introduced by Iskander Mirza - Pa k i s t a n d e c l a r e d ‘ I s l a m i c Re p u b l i c
o f Pa k s i t a n ’ - e q u a l n o . o f s e a t s i n t h e a s s e m b l y -Iskander Mirza
became 1 President
st

12. What was the 1962 constitution?

-Introduced by Ayub Khan - ‘d e m o c r a c y w i t h d i s c i p l i n e ’ -
presidential form of Government -Both Urdu and Bengali declared as
the National language -National assembly session to be held in both
Dhaka and Islamabad
- I f P r e s i d e n t w e r e f r o m W e s t Pa k i s t a n t h e n t h e S p e a k e r w a s t o b e
f r o m E a s t Pa k i s t a n -President elected member of Judiciar y and
National assembly
13. What was 1973 constitution? (mark scheme)
- I n t r o d u c e d b y B h u t t o - Pa k i s t a n t o b e c o m e a f e d e r a l r e p u b l i c w i t h
parliamentar y system of
G o v e r n m e n t - P M t o b e h e a d o f g o v e r n m e n t . Pa k i s t a n a n I s l a m i c
Re p u b l i c w i t h I s l a m t h e s t a t e
Re l i g i o n -PM and President to be Muslims - Fundamental
human rights to be recognized with
S u p r e m e a n d H i g h C o u r t s t o e n f o r c e t h e s e . - P M a g r e e s t o P r e s i d e n t ’s
orders but advises
President. -Upper House (Senate) to be elected and must not be
dissolved.
-Emergency powers for government. -Armed forces not to take par t
in political activities.

14. Describe the Kargill Issue.

-1999 -Muslim Kashmiri Guerrillas crossed the Line of control -
capture Drass and kargil -Indian responded by fired over 250,000
s h e l l s a n d r o c k e t s - o n e a i r c r a f t o f Pa k i s t a n w a s a l s o s h o t d o w n
-NS image destroyed internationally because of not honouring the
Lahore decclaration - U S p r e s i d e n t C l i n t o n p e r s u a d e d Pa k i s t a n o
forces to pull back

