r o polog

n T ia
a pirveli qarTuli gamocema

qerol r. emberi melvin emberi piter N n. peregrini

anTropologia
pirveli qarTuli gamocema

qerol r. emberi

melvin emberi

piter n. peregrini

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2009
wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministros
programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~. wigns gamosace-
mad amzadebs ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti.

amJaAmad warmogidgenT wignis I-XI TaAvs. Sevseba sabo­loo versiamde mox-

deba yovelkvireulad.

redaqtorebi: nino abakelia

naTia kopaliani

© Pearson Education, Inc.

qarTuli gamocemis saavtoro ufleba

© ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

ISBN 978-9941-9116-1-3
 sarGevi
winasityvaoba . ............................................................................................................................... 5
avtorTa Sesaxeb .......................................................................................................................... 12

Tavi 1 ra aris anTropologia? .......................................................................................... 13

anTropologiis sagani . ............................................................................................................ 14
erTiani midgoma .......................................................................................................................... 14
anTropologiuri cnobismoyvareoba . ................................................................................. 15
anTropologiis sferoebi ....................................................................................................... 15
gamoyenebiTi anTropologia .................................................................................................. 19
anTropologiis aqtualuroba .............................................................................................. 22

Tavi 2 rogor aRmovaGenT warsuls ................................................................................. 25

warsulis nivTieri sabuTebi .................................................................................................. 26
warsulis nivTieri sabuTebis aRmoCena .............................................................................. 27
masalis analizi .......................................................................................................................... 29
masalis daTariReba ................................................................................................................... 35
arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi ........................................................................................... 41

Tavi 3 genetika da evolucia .............................................................................................. 42

evoluciis evolucia ................................................................................................................ 42
bunebrivi gadarCevis principebi .......................................................................................... 45
memkvidreobiToba ...................................................................................................................... 47
cvalebadobis mizezebi . ........................................................................................................... 51
saxeobaTa warmoSoba ................................................................................................................. 55
qceviTi niSnebis bunebrivi gadarCeva . ................................................................................ 56

Tavi 4 Tanamedrove primatebi ........................................................................................... 59

primatebis saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi ...................................................................................... 60
primatebis klasifikacia ......................................................................................................... 63
sxvadasxva primatebi ................................................................................................................. 64
hominidebis ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebi .................................................................... 72
primatebis cvalebadi adaptaciis ganmarteba .................................................................. 75

Tavi 5 primatebis evolucia: adreuli

primatebidan hominoidebamde ................................................................................................. 78
primatebis warmoSoba ............................................................................................................... 80
anTropoidebis warmoSoba ....................................................................................................... 85
miocenis periodis anTropoidebi: maimunebi,
adamianis msgavsi maimunebi da hominidebi ......................................................................... 87
hominidebis sxva hominoidebisgan gamoyofa . .................................................................... 92
Tavi 6 pirveli hominidebi .................................................................................................. 95
or fexze gadaadgilebis evolucia ...................................................................................... 96
hominoidebidan hominidebze gadasvla ............................................................................. 100
avstralopiTeki: pirveli aSkarad gamoxatuli hominidi ........................................... 101
adamianis evoluciis erTi modeli ..................................................................................... 109
Tavi 7 kulturis sawyisebi da Homo-s warmoSoba .................................................. 111
adreuli hominidebis iaraRi ................................................................................................ 113
adreuli hominidebis cxovrebis wesi ................................................................................ 114
hominidebis evoluciis mimarTulebebi ............................................................................ 118
adreuli Hhomo ............................................................................................................................ 119
Homo erectus .............................................................................................................................. 122
qveda paleoliTis kulturebi ............................................................................................. 126

Tavi 8 omo sapiensis warmoSoba ................................................................................... 131

homo ereqtusi-dan homo sapiens-ze gadasvla ................................................................. 132
Sua paleoliTis kulturebi ................................................................................................. 137
Tanamedrove adamianebis warmoSoba ................................................................................... 141
ra daemarTaT neandertalelebs? ....................................................................................... 143

Tavi 9 zeda paleoliTis samyaro................................................................................. 145

bolo gamyinvarebis xana ......................................................................................................... 146
zeda paleoliTis evropa ....................................................................................................... 147
afrikisa da aziis zeda paleoliTis kulturebi . .......................................................... 151
uadresi adamianebi da maTi kulturebi axal samyaroSi . ............................................. 152
zeda paleoliTis dasasruli ............................................................................................... 157

Tavi 10 sakvebis warmoebisa da dasaxlebuli cxovrebis dasawyisi ................. 159

winasameurneo ganviTareba .................................................................................................... 161
mcenareTa da cxovelTa moSinaureba ................................................................................. 166
ratom ganviTarda saWmlis warmoeba? ................................................................................ 172
sakvebis warmoebis Sedegebi .................................................................................................. 174

Tavi 11 qalaqebisa da saxelmwifoebis warmoSoba . ................................................ 178

arqeologiuri daskvnebi civilizaciis Sesaxeb ............................................................. 179
qalaqebi da saxelmwifoebi samxreT eraySi ...................................................................... 180
qalaqebi da saxelmwifoebi mezoamerikaSi ....................................................................... 181
pirveli qalaqebi da saxelmwifoebi sxva teritoriaze ............................................... 185
Teoriebi saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb ...................................................................... 186
saxelmwifos formirebis Sedegebi ..................................................................................... 188
saxelmwifoTa Semcireba da daSla . .................................................................................... 188

Sesavali
`anTropologiis~ winamdebare gamocemaSi, Zveli
gamocemebisagan gansxvavebiT, davamateT CarCoSi
moTavsebuli statiebis axali cikli `anTropologi­
uri pirvelwyaroebi~. wignis TiToeul Tavs daerT­
vis specialurad studentebisTvis gamiznuli TiTo
originaluri statia. maTi umetesoba amoRebulia
seriidan `kulturaTa portretebi _ eTnografiis
pirvelwyaroebi~. gvsurs, studentebma dainaxon ara
mxolod is, Tu rogor icvlebian kulturebi, ar­
amed isic, Tu rogor icvlebian Tavad eTnografebi.
seriebis meore rigi, `anTropologiuri kvlevis
sazRvrebi mogviTxrobs, rogor ikvlevdnen anTro­
pologebi sxvadasxva problemas. bolo seria `kul­
turaTa SedarebiTi kvleva sociologiaSi~, kul­
turul erTeulebsa da maT cvalebadobas exeba.
adamianis evoluciisadmi miZRvnil TavSi saubar­
ia aRmosavleT evropaSi napovni adreuli homini­
debisa da evraziaSi aRmoCenili adamianTa Sedar­
ebiT gviandeli winaprebis Sesaxeb. damatebulia,
agreTve, axali qveTavebi mitoqondriuli dnm-is
gamokvlevebisa da Y qromosomis cvalebadobis Tao­
baze. kulturasTan dakavSirebul TavebSi Setanil
cvlilebaTa umetesoba vrclad ganixilavs global­
izacias da mis Sedegebs (ix. Tavi 27, `kulturaTa cva­
lebadoba da globalizacia~). Sesulia aseve axali
qveTavi terorizmTan dakavSirebiT, romelic Se­
tanilia TavSi globaluri socialuri problemebis
Sesaxeb. wignSi Setanili sxva cvlilebebi ganxilu­
lia qvemoT, TiToeuli Tavis mokle aRweraSi.
wignis ganaxlebisas, rogorc yovelTvis, Seveca­
deT ubralo aRwerilobaze meti gagvekeTebina. Cven
ara mxolod is gvainteresebs, ras warmoadgendnen da
warmoadgenen adamianebi, aramed isic, Tu ratom gax­
dnen iseTebi, rogorebic dRes arian, maTi mraval­
ferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rodesac gansxvave­
buli mosazrebebi gvxvdeba, vcdilobT logikurad
SevafasoT isini arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze.
am wignis saSualebiT vecadeT gveTqva, rom araviTari
azri, Tundac saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli, ar Sei­
Zleba gaviziaroT eqsperimentis gareSe, romelmac
SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi mogvces.
Tavebis mimoxilva
nawili I: Sesavali
Tavi I: ra aris anTropologia?
I Tavi studentebs acnobs anTropologiis safuZ­
vlebs. Cven ganvixilavT Cvens mosazrebebs rogorc
zogadad anTropologiis, aseve misi TiToeuli
sferos Sesaxeb. giCvenebT, rogor ukavSirdeba isi­
ni iseT samecniero dargebs, rogoricaa biologia,

fsiqologia da sociologia; mivmarTavT Tqvens yu­
radRebas praqtikuli anTropologiis mzardi mniS­
vnelobisken. TavSi aris oTxi CarCo: pirvel samSi
gaecnobiT anTropologis romelime naSroms; meo­
TxeSi ki - statiebs axali ciklidan `anTropologi­
uri pirvelwyaroebi~.
Tavi 2: rogor vpoulobT warsuls
am TavSi mimoxilulia arqeologiuri da paleon­
tologiuri gamokvlevebi. ganvixilavT aRmoCenili
masalis sxvadasxva tips, romelTac arqeologebi
da paleontologebi warsulis aRsadgenad iyeneben
meTodebs, romlebiTac isini am masalas moipoveben,
aanalizeben da ganmartaven. aqve aRvwerT uamrav
teqnologias. maTi saSualebiT arqeologebi da pa­
leontologebi gansazRvraven arqeologiur monap­
ovarTa da biologiur ganmarxebul saxeobaTa asaks.
sami tipis CarCoTagan pirvelSi ganxilulia kul­
turuli evoluciis sworxazovani mimarTulebis
damadasturebeli nimuSebi; meoreSi ganmartebulia,
rogor iZieben sqess arqeologebi, axal CarCoSi ki
moTavsebulia informacia arqeologebis mier uZve­
lesi xalxebis rwmenis Seswavlis Taobaze.
nawili II: adamianis evolucia:
biologiuri da kulturuli
Tavi 3: genetika da evolucia
am TavSi ganxilulia evoluciis Teoria da misi
roli yoveli cocxali organizmis ganviTarebaSi
(adamianis CaTvliT). genetikisa da evoluciis proce­
sis vrceli mimoxilvis Semdeg (bunebrivi gadarCevis
CaTvliT) ganvixilavT, rogor moqmedebs bunebrivi
gadarCeva individebis qcevaze da riT gansxvavdeba
kulturuli evolucia biologiurisagan. gaviTval­
iswineT eTikuri problemebic, romelTac genuri
inJineriis SesaZleblobebi warmoSobda. pirvel Car­
CoSi saubaria magaliTebze, romlebic adasturebs,
rom evolucia mimdinareobs ufro wyvetilad (naxt­
omiseburad), vidre nela da Tanabrad. meore CarCoSi
vmsjelobT, warmoadgens Tu ara safrTxes genuri
inJineria, xolo mesame, axal CarCoSi dasmulia or­
ganizmebsa da saxeobebSi genetikuri cvlilebebis
fenotipur cvlilebebTan kavSiris problemAa.
Tavi 4: Tanamedrove primatebi
am TavSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove primatebi (ada­
mianis garda) da maTi cvalebadi adaptacia, rogorc
safuZveli zogadad primatebisa da kerZod, adamia­
nis evoluciis gaazrebisTvis. mas Semdeg, rac davam­
TavrebT primatebis saxeobaTa aRweras, ganvixilavT,
rogor gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisgan sxeulisa

da tvinis zomiT, socialuri jgufebis sididiT
da mdedri primatebis seqsualobiT. vimsjelebT,
agreTve, im niSnebze, romlebic ganasxvavebs adami­
anebs sxva primatebisgan. pirvel CarCoSi saubaria
imaze, Tu rogor da ratom emuqreba gaqroba mraval
primats da rogor SeiZleba maTi dacva. meore Car­
CoSi moTxrobilia mecnieri primatologisa da misi
naSromebis Sesaxeb. axal, mesame CarCoSi warmodge­
nilia, ratom arian primatebi aseTi Wkvianebi sxva
cxovelebTan SedarebiT.
Tavi 5: primatebis evolucia:
adreuli primatebidan
hominidebamde
es Tavi iwyeba adreuli primatebis gamoCenidan
da mTavrdeba CvenTvis cnobili informaciiT mioce­
nis adamianis msgavsi maimunebis Sesaxeb, romelTagan
erT-erTi, savaraudod, orfexa hominidis winapari
unda yofiliyo. primatis ganviTarebis ZiriTad ten­
denciebs Cven masStabur ekologiur cvlilebebs vu­
kavSirebT, romlebmac savaraudod, bunebrivi gadar­
Cevis procesSi axali niSan-Tvisebebis Camoyalibebam
gamoiwvia. imisaTvis, rom warmovadginoT, rogor
xdeba Teoriis warmoSoba da gadamowmeba, pirvel
CarCoSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor gadaamowma erTma pa­
leontologma sakuTari Teoria primatebis warmo­
Sobis Sesaxeb. meore CarCoSi aRwerilia pirveli
ada­mianis Tanamedrove giganturi adamianis msgavsi
maimunebi da maTi gadaSenebis mizezebi. mesame, axal
CarCoSi mocemulia miocenuri adamianis msgavsi mai­
munebis Tanamedrove gamokvleva.
Tavi 6: pirveli hominidebi
am TavSi moTxrobilia or fexze gadaadgileba,
rac im jgufis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSania,
romelsac mivekuTvnebiT rogorc Cven, aseve Cveni
pirdapiri winaprebi – avstralopiTekebi. am gamoce­
maSi Setanilia axali monacemebi ramdenime saxeobis
anu taqsonis Sesaxeb, romlebic gamovlinda Cveni
bolo gamocemis gamoqveynebis Semdeg. am axalma aR­
moCenebma, SeiZleba, mTlianad Secvalos Cveni war­
modgena adamianis evoluciis adreuli periodis Ses­
axeb. Cven ganvixilavT, agreTve avstralopiTekebis
kargad cnobil tipebs da maTi evoluciis sakiTxs.
am TavSi oTxi CarCoa. pirvel orSi mocemulia avs­
tralopiTekebis axali aRmoCenebi da is, Tu rogor
Seesabameba es aRmoCenebi adamianis evoluciis Ses­
axeb Tanamedrove warmodgenas. mesame CarCoSi aRwer­
ilia teqnikuri da kladisturi analizebi, romlebic
farTod gamoiyeneba paleontologebis mier evolu­
ciuri urTierTobebis rukis Sesadgenad. meoTxe,
axali CarCo ganixilavs Australopithecus afarensis-s da
mis adgils adamianis evoluciaSi.
Tavi 7: kulturis sawyisebi
da Homo-s warmoSoba
am TavSi moTxrobilia kulturuli saqmianobis
pirveli TvalsaCino magaliTebis – qvis iaraRebisa
da sxva sagnebis Sesaxeb, romlebic mowmobs, rom ad­
reulma hominidebma kulturuli ganviTareba daax­
loebiT 2-naxevari milioni wlis win daiwyes. Cven
vimsjelebT kulturis raobasa da mis ganviTareba­
ze. Semdeg visaubrebT hominidebze – Cveni saxeobis
pirvel warmomadgenlebze, Homo-ze – romelsac
mi­­aweren kulturuli saqmianobis adreul niSnebs,
gan­vixilavT Homo erectus-s (welgamarTul adami­
ans) - pirvel hominids, romelmac datova afrika da
pirvelma gamoavlina rTuli kulturuli qceva. am
gamocemaSi vrclad vmsjelobT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro­
dis da ratom datova afrika Homo erectus-ma. pirvel
CarCoSi ganmartebulia, rogor ganasxvaveben ar­
qeologebi qvis iaraRebs ubralo qvebisgan. meore
CarCoSi ganixileba tvinis evolucia da is fizikuri
cvlilebebi adamianis organizmSi, romlebic tvins
gazrdis saSualebas aZlevs. mesame CarCoSi mocemu­
li gamokvleva amtkicebs, rom Homo erectus or saxe­
obad unda daiyos. meoTxe, axal CarCoSi ganixileba
Tanamedrove Simpanzeebis nadiroba, rogorc adreu­
li adamianebis nadirobis modeli.
nawili III: Tanamedrove
adamianebi
Tavi 8: Homo sapiens-is warmoSoba
am TavSi ganxilulia Homo ereqtus _ welgamar­
Tuli adamianis gardaqmna Homo sapiens (gonier
adamianad) da Tanamedrove fizikuri tipis adamia­
nis warmoSoba. Cveni globaluri orientaciis Ses­
abamisad, ganvixilavT rogorc paleontologiur,
ise arqeologiur masalas ara mxolod evropidan da
axlo aRmosavleTidan, aramed msoflios sxvadasxva
nawilidan. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas davuTmobT
neandertalel adamians da mis damokidebulebas Ta­
namedrove adamianTan.
am gamocemaSi vmsjelobT Y qromosomebis kvlevis
Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis Sesaxeb. gamokvlevis
mixedviT (iseve rogorc mitoqondriuli dnm-is mo­
nacemebis Sesaxeb kvlevis SemTxvevaSi), vvaraudobT,
rom neandertalelebi ar iyvnen Cveni winaprebi. gan­
vixilavT, agreTve neandertalelTa ritualur qcev­
ebs, romlebic maTi adamianurobis Sesaxeb eWvs badebs,
Tumca maT Cvens pirdapir winaprebad ar miviCnevT.
erT CarCoSi ganxilulia neandertalelTa zrdisa da
ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba, maTi Cvilobis periodis
xangrZlivobis dadgenis mizniT. meore, axal CarCoSi,
aRwerilia, rogor SeiZleba Tanamedrove adamianis
`afrikuli~ warmomavlobis Teoriis Semowmeba.
Tavi 9: samyaro zeda paleoliTis
periodSi
am TavSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove adamianis kul­
turuli saqmianoba miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebamde
– daaxloebiT 40000-10000 wlis win. SeviswavliT maT
iaraRs, meurneobasa da xelovnebas – adamianis Semo­
qmedebis pirvel nimuSebs. garda amisa, vimsjelebT
adamianis mier CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis kon­
tinentebis kolonizaciasa da im gavlenaze, ro­
melic maT axal garemo pirobebze moaxdines. pirvel
CarCoSi moTxrobilia, rogor gamosaxavdnen qals
zeda paleoliTis periodSi. meore CarCo Seiswavlis
savaraudo gzebs, romlebiTac SesaZloa, adamian­
ebi amerikaSi moxvedriliyvnen. mesame, axal CarCoSi,

aRwerilia, Tu ra Seityves arqeologebma qvis iara­
Rebis Seswavlis Sedegad.
Tavi 10: sakvebis damzadebisa da erT
adgilas damkvidrebis dawyeba
am TavSi moTxrobilia msoflios sxvadasxva nawil­
Si Semgroveblobisa da erT adgilas damkvidrebis,
adamianis mier mcenareebis gaSenebisa da cxovelebis
moSinaurebis Sesaxeb. Cveni msjelobis mTavari sa­
gani iqneba am movlenebis ganviTarebis mizezebi da
Sedegebi mezoamerikasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi, ma­
gram ganvixilavT, agreTve samxreT-aRmosavleT azi­
as, afrikas, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikasa da evro­
pas. pirvel CarCoSi aRwerilia ZaRlebisa da katebis
moSinaureba, meoreSi – axali gamokvlevebi uZvelesi
adamianis kvebis racionis Sesaxeb, romelic Zvlebisa
da kbilebis qimiur analizs emyareba. mesame, axali
CarCo, ikvlevs adamianis janmrTelobaSi momxdar
cvlilebebs, rac, SesaZloa, soflis meurneobis Se­
moRebiT iyo gamowveuli.
Tavi 11: qalaqebisa da
saxelmwifoebis warmoSoba
am TavSi saubaria msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi
civilizaciis ganviTarebasa da im Teoriebze, rom­
lebic ganmartaven saxelmwifos tipis politikuri
sistemebis warmoSobas. Cven yuradRebas vamaxvi­lebT
qalaqebisa da saxelmwifoebis evoluciaze mezoameri­
kaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, CineTsa da afrikaSi. vmsj­
elobT imaze, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdenen saxelm­
wifoebi iq mcxovreb adamianebsa da maT garemomcvel
bunebaze. dasasrul, mogiTxrobT saxelmwofoebis
dacemasa da ganadgurebaze. erT CarCoSi moTxrobi­
lia uZvelesi imperializmis zemoqmedeba qalTa md­
gomareobaze. meore CarCo arkvevs kavSirs imperial­
izms, kolonializmsa da saxelmwifos Soris; mesame ki
ganixilavs urbanizacias da mis mniSvnelobas.
Tavi 12: adamianTa cvalebadoba
da adaptacia
am TavSi ganxilulia adamianis biologiuri da
kulturuli evolucia dRemde, mimdinare cvlile­
bebi Tanamedrove adamianTa populaciebSi da is, Tu
rogor Seiswavlian da xsnian anTropologebi aseT
cvlilebebs. vnaxavT, ra gavlenas axdens material­
uri da kulturuli garemo adamianis fizikur cv­
lilebebze. qveTavSi rasebisa da rasizmis Sesaxeb
gagacnobT, ratom Tvlis mravali anTropologi, rom
`rasobrivi~ koncefcia adamianebTan mimarTebaSi
mecnierulad gamarTlebuli ar aris. vimsjelebT mi­
Tze rasizmis Sesaxeb da imaze, rom adamianebSi `rasa~,
uwinaresad, socialuri cnebAaa. pirveli CarCo exeba
biologiur faqtorebs _ isini zemoqmedeben STamo­
mavlobis raodenobaze. meore CarCoSi moTavsebulia
sxvaobebi saSualo IQ monacemebs Soris da maTi mniSvn­
eloba. mesame, axal CarCoSi gansazRvrulia simaRles
sxvadasxvaobis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi.