15. What was FSF?

-Federal Security Force -formed in 1972 -It was a Government
controlled militar y force
-to asset police force -was involved in political murder for which
Bhutto was executed
16. What was Basic Democracies? (mark scheme)
-1959 -local committees named Basic Democrats -80000, no
political par ties to take place in
the elections held Dec 59 to Jan 60 -newly elected BDs able to
vote in referendum as to
whether he should remain President - 95% voted yes.
17. Describe the Kashmir Issue?
- b e t w e e n I n d i a a n d Pa k i s t a n o v e r t h e c o n c e r n o f J a m m u a n d K a s h m i r
-Kashmir which was ruled by a Hindu Mahraja Hari Singh who
wanted Independence -Mahraja star ted compaign to drive Muslims out
s o M u s l i m s r o s e i n Re b e l l i o n - I n d i a s e n t t r o o p s t o h e l p M a h r a j a w h i l e
Pa k i s t a n s e n t t r o o p s t o h e l p M u s l i m s -1948 matter referred to UN
-India retained larger par t of Kashmir (including Sirinagar)
-the referendum promised by UN is not been heldtill to date
18. Who was Mujeeb ur Rehman? (mark scheme)
- B e l i e v e d i n s e l f g o v e r n m e n t o f E a s t Pa k i s t a n , h e l p e d t o f o u n d A w a m i
League in 1949 and
led it in 1960s - d r a f t e d S i x Po i n t P l a n i n 1 9 6 6 w h i c h d e m a n d e d
separation in effect - 1970
e l e c t i o n s m e a n t t h a t A w a m i L e a g u e w a s l a r g e s t p a r t y i n Pa k i s t a n b u t
not allowed to take
p o w e r a n d S h e i k h M u j i b - u r- R a h m a n b e c o m e P M -Militar y crackdown
against Awami League
s u p p o r t e r s , C i v i l Wa r - S h e i k h M u j i b - u r- R a h m a n f i r s t P M o f
Bangladesh. Murdered in 1975 in
a m i l i t a r y t a k e o v e r.
19. W h o w a s Fa t i m a J i n n a h ?
-Sister & Advisor of Jinnah -fought elections against Ayub in 1965
-lost the elections as they were rigged -won 36% seats compared
to 64% of Ayub
20. What was Awami League?
- L e d b y S h i e k h M u j e e b u r Re h m a n - p a r t y r e p r e s e n t i n g p e o p l e o f E a s t
Pa k i s t a n -won the elections of 1970 -won 160 seats which gave
them the majority -worked for six point agenda
21. What were Six points formula?
- G i v e n b y S h e i k h M u j e e b u r Re h m a n announced in 1966 -Awami
League won the elections
of 1970 under the agenda of six points -These points included
separate currency -directly elected Governement -Each province
should have separate troops
22. What was Mokti Bahini?
- I t w a s a Re b e l B e n g a l i A r m y - t r a i n e d b y I n d i a - M u k t i B a h n i l a u n c h e d
attack on Jessore in 1971
- i t i n c l u d e d u n i t s o f B e n g a l i e x - Pa k i s t a n i s o l d i e r s
- Ya y y a d e c l a r e d s t a t e o f e m e r g e n c y t o h a n d l e t h e s i t u a t i o n
23. W h o w a s Ya h y a K h a n ?
-became President in 1969 -He ended One unit scheme -He ended
Basic democracy -believed in properly elected Government brought
with fair elections -star ted operation searchlight
-resigned in 1971 as he was disgraced because of defeat in war of 1971
war
24. W h a t w a s Ta s h k e n t D e c l a r a t i o n .
- Wa s s i g n e d i n 1 9 6 6 -….after the 1965 war between India and
Pa k i s t a n -it was an official ceasefire -arranged by Russia -
signed by Ayub Khan & Indian PM Sharstri
25. W h a t w a s I n d u s Wa t e r Tr e a t y ?
-Signed in 1960 - b e t w e e n I n d i a a n d Pa k i s t a n (Ayub & Nehru) -
arranged by UN - Pa k i s t a n w a s a l l o e d t h e w a t e r o f t h r e e r i v e r s ( I n d u s ,