nawili IV: kulturuli
cvlilebebi
Semdgomi Tavebis umetesobaSi eTnografiuli
magaliTebis meSveobiT SevecdebiT warmovadginoT
kulturuli cvlilebebi msoflios masStabiT; sa­
dac SesaZlebelia, avxsnaT, ratom emsgavseba an gan­
sxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva sazogadoeba
kulturis zogierT aspeqtSi.
Tavi 13: kulturis arsi
es Tavi gagvacnobs kulturis arss. qveTavi kul­
turuli relativizmis Sesaxeb kulturis koncefcias
istoriul konteqstSi aTavsebs da ganixilavs uaxles
mosazrebebs am sakiTxze. Cven vimsjelebT imaze, rom
individis qceva yvela sazogadoebaSi cvalebadia da
rom aman SeiZleba axali kulturuli kanonzomiere­
bebis prototipebs Cauyaros safuZveli. pirveli,
axali CarCo, aRwers erT-erTi eTnografis Tavda­
pirvel Soks, rodesac aRmoaCina, rom erTi sqesis
adamianebis erTmaneTis mimarT ltolvas mis gamo­
sakvlev teritoriaze sruliad gansxvavebuli mniS­
vneloba hqonda, vidre Crdilo amerikaSi. meore Car­
CoSi vmsjelobT, arian Tu ara dasavluri qveynebi
eTnocentristulebi (nacionalisturebi) adamianTa
uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebSi. mesame CarCoSi mocemu­
lia praqtikosi anTropologis azri, Tu ratom ver
eguebian beduinebi erT adgilas cxovrebas.
Tavi 14: kulturuli anTropologiis
Teoria da mtkicebulebebi
am TavSi, upirveles yovlisa, ganvixilavT im Teo­
riul mimarTulebebs, romlebic kvlav popularulia
kulturul anTropologiaSi. mimovixilavT kul­
turuli anTropologiis ZiriTad dargebs: eTnogra­
fias, eTnoistorias da Sida-kulturul, regionul
Tu msoflios sxadasxva kulturaTa Sedarebebs.
mogawvdiT vrcel gamokvlevas savele samuSaoebis
Sesaxeb da warmogidgenT, rogor arCevs eTnografi
informaciis wyaroebs kulturaSi ufro Rrmad Ca­
sawvdomad. pirveli CarCo ikvlevs gansxvavebebs
mecnierulsa da humanistur warmodgenebs Soris da
gviCvenebs, rom sakiTxisadmi gansxvavebuli midgoma
sinamdvileSi maT SeuTavseblobas ar niSnavs. meore
CarCoSi axali gvineis abelamebis gamokvlevis sagani
imis sailustraciod aris gamoyenebuli, rom gansx­
vavebuli Teoriuli mimarTulebebi gansxvavebul
pasuxebs moiTxoven. mesame CarCos ori mizani aqvs:
erTia, Seqmnas savele muSaobis STabeWdileba, meore
– gamoiyenos mid-frimenis diskusia, kamaTi, Tu ro­
gor SevamowmoT eTnografis dakvirvebis sizuste.
ukanaskneli, axali CarCo aRwers, Tu rogor atareb­
da erT-erTi eTnografi istoriul gamokvlevas ni­
karaguas miskitoze.
Tavi 15: komunikacia da ena
Tavi iwyeba adamianebisa da sxva cxovelebis komu­
nikaciis ganxilviT. adamianTa Soris araverbalur
komunikaciaze saubris Semdeg aRvwerT azrTa sx­

vadasxvaobas adamianebisa da primatebis gansxvaveb­
uli enobrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. vimsjelebT
enebis warmoSobisa da imis Taobaze, Tu rogor Seu­
Zlia dagvexmaros kreolebisa da bavSvebis laparakis
Seswavlaze dakvirveba enebis warmoSobis gagebaSi.
Semdeg gadavinacvlebT aRwerilobiT lingvistikasa
da lingvisturi divergenciis procesze. enisa da
kulturis sxva aspeqtebs Soris urTierTdamokide­
bulebis ganxilvis Semdeg, daskvniT nawilSi gan­
vixilavT saubris eTnografias da statusiT, sqesi­
Ta da eTnikuri niSniT ganpirobebul gansxvavebas
metyvelebaSi. vrclad vsaubrobT eTnosTaSori­
si da kulturaTaSorisi komunikaciis Sesaxeb da
giCvenebT, rogor SeuZliaT lingvistebs daexmaron
adamianebs kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobebis gaum­
jobesebaSi. pirveli, axali CarCo, haitel kreolebs
exeba. meore warmoaCens enebis gaqrobis problemas.
azrovnebaze enis SesaZlo zegavlenis gamosakvl­
evad, mesame CarCoSi dasmulia kiTxva, uwyobs Tu ara
xels inglisuri ena qalTmoZuleobis ideas.
Tavi 16: sakvebis mopoveba
me-16 TavSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor icvleba sa­
zogadoeba sakvebis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT, ro­
gor Seicvala igi droTa ganmavlobaSi da rogor
moqmedebs es cvlilebebi kulturuli cvlilebebis
sxva tipebze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ekonomikuri
sistemis cvlileba, socialuri fenebi da politi­
kuri cxovreba. aq vmsjelobT, agreTve ~bazris mefu­
raJeebze~ (sakvebis mompovebeli), raTa gamoikveTos,
rom adamianTa umravlesoba, Tanamedrove sabazro
ekonomikis pirobebSi, Tavad ar qmnis sakveb produq­
cias. pirvel CarCoSi ganxilulia cvlileba, ro­
melic moxda `monadire mamakacidan~ `Semgrovebel
qalze~ gadasvlisas.
sayovelTaod miRebuli azriT, garemomcvel
bunebaSi momxdari cvlilebebi industrializaciiT
aris gamowveuli, magram garemos bevri ram dauSav­
da winaindustriul xanaSi irigaciisgan, saqonlis
usistemo Zovisa da uzomo nadirobisgan. amis Ses­
axeb saubaria Tavis meore nawilSi. Cvens mesame, axal
CarCoSi ganxilulia, rogor moxda hanSuis Cinelebis
Segueba garemo pirobebTan ufro mSral terito­
riebze gadasvliT, sadac mesaqonleobisaTvis uke­
Tesi pirobebi iyo.
Tavi 17: ekonomikuri sistemebi
me-17 TavSi ganxilulia, rogor icvlebian sazoga­
doebebi resursebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT (ra
aris `sakuTreba~ da ras niSnavs ,,mflobeloba‘‘),
rogor gardaqmnian Sromis Sedegad resursebs sa­
Wiro saqonlad, rogor anawileben Sromas. Cven gan­
vavrceT da ganvaaxleT mesaqonleTa mier miwis gam­
oyenebis Tema, ganvixileT politikuri sistemebis
(kolonializmis CaTvliT) gavlena miwis sakuTreba­
sa da gamoyenebaze, ganvavrceT sakvebis ganawilebis
Temac. vmsjelobT, Tu ratom xdeba, rom zogierT
mefuraJe sazogadoebaSi bavSvTa Sroma ufro metad
gamoiyeneba, vidre sxvagan. pirvel CarCoSi ganix­
ileba urTierTsawinaaRmdego azrebi imis Sesaxeb,
iwvevs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba ekonomikur
kriziss. meore, axal CarCoSi moTxrobilia Sromis ga­
nawilebis Sesaxeb ianomamoTa Soris. amazonis auzSi
tyis ganadgurebis magaliTiT mesame CarCo gviCvenebs
msoflio sistemis gavlenas lokalur ekonomikebze.
Tavi 18: socialuri fenebi:
klasi, eTnosi da rasizmi
am TavSi ganixileba cvlilebebi socialur feneb­
Si da socialuri uTanasworobis sxvadasxva formebis
ganviTareba. mogiTxrobT, ra aris rasizmi, eTnikuri
kuTvnileba da rogor ukavSirdeba isini xSirad
resursebis usamarTlo gadanawilebas. am TavSi da­
vamateT axali masala imis saCveneblad, Tu ra samuS­
aos atareben TanasworobisTvis mebrZoli sazoga­
doebebi dominirebis SesaCereblad da piriqiT, aris
Tu ara mesaqonle sazogadoebebi, sadac pirutyvze
piradi sakuTreba Tanabaria, Tanasworuflebiano­
bis momxre. yuradRebiT SevamowmeT CarCoebic da
teqstic, raTa uaxlesi informacia mogvewodebina
arsebuli uTanasworobis Sesaxeb rogorc SeerTe­
bul StatebSi, aseve mTel msoflioSi. pirvel, axal
CarCoSi, moTxrobilia socialuri fenebis Sesaxeb
furaJul (Semgroveblur) sazogadoebaSi – tling­
itebSi, samxreT alaskaze. meore CarCoSi aRwerilia
socialuri fenebis warmoSoba globaluri masSta­
biT – rogor izrdeba ufskruli mdidarsa da Rarib
qveynebs Soris da ra uwyobs xels am tendencias. mesa­
me CarCoSi ganxilulia is SesaZlo mizezebi, romle­
bic iwvevs raodenobriv gansxvavebas avadmyofobiT
sikvdilianobaSi afrikel amerikelebsa da evropel
amerikelebs Soris.
Tavi 19: sqesobrivi urTierToba,
sqesi da kultura
me-19 Tavis pirvel nawilSi, sxvadasxva kulturaTa
Sedarebebis safuZvelze, vimsjeleT sqesobriv urT­
ierTobebsa da sqesTa Soris damaxasiaTebel niSan-
TvisebaTa cvalebadobis mizezebze, meore nawilSi
ki cvlilebebze seqsualur urTierTobaTa mimarT
damokidebulebasa da wes-Cveulebebze. avxseniT, rom
Sexeduleba sqesze yovelTvis or sqess ar gulisx­
mobs. gamovyaviT Sromis procesSi qalis monawileo­
bis yvela aspeqti da aRvniSneT, rogor ganisazRvreba
sqesis mixedviT ~SromaSi~ Setanili wvlili. Sevita­
neT axali masala qalTa monadireobisa da misi gavle­
nis Sesaxeb Sromis ganawilebis Teoriaze. pirvel Car­
CoSi sxvadasxva kulturaTa magaliTze ganvixileT,
ratom aZleven zogierT sazogadoebaSi qalebs brZo­
laSi monawileobis uf­lebas. meore CarCoSi moTxro­
bilia vaSingtonis Sta­tisa da britanuli kolumbiis
zogierT sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaSi qalTa poli­
tikuri aqtivobis zrda sabWoebis arCevis Semdeg.
axali CarCo aRwers andebSi mcxovrebi metisebis
warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom gogonebis xangrZlivad
kveba ZuZuTi mavnebelia. sxvaTa Soris, iTvleba, rom
ZuZuTi xangrZlivad kveba zrdis seqsualobas, xolo
xanmokle kvebas sxva Sedegebi mohyveba, magaliTad,
maRali sikvdilianoba CvilebSi.
Tavi 20: qorwineba da ojaxi
mas Semdeg, rac ganvixilavT sxvadasxva Teorias
imis Sesaxeb, ratom aris qorwineba sayovelTaod
miRebuli, gadavinacvlebT qorwinebebis gansxvave­

bul wes-Cveulebebze, akrZalvebze, meuRlis arCevasa
da meuRleTa raodenobaze. Tavi ojaxis sxvadasxva
formaTa mimoxilviT mTavrdeba. axali gamokvleva
exeba imas, Tu ratom aris sacoleTa fasi gansxvavebu­
li, ra kavSiria mosaxleobis simWidrovesa da manZils
dasaqorwinebel pirebs Soris. qalTa mdgomareobidan
gamomdinare, gavaSuqeT mravalcolianobis sakiTxi.
axali CarCo mikroneziel iapebs exeba da maT magali­
Tze gadmogvcems zogierTi sazogadoebis Tvalsaz­
riss qorwinebis ceremoniis usargeblobaze. meore,
ganaxlebuli CarCo ikvlevs col-qmris urTierTo­
bas: aRwers gansxvavebebs siyvarulSi, in­timurobasa
da seqsualuri eWvianobis formebSi. mesame CarCo­
Si, romelic ojaxis organizebas exeba, ganxilulia
sakiTxi, Tu ratom izrdeba iseT qveynebSi, rogoric
Cvenia (amerika), erTmSobliani ojaxebis raodenoba.
Tavi 21: ojaxis sacxovrebeli
da naTesaoba
adamianTa socialur cxovrebaSi Casawvdomad
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba maT sacxovrebels eni­
Weba. erT-erT CarCoSi mocemulia msjeloba axal­
mosaxleobasa da mozardTa winaaRmdegobas Soris
SesaZlo kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb. meore CarCo
exeba imas, Tu rogor moqmedebs sacxovrebeli adgi­
lisa da naTesaobis gamocvla qalebis cxovrebaze.
mesame, axali CarCo gvacnobs dedis Zmis rols Cero­
kis indielebSi, romlebic aSS-s samxreT-aRmosavleT
nawilSi cxovrobdnen.
Tavi 22: asociaciebi da
saerTo interesTa mqone jgufebi
aq vmsjelobT msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi arse­
buli asociaciebis, kerZod, nebayoflobiTi asocia­
ciebis Sesaxeb, romelTa ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba.
erTi qveTavi exeba periodul sakredito asociaciebs
da maTi muSaobis princips _ rogor awvdian isini
did Tanxas garkveul pirebs, rogori gansakuTreb­
uli mniSvneloba aqvs amas qalebisTvis da ramdenad
ufro met mniSvnelobas iZenen isini sacxovrebeli
adgilis Secvlisas. pirveli CarCo pasuxobs kiTxvas,
Tu ramdenad axerxebs qalTa organizaciebi maTi md­
gomareobis gaumjobesebas da Zalauflebis zrdas.
meore CarCoSi mocemulia msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ratom warmoiSva quCis bandebi da ratom mimarTaven
isini zogjer Zaladobas. bolo, axali CarCo ganixi­
lavs eTnikuri asociaciebis rols CrdiloeT ameri­
kis CainaTaunebSi (Cinur ubnebSi).
Tavi 23: politikuri cxovreba:
socialuri wesrigi da uwesrigoba
Cven vakvirdebiT, ramdenad gansxvavdebian sazo­
gadoebebi erTmaneTisgan politikuri organizaciis
doniT, im gzebs, romelTa saSualebiTac adamianebi
liderebi xdebian, imas, Tu ramdenad monawileoben
isini politikur procesebSi da rogor wyveten kon­
fliqtur situaciebs, mSvidobianad Tu Zaladobis
gamoyenebiT. vmsjelobT imaze, Tu rogor Secvala
kolonizaciam samarTlebrivi sistema da gadawyve­
tilebebis miRebis meTodebi, rogor SeiZleba kon­
fliqtebis mSvidobianad mogvareba da rogor badebs

kulturaTaSorisi gamokvleva eWvs, rom omebis
mizezi aradasavlur samyaroSi, umTavresad, qalebi
arian. davamateT axali masala popularul politi­
kur mimarTulebebSi gaerTianebis mizezebze. axali
CarCo mogviTxrobs irokezebis konfederaciaze.
meore CarCo exeba erovnebaTaSoris da kulturaTa­
Soris urTierTobebs ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da
demokratiaSi. mesame CarCoSi mocemulia masala imis
Sesaxeb, rom axali gvineis abelamis tomSi adgilo­
brivi sasamarTlo uflebas aZlevs qalebs, gaasaCiv­
ron seqsualuri Zaladoba.
Tavi 24: fsiqologia da kultura
am TavSi ganxilulia fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis
zogierTi universaluri magaliTi, fsiqologiuri
gansxvavebebi sazogadoebaTa Soris da maTi mizezebi,
pirovnebis gansxvavebuli aRqma sxvadasxva sazoga­
doebis adamianebis mier (mag. sakuTari pirovnebis
aRqma), rogor SeiZleba fsiqologiuri procesebis
codna dagvexmaros kulturuli sxvadasxvaobis ga­
gebaSi. zogierTi didi procesis gamosayofad, rom­
lebic gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens pirovnebaze,
ori axali qveTavi davamateT. pirveli Seexeba bavS­
vis garemomcveli pirobebis mniSvnelobas, meore ki
im zemoqmedebas, romelsac bavSvze sxvadasxva kul­
turisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `mSobliuri Teoriebi~
(eTnoTeoriebi) axdens. pirvel, axal CarCoSi ganxi­
lulia, ramdenad mniSvnelovania mozardebis cneba
marokoSi. meore CarCoSi Sedarebulia dawyebiTi
skolebi iaponiaSi, CineTsa da aSS-Si da ganixileba,
ramdenad SeuZliaT skolebs cnobierad Tu qvecnobi­
erad gadascen bavSvebs adamianisTvis umniSvnelova­
nesi faseulobani. mesame CarCoSi gadmocemulia azri,
qalebsa da mamakacebs sakuTari Tavis gansxvavebuli
aRqma, ris gamoc maTi moralic gansxvavebulia.
Tavi 25: religia da magia
mas Semdeg, rac vimsjelebT imaze, Tu ratom aris
religia msoflios yvela kulturisTvis damaxasi­
aTebeli, davakvirdebiT gansxvavebul konfesiebs.
vnaxavT, rogor cdiloben adamianebi micvalebulTa
gacocxlebas, agreTve amoucnobi movlenebis asax­
snelad maTTvis adamianuri Tvisebebis miniWebas.
SevecadeT gagvego, ratom vardebian qalebi eqstaz­
Si ufro xSirad, vidre mamakacebi. pirveli CarCo
mogviTxrobs niu inglendis meTevzeebze, romelTac
sxvadasxvagvari tabu an `ubedurebis acilebis~ rit­
ualebi SiSis grZnobas uqarvebda. meore, axali CarCo
aRwers Samanizms meqsikis `siera otomis~ tomSi. bolo
CarCoSi moTxrobilia axali religiebis warmoSobis
Sesaxeb da miuTiTebs, rom msoflioSi TiTqmis yvela
religia mcire seqtebidan da kultebidan warmoiSva.
TAavi 26: xelovneba
mas Semdeg, rac vimsjelebT xelovnebis arsze,
ganvixilavT saxviTi xelovnebis, musikisa da folk­
loris gansxvavebul tipebs da SevecdebiT zogierTi
maTganis axsnas. droTa ganmavlobaSi xelovnebis
cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT vimsjelebT mcdar war­
modgenaze, TiTqos `primitiuli~ xalxebis xelovne­
ba dros ar eqvemdebareba; agreTve, evropasTan kon­
taqtis Semdeg xelovnebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze.
10
vnaxavT, ra adgili ukavia xelovnebaSi eTnocen­
trizms da rogor ganixilaven dasavluri muzeumebi
da xelovnebaTmcodneebi saxviT xelovnebas nakle­
bad ganviTarebul kulturebSi. erTi CarCo aRwers,
rogor zemoqmedebas axdens sxvadasxva politikuri
sistema xelovnebaze. meore CarCo ganixilavs sim­
bolizms msoflio xelovnebaSi da mogviTxrobs niR­
bebze asaxuli emociebis Sesaxeb bolodroindel
gamokvlevebze. bolo, axali CarCo aRwers CrdiloeT
amerikis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroze mcxovrebi
nimpkiSis tomis cekvebis gamomsaxvelobas.
Tavi 27: kulturaTa cvlilebebi
da globalizacia
es Tavi mniSvnelovnad aris ganaxlebuli da Se­
icavs axal qveTavs globalizaciis Sesaxeb. Cven
da­­­­­vamateT axali gamokvleva im sazogadoebebze,
ro­­melTac droTa ganmavlobaSi mravali inovacia
Se­­iTvises da nebayoflobiT ganicades kulturuli
cvlilebebi. gamovikvlieT, agreTve, ra SeiZleba mo­
hyves CrdiloeT amerikaSi emigrantTa kulturuli
donis zrdas da eTnogeneziss an axal kulturul
war­monaqmnebs. kulturuli cvlilebebis wyaroebze
– aRmoCenasa da inovaciaze _ msjelobis Semdeg gan­
vixilavT zogierT garemoebas, romlebic inovaciis
miRebas ganapirobebs. vnaxavT amiT gamowveul xar­
jebsa da mogebas, gareSe da Sida pirobebs, romlebic
kulturul cvlilebas iwvevs da agreTve, kulturu­
li mravalferovnebis zrdis SesaZleblobebs moma­
valSi. pirvel, axal CarCoSi naCvenebia kulturuli
cvlilebebis SerCeviTi xasiaTi aliaskis eskimoseb­
Si. imis saCveneblad, rom kulturul cvlilebebs
xSirad biologiuri Sedegi mohyveba, meore TavSi ga­
nixileba simsuqne, hipertenzia da diabeti, rogorc
modernizaciis Sedegebi. mesame CarCo Seiswavlis
kulturul cvlilebebs komunistur CineTSi – ra
Seicvala da ra gadarCa kulturul cxovrebaSi sax­
elmwifos Carevis Sedegad.
Tavi V: anTropologiis
gamoyeneba
Tavi 28: gamoyenebiTi
da praqtikuli anTropologia
am TavSi ganixileba anTropologTa saqmianoba aka­
demiis gareT, gamoyenebiTi anTropologiis istoria
da tipebi aSS-Si, eTnikuri sakiTxebis gaTvaliswineba
adamianTa yofis gasaumjobeseblad, siZneleebi, rom­
lebic warmoiSva ama Tu im problemis Sefasebisas da
gzebi dagegmili cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad.
vaCvenebT, rogor asruleben sul ufro mzard rols
gamoyenebiTi anTropologiis warmomadgenlebi gamom­
dinare cvlilebaTa programebis dagegmvaSi da ara mx­
olod programebis adgilebze Sesacvlelad konsul­
taciebis warmarTvaSi. sasamarTlo anTropologiis
qveTavSi ganvrcobilad aris ganxiluli kulturuli
anTropologiis monawileobis sakiTxi. pirvel or Car­
CoSi daxasiaTebulia anTropologTa daxmarebis Sesa­
Zleblobebi biznesisa da tyeebis ga­Cexvis sakiTxebSi.
bolo, axal CarCoSi aRwerilia, rogor aRudga win
garkveul cvlilebebs axali meqsikis taos tomi.
Tavi 29: samedicino anTropologia
am TavSi ganxilulia janmrTelobisa da avadmyo­
fobis, maTi mkurnalobis (ufro biokulturuli,
vidre biosamedicino TvalsazrisiT) kulturuli
koncefcia, politikisa da ekonomikis gavlena janmr­
Telobaze da samedicino anTropologiis wvlili,
rogorc janmrTelobis sxvadasxva mdgomareobis,
aseve daavadebaTa gamomwvevi sxvadasxva garemoebis
SeswavlaSi. es garemoebebi da daavadebebi moicaven
Sidss, fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebs, gavrcele­
bul daavadebas saxelad `susto~, depresias da or­
ganizmis arasakmarisi kvebiT gamowveul gamofitvas.
pirvel, axal CarCoSi aRwerilia ekvadoris Temis
– saragurosis rwmena imisadmi, rom gancdebi da emo­
ciebi iseve iwvevs dasneulebas, rogorc gadamdebi
daavadebebi da infeqciebi. meore CarCo exeba dar­
Rvevebs sakvebis miRebaSi da sxvadasxva kulturaTa
Sexedulebas `silamazeze~.
Tavi 30: globaluri socialuri
problemebi
es Tavi exeba damokidebulebas ZiriTad da gam­
oyenebiT kvlevebs Soris, Tu ra saxis Sedegebi Sei­
Zleba gamoiRos sxvadasxva globaluri socialuri
problemebis kvlevam iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa
stiqiuri ubedurebebi da SimSiloba, usaxlkaroba,
danaSauli, ojaxuri Zaladoba da omi. axali qveTavi
ganixilavs terorizms. qveTavebi ojaxuri Zaladobi­
sa da omis Sesaxeb ganaxlebulia. sami CarCodan erTi
axalia: pirveli exeba globalur daTbobas da Cvens
damokidebulebas navTobze; meore – eTnikur kon­
fliqtebs (ramdenad gardauvalia isini), mesame, bolo
CarCoSi aRwerilia ra safrTxe Seuqmna omma samxreT-
dasavleT kavkasiaSi mdebare afxazeTis kul­turas.
aRweriloba
ruka
rukebi. imisaTvis, rom Segveqmna damxmare saSu­
aleba, romelic teqstSi mocemul statiebs gaaS­
uqebda, ganvaaxleT is rukebi, romelTa original­
uri versia dorling qinderslim mogvawoda. Cveni
mizani iyo, am 7 rukis saSualebiT sruli warmodgena
Segveqmna iseT mravalferovan sakiTxebze, rogori­
caa hominidebis winaprebi, paleoliTis xelovneba,
miwaTmoqmedebis gavrceleba da a.S.
TandarTuli CarCoebi
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da daskvnebi. Car­
CoebSi moTavsebulia Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi
iseT Temebze, romelTa Sesaxeb studentebs SeiZleba
gagonili hqondeT axal ambebSi an kamaTs iwvevs
anTropologiaSi. Tanamedrove gamokvlevebis saga­
nia, magaliTad, Semdegi sakiTxebi: sworxazovani mi­
marTulebebis arseboba kulturul evoluciaSi; na-
marxi hominidebis axali aRmoCenebi; col-qmrul
urTierTobaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebi iseT sa­
kiTxebSi, rogoricaa siyvaruli, intimuroba da eW­
vianoba; erTmSobliani ojaxebis raodenobis zrda;
niRbebze asaxuli emociebis universaluroba. axal
ambebSi gaSuqebulia iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa,

magaliTad, iyvnen Tu ara neandertaleli adamiane­
bi Tanamedrove adamianTa winaprebi; izrdeba Tu
ara uTanasworoba qveynebs Soris; aris Tu ara eT­
nokonfliqtebi uZvelesi droidan SemorCenili si­
Zulvilis Sedegi da aA .S. profesionalTa amJamindeli
kamaTis sagania Semdegi sakiTxebi: erTi Tu meti saxeobis
ganviTarebis Sedegia Homo erectus; _ welgamarTuli
adamiani mecniereba humanurobis winaaRmdeg; adamianis
uflebebi kulturuli fardobiTobis winaaRmdeg.
sqesis kvlevis axali perspeqtivebi. aq Sesu­
li sakiTxebi sqessa da sqesobriv urTierTobebs
exeba rogorc anTropologiis, ise yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT (mag: seqsizmi enaSi; qalTa
sazogadoebebi da qalis statusi da Zalufleba; qa­
lisa da kacis moralis dapirispireba; cvlilebebi,
romlebic ganicada qalis rolma preistoriul sa­
zogadoebebSi).
anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi: am gamocema­
Si studentebisTvis gasacnobad Semotanili siaxlea
CarCoebi, romlebic Seicavs nawyvetebs sxvadasxva
mecnierTa originaluri statiebidan.
saintereso sakiTxavi: Cvenma koleqtivma didi
siamovneba miiRo saintereso gamokvlevebis da aR­
moCenebis aRwerisas, Tanac im saxiT, rom damwyebi
studentebisTvis advili gasagebi yofiliyo. Sevec­
adeT Segvemcirebina teqnikuri Jargoni da mxolod
is terminologia gamogveyenebina, romlis codnac
studentisTvis aucilebelia anTropologiis miR­
wevebis Sesafaseblad da Semdgomi, ufro rTuli
kur­sebis Casawvdomad. Cveni azriT, aucilebelia,
wigni Tavisuflad ikiTxebodes, ara mxolod imi­
tom, rom mkiTxvelma gaigos, razea saubari, aramed
imitomac, rom anTropologiis Seswavlis procesi
ufro saintereso gaxdes. axali terminebi, romelTa
Semotana zogjer gardauvalia, teqstSi muqi Srift­
iT aris gamoyofili (asevea wignis bolos arsebul
leqsikonSi).
terminebis leqsikoni: yoveli Tavis bolos
CamoTvlilia teqstSi Sesuli axali terminebi, rom­
lebic muqi SriftiT aris gamoyofili. Tavis bolos
Segnebulad ar vimeorebT terminebis ganmartebebs,
raTa studentebs sakuTari Tavis Semowmebis saSu­
aleba mivceT, miT umetes, rom ganmartebebi mocemu­
lia wignis bolos moTavsebul leqsikonSi.
umniSvnelovanesi kiTxvebi. TiToeuli Tavis
bolos mocemulia oTxi kiTxva, romlebic moiTxovs
studentebis azrovnebis gaaqtiurebas TavSi ganxi­
lul masalasTan dakavSirebiT. kiTxvebi ar moiTxovs
teqstSi mocemuli masalis gameorebas. gvinda, rom
avamoqmedoT studentebis warmosaxvis unari, raTa
imaze Sors wavidnen, rac ukve cnobilia an gvgonia,
rom cnobilia.
Sejamebebi da SemoTavazebuli literaturaA. yo­
veli Tavis bolos mocemulia detaluri Sejameba,
ro­melic students daexmareba, gadaxedos ganxi­
luli aRmoCenebis ZiriTad koncefciebs. SemoTava­
zebuli literatura moicavs zogad an ufro vrcel
informacias TavSi ganxiluli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
wignis bolos moTavsebuli sruli leqsikoni.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yoveli Tavis bolos mo­
Tavsebulia terminebis CamonaTvali (ganmartebis gar­
11
eSe). am leqsikonis saSualebiT studentebs Se­uZliaT
swrafad Seafason sakuTari Tavi. sruli leqsikoni
mocemulia wignis bolos, raTa studentebma SeZlon
am terminebis mniSvnelobis moZebna wignSive.
wignis bolos moTavsebuli SeniSvnebi. mtki­
ced gvjera, rom dokumenturi dasabuTeba Zalian
mniSvnelovania mkiTxvelisTvis, raTa icodes, Tu ra
masalas emyareba wignSi gakeTebuli daskvnebi. ase­
Ti masalis safuZveli yovelTvis gamoqveynebuli
gamokvlevebia. Sesabamisi masalis miTiTebebi moce­
mulia wignis bolos moTavsebul SeniSvnebSi (Tavebis
mixedviT).
wignis bolos moTavsebuli bibliografiA. sqo­
lioebSi aRniSnuli literatura Sekrebili da mo­
Tavsebulia wignis bolos.
danarTebi
instruqtorisaTvis (pedagogisaTvis)
instruqtorisaTvis saWiro wyaroebi da masa-
lebi testirebisaTvis. instruqtorisaTvis saWiro
masala Seicavs Tavebis mokle mimoxilvas, wyaroebsa
da sadiskusio sakiTxebs, Temebsa da sakvlev pro­
eqtebs, internet-wyaroebs, saswavlo filmebs, daax­
loebiT 1600 kiTxvas SesarCevi pasuxebiT da sworia/
arasworia SefasebiT, narkvevebs da a.S. yovel test-
kiTxvas miTiTebuli aqvs Sesabamisi gverdi wignSi.
test-generatoriEQ. es programa aadvilebs tes­
tebis Seqmnas da gvTavazobs sxvadasxva arCevans maTi
organizebisa da testis bankebisa da testebis war­
mosadgenad. am programiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTx­
veviTi numeracia da teqstis generatori idealur
gamosayenebels xdis mas testebis sxvadasxva vari­
antis Sesaqmnelad. Ziebisa da daxarisxebis Zlieri
funqcia aadvilebs kiTxvebis lokalizacias da maT
ganlagebas Tqveni survilis mixedviT.
rigi IV, anTropologiuri diapozitivebi. 50
diapozitivi gadaRebulia teqstSi mocemuli gra­
fikebidan, diagramebidan da tabulebidan da xels
uwyobs studentis mier saleqcio Temebis ukeT aRq­
mas.
videomasalaA. prentis holi gTavazobT or axal
video serias. `amerikeli indielebis Secvla ameri­
kis SecvlasTan erTad: amerikeli indieli xalxebis
videoistoria~ da `ritualebi: afrikis tradiciuli
mosaxleobis videoistoria~. garda amisa, maRali
xarisxis, sxvadasxva jildoebiT aRniSnuli video­
filmebi `filmmeiqers laibreris~ koleqciidan.
gTxovT, daukavSirdeT `prentis holis~ warmomad­
genels damatebiTi informaciisTvis.
Anthropology Central: xelmisawvdomia mxolod
`anTropologiis~ meTerTmete gamocemis myidvel­
TaTvis. paroliT daculi es internet–wyaro sa­
Sualebas aZlevs instruqtorebs CamotvirTon
`in­st­ruqtoris saxelmZRvanelos~ sruli versia,
leqciebi da naxazebi, Power Point-is slaidebi, aseve
`anTropologiis swavlebis strategia~. daukavSir­
diT `prentis holis~ warmomadgenels damatebiTi
informaciisTvis.
12
avtorTa Sesaxeb
qerol r. emberi antioqiis kolejSi Tavdapir­
velad qimiis specialobaze swavlobda, mas Semdeg
ki, rac pedagogebis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, soci­
ologiis leqciebze daswreba daiwyo, am sagniT Za­
lian dainteresda. mecnierebis Mam dargSi mravali
upasuxo kiTxva Cndeboda, ramac momaval mecniers
sociologiaSi kvleviTi muSaobis survili gauCina.
man erTi weli kornelis aspiranturaSi gaatara da
sociologias swavlobda harvardSi gadasvlamde,
sadac jon da beatris uaiTingebTan anTropolo­
giis Seswavla daiwyo.
sadoqtoro disertaciaze qerol r. emberi kenia­
Si, luos tomis garemocvaSi muSaobda. iq cxovrebi­
sas SeniSna, rom bevr biWs `gogos saqmis~ keTebas
avalebdnen. maT bavSvebis mixedva da yoveldRiuri
saojaxo saqmis keTeba imis gamo uxdebodaT, rom
dedebs (romlebic sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobiT
iyvnen dakavebulni) saxlSi sakmarisi raodenobis
damxmare gogonebi ar hyavdaT). emberma gadawyvi­
ta, Seeswavla Sromis amgvari ganawilebis SesaZlo
Sedegebi biWebis socialur qcevaze. sistematuri
dakvirvebis Sedegad mecnierma aRmoaCina, rom qa­
lis saqmiT zedmetad datvirTuli biWebi, danarCen
biWebsa da gogonebTan SedarebiT, socialuri qce­
vis mraval aspeqtSi saSualo monacemebs avlendnen.
mogvianebiT man Caatara kroskulturuli gamokv­
leva qorwinebis, ojaxebis, memkvidruli jgufebis,
omisa da mSvidobis sxvadasxva formis Sesaswavlad.
am gamokvlevebs igi ZiriTadad, melvin emberTan er­
Tad atarebda, romelTanac 1970 wels iqorwina. ase­
Ti kroskulturuli gamokvlevebi iZleoda im Teor­
iebis gadamowmebis saSualebas, romlebic msoflioSi
arsebuli sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb arsebobs.
1970-1996 wlebSi igi aswavlida niu-iorkis uni­
versitetis hanter kolejSi, agreTve, iyo kros­
kulturuli kvlevebis sazogadoebis prezidenti
da samer kolejis erT-erTi direqtori SedarebiTi
anTropologiis, romelsac mecnierebis nacional­
uri fondi afinansebda. amJamad muSaobs ielis uni­
versitetis arakomerciul kvleviT saagentoSi `hi­
umen rileiSenz eria failz~.
kolumbiis universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg
melvin emberi sadoqtoro disertaciis dasacavad
ielis universitetSi gadavida. ielSi misi maswav­
lebeli iyo anTropologi piter merdoki, umniS­
vnelovanesi figura kulturaTaSorisi kvlevebisa
da msoflio kulturaTa farTomasStabian monacem­
Ta bazis SeqmnaSi. misi kvleviTi muSaobis mizani iyo
kulturaTaSorisi hipoTezis Semowmeba. monacemTa
es baza cnobili gaxda, rogorc `hiumen rileiSenz
earia failzi~, imis gamo, rom Tavdapirvelad ielis
adamianTa urTierTobebis institutma daafinansa.
`hiumen rileiSenz earia failzis~ monacemTa baza
yovelwliurad izrdeba da axla ukve eleqtronuli
failebis saxiT vrceldeba. amJamad misi gamokvleve­
bi moicavs msoflios 385 Zvelsa da axal kulturas.
savele samuSaoebi disertaciisaTvis melvin em­
berma amerikul samoaSi Caatara. man sami sofeli
Seadara erTmaneTs politikur cxovrebaze komer­
cializaciis gavlenis Sesaswavlad. garda amisa,
gamoikvlia memkvidruli jgufebi da maTi cvlileba
yidva-gayidvis ganviTarebis Sesabamisad. mis mier
Catarebuli kulturaTaSorisi gamokvlevebi Ta­
vidan daqorwinebulTa sacxovrebelsa da STamomav­
lobiT jgufebs exeboda. igi agreTve Seexo damokide­
bulebas ekonomikursa da politikur ganviTarebas
Soris, incestze tabus warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas,
mravalcolianobis mizezebs da imas, Tu rogor gvex­
mareba socialuri wes-Cveulebebis arqeologiuri
korelatebi warsulis SeswavlaSi.
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis nacionalur institut­
Si Catarebuli oTxwliani kvleviTi muSaobis Sem­
deg, igi pedagogiur muSaobas eweoda jer antioqiis
kolejSi, Semdeg ki niu-iorkis universitetis hant­
er kolejSi; iyo kulturaTaSorisi gamokvlevebis
sazogadoebis prezidenti, xolo 1987 wlidan ielis
universitetis arakomerciuli kvleviTi saagentos
`hiumen rileiSenz earia failzis~ prezidentiA.
piter n. peregrini anTropologiiT inglisur
enaSi diplomis dacvis Semdeg dainteresda. man ada­
mianTa Sesaswavlad anTropologiis sociologiuri
midgoma ufro misaRebad CaTvala, vidre humanistu­
ri, romelic Seiswavla rogorc inglisuri enis spe­
cialistma.
magistris xarisxis dasacavad eTnoistoriuli
TvalsazrisiT iezuiti misionerebisa da aborigeni
amerikelebis urTierTdamokidebuleba gamoikvlia
da mixvda, rom aborigeni amerikelebis iezuitebTan
kontaqtamde arsebuli kulturuli urTierTobebis
Sesaswavlad arqeologiis Seswavla dasWirdeboda.
perdius universitetSi sadoqtoro disertaci­
aze muSaobisas piter peregrinma Seiswavla samxreT
aSS-s _ misisipis preistoriuli kulturebi da aR­
moaCina, rom jgufebs Soris arsebuli urTierTo­
bani aborigeni amerikelebis kulturas saukuneebis
manZilze ayalibebda. maT iezuitebTan iseve mar­
tivad daamyares kontaqti, rogorc sxva danarCe­
nebTan amyarebdnen kulturaTaSorisi urTierTo­
bebis mTel periodSi. yuradReba miaqcia imasac, rom
aborigeni amerikelebis urTierTobebze naklebi
kvleva iyo Catarebuli da gadawyvita SedarebiTi
gamokvlevis Catareba. 1990 wels monawileoba mi­
iRo SedarebiT anTropologiur kvlevaSi, romelic
samer institutma Caatara. aq Sexvda qerol r. ember­
sa da melvin embers.
piter peregrini aswavlida xuanitas kolejSi, am­
Jamad ki lourensis universitetis (epltoni, viskon­
sini) asocirebuli profesori da anTropologiis
ganyofilebis Tavmjdomarea. aris, agreTve, `hiumen
rileiSenz earia failzis~ arqeologiuri komisiis
mecnier-TanamSromeli da melvin emberTan erTad
gamocemuli naSromis `preistoriuli enciklope­
diis~ Tanaavtori; agrZelebs arqeologiur kvlevas
da axlaxan aRniSna anTropologiisa da arqeologiis
 13

ra aris
1
dargebSi pedagogiuri moRvaweobis 10 wlisTavi.

anTropologia?