Chenab & Jhelum)
26. W h a t w a s S i m l a A c c o r d / A g r e e m e n t? ( m a r k s c h e m e )
-An agreement signed in July 1972 between Bhutto and Indira Gandhi.
-India agreed to return
p r i s o n e r s o f w a r t o Pa k i s t a n i n r e t u r n f o r a p r o m i s e f r o m Pa k i s t a n t h a t
the Kashmir problem
would be discussed with India and not with bodies such as the UN.
- I t i m p r o v e d Pa k i s t a n ’s
i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e p u t a t i o n a n d i n c r e a s e d B h u t t o’s p o p u l a r i t y b y b r i n g i n g
h o m e P r i s o n e r s o f Wa r.
27. W h a t w a s F e r d e r a l S h a r i a t C o u r t?
-formed in 1979 -by Zia-ul-Haq -they were made to make laws in
accordance with the Islamic principals
- o n e o f i t s d e c i s i o n w a s s t o n i n g t o d e a t h f o r a d u l t e r y - ‘A p p e a l ’ c a s e s
of lower cour ts were also heard here.
28. What was MRD?
-‘Movement for restoration of Democracy’ formed in 1981 led by
Benazir Bhutto
-It was formed by several political par ties -It campaigned for free &
fair elections
-it boycotted the referendum of 1984 -Defeated by Zia in the
elections of 1985
29. D e s c r i b e “A f g h a n M i r a c l e ”.
- 1 9 7 9 - Pa k i s t a n w a s o n f r o n t l i n e o n w a r w i t h S o v i e t s - U S g a v e
i m m e n s e a i d t o Pa k i s t a n t o s u p p o r t A f g h a n i s t a n -1981 it gave $1.6
billion etc plus offered loans at low interest rate -miracle ended in
1 9 8 8 w h e n A f g h a n i s t a n & S o v i e t s s i g n e d a n a g r e e m e n t t o e n d t h e w a r.
30. Describe Pakhtoonistan Issue.
- Pa k i s t a n a n d A f g h a n i s t a n h a d a b o r d e r d i s p u t e i n 1 9 4 7 ( D u r r a n d L i n e 0
- A f g h a n i s t a n a r g u e d t h a t Pa k h t o o n s l i v i n g i n Pa k i s t a n w a n t e d t o j o i n
Afghanistan -later Afghanistan asked for sea access but agreed only if
A f g h a n i s t a n w a s r e a d y t o g i v e i t s c l a i m o n Pa k h t o o n i s t a n
31. What was RCD?
- Re g i o n a l C o o p e r a t i o n f o r D e v e l o p m e n t -Signed between
I r a n , Pa k i s t a n & Tu r k e y - …Industrial projects etc -Setup in
1964 -failed in 1979 -…and its name was changed to ECO in
1985 when Zia rejoined it
32. W h a t w a s C o m m o n We a l t h ?
- Pa k i s t a n j o i n e d C W i n 1 9 4 7 - l e f t i t 1 9 7 2 ( w h e n i t r e c o g n i z e d
B a n g l a d e s h ) - r e j o i n e d b y B . B i n 1 9 8 9 - i t ’s w a s B r i t i s h O r g a n i z a t i o n
- g a v e Pa k i s t a n 1 m i l l i o n p o u n d s f o r S u i g a s p r o j e c t
33. What is UNO/UN?
- U n i t e d N a t i o n s ( f o r m e d i n 1 9 4 5 ) - Pa k i s t a n j o i n e d i t i n 1 9 4 7 - P r o b l e m s
l i k e I n d u s Wa t e r Tr e a t y / K a s h m i r i s s u e s w e r e d e a t h t h e r e f o r Pa k i s t a n
-was established to save the world from wars - establish equal
rights between small and large cour tiers
34. What is OIC?
-Organization of Islamic countries -formed in 1969 - Pa k i s t a n j o i n e d
it along with 24 other Muslim countries -first meeting was held in
Morocco -In 1974, a summit of OIC was held in Lahore -was
f o r m e d t o s u p p o r t t h e Pa l e s t i n e a g a i n s t I s r a e l ’s o c c u p a t i o n
35. What was SAARC?
-set up in 1985 - S o u t h A s i a n A s s o c i a t i o n f o r Re g i o n a l C o o p e r a t i o n
-developed for economic& social development
- 4 S A A R C c o n f e r e n c e i n Pa k i s t a n o r g a n i z e d b y B e n a z i r - … t h r e e p e a c e
th