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 anTropologiis sagani

 erTiani midgoma

 anTropologiuri
cnobismoyvareoba

 anTropologiis
sferoebi

 gamoyenebiTi
anTropologia

 anTropologiis
aqtualoba
14
anTropologia aris disciplina, romelic adami­
anuri yofis Sesaxeb dausrulebeli cnobismoyvareo­
biT gamoirCevaA. TviT termini warmodgeba berZnuli
sityva anthropos-isgan (rac ~adamians~ niSnavs) da lo-
gos-isagan (romelic aRniSnavs `moZRvrebas~). anTro­
pologebi cdiloben, pasuxi gascen uamrav kiTxvas:
rodis, sad da ratom warmoiSvnen adamianebi dedami­
waze; rogor da ratom Seicvalnen mas Semdeg, da ro­
gor da ratom icvleba Tanamedrove adamianis esa
Tu is niSan-Tviseba. anTropologebs ainteresebT,
agreTve, rogor da ratom icvleboda da icvleba
adamianTa wes-Cveulebebi da qceva. arsebobs anTro­
pologiis praqtikuli mxarec. yofiTi problemebis
gadasawyvetad, gamoyenebiTi anu praqtikosi anTro­
pologebi erTdroulad iyeneben anTropologiur
meTodebs, informaciasa da miRweul Sedegebs.
anTropologiis, rogorc mxolod adamianTa Sem­
swavleli mecnierebis gansazRvra, sruli ar iqnebo­
da, radganac igi moicavs iseT disciplinebs, rogori­
caa: sociologia, fsiqologia, politika, ekonomika,
istoria, adamianis biologia da iseT humanitarul
mecnierebebsac, rogoricaa filosofia da litera­
tura. saWiro ar aris imis aRniSvna, rom adamianTan
dakavSirebuli mravali sxva disciplinis warmomad­
geneli ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda, Tuki mis dargs
anTropologiis nawilad warmoadgendnen. miT umetes,
rom am disciplinaTa umetesoba anTropologiaze
met xans arsebobda da TiToeul maTgans mecniere­
baSi garkveuli adgilic ukavia. aqedan gamomdinare,
anTropologia Taviseburad unikaluri dargia da
swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom igi damoukidebel
disciplinad Camoyalibda da ukve 100 weliwadze me­
tia gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas inarCunebs.
anTropologiis sagani
anTropologebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, iseTi
warmodgena arsebobs, TiTqos isini dedamiwis na­
klebad cnobil kuTxeebSi mogzauroben egzoti­
kuri xalxebis Sesaswavlad an Txrian miwas namarxi
cocxali organizmebis da didi xnis win mcxovrebi
adamianebis iaraRisa da WurWlis aRmosaCenad. es
Sexedulebebi maTi stereotipulobis miuxedavad,
naTlad aCvenebs, rogor gansxvavdeba anTropolo­
gia sxva disciplinebisgan. mas ufro farTo masStabi
aqvs rogorc geografiuli, ise istoriuli Tval­
sazrisiT. anTropologiis interesis sferos yvela
periodis adamianebi warmoadgenen, dawyebuli ada­
mianis Soreuli winaprebidan, romlebic ramdenime
milioni wlis win cxovrobdnen, Tanamedrove ada­
mianamde; misi interesis sagani ki dedamiwis yoveli
nawilia, sadac ki adamians odesme ucxovria.
anTropologebi yovelTvis ise globalurad da
mravalmxrivad ar ganixilavdnen problemebs, ro­
gorc dRes. tradiciulad, isini met yuradRebas ara­
dasavlur kulturebs uTmobdnen da dasavluri civi­
lizaciebis istorias sxva disciplinebs utovebdnen
Sesaswavlad. Tumca, ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze
disciplinaTa Soris `Sromis aseTma ganawilebam~
gaqroba daiwyo. amJamad anTropologebi Seiswavlian
rogorc sakuTar, ise sxva rTul sazogadoebebs.
ratom airCies anTropoloebma Sesaswavlad aseTi
vrceli sagani? nawilobriv, amis mizezi is iyo, rom
yvela SemoTavazebuli ganzogadebuli azri adamianis
kulturuli da biologiuri arsebobis Sesaxeb misT­
vis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi niSan-TvisebiT, mra­
valjer unda yofiliyo dadasturebuli mTeli misi
arsebobis manZilze dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilSi. Tu
amgvari ganzogadebis an axsnis dadastureba SeuZle­
beli iqneba, maSin sruli ufleba gveqneba da valdebu­
lic ki viqnebiT, masSi eWvi SevitanoT. sando damamt­
kicebeli sabuTebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi gaCenili
skeptikuri damokidebuleba xels SeuSlis adamianebis
Sesaxeb araswori mosazrebebis gaziarebas.
magaliTad, 1960-ian wlebSi amerikelma pedago­
gebma aRmoaCines, rom afro-amerikeli moswavleebi
iSviaTad svamdnen rZes. es fulis naklebobas an
gaunaTleblobas miaweres, magram anTropologi­
uri monacemebis safuZvelze, am problemas sul
sxvagvari axsna moeZebna; msoflios bevr nawilSi,
ZiriTadad iq, sadac mewveli Sinauri cxovelebi hy­
avT, adamianebi rZes ar svamen. isini rZes amJaveben an
misgan yvels amzadeben. amis mizezi axla ukve cno­
bilia. bevri adamiani ganicdis ferment laqtazis
naklebobas, romelic aucilebelia laqtozis (rZe­
Si arsebuli Saqris) dasaSlelad. rZe xels uSlis
sakvebis monelebas. ferxdeba ara mxolod laqtozis,
aramed sxva sakvebis gadamuSavebac. xSir SemTxvevaSi,
rZis daleva iwvevs krunCxvebs, gazebis dagrovebas,
diareasa da gulisrevas. gamokvlevam uCvena, rom
rZesTan SeuTavsebloba msoflios mraval nawilSia
gamovlenili. aseTi mdgomareoba aRiniSneba moz­
rdil azielebSi, samxreT evropelebSi, arabebsa da
ebraelebSi, dasavleT afrikelebSi, inuitebSi (eski­
mosebSi) da Crd. da samx. amerikis indielebSi, aseve
afro-amerikelebSi. imis gamo, rom anTropologebi
kargad icnoben adamianTa cxovrebas rogorc geo­
grafiuli, aseve istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, maT Seu­
ZliaT safuZveli Seuryion araswor Sexedulebas
adamianTa gansxvavebul jgufebze.
erTiani midgoma
garda imisa, rom anTropologia moicavs adamianis
ganviTarebas rogorc geografiuli, ise istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, mas axasiaTebs, agreTve, adamianis Ses­
wavlisadmi erTiani, mravalmxrivi midgoma. anTrop­
ologebi Seiswavlian ara mxolod gansxvavebuli ti­
pis adamianebs, aramed maTi gamocdilebis sxvadasxva
aspeqtsac. magaliTad, adamianTa jgufis aRwerisas
anTropologi iTvaliswinebs im adgilis istorias,
sadac isini cxovroben, bunebriv pirobebs, ojaxuri
cxovrebis organizacias, enis ZiriTad Tvisebebs,
dasaxlebis tipebs, politikur da ekonomikur siste­
mebs, religias, xelovnebis stilsa da tansacmels.
warsulSi calkeuli anTropologebi cdilobdnen
sxvadasxva sakiTxis erTdroulad ganxilvas. dRes
ki, iseve, rogorc mraval sxva disciplinaSi, imdenad
didi informacia dagrovda, rom anTropologebSi
gaCnda tendencia erT viwro Temaze an sferoSi imuS­
aon. ase rom, erTma anTropologma SeiZleba gamoi­
kvlios zogierTi preistoriuli winapris fizikuri
niSnebi, meorem – garemos gavlena mosaxleobis gan­
viTarebaze xangrZlivi drois manZilze, mesamem ki _
adamianTa garkveuli jgufis wes-Cveulebebi. amgvari
specializaciis miuxedavad, anTropologia mainc
erTian orientacias inarCunebs, rac imas niSnavs,
rom mravali gansxvavebuli dargis saSualebiT er­
Toblivad Seiswavlis adamianis arsebobis sxvadasxva
aspeqts warsulsa da awmyoSi.
anTropologiuri cnobismoyvareoba
Cven anTropologia davaxasiaTeT, rogorc isto­
riuli da geografiuli TvalsazrisiT ufro farTo
speqtris mqone disciplina, romelic sxvadasxva
sakiTxis Seswavlis mimarT ufro erTiani midgomiT
 15

xasiaTdeba, vidre adamianis SeswavlasTan dakav­
Sirebuli sxva disciplinebi. magram es gancxadeba
gulisxmobs imas, rom anTropologia aris yovlis­
momcveli mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb. maS, riT gan­
sxvavdeba anTropologia sxva, danarCeni mecniere­
bebisgan? albaT cnobismoyvareobiT, romelsac is
iwvevs.
anTropologebs mravali kiTxva UuCndebaT. magal­
iTad: sad warmoiSva pirvelad qalaquri cxovreba?
ratom aqvs zogierTs ufro muqi feris kani, vidre
sxvebs? ratom Seicavs zogierTi ena feris aRmniS­
vnel met sityvas, vidre sxva enebi? ratom aqvT ama
Tu im sazogadoebaSi qalebs meti xma politikaSi?
ratom aqvs sxvadasxva sazogadoebas gansxvavebuli
damokidebuleba Sobadobis kontrolis mimarT? mar­
Talia, yvela es sakiTxi adamianis arsebobis gansxvave­
bul aspeqtebs ganixilavs, magram maT erTi saerTo
niSani aqvT: yoveli maTgani romelime mosaxleobisT­
vis damaxasiaTebel gansakuTrebul niSans (Tvisebas,
wes-Cveulebas) ikvlevs. es SeiZleba iyos kanis Sedar­
ebiT muqi feri, ena, romelSic feris aRmniSvneli
bevri terminia, qalebis monawileoba politikaSi an
Sobadobaze kontrolis daweseba. anTropologiis
gansxvavebulobis mTavari mizezi albaT sxvadasxva
xalxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mimarT misi
daintereseba unda iyos. magaliTad, maSin, rodesac
ekonomistebi samoneto sistemas Cveulebrivad aRiq­
vamen da mis moqmedebas Seiswavlian, anTropologebs
ainteresebT, ratom daiwyo zogierTma sazogadoe­
bam bolo aTaswleulebSi fulis gamoyeneba. anTro­
pologebs ainteresebT adamianTa sazogadoebebis
tipuri damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da is, Tu rogor
icvleboda isini saukuneTa manZilze.
anTropologiis sferoebi
sxvadasxva anTropologebi sazogadoebaTa sx­
vadasxva damaxasiaTebel niSnebs Seiswavlian. zog
maTgans adamianTa sazogadoebebis biologiuri an
fizikuri niSan-Tvisebebis Seswavla ainteresebs,
sxvebs _ kulturulisa; amgvarad, arsebobs anTrop­
ologiis sagnis ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba: biolo-
giuri (fizikuri) anTropologia da kulturuli
anTropologia. es ukanaskneli sam ZiriTad nawilad
iyofa: arqeologia, lingvistika da eTnologia. eT­
nologia Seiswavlis uaxles kulturebs da bolo
dros moixsenieba, rogorc kulturuli anTropo­
logia (ix. sur. 1-1). am oTx sferos aerTianebs mexuTe
– gamoyenebiTi, anu praqtikuli anTropologia. -

anTropologiis
warsuli uaxlesi warsuli
da awmyo
Semadgeneli nawilebi
anTropolog
iuri lingvi
stika anTropologiis oTxi mTavari Semadgeneli nawilis
istoriuli li
ngvistika aRweriTi an st (aRniSnulia muqi SriftiT) klasifikacia SeiZleba mox­
ruqturuli
lingvistika des sferos (biologiuri an kulturuli) da TiToeuli
kulturuli anT
ropologia
maTganis periodis (axlo warsuli an awmyo) mixedviT. aq
warmodgenilia anTropologiis oTxive qvedisciplinis
arqeologia eTnologia
gamoyenebis sqema.
(kulturuli
anTropologi
a)

biologiuri
anTropolog
ia
adamianis
paleontolog adamianis
ia cvlileba

ZiriTadi kvleva

praqtikuli anT
ropologia

kulturuli anTropologia

biologiuri anTropologia
16
biologiuri anTropologiis specialisti nadin pikoki, zairis efes tomSi reproduqciisa da janmrTelobis sakiTxebze muSaobis procesSi.
biologiuri anTropologi
biologiuri (fizikuri) anTropologia eZebs pa­
suxebs kiTxvaTa or gansxvavebul jgufze: pirveli
jgufi Seicavs kiTxvebs adamianTa warmoSobis da
maTi Semdgomi evoluciis Sesaxeb (am sferos ewo­
deba adamianTa paleontologia, anu paleoanTro-
pologia). meore jgufSi Semavali kiTxvebi exeba
Tanamedrove adamianTa Soris mimdinare biologiur
cvlilebebs da maT mizezebs (am sferos adamianTa
cvalebadoba ewodeba).
adamianTa evoluciis rekonstruqciisaTvis pa­
leontologebi eZeben namarx adamianTa an maT wi­
naparTa da maTTan dakavSirebul cxovelTa uZveles
naSTebs an maT anabeWdebs. magaliTad, aRmosavleT
afrikaSi muSaobisas paleoanTropologebma aRmoa­
Cines daaxloebiT 4 milioni wlis win mcxovrebi ada­
mianis msgavsi arsebebis naSTebi. am aRmoCenis saSu­
alebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda Cveni winaprebis or fexze
siarulis, xelebis ukeT gamoyenebisa da tvinis zomis
matebis miaxloebiTi TariRebis dadgena.
evoluciisdroindeli urTierTobebis dasadge­
nad anTropologebi iyeneben ara mxolod ganamarxe­
bul naSTebsa da qvis masalas, aramed geologiur in­
formaciasac klimatisa da garemos, aseve mcenareTa
da cxovelTa populaciebis Sesaxeb; ufro metic,
adamianTa warsulis rekonstruqciisaTvis paleon­
tologebi ikvleven ZuZumwovarTa Soris Cveni uax­
loesi naTesavebis – adamianis msgavsi maimunebisa da
sxva saxeobis maimunebis qcevasac, romlebic Cvensav­
iT primatebis jgufs miekuTvnebian. primatebis Sem­
swavlel anTropologebs, fsiqologebsa da biolo­
gebs primatologebi ewodebaT. isini akvirdebian
sxvadasxva saxeobis primatebs rogorc bunebriv, ise
laboratoriul pirobebSi. Seswavlis gansakuTreb­
uli sagania Simpanze, romelic Zalian hgavs adami­
ans fizikurad Tu qceviT, mis sisxls aqvs adamianis
sisxlis msgavsi qimiuri Semadgenloba da isini erTi
da imave seniT avaddebian. uaxlesma gamokvlevebma
gviCvena, rom Simpanzesa da adamianis genebis 99 pro­
centi identuria.
primatebis Seswavlisas anTropologebi cdilo­
ben, aRmoaCinon is niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebsac aSkara
adamianuri xasiaTi aqvT da ganasxvavon im Tvisebebis­
gan, romlebic maT primatul fesvebs ukavSirdeba. am
informaciis saSualebiT isini SeZleben daadginon,
rogorebi iyvnen Cveni winaprebi. primatebis Seswav­
liT miRebul daskvnebs arqeologiur masalas adare­
ben anu nawil-nawil Segrovil masalas Cvens uaxlo­
es naTesavebze mecnieruli dakvirvebebis Sedegebs
ukav­Sireben. mokled, biologiuri anTropologebi
ag­roveben sxvadasxva wyarodan miRebul informacias
da qmnian Teoriebs, romlebic gvaZlevs ganamarxebul
organizmebSi arsebuli cvlilebebis axsnas, Semdeg
ki am Teoriebs amowmeben sxvadasxva damamtkicebeli
sabuTis erTmaneTTan Sedarebis gziT. amgvarad, ada­
mianis anTropologia moicavs iseT disciplinebs,
rogorebicaa: geologia, xerxemlianebis (kerZod,
primatebis) paleontologia, SedarebiTi anatomia
da primatebis qcevis SedarebiTi kvleva.
biologiuri anTropologiis meore ZiriTadi mi­
marTulebaa adamianTa cvalebadobis (nairsaxeo­bis)
Seswavla. es mimarTuleba ikvlevs adamianTa Taname­
drove populaciebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs
biologiur anu fizikur TaviseburebebSi. yvela Ta­
namedrove adamiani miekuTvneba erT saxeobas – Homo
sapiens-s, radgan SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan Sejvareba.
magram amasTanave, maT Soris mniSvnelovani gansx­
vavebebic arsebobs. adamianTa Soris arsebuli gansx­
vavebebis gamokvlevisas mecnierebs uCndebaT kiTxva:
ratom aris zogierTi xalxi sxvebze maRali? rogor
Seegua zogi populacia Tavis saarsebo garemos? aqvs
Tu ara zog xalxs, magaliTad, inuitebs (eskimosebs),
iseTi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, romlebic xels uwy­
obs maT ukeT Seguebas sicivesTan? ukeT icavs Tu ara
tropikuli mzisgan zogierTi xalxis kanis muqi pig­
mentacia?
Tanamedrove adamianTa Soris arsebuli biolo­
giuri gansxvavebebis ukeT gagebisaTvis biologi­
uri anTropologebi iyeneben sami sxva discipli­
nis principebs, koncefciebsa da teqnologiebs. es
disciplinebia: adamianis genetika (mecniereba im

damaxasiaTebel niSan-TvisebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic
STamomavlobiT gadaecema), populaciebis biologia
(mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis garemo pirobebis
zemoqmedebas ama Tu im populaciis damaxasiaTe­
bel niSan-Tvisebebze) da epidemiologia (mecniere­
ba, ro­melic Seiswavlis, rogor da ratom moqmedebs
daavadebebi sxvadasxvanairad gansxvavebul popula­
ciebze). adamianTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebaTa kv­
leva moicavs mecnierebis sxva sferoebsac, Tumca
biologiuri anTropologebis kvlevis umTavres
sagans adamianTa populaciebi da maTi biologiuri
cvalebadoba warmoadgens.
kulturuli anTropologia
kulturuli anTropologiis sagania populaci­
ebisa da sazogadoebebis cvalebadobis niSnebis Ses­
wavla. ra aris kultura? imis gamo, rom kulturis
arss anTropologebisTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba
aqvs, am sakiTxs mTel Tavs vuTmobT. anTropolo­
gebisTvis termini kultura aRniSnavs azrovnebi­
sa da qcevis gansakuTrebul normebs, romlebic
gansazRvrul populacias an sazogadoebas axasi­
aTebs. so­cialuri jgufis kultura moicavs mis enas,
reli­giur rwmenas, sqesTa rols, bavSvebis aRzrdas,
saxlebis mSeneblobas da sxvadasxva ideasa da qce­
vis normas, romlebic farTod aris gavrcelebuli
da miRebuli am jgufSi. kulturuli anTropologi­
is sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa arqeologia (mec­
niereba, romelic Seiswavlis warsul kulturebs,
ZiriTadad, maTi materialuri naSTebis safuZvelze),
anTropologiuri lingvistika (anTropologiu­
rad Seiswavlis enebs) da eTnologia (Seiswavlis Ta­
namedrove da axlo warsulis kulturebs), romelsac
amJamad kulturul anTropologias uwodeben.
arqeologiaA. arqeologebi ara mxolod war­
sulSi mcxovreb adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebi­
sa da wes-Cveulebebis aRdgenas cdiloben, aramed
ikvleven kulturul cvlilebebsac da cdiloben
am cvlilebebis axsnas. es sfero TiTqos istor­
ikosebis saqmianobis msgavsia, magram arqeologebs
ufro Soreul warsulTan Sexebis saSualeba aqvT.
istorikosebs ufro xSirad saqme aqvT im sazogadoe­
bebTan, romlebmac werilobiTi wyaroebi datoves
da maTi kvleva adamianis istoriis daaxloebiT 5000
wliT Semoifargleba. adamianTa sazogadoebebi ki,
rogorc cnobilia, milion welze metia, rac arse­
boben da mxolod bolo 5000 wlis manZilze SemoiRes
damwerloba. yvela im sazogadoebis kvlevisTvis,
romelTac damwerloba ar gaaCndaT, arqeologebi is­
torikosebis rols asruleben. werilobiTi wyaroe­
bis ararsebobis gamo, arqeologebi istoriis aRdge­
nas adamianis kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis
Seswavlis safuZvelze cdiloben. zogierTi Zegli
iseTi grandiozulia, rogorc maias kulturis taZ­
rebi, romlebic CiCen icaSi (iukatani, meqsika) aR­
moCnda, ufro xSirad ki es Cveulebrivi Tixis Wur­
Wlis natexebi, qvis iaraRebi an nagvis grovebia.
arqeologebis umravlesoba ikvlevs preistoriul
xanas, rodesac damwerloba ar arsebobda. magram ar­
sebobs arqeologiis dargi, romelsac istoriuli
arqeologia ewodeba da igi ikvlevs axlo warsulis
adamianebs, romelTac werilobiTi wyaroebi dato­
ves. es specialoba iyenebs rogorc arqeologebis,
ise istorikosebis muSaobis meTodebs.
imisaTvis, rom Caswvdnen, ra da rogor iwvevda
17
cvlilebebs xangrZlivi drois manZilze msoflios
sxvadasxva nawilSi mcxovreb adamianTa sazogadoe­
bis cxovrebaSi, arqeologebi agroveben sxvadasxva
masalas adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilebidan. Cveu­
lebriv, es adgilebi gaTxras saWiroebs. gaTxridan
amoRebuli an Segrovili masalis safuZvelze Cndeba
kiTxvebi, Tu sad, rodis da ratom gaCnda pirvelad
iaraRis damzadebis mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxa­
siaTebeli Tviseba? sad, rodis da ratom ganviTarda
pirvelad miwaTmoqmedeba? sad, rodis da ratom dai­
wyes adamianebma pirvelad qalaqebSi cxovreba?
amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiro mo­
nacemebis Sesagroveblad arqeologebi iyeneben
sxva mecnierebebisgan aRebul teqnologiebsa da
aR­moCenebs, iseve, rogorc iyeneben Tanamedrove da
ax­lo warsulis kulturebis anTropologiuri Ses­
wavlis Sedegebs. magaliTad, imis gamosacnobad, Tu
ra adgili unda gaiTxaros adreuli iaraRis damza­
debis keris sapovnelad, arqeologebi ukavSirdebian
geologebs, raTa maT miuTiTon, sad ufro mosalod­
nelia adreuli adamianis saqmianobis keris povna
miwis eroziisa da awevis gaTvaliswinebiT, mis zeda­
pirTan axlos. imisTvis, rom daadginon, sad ganvi­
Tarda pirvelad miwaTmoqmedeba, arqeologebi Ses­
abamis gaTxridan amoRebul masalas qimikosebis mier
aRmoCenili meTodiT ikvleven. imis gasagebad ki, ra­
tom gaCnda Tavdapirvelad qalaqebi, arqeologebma
SeiZleba gamoiyenon informacia, romelsac isto­
rikosebi, geografebi da sxva mecnierebi miawvdian
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis ekonomikuri da politikuri
kavSirebi aqvT Tanamedrove da axlo warsulis qa­
laqebs TavianT Sida raionebTan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
SevZlebT gavigoT, ra aerTianebT Tanamedrove da
axlo warsulis qalaqebs, SevZlebT im mizezis dad­
genasac, ramac maTi warmoSoba gamoiwvia. amgvarad,
arqeologebi arsebul informacias Tanamedroveo­
bisa da axlo warsulis Sesaxeb Soreuli warsulis
amosaxsnelad iyeneben.
anTropologiuri lingvistika. anTropo­
logiuri lingvistika kulturuli anTropologi­is
erT-erT sferos warmoadgens. lingvistika anu en­
ebis Seswavla, arqeologiaze Zveli mecnierebaa, ma­
gram misi adreuli formebi koncentrirebuli iyo
mxolod arsebuli enebis Zveli werilobiTi for­
mebis Seswavlaze. anTropologiuri lingvistikis
spe­­cialistebma savele samuSaoebi iseT adgilebSi
daiwyes, sadac damwerloba ar arsebobda. es imas niS­
navs, rom maT ar hqondaT saSualeba, gamoeyenebinaT
leqsikoni an gramatikis saxelmZRvanelo. piriqiT,
maT pirvelebs unda SeeqmnaT leqsikonic da grama­
tikac da mxolod amis Semdeg SeZlebdnen enis struq­
turisa da istoriis Seswavlas.
biologiuri anTropologebis msgavsad, lingv­
istebi Seiswavlian xangrZlivi drois manZilze momx­
dar cvlilebebs da maT Tanamedrove variantebs.
anTropologiuri lingvistikis zogierTi warmomad­
geneli dainteresebulia enebis warmoSobiT da aTa­
sobiT wlis manZilze maT Soris warmoSobili gansx­
vavebebiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi enebis cvalebadobisa
da maTi urTierTkavSiris Semswavlel mecnierebas
istoriuli lingvistika ewodebaA. anTropologi­
uri lingvistebis interesis sagania, agreTve, gan­
sxvavebani Tanamedrove enebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT
ki is gansxvavebani, romlebic maT konstruqciaSi
arsebobs. lingvistikis am sferos, zogadad, aRweri-
lobiTi anu struqturuli lingvistika ewodeba.
mecnierebas, romelic socialur konteqstSi enis
gamoyenebas Seiswavlis, sociolingvistika hqvia.
18

sqesis kvlevis axali perspeqtivebi

elizabeT m. bramfili

albionis kolejis anTro­po­lo­ xelovnebaSi? actekebis dedaqalaq

giis profesori elizabeT m. bram­
fili socialuri uTanasworobis
problemiT ukanasknel kursze swav­
lisas dainteresda. arqeologebis
azriT, gvarebs Soris mniSvnelovani
socialuri uTanasworoba mxolod
axlaxan (arqeologebis enaze rom
vTqvaT) gaCnda, anu daaxloebiT
6000 wlis win. amis arqeologiuri
niSnebi savsebiT gasagebia – rTuli
konstruqciis samarxebi Zvirfasi
SigTavsiT zogierTi gvaris warmo­
madgenelTaTvis da didi sxvaoba
saxlebsa da qonebas Soris. magram
am uTanasworobis gaCenis mizezi
cnobili ar iyo. rodesac momavali
mecnieri miCiganis universite­
tis diplomirebul specialistTa
skolaSi swavlobda, mas ar akmayo­
filebda am sakiTxis sayovelTaod
miRebuli axsna, TiTqos uTanas­
woroba sasargeblo iyo sazoga­
doebisaTvis (magaliTad, adamianTa
umravlesobis cxovrebis done
gaumjobesdeboda winamZRo­le­bis
gamdidrebasTan erTad). Sem­dgomSi,
centralur meqsikaSi sadoqtoro
disertaciaze muSaobisas man dai­
wyo am Teoriis gadamowmeba teri­
toriaze, romelic Tavdapirvelad
politikurad damoukidebeli iyo,
Semdeg ki actekTa imperiis nawilad
iqca. Seiswavla zedapiruli masala
da istoriuli dokumentebi, Sedge­
nili rogorc evropelebis, ise ac­
teki didebulebis mier. mecnieris
aRmoCenebi ewinaaRmdegeboda so­
cialuri uTanasworobis `sasarge­
bloobis~ ideas; man aRmoaCina, rom
mas Semdeg, rac es teritoria ac­
tekTa imperiam SeierTa, mosaxleo­
bis cxovrebis done mxolod umniS­
vnelod gaumjobesda.
bramfilis kvlevis meore, mniS­
vnelovani sagani iyo qalebis cxo­
vrebis Seswavla. rogor imoqme­da
maTze actekebis imperiis eqspan­
siam? Seicvala Tu ara maTi samuS­
ao? rogor aisaxebodnen qalebi
tenoCtitlanis xelovnebaSi me­
omarTa da mamakacTa Tema imperiis
zrdasTan erTad prioritetul
mniSvnelobas iZenda. skulptureb­
Si asaxulia qalTa damokidebuli
mdgomareoba (mag­aliTad, daCoqil
pozaSi as­axva). magram im terito­
riaze, romelsac bramfilis kvleva
moicavda, qalTa gamosaxulebebi
Sinaarsobrivad ar Secvlila. mag­
aliTad, skulpturebis umetesoba
actekebis gamarjvebis Semdegac
qals fexze damdgars da ara daCoq­
ils gamosaxavda.
mravali anTropologis msgav­
sad, bramfili sakuTar Tavs ekiTxe­
boda, rogor SeeZlo dax­marebis
gaweva im sazogadoebisaTvis, sa­
dac cxovrobda savele samuSaoebis
periodSi. man gadawyvita, moewyo
gamofena, raTa am adgilas 1200
wlis manZilze mcxovrebi xalxis
warmatebebi warmoeCina. gamof­
ena qsaltoCanis mkvidrebs im aR­
moCenebis Sesaxeb mouTxrobda,
rac mecnierma maT miwaze gaakeTa.
bramfili agrZelebs kvlevas qal­
Ta mdgomareobaSi uT­anasworobis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb da imedi aqvs,
adamianebi mix­vdebian, rom igi `win
aRudga im­as, rasac arasworad miiC­
nevda da mTel cxovrebas dauTmobs
arqeologiur kvlevas, raTa kiTx­
vebze sakuTari pasuxebi ipovos~.

adamianTaA Semswavleli paleontologebisa da ar­
qeologebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTac xelT aqvT
materialuri masala warsulis aRdgenaSi dasaxmare­
blad, istoriul lingvistebs saqme aqvT mxolod
enebTan – da Tanac, xSirad iseTTan, romelTac dam­
werloba ar gaaCniaT (gavixsenoT, rom damwerloba
mxolod 5000 wlisaa, bevr enas ki dResac ar gaaCnia
damwerloba). damwerlobis armqone enebis Seswavla
gansakuTrebiT rTulia, radgan SeuZlebelia im enis
kvalis aRdgena, romelze molaparake xalxic aRar
arsebobs. lingvistebma, romlebic dainteresebul­
ni arian maTi istoriiT, muSaoba unda daiwyon Ta­
namedrove enebis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT. am enebis
Sedarebis safuZvelze isini gamoitanen daskvnebs
cvlilebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic SeiZleba warsulSi
momxdariyo da gamoewviaT is erTgvarovnebani Tu
gansxvavebani, romlebic amJamadac gvxvdeba. isto­
rikos lingvistebs, ZiriTadad, Semdegi tipis kiTx­
vebi uCndebaT: SeiZleboda Tu ara momxdariyo ori an
meti Tanamedrove enis warmoSoba erT winapar enaSi
momxdar cvlilebaTa safuZvelze? xolo Tu isini
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian, rodis da ram­
deni xnis win daiwyo maTSi gansxvavebebis gaCena?
istorikosi lingvistebisgan gansxvavebiT, aR­
werilobiTi anu struqturuli lingvistebi, Ziri­
Tadad, im principebis aRmoCeniTa da CaweriT arian
dainteresebulni, romlebic ganapirobebs enaSi
bgerebisa da sityvebis erTianobas. magaliTad, erTi
gansazRvruli enis struqturulma aRwerilobam
SeiZleba mogvces informacia imaze, rom bgerebi t
da k SeiZleba uTierTSemcvleli iyos sityvaSi misi
mniSvnelobis Secvlis gareSe. amerikul samoaSi yve­
laze did kunZuls SeiZleba uwodon rogorc tutu­
ila, aseve kukuila da axlad Casuli anTropologis
garda, albaT, yvela mixvdeba, rom saubaria erTsa da
imave kunZulze.

sociolingvistis interesis sferos enis soci­
aluri aspeqtebi warmoadgens: raze saubroben ada­
mianebi da rogori urTierToba aqvT saubrisas,
maTi damokidebuleba sxva enebsa da dialeqtebze
molaparake adamianebis mimarT, agreTve, gansxvaveba
sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa sau­
bris maneraSi. inglisSi Sexvedrisas yvela adamians
erTnairad ar mivmarTavT, magaliTad ise, rogorc
megobars mivmarTavT xolme. albaT uxerxuli iqne­
ba Sexvedrisas eqims saxeliT mivmarToT. mas, Cveu­
lebriv, Semdegnairad mimarTaven: `dila mSvidobisa,
eqimo braun~. enis gamoyenebis aseTi variantebi, gan­
pirobebuli im pirovnebis socialuri statusiT,
romelsac mimarTaven, sociolingvistisTvis Zalian
mniSvnelovaniaA.
eTnologia (kulturuli anTropologia).
eTnologebi cdiloben, Caswvdnen, E riT da ratom
gansxvavdebian axlo warsulSi mcxovrebi da Taname­
drove adamianebi erTmaneTisgan azrovnebiT da qce­
viT. eTnologia, romelsac Cveulebriv, moixsenieben
rogorc kulturul anTropologias, Seiswavlis
ada­mianebis azrovnebisa da qcevis iseT formebs, ro­
goricaa qorwinebis adaT-wesebi, naTesaobis struq­
tura, politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebi, relig­
ia, folklori da musika, Semdeg ki am Zvel formebs
Tanamedroves adareben. eTnologebi Seiswavlian,
agreTve kulturis dinamikas anu mis ganviTarebasa
da cvlilebas droSi. garda amisa, maTi interesis
sferos warmoadgens TiToeuli kulturisaTvis da­
maxasiaTebeli damokidebuleba rwmenasa da ritu­
alebs Soris. amgvarad, eTnologebs TiTqmis igive
mizani aqvT, rac arqeologebs, Tumca eTnologebi,
ZiriTadad, Tanamedrove adamianebze dakvirvebisa da
maTi gamokiTxvis meTodebs iyeneben, arqeologebi ki
warsul kulturaTa materialur Zeglebs Seiswavlian
da daskvnebi preistoriuli adamianebis wes-Cveule­
bebis Sesaxeb am monacemebis safuZvelze gamoaqvT.
eTnologebis erTi nawili – eTnografebi, TiTq­
mis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovroben, esaubrebian
da akvirdebian im xalxs, romlis wes-Cveulebebsac
Seiswavlian. amgvari savele muSaobis Sedegad isini
agroveben monacemebs da Semdeg am xalxis wes-Cveule­
bebisa da azrovnebis detaluri aRwerisaTvis (eTno-
grafiisaTvis) iyeneben. eTnografebs Soris arsebobs
zogierTi gansxvaveba maTi obieqtis kulturuli da
socialuri Seswavlis mravalmxrivobis Tvalsaz­
risiT. adre isini ama Tu im xalxis arsebobis yvela
aspeqtis erToblivad Seswavlas cdilobdnen, Taname­
drove eTnografebi ki ufro viwro specializacias,
erT konkretul mimarTulebas irCeven, magaliTad,
ritualur mkurnalobas, garemosTan urTierTobas,
modernizaciisa da globalizaciis gavlenas an sqes­
Tan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. eTnografebi xSirad
mxolod aRweriT ar kmayofildebian da kulturis
zogierTi aspeqtis asaxsnelad Tanamedrove anTro­
pologiur gamocemebs mimarTaven xolme.
imis gamo, rom mravalma kulturam uaxloes war­
sulSi seriozuli cvlilebebi ganicada, Zalze
mniSv­nelovania eTnologiis kidev erTi dargi – en-
Toistoria. eTnoistorikosebi Seiswavlian, rogor
icv­leba droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianTa gansazRvru­
li jgufis cxovreba. isini Seiswavlian werilobiT
dokumentebs da SeiZleba mravali weli dauTmon ise­
Ti dokumentebis Seswavlas, rogoricaa misionerTa,
vaWarTa da mkvlevarTa Canawerebi, samTavrobo do­
kumentebi da Seecadon im kulturuli cvlilebebis
aRdgenas, romlebic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
gaCnda. gansxvavebiT eTnografebisgan, romlebic
ZiriTadad, sakuTar dakvirvebebs eyrdnobian, eT­
19
noistorikosebi kvlevas sxvebis mier datovebuli
an mowodebuli cnobebis mixedviT awarmoeben. maT
xSirad gafantuli da aSkarad urTierTsawinaaRm­
dego informaciis Segroveba da damuSaveba uxde­
baT. amgvarad, eTnoistorikosis samuSao Zalian
emsgavseba istorikosisas im gansxvavebiT, rom eT­
noistorikosi, Cveulebriv, im adamianTa istorias
ikvlevs, romelTac werilobiTi dokumentebi Tavad
ar dautovebiaT. isini cdiloben xalxebis uaxlesi
istoriis aRdgenas da im cvlilebaTa Seswavlas,
romlebic am xalxebis cxovrebis wesma ganicada.
kroskulturuli kvleva (cross-cultural research) iy­
enebs eTnografebisa da eTnoistorikosebis mier da­
muSavebul monacemebs. am dargis mkvlevarTa mizania
kulturul niSan-TvisebaTa ZiriTadi saxeebis dad­
gena – romeli maTgania universaluri, romeli gan­
icdis cvlilebebs, ra iwvevs maT da am cvlilebebis
Sedegebi. ratom aris, magaliTad, zogierT sazoga­
doebaSi sqesTa Soris meti uTanasworoba, vidre sxva
sazogadoebebSi? damokidebulia Tu ara ojaxuri
Zaladoba cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi arsebul agre­
siasTan? ra gavlenas axdens moulodnelobebiT aR­
savse garemo pirobebi adamianTa cxovrebaze? amgvar
kiTxvebze pasuxebis gasacemad, kroskulturuli
mkvlevarebi iyeneben zogierTi kulturisTvis dam­
axasiaTebel niSan-TvisebaTa nimuSebs. kroskultu­
ruli Sedegebi mniSvnelovania arqeologebisTvi­
sac, gansakuTrebiT ki im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT
aRmoCenebSi cvlilebebis garkveuli materialuri
dadastureba aRiniSneba.
imis gamo, rom eTnologebi adamianTa wes-Cveule­
bebisa da qcevis mravali sferoTi arian daintere­
sebulni – dawyebuli politikuri da ekonomikuriT,
damTavrebuli xelovnebiT, musikiTa da religiiT
– es sagani bevr iseT disciplinas moicavs, romelic
adamianis arsebobis sxvadasxva aspeqts exeba, magali­
Tad, sociologia, fsiqologia, ekonomika, politika,
xelovneba, musika da SedarebiTi religia. kulturu­
li anTropologiis damaxasiaTebeli niSania, daadgi­
nos, rogor icvleboda adamianTa arsebobis yvela es
sfero sazogadoebidan sazogadoebamde yvela isto­
riul periodSi da msoflios yvela nawilSi.
gamoyenebiTi anTropologiAa
yovelgvari saxis codna saWiroa da gamosadegi.
fizikasa da biologiaSi kargad aris cnobili, rom
iseTi didi aRmoCenebi, rogoricaa dnm-is splaisingi,
kosmosuri xomaldebis kosmosSi Sepirapireba, kom­
piuteruli miniskularuli mikrosqemebis Seqmna,
ar moxdeboda fizikisa da biologiis samyaroSi Ca­
tarebuli farTomasStabiani gamokvlevebis gareSe.
fundamenturi principebis Cawvdomis gareSe, SeuZle­
beli iqneboda im teqnologiuri aRmoCenebis gakeTe­
ba, romlebiTac kacobrioba ase amayobs. mkvlevrebs
zogjer ubralo cnobismoyvareoba amoZravebT da
ar fiqroben imaze, Tu sadamde SeiZleba miiyvanos
isini dawyebulma kvlevam. swored amitom, amgvar kv­
levas ZiriTadi kvleva ewodeba. igive SeiZleba iTq­
vas socialur mecnierebebze. Tu mecnieri aRmoaCens,
rom sazogadoebebi, romelTac sabrZolo sportis
meti saxeoba aqvT, metad arian midrekili omisken,
es gamoiwvevs kidev ufro met kiTxvas, agresiis sx­
vadasxva tipebs Soris arsebuli kavSirebis Sesaxeb.
miRebuli codna sabolood im gzebis aRmoCenamde
migviyvans, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems, gamovas­
woroT iseTi socialuri problemebi, rogoric aris
ojaxuri Zaladoba da omi.
20

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

mkvlevari muSaobis procesSi: terens e. heisi

wignebsa da statiebSi
xSirad problemis pirdapiri
gadmocema xdeba: mocemulia
problema, mocemulia pasuxi
– es aris da es. rogorc mravali
mecnierisTvis sakuTari gamoc­
dilebiT aris cnobili, codna
yovelTvis pirdapiri gziT ar
moipoveba. rod ailendis kole­
jis profesori terens heisi
mogviTxrobs Tavisi savele muS­
aobis im daxlarTuli gzebis
Sesaxeb, romelTa gavlac axali
gvineis aRmosavleT maRalmTian
provinciebSi ndambas tomSi
cxovrebisas mouxda. Tavidan
misi Seswavlis sagani iyo ar­
sebuli gansxvaveba adamianTa
sxvadasxva tipebs Soris (magal­
iTad, kacebis da qalebis) mcena­
reebis Sesaxeb arsebul codnaSi
da gansxvavebulad axdendnen Tu lebi erTmaneTs unda moridebodnen. beli iyo Sedareba. amitom man
ara isini mcenareTa klasifika­ sanam mecnieri agrovebda Tqmule­ daiwyo miTebisa da Tqmule­
cias (daintereseba mcenareTa bebsa da miTebs eTnobiologiaSi Ta­ bebis Segroveba kolegebs So­
da cxovelTa klasifikaciiT, visi gamokvlevisTvis, paralelurad ris, romlebic axali gvineis
eTnobiologia, mWidrod aris ecnoboda istoriebs im safrTxis Ses­ maRalmTiani regionebis sxva
dakavSirebuli lingvistur axeb, romelic mamakacebs qalebTan sazogadoebebTan muSaobdnen.
kvlevasTan). 1972 wels, Tavisi urTierTobisas emuqrebodaT. Sesadarebeli masalis Seg­
pirveli savele muSaobis peri­ am ceremoniebma da miTebma heisis rovebis procesSi mecnieri
odSi igi daeswro 10-12 wlis cnobismoyvareoba gaamZafra. ram­ mixvda, rom ar gaaCnda saWiro
biWebis iniciaciis ceremonias. denad didi mniSvneloba aqvs miTebs eTnografiuli informacia,
es iyo dramatuli da travmat­ kulturuli movlenebis arsebobis romlis mosapovebladac velze
uli `gadasavlis~ rituali, ro­ gaxangrZlivebaSi? aris Tu ara sxva dabrunda. heisi aRniSnavda:
melic mamakacobaSi gadasvlas sazogadoebebSic, romelTac mamak­ `rogorc eTnografs, yovelT­
ukavSirdeboda. igi Seicavda acebisTvis calke saxlebi aqvT, ms­ vis miCndeboda kiTxva: saidan
fizikur travmas - cxviridan gavsi miTebi? savele samuSaoebidan ici, rom es mosazreba sworia?
sisxldenas, aseve socialur saxlSi dabrunebis Semdeg igi mixvda, da Tu didi wvalebis Semdeg
travmas - ~Tavdasxmas~ qalebis rom sxvadasxva sazogadoebas Sei­ mividodi garkveul daskvnamde
mxridan da tyeSi ganmartoebiT Zleba erTmaneTis msgavsi gadmocema ndambas tomis Sesaxeb, Cndeboda
datovebas. ceremonias hqonda da miTi hqondes. ukavSirdeba Tu ara meore kiTxva: saidan ici, rom es
simboluri datvirTva, ro­ zogadad es gadmocemebi iniciaciis sworia, Sedarebis gareSe?~
melic gulisxmobda imas, rom ritualebs da sqesTa izolacias? am
sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgen­ kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad aucile­