agreements were signed

36. W h a t w a s S E ATO ?
-Setup in 1954 - S o u t h E a s t A s i a n Tr e a t y O r g a n i z a t i o n - m a i n
members were UK, France etc - Pa k i s t a n j o i n e d i t i n 1 9 5 5 - w a s
f o r m e d a g a i n s t C o m m u n i s m - B h u t t o w i t h d r e w f r o m S E ATO i n 1 9 7 2
37. W h a t w a s C E N TO ?
- 1 9 5 5 - I r a n & Tu r k e y s i g n e d B a g d a d p a c t a g a i n s t s o v i e t s - Pa k i s t a n
was also a member - I t w a s r e n a m e d a s C E N TO ( c e n t r a l Tr e a t y
Organization) -Iraq left it later due to revolution -it was
dissolved in 1979
38. Describe the problems caused by family feuds that faced the
Benazir Bhutto governments. (mark scheme)
-Quarreled with her mother Begum Nusrat Bhutto over control of the
PPP - with Begum
f a v o r i n g B e n a z i r ’s b r o t h e r M i r M u r t a z a a s l e a d e r. B e g u m r e m o v e d f r o m
a leading role in the
P P P. M u r t a z a w e n t i n t o e x i l e a n d f o u n d e d t h e A l - Z u l f i k a r O r g a n i z a t i o n
-He used this to
criticize Benazir - H e a l s o o p p o s e d h e r h u s b a n d ’s i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e
PPP because of the
allegations of corruption against him. Zardari accused of paybacks on
proper ty and
government deals and being involved in political murders -Known
a s M r. 1 0 % .
- M u r t a z a a r r e s t e d o n h i s r e t u r n t o Pa k i s t a n o n c h a r g e s o f t e r r o r i s m i n
1993 -In 1996 he was killed in a
police ambush and a judicial review of the incident found government
involvement in it.
39. What problems did Nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister
during the 1990s? (mark scheme)
-Divided nation, suppor ters of BB wanted him to fail -difficult
to promote economic progress and religious ideas at same time -lost
USA aid -accused of involvement in death of Asif Nawaz -
a r m y C o m m a n d e r- i n - C h i e f, d i s m i s s e d - lost aid and suppor t from
other nations in 2nd
term of office following nuclear testing -failures in fighting in Kashmir
- b l a m e d M u s h a r r a f,
whom he tried to sack , Over thrown.
40. D e s c r i b e Pe r v a i z M u s h a r r a f ’s c o u p ? ( m a r k s c h e m e )
1999 - N a w a z t r i e d t o b l a m e K a s h m i r r e t r e a t o n Pe r v e z M u s h a r r a f b u t
not accepted. -Nawaz
Sharif tried to sack him when he was visiting Sri Lanka and not allowing
him to return to
Pa k i s t a n - H i s a r m y s t a f f o v e r t h r e w N a w a z S h a r i f a n d Pe r v e z
Musharraf returned and put
Pa k i s t a n u n d e r m i l i t a r y r u l e - A b l o o d l e s s c o u p , l i f e a l l o w e d t o g e t o n
as normal.
41. What was Hudood Ordinance?
- 1 9 7 7 - Z i a ’s I s l a m i s a t i o n p r o g r a m m e -different punishments for
different crimes including
Offences against Proper ty Ordinance -Offences against Zina
Ordinance - Offences against
Qafq Ordinance and Prohibition Ordinance -Islamic punishments for
gambling, drinking -theft and adulter y -punishments
included amputation, caning etc, also included laws affecting women.
42. What was Zakat Ordinance?
-1980 -by Zia-ul Haq -2.5% was imposed on all savings -
d i s t r i b u t e d a m o n g p o o r t h r o u g h Z a k a t C o m m i t t e e ’s e t c - B e c a u s e o f
P r o t e s t s i n 1 9 8 4 , S h i a ’s w e r e e x e m p t e d f r o m t h i s t a x
43. What was Pakka Qila Massacre?
-1990 -in Hyderabad -40 suppor ters of MQM killed by police
-Women and children Included -Such violence led to the
P r e s i d e n t ( G h u l a m I s h a q K h a n ) d i s m i s s i n g B . B ’s g o v e r n m e n t i n 1 9 9 0 .
44. W h a t w a s P r e s s l e r A m e n d m e n t?
-1985 Pressler Amendment was passed by US parliament -...Which
allowed US government to provide aid to those countries that don’t
have nuclear program -During Afghan crisis this policy was ignored
- H o w e v e r, i n 1 9 8 8 E c o n o m i c a n d M i l i t a r y s a n c t i o n s w e r e i m p o s e d b y
US as it was not a nuclear free countr y
- Pa k i s t a n w a s a n g e r e d t h e y w e r e o n l y i m p o s e d o n Pa k i s t a n a n d n o t o n
India -later US defense Secretar y declared that Pressler amendment