maSin, rodesac bazisurma kvlevam sabolood Se­
iZleba mxolod daxmareba gagviwios praqtikuli
prob­lemis gadawyvetaSi, gamoyenebiTi kvleva praq­
tikuli TvalsazrisiT ufro TvalsaCinoa. dRes
profesional anTropologTa naxevari gamoyenebiTi
anu praqtikuli anTropologiis mimdevaria. gamoy­
enebiTi anu praqtikuli anTropologia cdilobs,
anTropologiuri codna ufro advilad gamosayene­
beli gaxados. am dargis warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT
praqtika anTropologiis nebismier an yvela sfero­
Si miiRon. bazisuri anTropologiis mkvlevrebisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelTagan TiTqmis yvela kolejebSi,
universitetebsa da muzeumebSia dakavebuli, gamoy­
enebiTi anTropologiis mimarTulebis warmomadgen­
lebi, umTavresad, tradiciuli akademiis gareT moR­
vaweoben samTavrobo da saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
organizaciebis, kerZo sakonsultacio firmebis,
sxvadasxva biznesis, sazogadoebrivi jandacvis, sa­
medicino saswavleblebis, samarTlebrivi ofisebis
da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da saqvelmoqmedo
organizaciebis CaTvliT.
biologi anTropologi SeiZleba gamoiZaxon sa­
samarTloSi Cvenebis misacemad, man SeiZleba imuS­
aos sazogadoebrivi jandacvis sferoSi an Seqmnas
adamianis anatomiisTvis Sesaferisi tansacmeli
Tu aparatura. arqeologebma SeiZleba daakonser­
von da muzeumebSi gamofinon eqsponatebi, SeiZleba
kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSao Seasrulon,
raTa aRmoaCinon da daicvan arqeologiuri Zegle­
bi iseT adgilebSi, sadac maT mSeneblobis an sxva
 21

gamoyenebiTi anTropologia
ganviTarebis programebis Seqmna soflis
meurneobaSi qalTa wvlilis aRsaniSnavad

rodesac 1970-ian wlebSi
anita springi pirvelad atareb­
da savele samuSaoebs zambiaSi,
mas soflis meurneobis mimarT
gansakuTrebuli interesi ar
hqonda. misi interesis sferos
samedicino anTropologia war­
moadgenda, samuSao ki samkurna­
lo wes-Cveulebebis SeswavliT
Semoifargleboda, romelSic,
ZiriTadad, qalebi da bavSvebi
iyvnen CarTuli. mis gakvirvebas
sazRvari ar hqonda, roca wlis
bolos masTan qalebis delega­
cia mivida da ganucxada, rom
mas warmodgena ar hqonda, ras
niSnavda `yofiliyo qali~. `qa­
loba fermerobas niSnavs~, _
uTxres maT. mecnieri aRiarebs,
rom iqamde did yuradRebas ar
aqcevda qalebs, rogorc fer­
merebs, amis Semdeg ki maTTvis
teqnikuri daxmarebis gaweva
daiwyo. qalebis ganviTarebiT
dainteresebuli sxva mravali
piris msgavsad, springic mix­
vda, rom ganviTarebis agentebi
xSirad arasakmaris yuradRebas
uTmobdnen qalTa wvlils sof­
lis meurneobaSi.
rogor unda Seicvalos ma­
makacze koncentrirebuli da­
mo­­kidebulebebi da meTodebi? erTi
saSualebaa, dokumenturad dafiq­
sirdes, Tu faqtobrivad ra wvlili
miuZRviT qalebs soflis meurneo­
baSi. esTer boserapis mniSvnelovani
wignis `qalis roli ekonomikur gan­
viTarebaSi~ (1970) gamocemis Semdeg,
mecnierebma daiwyes am sakiTxis Ses­
axeb monacemebis gamoqveyneba. gairk­
va, rom afrikaSi, saharis udabnos
samxreTiT, karibis zRvis sanapiroze,
aseve, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi,
qalebi mTavari fermerebi da soflis
meurneobis muSakebi iyvnen, ufro
metic, soflis meurneobis garTule­
basTan erTad mindorSi muSaoba met
dros moiTxovda, ris gamoc, qalebis
roli kidev ufro gaizarda. garda
amisa, mamakacebis umravlesoba samuS­
aod sxvagan wavida, aman ki gamoiwvia
is, rom fermaSi kacis gasakeTebeli
saqmec qalebs daawvaT mxrebze.
1980-ian wlebSi malaviSi springma
Seqmna da saTaveSi Caudga proeqts
`qalebi soflis meurneobis ganvi­
TarebaSi~, romelsac `SeerTebuli
Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
saagentosTan~ arsebuli organizacia
`qalTa ofisi~ afinansebda. proeqtis
muSaoba ara mxolod qalTa sakiTxe­
bze iyo koncentrirebuli, aramed
agrovebda monacemebs soflis meur­
neobaSi rogorc qalebis, ise
mamakacebis rolisa da maTTan
ganviTarebis agentebis urT­
ierTobis Sesaxeb. proeqtma
bevrad meti gaakeTa, vidre mx­
olod informaciis Segroveba
iyo. Seiqmna mini-proeqtebi,
romelTa saSualebiT xdeboda
ganviTarebis agentebis momza­
debis teqnologiebis gadacema
sxva regionebSic. springi aRni­
Snavs, rom programis warmateba
mxolod proeqtis damsaxureba
ar yofila. warmatebaSi didi
wvlili miuZRoda Tavad mala­
vis mosaxleobas, romelic cv­
lilebisken iswrafvoda. mniS­
vnelovani iyo agreTve gaeros
da sxva donori organizaciebis
mzardi yuradReba qalebis
problemebis mimarT. nebis­
mier saqmeSi Ecvlilebis Setana
mravali adamianis Zalisxmevas
moiTxovs. gamoyenebiTi anTro­
pologiis sul ufro meti war­
momadgeneli, iseTi, rogoric
anita springia, Tavdauzogavad
muSaobs Tavidan bolomde –
proeqtis Seqmnis etapidan mis
ganxorcielebamde da Sefase­
bamde.

mizeziT dazianeba emuqrebaT. lingvistebs SeuZli­
aT monawileoba miiRon orenovan saganmanaTleblo
treningebSi an imuSaon urTierTobaTa gasaumjobe­
seblad. eTnologebma SeiZleba imuSaon sxvadasxva
saxis gamoyenebiT proeqtSi, romlebic exeba: sazoga­
doebis ganviTarebas, qalaqis dagegmarebas, jandac­
vas, soflis meurneobis gaumjobesebas, mosamsax­
ure personalisa da organizaciis menejments, aseve
gacvliTi programebis adamianTa cxovrebaze zegav­
lenas. gamoyenebiT anTropologiaze ufro vrclad
vimsjelebT TavSi `anTropologiis gamoyeneba~.
specializacia
disciplinebis zrdasTan erTad xdeba maT mier sx­
vadasxva specialobasTan dakavSireba. es tendencia,
rogorc Cans, gardauvalia, radgan codnis dagrove­
basTan da meTodebis winsvlasTan erTad Cndeba zR­
vari, romlamdec erT pirovnebas SeuZlia muSaobis
gagrZeleba. amitom, garda adre mimoxiluli ZiriTa­
di mimarTulebebisa, calkeuli anTropologebi
cdiloben sxvadasxva specialobis SeZenas. magali­
Tad, anTropologebisTvis Cveulebrivi ambavia spe­
cializacia geografiaSi, romelic SeiZleba iyos ise
vrceli, rogorc axali an Zveli samyaro, an imdenad
viwro, rogorc samxreT-dasavleTi aSS. mecnierebi­
sTvis, romlebic warsuls Seiswavlian (arqeologebi
an adamianis Semswavleli paleontologebi), mis­
aRebia specializacia drois sxva periodebSi. eT­
nologebi, erT an or kulturul sferoSi muSaobis
garda, xSirad iZenen damatebiT specialobas kidev
ufro specifikur dargebSi. am wignis Tavebis umete­
soba sxvadasxva specialobas exeba. zogi eTnologi
warmogvidgeba, rogorc ekonomist-anTropologi,
politikos-anTropologi an fsiqolog-anTrop­
ologi. sxvebi icvlian Teoriul orientacias da
warmogvidgebian, rogorc kulturuli-ekologe­
bi, romelTa interesis sfero moicavs erTierTo­
bas kulturasa da rogorc fizikur, ise socialur
garemoTa Soris; Tumca, es specialobebi erTmaneTs
ar gamoricxavs. kulturul-ekologs, magaliTad,
SeiZleba ainteresebdes garemo pirobebis zegavlena
ekonomikur an politikur qcevaze an Tundac bavS­
vebis aRzrdaze. iwvevs Tu ara specializacia anTro­
pologis izolacias sxva saxis kvlevisgan? yovelT­
vis ara. zogi specialoba informaciis, rogorc
anTropologiis SigniT, aseve mis gareT arsebuli
sxvadasxva sferodan mozidvas moiTxovs. magaliTad,
eqimi-anTropologebi Seiswavlian adamianis janmr­
Telobisa da avadmyofobis kulturulsa da biolo­
22
giur konteqstebs. amgvarad, isini unda icnobdnen
ekonomikas, kvebis racions, socialuri urTierTo­
bebis modelebs, aseve damokidebulebebs da warmod­
genebs avadmyofobasa da janmrTelobaze. garda ami­
sa, maT sWirdebaT gamokvlevebis Catareba adamianTa
genetikis dargSi, sazogadoebriv jandacvasa da me­
dicinaSi.
anTropologiis aqtualoba
anTropologia SedarebiT axalgazrda disci­
plinaa. anTropologebma mxolod 1800-iani wlebis
miwuruls daiwyes cxovreba Soreul teritoriebze
mosaxle xalxebTan maTi Seswavlis mizniT. bunebis
fizikuri kanonebis codnasTan SedarebiT, Cven nak­
lebad vicnobT adamianebs, maTi qcevis normebis war­
moSobasa da gansxvavebebs. anTropologiisa da adami­
anis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebuli sxva mecnierebebis
SedarebiT gviani warmoSoba ar aris sakmarisi mizezi
am sferoSi Cveni codnis dabali donis asaxsnelad.
sxva sferoebis mimarT cnobiswadilis miuxedavad,
ratom vicdidiT amden xans, rom dagvewyo sakuTari
Tavis Seswavla? lesli uaiTis azriT, am fenomenis
Seswavla, miuxedavad misi Soreuli fesvebisa da
TiTqosda naklebi mniSvnelobisa, pirvel rigSi unda
moxdes. is miiCnevs, rom adamianebi sakuTar Tavs Ta­
visufali nebis citadelad warmoidgenen, romelic
bunebis kanonebs ar emorCileba da fiqroben, rom
swored amitom ar aris saWiro Cvens Tavs, rogorc
Sesaswavl obieqtebs, ise SevxedoT.
mizezebi, romelTa gamoc, mecnierTa azriT, SeuZ-
lebelia adamianis qcevis mecnieruli axsna, Semde­
gia: Cveni qcevebi da warmodgenebi Zalze individu­
alisturi da rTulia da adamianis gageba mxolod ~im
qveynad~ iqneba SesaZlebeli. es erTmaneTis Semavse­
beli debulebebia. Cven verasodes vipoviT Teoriebs,
romlebic adamianis qcevas axsnis, Tu ar virwmunebT
maT arsebobas an Tavs ar SeviwuxebT maT mosaZeb­
nad. Sedegi Tavidanve garantirebulia. adamianebs,
romelTac ar sjeraT aseTi meTodebis arsebobisa,
kidev ufro ganumtkicdebaT maTi ararsebobis rw­
mena, rodesac verafers ipovnian, magram Tu gvinda
adamianis arss CavwvdeT, unda davijeroT, rom es
SesaZlebelia.
Tu Cveni mizania adamianis arsis gageba, aucile­
belia maTi Seswavla yvelgan da yovelTvis. unda
arqeologebi qalaq niu iorkSi istoriul
adgilas muSaobisas. ori maTgani cris niadags
momcro nivTebis sapovnelad.
SeviswavloT rogorc uZvelesi, aseve Tanamedrove
adamianebi; unda SeviswavloT maTi kultura da bio­
logia. sxvagvarad rogor unda gavigoT simarTle
zogadad adamianebis Sesaxeb, rogor unda gavigoT,
ramdenad eqvemdebarebian isini cvlilebebs? Tu mx­
olod Cvens sazogadoebas SeviswavliT, miviRebT
Cveni kulturiT SemosazRvrul da ara zogad Sede­
gebs, romlebic adamianTa umravlesobisTvis dam­
axasiaTebeli ar iqneba. anTropologia mxolod maSin
aris mniSvnelovani, rodesac gvexmareba zogadad
adamianebis arsis gagebaSi.
amasTan, anTropologia aqtualuria, radgan igi
xels uwyobs xalxTa Soris gaugebrobaTa Tavidan
acilebas. Tu gvecodineba, ratom gansxvavdeba xalx­
Ta zogierTi jgufi Cvengan, naklebi mizezi gveqneba
ganvsajoT isini CvenTvis gaugebari saqcielis gamo.
garda amisa, mivxvdebiT, rom mravali gansxvaveba
adamianTa Soris gamowveulia maTi sxvadasxva garemo
pirobebTan SeguebiT.
magaliTad, kalaharis udabnoSi mcxovrebi kun­
gis tomis wevrebi, erTi SexedviT, vinmes SeiZleba
velurebad moeCvenos, radgan maTi sxeuli naklebad
aris Semosili, qoneba TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT, cxovro­
ben Raribul qoxebSi da ar sargebloben araviTari
teqnikiT. magram Tu warmovidgenT, rogor moiqceo­
da nebismieri Crdilo-amerikuli sazogadoeba erT
mSvenier dRes imave pirobebSi rom gaRviZeboda, ro­
gorSic kungis tomi cxovrobs, naxavda, rom urwyavi
miwa SeuZlebels xdis rogorc soflis meurneobas,
ise mecxoveleobas da iZulebuli gaxdeboda, mom­
Tabareobaze efiqra. amis Semdeg Tavidan moiSorebda
qonebis umetes nawils, raTa ufro advilad emogza­
ura da wylisa da sakvebis maragis tarebis saSualeba
hqonoda. autaneli sicxisa da sarecxisaTvis wylis
naklebobis gamo ki, SeiZleba SiSvlad siaruli ufro
praqtikulad CaeTvalaT, vidre tansacmlis tare­
ba. ueWvelad, mouxerxeblad CaTvlidnen, agreTve,
rTuli konstruqciis saxlebis mSeneblobasac. sazo­
gadoebis usafrTxoebisaTvis SeiZleba daewyoT
motanili sakvebis ganawileba. amgvarad, Crdilo-
amerikelebi Tu saerTod gadarCebodnen, albaT
bolos iseve moiqceodnen, rogorc kungis tomis
warmomadgenlebi da ara rogorc tipiuri Crdilo-
amerikelebi.
rogorc Cans, fizikuri gansxvavebebic sxvadasx­
va garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Cvens
 23

lia, rom ar viciT, ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi

sanam gamoCndeboda maRalteqnologiuri samedicino mec­­niereba,
xalxs mTeli samyarodan aRmoCenili hqonda, Tu rogor SeiZleboda
gamoyenebuliyo mcenare rogorc efeqturi samedicino saSualeba.
aq aris zogi samedicino mcenare, romelic gamoiyeneba adgilobriv
amerikelebsa da arizonaSi.
sazogadoebaSi mowonebiT sargebloben maRali da
gamxdari adamianebi. Tu aseTi garegnobis adami­
anebi iZulebulni gaxdebodnen arqtikul zonaSi
ecxovraT, isini siamovnebiT gacvlidnen TavianT
maRal da gamxdar sxeulebs dabalsa da mkvrivze,
radgan amgvari tipis sxeuli siTbos ukeT inarCunebs
da metad aris Seguebuli civ klimatur pirobebs.
anTropologiam SeiZleba axsnas zogierTi gauge­
broba, romelic mcire mizezebis gamo, sxvadasxva
kulturuli jgufebis warmomadgenelTa Soris qvec­
nobier doneze warmoiSoba. magaliTad, sxvadasxva
kulturas aqvs Jestebisa da adamianebs Soris dis­
tanciis arsebobis sxvadasxva normebi sxvadasxva
situaciaSi. arabebisTvis misaRebia imdenad axlos
dadgnen sxva adamianebTan, rom maTi sunis SegrZneba
SeeZloT. rogorc amerikaSi deodorantebis popu­
laroba gviCvenebs, amerikelebi piriqiT, adamianTa
urTierTobaSi ynosviT ganzomilebas gamoricxaven.
Cven vgrZnobT, rom adamiani, romelic Zalian axlos
modis CvenTan, zedmetad intimuri xdeba. am dros
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mas aseTi saqcieli SeiZ-
leba, Tavisi kulturuli Sexedulebebis gamo, am
situaciaSi mizanSewonilad miaCnia. Tu sxvaTa mimarT
Cveni Seuwynareblobis mizezi, nawilobriv, imis bra­
erTmaneTisgan, anTropologebis mier dagrovili
codna dagvexmareba mis SemcirebaSi.
warsulis codna dagvexmareba Tavmdablobisa
da srulyofilebis grZnobebis SeZenaSi. Tu gadavw­
yvetT msoflio problemebis mogvarebas, jer saku­
Tari susti wertilebi unda gavacnobieroT da ar
unda gvegonos, rom Cveni problemebi TavisTavad
gadawydeba. amasTan, sakuTar miRwevebzec unda vi­
fiqroT da gvwamdes, rom aucileblad mivagnebT
sakuTari problemebis gadawyvetis gzas. usiamovne­
baTa umetesoba, romlebic Tavs gvatydeba, gamowveu­
lia sakuTari mniSvnelobis gadametebuli SefasebiT
da imiT, rom Cveni Tavi zedmetad daculi gvgonia
– mokled rom vTqvaT, Tavmdabloba gvaklia. Cveni
evoluciisdroindeli warsulis codna daxmarebas
gagviwevs, vipovoT Cveni adgili biologiur samyaro­
Si. iseve, rogorc nebismier cocxal organizms, arc
erT konkretul xalxs an Tundac mTel kacobrio­
bas, ara aqvs imis garantia, rom SeZlebs ukvdavebas
miaRwios. dedamiwa icvleba, icvleba garemomcveli
buneba da icvlebian Tavad adamianebi da is, rac Sei­
Zleba gadarCes da yvaodes dRes, momavalSi SeiZleba
daiRupos.
magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom Cvenma dRevandelma
daucvelobam Tavi ususurad gvagrZnobinos. mra­
vali mizezi arsebobs imisTvis, rom momavlis rwmena
gvqondes. warmoidgineT, ras mivaRwieT dRemde. qvisa
da xis iaraRebiT vnadirobdiT Cvenze bevrad didsa
da Zlier cxovelebze, viswavleT cecxlis danTeba,
siTbos SenarCuneba da sakvebis momzadeba. mcenare­
Ta gaSenebiT da cxovelTa moSinaurebiT sakvebis mo­
maragebaze meti kontroli movipoveT da SevqmeniT
myari sacxovrebeli saxlebi; maRaroebSi sxvadasxva
liTonebis mopovebisa da maTi Senadnobebis Seqmnis
Semdeg ufro magari da gamZle iaraRebis damzadeba
daviwyeT. avaSeneT qalaqebi da sarwyavi sistemebi,
arqiteqturuli Zeglebi da xomaldebi; SesaZlebeli
gavxadeT erT dReSi erTi kontinentidan meoreze
gadaadgileba. davamarcxeT bevri avadmyofoba da
gavzardeT adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba.
mokled, adamianebi da maTi kultura istoriis
ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. mosaxleoba
xSirad axerxebda cvalebad pirobebTan Seguebas,
amitom, imedi viqonioT, rom amas awmyosa da momaval­
Sic SevZlebT.