was a mistake
45. W h a t w a s B r o w n A m e n d m e n t?
-Pressler Amendment was later conver ted into Brown amendment
d u r i n g B e n a z i r r u l e - i t w a s d e c i d e d t h a t i f Pa k i s t a n s t o p s m a k i n g
n u c l e a r w e a p o n s t h e n i t c a n h a v e t h e d e a l o f F - 1 6 ’s - US defense
Secretar y declared that Pressler amendment was a mistake -
A c c o r d i n g t o B r o w n a m e n d m e n t Pa k i s t a n w a s r e t u r n e d t h e m o n e y t h a t
i t p a i d f o r F - 1 6 ’s - p l u s i t w a s p r o v i d e d $ 3 8 8 m i l l i o n m i l i t a r y a i d
46. Describe the Geographical problems faced by Pakistan
in1947?
- Pa k i s t a n w a s s p l i t i n t w o p a r t s - E a s t a n d W e s t Pa k i s t a n -both
wings were a thousand miles apar t
- E a s t Pa k i s t a n c o n t a i n e d B e n g a l - W e s t Pa k i s t a n C o n t a i n e d P u n j a b ,
N W F P, S i n d h , B a l o c h i s t a n & S w a t , a n d D i r e t c
- there were significantly differences between them/had ver y less in
common
47. D e s c r i b e t h e Po l i t i c a l p r o b l e m s f a c e d b y P a k i s t a n i n 1 9 4 7 ?
- Pa k i s t a n h a d n o o f f i c e s , b u i l d i n g s e t c - l e a d e r h a d l i t t l e p o l i t i c a l
experience as they were wealthy landlords -geographical distance
between two wings was an issue -lacked administrative and
Government machiner y
48. Describe the Social faced by Pakistan in1947?
- 5 D i f f e r e n t c o m m u n i t i e s i n Pa k i s t a n ( B e n g a l i ,
S i n d h i s , P u n j a b i s , Pa k h t u n s , B a l o c h i s ) -they had different cultures and
life styles - B e n g a l i s w e r e n o t s u r e w h e t h e r t o j o i n ‘ n e w Pa k i s t a n ’ o r
not where Urdu would be given impor tance -it was difficult to unite
them as a single nation
49. Describe the accession of Princely States?
-At par tition Lord Mountbatten had told that 462 princely states would
n o t b e g r a n t e d i n d e p e n d e n c e a s i t c o u l d l e a d t o u n r e s t - 1 9 4 7 ( D i r, S w a t
j o i n e d Pa k i s t a n ) - s o m e s t a t e s w e r e f o r c e f u l l y o c c u p i e d b y I n d i a e . g .
Hyderabad/ Kashmir -this lead to Kashmir issue
50. What was Rawalpindi Conspiracy?
-It was a plan against the Govt. of L AK -1951 -army was not
h a p p y w i t h p e r f o r m a n c e o f L A K ’s G o v t . e s p e c i a l l y o v e r t h e i s s u e o f
Kashmir -…they decided to over thrown L AK - Among army officer
who par ticipated in the conspiracy was Gen. Akbar khan along with 11
others -they were arrested and imprisoned by Ayub khan (Commander
in Chief )
51. Describe the 1 st Repor t of Basic Principle committee?
-Presented in 1950 -by LAK -it recommended bicameral
legislature -equal seats for both East and West in the National
assembly -Urdu to be made the official language -it was
c r i t i c i z e d b y E a s t Pa k i s t a n i s & u l e m a s - w i t h d r a w n b y L A K f o r f u r t h e r
consideration
52. Who was Bogra?
-PM -in 1953 -earlier he was an ambassador to USA -He
unsuccessful tried to limit the power of MGM -was dismissed by
MGM and then reappointed
53. Who was Iskandar Mirza?
-ruled from 1955-58 - d i m i s s e d 4 P M ’s i n t w o y e a r s -introduced
One unit scheme
- g a v e t h e f i r s t c o n s t i t u t i o n o f Pa k i s t a n 1 9 5 6 - 1 s t p r e s i d e n t -Ayub
Khan forced him to resign in 1958
54. W h a t w a s L i a q u a t N e h r u P a c t?
- S i g n e d b y B o t h P M ’s ( l a i q u a t A l i K h a n & J. N e h r u ) -its aim was to
end the refugee crisis -both Governments agreed for safety of
minorities in their country -Free passage of refugees across border
was restricted
-Visa system was introduced
57. What was Boundr y Award/ Radcliff Award?
-was announced on 16th August 1947 -its aim was to resolve
boundar y dispute between Muslim and non Muslim areas -Lord
Mountabatten appointed Sir Radcliff to lead the Boundar y commission
- C a l c u t t a , G u r d a s p u r, F e r o z p u r w e r e u n f a i r l y a w a r d e d d e s p i t e b e i n g
Muslim majority areas -Award later lead to dispute over Kashmir issue
- Jinnah labelled the award as ‘wrong, unjust & per verse’

5 8 . W h a t w a s D e c a d e o f d e v e l o p m e n t?
-1958-1968 -Ayub celebrated his work by calling the period as ‘Decade
of Development’ -e.g. Average annual growth was 7% (3x of India)
- oil refiner y was star ted -agricultural reforms (green revolution)
59. Who was Muhammad Khan Junejo?
 -af ter the elections of 1985 -…Junejo became the PM -Junejo called
a n A l l p a r t y ’s c o n f e r e n c e t o d i s c u s s t h e A f g h a n s i t u a t i o n -He
also promised to punish the ones responsible for Ojhri Camp incident
-dismissed by Zia in 1988
6 0 . D e s c r i b e t h e O j h r i c a m p e v e n t?
- 1 9 8 8 - a r m y ’s w e a p o n d u m p -located near Rwp/Isl-…
exploded and thousands were injured -Junejo announced an
immediate inqur y and promised to Punish those who were responsible
61. Describe the Constitutional Crisis of 1954/55?
- MGM went out of countr y -Bogra tried to limit the powers of G.G by
PM must be a member of assembly
-G.G had to take advice of his ministers - PRODA was repealed -
MGM got offended so when Bogra was out of countr y -….he declared
e m e r g e n c y a n d d i s s o l v e d t h e a s s e m b l y - M a u l v i Ta m i z u d d i n , t h e s p e a k e r
of assembly contested the dissolution of assembly -High cour t gave the
decision that dissolution was illegal
-MGM challenged the decision in Federal court -Federal court stated
that the dissolution was legal as the ‘situation demanded it’
62. What was the ‘Kalashnikov Culture’?
- I n a n a t t e m p t t o s u p p o r t A f g h a n i s a g a i n s t S o v i e t s - … i n s o m e b o r d e r-
tribal areas carr ying gun became a culture
- Russian guns were copied and sold cheaply -especially in Sakhot
-Kidnapping, murders were common & crime and terrorism increased
- Re f u g e e s f l o o d e d i n Pa k i s t a n a n d d r u g a d d i c t s i n c r e a s e d - 1 2 t h
amendment was passed to control the situation
63. What was Bengali-Urdu Controversy?
6 4 . D e s c r i b e B h u t t o’s d o w n f a l l f r o m p o w e r. ( m a r k s c h e m e )
-1977 - rumours of armed government thugs disrupting PNA election
rallies in 1977 -PPP won
election but protests over vote rigging from PNA who demanded fresh
election -Bhutto
refused and rioting followed - His FSF couldn’t stop it and Bhutto had
to negotiate with PNP
offering concessions and some elections in disputed constituencies.
Declared a state of
e m e r g e n c y a n d Pa k i s t a n p l a c e d u n d e r M a r t i a l l a w a t s a m e t i m e - P N P
leadership arrested
and thousands of suppor ters. -Army saw weaknesses in Bhutto and
carried out a coup called
‘ O p e r a t i o n Fa i r p l a y ’. - B h u t t o a r r e s t e d a n d Pa k i s t a n u n d e r a r m y
control with Zia in charge.
65. How did Ayub Khan achieve power? (mark scheme)
-1958 -martial law imposed by Iskander Mirza -Laws
Order passed and constitution was
Re p e a l e d - A y u b K h a n a l r e a d y a p o w e r f u l f i g u r e a s C o m m a n d e r i n C h i e f o f
army -took role of
Chief Mar tial Law Administrator and then removed Iskander Mirza from
office - Po w e r n o w
totally with Ayub Khan and took role of President -Event known as
‘ G l o r i o u s Re v o l u t i o n ’.
66. What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as Prime Minister of
Pakistan?
-1988–90, 1993–96 - Fa c e d o p p o s i t i o n f r o m p o l i t i c i a n s w h o w a n t e d h e r t o
fail -husband Zardari accused of corruption -divisions
within her par ty (PPP) -IJI criticized government of being
close to USA -Confrontations with provincial governments -
violent protests, coalition par ty -MQM joined with IJI -Pucca
Qila massacre

67. What was the East India Company? (Section 1)

-A trading company -Char ter granted in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I
- l a n d e d a t S u r a t i n 1 6 0 8 , - Pe r m i s s i o n t o t r a d e i n 1 6 1 2 -
headquar ters moved to Bombay in 1664 -Grew in power during 18th
C e n t u r y.