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi
yovel Semdgom Tavs daerT­
vis nawyvetebi am wignis avtor­
Ta statiebidan. originaluri
statiebis mizania, warmogvidgi­
non, ras fiqrobs esa Tu is
anTropologi Tavis muSao­
baze. am statiaTa erToblioba
aSuqebs anTropologiuri kvle­
vis mra­­­va­­l­ferovnebas. TavebSi,
romlebic fizikur anTropo­
logiasa da arqeologias exeba,
mowveuli avtorebi gansxvavebuli
qvedisciplinebis sazRvrebze msj­
eloben. kulturuli anTropologi­
isadmi miZRvnil TavebSi adamianTa
kulturis mravalferovnebas aSuqe­
ben. mravali mecnieruli portreti
gadmogvcems eTnografebis velze
muSaobis pirad gamocdilebas. es
Cveni gansakuTrebuli mizani iyo.
gvinda studentebs davanaxoT gan­
sxvaveba ara mxolod anTropologi­
uri kvlevis meTodebs, aramed
TviT anTropologebs Sorisac.
amgvarad, CarCoebSi `anTrop­
ologiuri pirvelwyaroebi~,
romlebic Semdgom TavebSi
SegxvdebaT, gadmocemulia Ta­
namedrove anTropologiuri
azrovnebisa da kvlevis mTeli
simdidre da masStabi.
24
Sejameba
1. anTropologia, ZiriTadad, adamians Seiswavlis.
is adamianis Semswavleli sxva disciplinebisgan
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom ufro farTo Tvalsawieri
aqvs. igi moicavs msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi
mcxovreb xalxebs (ara mxolod CvenTan axlos
mcxovrebT) da Tvals adevnebs adamianTa evolu­
ciasa da kulturul ganviTarebas milioni wlis
winandeli droidan moyolebuli dRemde.
2. anTropologiis meore damaxasiaTebeli niSania
adamianis Seswavlis mimarT erTiani (holiste­
riuli) midgoma. anTropologebi Seiswavlian ara
mxolod adamianTa yvela saxesxvaobas, aramed am
adamianTa gamocdilebis yvela aspeqtsac.
3. anTropologebis kvlevis sagania garkveuli
mosaxleobis tipuri damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis
(Tvisebebi, wes-Cveulebebi) identificireba da
axsna.
4. biologiuri anu fizikuri anTropologia am
disciplinis ZiriTadi nawilebia. biologiuri
anTropologia adamianis warmoSobasa da mis Sem­
dgom fizikur evolucias Seiswavlis (am mimar­
Tulebas adamianTa paleontologia ewodeba). igi
aseve Seiswavlis, rogor da ratom icvlebian Ta­
namedrove adamianTa populaciebi (am mimarTule­
bas adamianTa cvalebadoba ewodeba).
5. anTropologiis erT-erTi dargia kulturuli
anTropologia. mas sami ganxra aqvs: arqeologia,
anTropologiuri lingvistika da eTnologia
(romelsac axla xSirad kulturuli anTropolo­
giis saxeliT moixsenieben). TiToeuli maTgani
Seiswavlis adamianTa kulturas anu ama Tu im
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel azrovnebas
da maTi qcevis wesebs.
6. arqeologebi cdiloben aRadginon istoriamdel
adamianTa ara mxolod yoveldRiuri cxovreba
da wes-Cveulebebi, aramed Tvali gaadevnon kul­
turul cvlilebebsac da axsnan maTi mizezebi.
maSasadame, arqeologebi aRadgenen istorias
sxvadasxva kulturaTa materialuri naSTebis
mixedviT.
7. anTropologi lingvistebi enebis warmoSobiT
da droTa ganmavlobaSi maT Soris gansxvavebaTa
warmoqmnis kvleviT arian dakavebulni (am sagans
istoriuli lingvistika ewodeba). isini Seiswav­
lian agreTve gansxvavebebs Tanamedrove enebs
Soris, rogorc konstruqciuli TvalsazrisiT
(aRwerilobiTi, anu struqturuli lingvistika),
ise metyvelebaSi (sociolingvistika).
8. eTnologebi (amJamad moixseniebian, rogorc,
ubralod, kulturuli anTropologebi) Seiswav­
lian, rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian erTmane­
Tisgan axlo warsulisa da Tanamedrove adami­
anebi azrovnebiTa da qceviT. eTnologTa erTi
mimarTuleba – eTnografebi, Cveulebriv, TiTq­
mis mTel wels romelime gansazRruli xalxis
wreSi atareben, maTTan saubrisa da wes-Cveule­
bebis Seswavlis mizniT. mogvianebiT, isini am
xalxis kulturuli da socialuri cxovrebis
mraval aspeqts detalurad aRweren. eTnologTa
meore tipi, eTnoistorikosebi, ikvleven werilo­
biT wyaroebsa da dokumentebs imis gasarkvevad,
Tu rogor icvleboda xalxis garkveuli jgufi
droTa ganmavlobaSi. eTnologTa mesame tipi
– kros-kulturuli mkvlevarebi, Seiswavlian eT­
nografebisa da eTnoistorikosebis mier Sekre­
bil monacemebs da cdiloben, Caswvdnen, garkveul
wes-CveulebaTa romeli ganmarteba gamoadgebaT
ganzogadebisaTvis.
9. anTropologiis oTx qvedisciplinas Soris erT-
erTia gamoyenebiTi anTropologia. am dargis war­
momadgenlebi anTropologiur codnas praqtiku­
li miznebis misaRwevad umTavresad tradiciul,
akademiur farglebs gareT iyeneben.
10. anTropologia adamianebs meti tolerantobis
miRwevaSi exmareba. misi saSualebiT vigebT, ratom
arian sxva adamianebi iseTebi, rogorebic arian
kulturuli Tu fizikuri TvalsazrisiT. zogi
wes-Cveuleba da qceva, romelic iqneb uCveulod
da Seuracxmyofeladac mogveCvenos, SeiZleba
maTi gansakuTrebul garemo an socialur piro­
bebTan SeguebiT iyos gamowveuli.
11. warsulis codnam SeiZleba meti Tavmdabloba
da Tanac, sakuTari srulyofilebis SegrZneba
mogvces. rogorc sxva romelime cocxal orga­
nizms, arc Cven gvaqvs imis garantia, rom adami­
anTa romelime garkveuli populacia samudamo
ukvdavebas moipovebs. Tumca, warsulis codna
gvaniWebs sakuTari Tavis rwmenas momavlis prob­
lemebis gadawyvetaSi.
gamoyenebuli terminologia:
anTropologiuri lingvistika
anTropologia
gamoyenebiTi (praqtikuli) lingvistika
arqeologia
biologiuri (fizikuri) anTropologia
kros-kulturuli mkvlevari
kulturuli anTropologia
kultura
aRwerilobiTi (struqturuli lingvistika)
eTnografi
eTnografia
eTnoistorikosi
eTnologia
gaTxrisas aRmoCenili cxovelebi da adamianebi
an maTi anabeWdebi
istoriuli arqeologia
istoriuli lingvistika
erTiani midgoma (holisturi midgoma)
Homo sapiens
adamianis paleontologia
adamianTa nairgvaroba
paleoanTropologia
preistoria
primatebi
primatologebi
sociolingvistebi
ZiriTadi kiTxvebi:
1. ras Seiswavlis anTropologia?
2. riT gansxvavdebian anTropologebi TqvenTvis
cnobili sxva mecnierebisagan?
3. ras fiqrobT imaze, rom anTropologia adamianis
Semswavleli umTavresi disciplinaa?
 25

rogor aRmovaCenT
warsuls 2

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 warsulis nivTieri
sabuTebi (Zeglebi)

 warsulis nivTieri
sabuTebis Zieba

 masalis Seswavla

 masalis daTariReba

 arqeologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebi
26

rogor igeben arqeologebi da paleoanTropo­ basa da sayasbo saqmeSic ki. xisa da Zvlis iaraRebic
logebi imis Sesaxeb, ra xdeboda aTasobiT da mil­ iseve didi xania gamoiyeneba, rogorc qvis, magram
ionobiT wlis win? ar arsebobs am periodebis Sesaxeb maTgan gansxvavebiT, ise kargad ar aris Semonaxuli
raime werilobiTi wyaro, saidanac informaciis miRe­ arqeologiuri SeswavlisaTvis. zog adgilas xSirad
ba iqneba SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad amisa, Cven gvaqvs gvxvdeba liTonisa da minis artefaqtebi. isini kar­
warsulis amsaxveli sxva mtkicebulebani da maTi gad inaxeba da amitom SemorCenilia TiTqmis yvelgan,
~wakiTxvis~ saSualeba da sakmaod did informacias sadac ki gamoiyenebodaA.
viRebT Cveni winaprebis evoluciisa da cxovrebis
Sesaxeb. ekofaqtebi
warsulis nivTieri sabuTebi ekofaqtebi aris bunebrivi sagnebi, romlebsac
iyenebdnen adamianebi an adamianebis zemoqmedebis
arqeologebi da paleoanTropologebi warsu­ kvals atareben. amis kargi magaliTia cxovelebis Zv­
lis Sesaswavlad oTxi tipis faqtebs eyrdnobian: lebi, romlebic Cvens winaprebs Wamis Semdeg rCebo­
artefaqtebs, ekofaqtebs, adamianTa da cxovelTa daT. es Zvlebi erTi SexedviT raRaciT artefaqtebs
naSTebs da komponentebs. rogorc vnaxavT, TiToeu­ hgavs, magram isini ar aris adamianis mier damzade­
li maTgani iZleva unikalur cnobebs warsulis Sesa­ buli an saxecvlili, ubralod, maTgan gamoyenebuli
xeb. yvela erTad ki gvaZlevs detalur informacias da gadagdebulia. sxva magaliTia arqeologiur ub­
adamianis xangrZlivi cxovrebis ganvlil etapebze. nebze aRmoCenili mcenareTa mtveri. imis gamo, rom
Tumca, amgvari monacemebis ~wasakiTxad~ codna da adamianebs sxvadasxva mcenare saxlSi mihqondaT,
gamocdilebaa saWiro. arqeologebi xSirad pouloben maT mtvers. is yov­
elTvis erTi da imave adgilidan motanil mcenareebs
artefaqtebi ar ekuTvnoda da erTad imitom moxvda, rom adami­
anebs sxvadasxva adgilidan erTgan mihqondaT. ada­
yvelafers, rac adamianis mier aris Seqmnili an sax­ mianTa sacxovreblebTan xSirad pouloben agreTve
eSecvlili, artefaqtebi ewodeba. wigni, romelsac iseTi mwerebisa da mavneblebis naSTebs, rogore­
axla kiTxulobT, skami, romelzec zixarT, kalami, bicaa tarakanebi da Tagvebi. maT naSTebs adamianis
romelic ramis Casawerad giWiravT, artefaqtebi. sacxovreblebTan axlos imitom pouloben, rom isini
faqtobrivad, Cven artefaqtebis garemocvaSi varT, adamianTa mier Seqmnili pirobebiT sargeblobdnen.
romelTa umetesobasac vkargavT an vyriT. amgvarad maTi arseboba adamianTa arsebobiT aris gamowveuli,
xvdeba nivTebi arqeologiur nusxaSi. dafiqrdiT, amitom isinic ekofaqtebad iTvleba.
ramden nagavs qmniT dRis ganmavlobaSi? ramdeni
saxis nivTs yriT nagavSi? umetesad qaRalds, magram namarxebi
albaT xesac (magaliTad, lanCze mirTmeuli nayinis
joxs), plastmass (kalams, romelSic wina saRamos namarxebi (cocxal organizmTa naSTebi) ufro
melani gaTavda) da iqneb liTonsac (dablagvebuli iSviaTad gvxvdeba, magram adamianTa biologiuri
samarTebeli Tqvens saparsSi). nagvidan es nivTebi evoluciis SeswavlisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvn­
nagavsayrelSi, Semdeg ki miwaSi xvdeba. Sesaferis eloba eniWeba. am rigs miekuTvneba talaxian zeda­
pirobebSi am nivTebis umetesoba gadarCeba, raTa mo­ pirze mweris an foTlis gaqvavebuli anabeWdebic.
mavalSi arqeologebma ipovon. nivTebis umetesoba, ganamarxebul bioss miekuTvneba agreTve cxovelis
romelTac arqeologebi Seiswavlian, swored nagavia gaqvavebuli ConCxebic. cxovelis sikvdilis Semdeg
– yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Sedegad dagrovili da ga­ organuli qsovilebi, romelTaganac misi sxeuli
dayrili, romelsac Semdeg arqeologebi pouloben
da Seiswavlian warsulis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
aRsadgenad.
Soreuli warsulis aqamde aRmoCenili arte­
faqtebis umetesoba qvis iaraRebia da maT arqeolo­
gebi liTosebs (lithics) uwodeben. liTosebi erTad­
erTi saxeobis artefaqtebia, romlebic adamianis
istoriis 99 procentisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
adamianebma qvis iaraRis gamoyeneba pirvelad ornax­
evari milioni wlis win daiwyes da zogierTi maTgani
dResac gamoiyeneba (magaliTad, safqvavi da sapri­
alebeli qvebi). qva gamoiyeneboda nebismieri dan­
iSnulebiT, risi mofiqrebac ki SeiZleba, saWreli
iaraRebiT dawyebuli da zeTis lamprebiT damTavre­
buli. Tumca, isini Cveulebriv, nadirobisas, sayasbo
saqmesa da tyavis damzadebaSi gamoiyeneboda. arte­
faqtebis meore, gavrcelebul tips keramika war­
moadgens (gamomwvari Tixisgan damzadebuli jamebi
da sxva WurWeli). misi warmoeba adamianebma pirve­
lad daaxloebiT 10000 wlis win daiwyes. keramikuli
nakeTobani, sakvebis Sesanaxi da dasamzadebeli Wur­
Weli, farTod gamoiyeneboda. imis gamo, rom Tixis
WurWeli erTdroulad msxvrevadicaa da advilad
dasamzadebelic, xSirad aRmoCndeboda nagavSi da ar­
qeologiuri Seswavlis sagani xdeboda. xisa da Zvlis keramikuli Tasi CineTidan. TariRdeba am teritoriaze miwaTmoq­
artefaqtebic sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo da gamoiy­ medebis Camoyalibebis periodiT _ daaxloebiT 6000 wlis win.
eneboda tyavis damuSavebaSi, samzareuloSi, nadiro­

Sedgeba, nadgurdeba. kbilebi da ConCxi, umTavresad,
araorganuli mineraluri marilebisgan Sedgeba da
amitom daRupuli cxovelebisgan es rCeba. xSiria
SemTxvevebi, rodesac garemo pirobebis zegavleniT
es nawilebic nadgurdeba. zogjer, aTasSi erTxel,
xdeba ise, rom am nawilebis dasakonserveblad Ses­
aferisi pirobebi iqmneba – magaliTad, roca vul­
kanuri ferfli, kirqva an mineraluri marilebiT
gajerebuli gruntis wylebi kbilis an Zvlis struq­
turas uerTdeba da maT gamagrebas iwvevs, rac maT
ganadgurebas xels uSlis.
magram Cven ar gvaqvs warsulSi arsebuli yvela
cocxali organizmis gaqvavebuli naSTebi. samwuxar­
od, Cvens xelT mxolod mcire raodenobis individebis
SemorCenili fragmentebia. am saxis masalis nusxa
arasrulia. robert martinis azriT, dedamiwaze pri­
matebis daaxloebiT 6000 saxeoba arsebobda, napovni
ki am raodenobis mxolod 3% naSTia. amitom, ra Tqma
unda, gasakviri ar unda iyos is faqti, rom paleon­
tologebs Zalian uWirT evoluciuri kavSirebis dad­
gena maTi primatebis adreulsa da gviandel formebs
Soris. es Zalian Zneli amocanaa mcire zomis ZuZum­
wovrebTan mimarTebaSic, romelTa naSTebi gaqvave­
buli saxiT ufro naklebad aris Semonaxuli.
komponentebi
komponentebi artefaqtebis msgavsi cnebaa da
maTgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom arqeologiuri ub­
nidan maTi advilad gadaadgileba SeuZlebelia. amis
kargi magaliTia kerebi. rodesac kera pirdapir SiS­
vel miwaze mdebareobs, miwa Tbeba da icvleba – mis
SemcvelobaSi arsebuli mTeli wyali Sreba, miwis
kristaluri struqtura iSleba da formas icvlis:
xdeba myari, mowiTalo da odnav damagnitebulic ki
(amaze Semdgom visaubrebT). rodesac arqeologebi
keras pouloben, xedaven gamagrebul, mowiTalo
niadags, romelic naxSiriTa da nacriT aris garSe­
mortymuli. es artefaqtia – adamianis mier Seqmnili
obieqti. magram Zalian Zneli, SeuZlebelic ki iqneba
arqeologisTvis, qvis iaraRis an keramikis msgavsad,
misi miwidan amoReba da laboratoriaSi gadatana ga­
mosakvlevad. kera arqeologiuri ubnis ganuyofeli
nawilia da swored amitom miekuTvneba `komponent­
Ta~ jgufs.
kerebi gavrcelebuli parametrebia, magram kidev
ufro gavrcelebulia e.w. ormoebi. ormoebi adami­
anebis mier aris amoTxrili, Semdgom periodebSi ki
isini nagviTa da erozirebuli niadagiT ivsebaA. maTi
amocnoba advilia, radgan nagavi da niadagi, romle­
biTac aris isini amovsebuli, feriTac da faqturi­
Tac gansxvavdebian im niadagisgan, romelSic aris
kembriuli periodis trilobitis 500000 wlis winandeli
anabeWdi qvaze.
27
amoTxrili. komponentebis sxva tips warmoadgens
sacxovreblis iatakebi. es is adgilia, sadac adamian­
ebi cxovrobdnen da Sromobdnen. aq niadagi adamian­
ebis mier aris datkepnili da savsea maTi saqmianobis
amsaxveli narCenebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad: mcena­
reTa Teslebi, qvis patara natexebi, mZivebi da Aa.S.
aseTi namtvrevebis da narCenebis yvelaze didi ra­
odenoba nagavsayrelebze gvxvdeba. ufro xSirad es
nagavsayrelebi gamoqvabulebia, romlebic am mizniT
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mravaljeradad gamoiyene­
boda. dabolos, arqeologiur ubnebze yvelaze me­
tad gavrcelebuli kompopnentebia Senobebi. maT
ricxvs miekuTvneba rogorc qvis wreebi, romlebic
odesRac karvebis kedlebs akavebda, ise erTmaneTze
kargad morgebuli naTali qvebisgan nagebi sasaxlee­
bi. garemo pirobebis wyalobiT, zogan xis Senobebi an
maTi nawilebic ki aris SemorCenili. komponentebi
moicavs didi raodenobis mravalferovan masalas,
romelic uamrav saintereso informacias gvawvdis
warsulis Sesaxeb.
nivTieri sabuTebis aRmoCena
warsulis amsaxveli nivTieri masala yvelgan aris
Cvens garSemo, magram maTi aRmoCena yovelTvis advi­
li ar aris. arqeologebi da paleontologebi, Cveu­
lebriv, krZalaven aseTi adgilebis moZiebas. es iseTi
adgilebia, sadac arsebobs an eWvi aqvT, rom SeiZle­
ba arsebobdes Zveli drois adamianTa cxovrebisa da
saqmianobis kvali. SeiZleba aq adamianebi mxolod
erTi dRiT iyvnen dabanakebulni an mravali aseuli
weli cxovrobdnen. miuxedavad TavianTi zomisa da
konstruqciis sirTulisa, am adgilebs yovelTvis
didi mniSvneloba aqvs warsuli cxovrebis aRdg­
enisTvis.
rogor iqmneba Zeglebi?
Zeglebi iqmneba, rodesac adamianis saqmianobis
narCenebi raime bunebrivi procesebis gamo, ifareba
an imarxeba. yvelaze dramatuli movlenaa vulkanuri
amofrqveva _ sul raRac wamebis ganmavlobaSi sru­
liad imarxebian adamianebi maTi qcevisa da saqmiano­
bis amsaxvel pirobebSi. amis yvelaze STambeWdavi
magaliTia Zv. w. 79 wels momxdari vulkan vezuvis
amofrqveva, romlis drosac daimarxa qalaqi pompei.
Tanamedrove arqeologebs gaTxrebis dros uZvelesi
qalaqi zustad im mdgomareobaSi daxvdaT, rogor­
Sic amofrqvevis momentSi iyo. naklebad dramatulia
adamianTa arsebobis amsaxveli Zeglebis damarxva
bunebrivi pirobebis – nagvis dagrovebis an eroziis
gamo. wylisa da qaris zemoqmedebis wyalobiT, miwam
da nagavma SeiZleba ubani dafaros swrafad (wyal­
didoba) an Zalian nela da xelSeuxeblad Semoinaxos
adamianis mier datovebuli artefaqtebi, ekofaqte­
bi da parametrebi. dabolos, Tavad niadagis warmo­
qmnis procesmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios artefaqtebis,
ekofaqtebis, cxovelTa/mcenareTa naSTebisa da max­
asiaTeblebis damarxva imgvarad, rom arqeologebma
SeZlon SemdgomSi maTi aRmoCena. magaliTad, tyeebSi
Camocvenili foTlebi faravs adamianebis sadgoms.
droTa ganmavlobaSi es foTlebi lpeba da iqceva
niadagad, romelic am adgils TandaTanobiT, wlebis
manZilze mTlianad faravs.
28
`Zegli~ aris adgili, sadac arqeologiuri masala Cndeba Tavis kon­
teqstSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Zegli iseTi didi zomisaa, rogorc
am suraTze asaxuli qalaqi pompei, is SeiZleba daimarxos da aseT
mdgomareobaSi Semoinaxos.
imis gamo, rom cxovrebisa da muSaobisTvis mosax­
erxebeli adgilmdebareoba adamianis mier ramden­
jerme gamoiyeneba, mravali Zegli adamianTa ramden­
ime sxvadasxva dasaxlebis amsaxvel masalas Seicavs.
arqeologebisaTvis da paleoanTropologebisaTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is Zeglebi, romelTa
dafarvis procesi swrafad xdeboda ise, rom Zeglis
yoveli axali dasaxleba mkveTrad gamoiyofoda wi­
nasgan. aseT Zeglebs stratigrafiuli Zeglebi ewo­
deba. yoveli fena – stratum – erTmaneTisgan isea gamo­
yofili, rogorc namcxvris fenebi. stratigrafiuli
Zeglebi ara mxolod uadvilebs arqeologebsa da
paleoanTropologebs gamoyon dasaxlebebis Tanmim­
devroba, aramed iZleva TiToeuli fenis miaxloe­
biTi daTariRebis saSualebas – ufro adrindeli
fenebi danarCenebis qveS aris moqceuli.
taponomia
mniSvnelovania vicodeT, rom Tavad Zeglebis Se­
qmnis procesma SeiZleba maTi dazianeba an ganadgure­
ba gamoiwvios. zogi arqeologi da paleoanTrop­
ologi amtkicebs, rom iseTi bunebrivi procesebi,
rogoric qari da wylis eroziaa, ara mxolod marxavs
adamianebis mier datovebul masalas, aramed maTze
ise moqmedebs, rom Semdeg Zalian didi sifrTxile
sWirdeba garkvevas, Tu ra nivTia aRmoCenili aseT
Zeglze. magaliTad, harold dibli da misi kolegebi
amtkicebdnen, rom safrangeTSi gaTxrili qveda pa­
leoliTis Zegli qagni-l’epineti (Cagny-L’Epinette)
sinamdvileSi ar Seicavda qveda paleoliTis adamian­
ebis cxovrebis damadasturebel fenas, rogorc amas
winaswari gaTxrebis mixedviT varaudobdnen; metic,
dibli da misi kolegebi amtkicebdnen, rom is, rac
adamianis saqmianobis kvalis Semcvel stratigrafi­
ul fenad miaCndaT, sinamdvileSi iyo wylis kvali,
romelic Zegls kveTda da artefaqtebs ufro qvemoT
mdebare adgilas agrovebda. magram es imas ar niSnavs,
rom aseTi Zeglebidan araviTari daskvnis gamotana
ar SeiZleba, ubralod, saWiroa, arqeologebma da
paleoanTropologebma gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile
gamoiCinon warsulis interpretaciis dros.
rogor xdeba Zeglebis aRmoCena?
Zeglebis aRmoCenis raime erTi, gansakuTrebuli
meTodi ar arsebobs. uamravi Zegli SemTxveviT aris
aRmoCenili. mravali artefaqtis an zogjer kom­
ponentis aRmoCena SemTxveviT, miwis Txris dros
xdeba. arqeologebisa da paleoanTropologebis
mier Zeglebis specialuri Zebna – dazverva _ ori
ZiriTadi meTodis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba: 1. ad­
gilis fexiT Semovla 2. Soridan dakvirveba.
adgilis fexiT Semovla (dazverva) niSnavs imas,
rasac saxeli gveubneba – fexiT siaruls da Zeglebis
Zebnas. magram arsebobs mravali meTodi, romelsac
arqeologebi da paleoanTropologebi meti efeq­
turobisTvis iyeneben. esenia nimuSebis Segrovebisa
da sistematizaciis meTodebi. maT fexiT gasavleli
manZilis Sesamcireblad iyeneben. meore meTodi,
romlis gamoyenebiTac arqeologebs dasazveri far­
Tobis Semcireba SeuZliaT, aris maTi Zebnis foku­
sireba iseT adgilebze, romlebic adamianis binad­
robis adgilebs waagavs. paleoanTropologebi,
Cveulebriv, mxolod iseT adgilebze amaxvileben
yuradRebas, sadac Cans namarxis kvali, isini imave
periodiT TariRdeba, romliTac maTi Zebnis sagani
_ preistoriuli adamiani an maimuni. adgilis fex­
iT Semovla, marTalia, dabalteqnologiuri, magram
Zeglebis moZiebisTvis Zalian efeqturi meTodia.
Soridan dakvirveba Zeglebis aRmoCenis ufro
maRalteqnologiuri meTodia. misTvis damaxasiaTe­
belia iseTi teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs arqeologebsa da paleoanTro­
pologebs arqeologiuri Zeglebis arseboba Sori
manZilidan, miwis safaris qveS daadginon. zogjer
mineralebis an navTobis depozitebis gamosavlen
ufro Zlier, mgrZnobiare aparaturas geologebi­
sgan Txouloben. dedamiwis magnituri anu mizidu­
lobis velis, eleqtruli denis cvlilebebis dasa­
dgenad an dedamiwis centrisken mimarTuli energiis
pulsis gasazomad, Cveulebriv, iyeneben wuTobriv
cvlilebaTa azomvis meTods. rodesac am mcire cv­
lilebebis anu anomaliebis lokalizacia moxdeba,
SesaZlebeli iqneba maTi ufro dawvrilebiT datana
rukaze miwis siRrmeSi mdebare arqeologiuri de­
pozitebis siRrmisa da farTobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
arqeologiuri Zeglebis aRmoCenis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli teqnologiuri meTodia geomagni­
turi meTodi. igi emyareba faqts, rom dedamiwas
Zlieri magnituri veli aqvs, romelic imis mixedviT
icvleba, Tu ra aris miwaSi Camarxuli. iseTi kompo­
nentebi, rogoricaa kerebi, qvis kedlebi da organu­
li narCenebiT savse ormoebi, iseve, rogorc liTo­
nisa da keramikis artefaqtebi, dedamiwis magnitur
vels cvlis. dedamiwis magnituri velis yuradRebiT
gazomvis Sedegad arqeologs SeuZlia am nivTebis aR­
moCena. arqeologebi iyeneben maRali mgrZnobelobis
mqone instruments – magnitometrs, raTa rukaze
daitanon dedamiwis magnituri velis monacemebi did
farTobze. rodesac rukaze muSaoba damTavrdeba,
anomaliurad maRali an dabali maCveneblebis mqone
punqtebi miuTiTebs komponentebis an artefaqtebis
mdebareobas. xSir SemTxvevaSi, es anomaliebi yal­

ibdeba kanonzomierebad, romelTa amocnoba advili
xdeba. geomagnitur meTods xSirad `pasiur~ meTods
uwodeben imis gamo, rom arqeologi, ubralod, ar­
sebul geomagnitur vels zomavs. arsebobs Soridan
dakvirvebis `aqtiuri~ teqnologiebi, romlebic
iT­valiswinebs energiis pulsis miwis siRrmeSi gag­
zavnas da damarxuli obieqtis mier gadmocemuli
signalis Caweras. erT-erTi teqnologia, romelic
gansakuTrebiT xSirad gamoiyeneba, aris niadagis
radari (soil interface radar SIR). am mowyobilobis mo­
qmedebis principi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom radgan
sxvadasxva saxis niadagi radaris energiaze sxvadasx­
vanairad reagirebs, radaris pulsis niadagSi gaS­
vebisas da radarebis reagirebis Cawerisas arqeolo­
gebs SeuZliaT rukaze daitanon miwis safaris qveS
sxvadasxvagvari niadagis arseboba. rac mTavaria,
maT saSualeba eZlevaT rukaze miuTiTon miwis qveS
arsebuli iseTi komponentebis arseboba, rogori­
caa, magaliTad, qvis kedeli. radaruli kvlevisa­
Tvis arqeologi miwaSi amagrebs antenas, romlis
zoma damokidebulia gasaTxreli obieqtis siRrmeze.
antena agzavnis da iRebs radaris pulss, radaris
mier miRebuli signalebi ki qaRaldis lentze an kom­
piuteris failSi iwereba. es Canawerebi arqeologs
miwis qveS arsebuli suraTis warmodgenis saSuale­
bas aZlevs.
rogor xdeba artefaqtebis,
ekofaqtebisa da komponentebis
miwidan amoReba?
miuxedavad imisa, rogor iqneba aRmoCenili ar­
qeologiuri depoziti _ adgilis fexiT Semov­
lis Tu Soridan dakvirvebis gziT _ miwidan maTi
amoRebis erTaderTi saSualeba gaTxrebia. gaTxrebi,
TavisTavad, rTuli procesia, mas ori mizani aqvs:
1. Zeglis (an statistikuri aRnusxvisTvis vargisi
nimuSis) yoveli natexis povna 2. aRmoCenili nivTis
horizontaluri an vertikaluri mdebareobis zus­
ti Cawera. arqeologebma da paleoanTropologebma
TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad gaTxrebis mravali
strategia da teqnologia SeimuSaves da yoveli maT­
gani arqeologiuri depozitebis, artefaqtebis,
ekofaqtebis, ganamarxebuli naSTebisa da komponen­
tebis miwidan frTxil amoTxras da maTi mdebareobis
detalur Caweras iTvaliswinebs.
gaTxrebi ormoebis ubralo amoTxra ar aris,
Tundac maT swori kvadratebis forma hqondeT. imis
29
gamo, rom mxolod Zalian mcire raodenobis Zeglis
gaTxraa SesaZlebeli mTlianad (moiTxovs Zalian
did xarjebs, amitom arqeologTa umravlesoba am­
jobinebs zogierTi arqeologiuri depozitis xe­
luxleblad Senaxvas im dromde, rodesac SesaZle­
beli gaxdeba axali teqnologiebis gamoyeneba),
arqeologiuri gaTxrebi didi yuradRebiT unda
daigegmos imgvarad, rom gamoyenebul iqnas nimuSebis
Segrovebis meTodi. es meTodi saSualebas iZleva Se­
grovdes yvela saxis arqeologiuri masalis nimuSebi
mTliani Zeglis gaTxris gareSe. amisTvis arqeolog­
ma zustad unda dagegmos Zeglis gaTxra ise, rom misi
yvela nawili Tanabrad Semowmdes.
dRemde veravin SeZlo moefiqrebina artefaqtebis,
ekofaqtebis, ganamarxebuli masalisa da komponen­
tebis gaTxris iseTi gza, romelic Zeglis dazianebas
ar gamoiwvevda. es arqeologiuri kvlevisTvis dam­
axasiaTebeli ucnauri ironiaa. mokled rom vTqvaT,
gaTxrebis dros irRveva urTierTkavSiri ganaTxar
obieqtebs Soris. amitom profesionali arqeolo­
gebi gaTxrebis umetesobas im obieqtebze atareben,
romelTac ganadgureba emuqrebaT, Tanac mxolod
maRalprofesiuli TanamSromlebisa da umaRlesi
donis teqnikis gamoyenebiT.
arqeologebi da paleoanTropologebi monace­
mebs TiTqmis erTnairi meTodebiT agroveben, mx­
olod erTi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebiT: arqeolo­
gebis interesis sferos metwilad dauzianebeli
nivTebis mopoveba warmoadgens, paleoanTropolo­
gebisas ki _ dauzianebeli gaqvavebuli cxovelebisa
da mcenareebis naSTebis aRmoCena. amas mivyavarT zo­
gierT gansxvavebamde, rogorc monacemTa Segrove­
baSi, aseve maTi moZiebis adgilebSic.
arqeologebi eZeben xeluxlebel Zeglebs, sadac
dauzianebeli masalis mopoveba SeiZleba. paleo­
anTropologebi ki _ im periodiT daTariRebul
Zeglebs, romelSic maTTvis saintereso saxeobebi
cxovrobdnen da SesaZloa, gaqvavebuliyvnen. xSir
SemTxvevaSi, dazianebuli Zeglebis povna momgebian­
ic ki aris paleoanTropologebisTvis, radgan aseT
Zeglebze ufro advilia gaqvavebili naSTebis povna,
radgan eroziis gamo, isini SeiZleba miwis zedapirze
gamoCndnen da gaTxrebis Catareba saWiro aRar gax­
des. es imas ar niSnavs, rom arqeologebi arasodes
Txrian dazianebul Zeglebs. aseve, paleoanTro­
pologebic mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebs zogjer da­
zianebuli Zeglebis gaTxrisas akeTeben.
masalis analizi
mas Semdeg, rac arqeologebi da paleoanTro­
pologebi aRmoaCenen Zegls da amoTxrian arte­
faqtebs da sxva masalas, iwyeben mis `wakiTxvas~ war­
sulis Sesaswavlad. arqeologiuri Canawerebis aseT
`wakiTxvas~ analizi ewodeba. gaTxrebis msgavsad,
arqeologiuri analizi mravalferovani da rTuli
procesia, romelsac aq mokled SevexebiT. arqeolo­
giuri nusxebis Sesaxeb saubrisas aRvniSneT, rom
bevri ram, rasac kargaven an yrian adamianebi, nad­
gurdeba; agreTve, bevri ram, rac gadarCeba, Cvenamde
fragmentulad an dazianebuli aRwevs. amitom, ana­
lizis gakeTebamde arqeologebi monapovar masalas
akonserveben da aRadgenen.
30

konservacia da rekonstruqcia zogierTi saxe Zalian martivia da mxolod sagnis gaw­

konservacia aris artefaqtebis, ekofaqtebis da
zogjer komponentebis damuSaveba imgvarad, rom Sea­
Ceros maTi daSla, lpoba an Tu SesaZlebelia, gamoi­
wvios ganadgurebis ukuprocesic ki. konservaciis
mendas da gaSrobas iTvaliswinebs. arsebobs konser­
vaciis Zalian rTuli saxeebi, romlebic xangrZliv
qimiur damuSavebas da zogjer gansakuTrebul piro­
bebSi moTavsebasac ki moiTxovs.

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi
winaparTa Tayvaniscema dablobSi mcxovreb maias tomSi
religiuri rwmena-warmod­
genebis kvleva arqeologiuri
samuSaos erT-erTi urTulesi
nawilia. Tu adamianTa arse­
bobisa da socialuri yofis
damadasturebeli masala arqe­
ologiur angariSebSi advili
amosacnobia, rwmena-warmod­
genebis amsaxvel masalasTan
dakavSirebiT piriqiT xdeba.
amitom preistoriuli adami­
anebis rwmena-warmodgenaTa
sistemebSi gasarkvevad da maT
Sesaswavlad mecnierebs bevri
Sroma uxdebaT. patrisia make­
nanma aRmoaCina, rom imis gas­
agebad, Tu rogor iyenebdnen
miwas maias uZveles tomSi, jer
unda garkveuliyo, rogori
damokidebuleba arsebobda
adamianebs, maT winaprebsa da
miwis gamoyenebas Soris. magram
rogor unda moexerxebina yove­
live es, rodesac saqme 1000 wlis wi­
nandel kulturasTan hqonda? make­
nani amtkicebs, rom preistoriuli
adamianis religiuri rwmena-warmod­
genebis dadgena SesaZlebelia, Tu
mkvlevars eqneba gamokveTili Sexed­
uleba, romelic eTnografiul an is­
toriul kanonzomierebebze iqneba
damyarebuli.
arqeologebi ar agroveben ma­
salas uZvelesi adamianebis qcevis
Sesaxeb, isini agroveben materialur
masalas. arqeologiis erT-erTi
udidesi gamowveva, faqtobrivad,
im azridan gamomdinareobs, rom ar­
qeologebi fizikur masalas (dam­
tvreul keramikas, nagebobaTa nan­
grevebs da A.S.) im mizniT Seiswavlian,
rom warsulis Sesaxeb abstraqtuli
warmodgena (magaliTad, ratom da ro­
gor warmoiSva winaparTa Tayvanisce­
mis socialuri instituti) Seafason.
CemTvis ufro advilia adamianTa qce­
vis Sesaxeb mecnieruli kiTxvebis
dasma da sxvadasxva tipis arqe­
ologiuri nimuSebis warmosaxva,
rac SeiZleba pirvelive eTno­
grafiuli wignebis wakiTxvis
Semdeg dasruldes. maias saxelm­
wifo, romelic iukatanis naxe­
varkunZulze da meqsikaSi, Ciapa­
sis zeganze da aseve, gvatemalaSi
mdebareobs, safuZvlianad aris
Seswavlili, gansakuTrebiT maTi
kosmologia da ritualebi – ori
mTavari Tema, romelic gansa­
kuTrebiT kargad miesadageba wi­
naparTa Tayvaniscemis sakiTxze
arqeologiur kvlevas. maias
Seswavlis meore mniSvnelovani
wyaro, romelic uSualod warsu­
lidan modis, aris misi ierogli­
furi damwerloba da elituri
ikonografia (mmarTveli wris
warmomadgenelTa gamosaxule­
bebi).

mas Semdeg, rac mkvlevrebis sagangaSod aRmoCnda,
rom 1993 wels italiis alpebSi aRmoCenili daaxloe­
biT 5000 wlis winandelma egreT wodebulma `Tov­
lis kacma~ gaTbobis Semdeg obiT dafarva daiwyo, is
mudmivi gamyinvarebis msgavs pirobebSi moaTavses.
arqeologebma mas obi moaciles da gadawyvites, rom
imave pirobebSi unda SeenaxaT, romelTa wyalobiTac
Cvenamde moaRwia. amitom, SeimuSaves rTuli mowyob­
iloba, romelSic yinulovani garemo Seqmnes.
rekonstruqcia Tavsatexis awyobasaviT Zneli
saqmea. Cveulebrivisgan gansxvavebiT, es samganzo­
milebiani Tavsatexia da ar ici, romeli natexebi
ekuTvnis aRsadgen sagans da yvela natexi aris Tu ara
adgilze. Tavdapirvelad, unda moxdes masalis msgavs
tipebad daxarisxeba. magaliTad, erT Zeglze mopove­
buli keramikis aRsadgenad unda moxdes natexebis
daxarisxeba erTnairi feris, dekoraciisa da formis
mixedviT. Semdeg erTnairi natexebis SedarebiT unda
dadgindes, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, isini erTsa da imave
WurWels ekuTvnodes. mas Semdeg, rac Segrovdeba
erTi WurWlis savaraudo natexebi, unda moxdes Wur­
Wlis awyoba. rekonstruqcia xangrZlivi da rTuli
procesia, romelic zogjer wlebsac ki moiTxovs.
ras vswavlobT artefaqtebisgan?
rekonstruqciisa da konservaciis Semdeg arqe­
ologi da paleoanTropologi iwyeben artefaqtebis
Seswavlas. arqeologebs SemuSavebuli aqvT arte­
faqtebis analizis mravali specifikuri da xSirad
unikaluri meTodi. qvis iaraRi keramikisgan gansx­
vavebulad Seiswavleba, orive maTgani ki _ Zvlisgan
gansxvavebulad. miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra masalisgan
aris artefaqtebi damzadebuli, mainc arsebobs dax­
arisxebis mravali msgavsi meTodi.
tipologiis pirveli meTodia artefaqtebis dax­
arisxeba formis mixedviT. yvelaze gavrcelebuli
artefaqtebis formebi, rogoric aris liTonis an
keramikis nawarmi, sakmaod kargad aris Seswavli­
li imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes maTi tipebis
mixedviT dajgufeba. artefaqtebis garkveul ti­
pebad daxarisxeba formuli analizis ZiriTadi miza­
nia. tipologia saSualebas aZlevs arqeologebs,
garkveuli artefaqti imave konteqstSi ganixilon,
rogorc sxva, msgavsi artefaqtebi, romlebic sxva
Zeglze an zog SemTxvevaSi, sxva Zeglebzea aRmoCe­
nili. tipologia xSirad artefaqtebis Sesaxeb did
informacias iZleva, magaliTad, TariRis, kulturis
tipis, romelsac igi ganekuTvneba da zogjer imis
Sesaxebac, Tu rogor damzadda, gamoiyeneboda an
raze icvleboda es nivTi warsulSi. magaliTad, sur.
2-1 gamosaxulia tenesiSi mdebare Zeglze napovni is­
ris pirebis tipologia, romelic daaxloebiT Zv. w.
7300-5000 wlebs moicavda. droTa ganmavlobaSi isris
pirebis formebi Seicvala. (f) da (g) isris pirebis
fuZeebi gansxvavdeba (c),(d) da (e)-s fuZeebisgan, yve­
la maTgani ki gansxvavdeba (a) isris piris fuZisgan.
aseTi tipologiis daxmarebiT arqeologs SeuZlia
gamoiTvalos isris piris miaxloebiTi TariRi mx­
olod misi fuZis formis mixedviT.
 31

-5000

-5800

-6300

-6700

-6900

-7000

-7300

periodis Cinuri keramikis (Cinelebi Txelkedliani,

natifi WurWliT iyvnen cnobilni) damzadebis te­
qnologiiT. anderhili, garda imisa, rom Seiswavlida
longSanis keramikas da aTvalierebda Zeglebs, rom­
lebzec igi aRmoCnda, akvirdeboda agreTve msgavsi
keramikis mwarmoebel Tanamedrove meTuneebs. mec­
nierma aRmoaCina, rom keramikas amzadeben meTuneebi,
romlebic am saqmianobas mTel dRes uTmoben da aseve
isinic, romlebic naxevar dRes muSaoben. magram ase
iyo Tu ara warsulSic? anderhilma azoma am meTunee­
bis mier damzadebuli keramika da Caatara misi me­
meore meTodia artefaqtebis zomebis mixedviT
truli analizi. Tavisda gasakvirad, aRmoaCina, rom
daxarisxeba. arqeologebi maT zomaven da monace­
is meTuneebi, romlebic am saqmianobas mTel dRes
mebs mkacrad gansazRvruli wesebis mixedviT iweren.
uTmoben da isinic, romlebic naxevar dRes muSaoben,
amgvari metruli analizi, formuli analizis ms­
Tanabrad xarisxian da msgavs WurWels amzadeben.
gavsad, artefaqtebis tipologiuri jgufebis mixed­
dabolos, arqeologebi cdiloben, gaarkvion,
viT dasaxarisxeblad gamoiyeneba. sur. 2-2 gviCvenebs,
rogor gamoiyeneboda artefaqti. amis codna ar­
rogor xdeba isris pirebidan standartuli zomebis
qeologs uxsnis sarkmels uZvelesi cxovrebisken.
aReba. am zomebiT mecniers SeuZlia imuSaos tipolo­
imis gamo, rom es informacia Zalian mniSvnelova­
giaze imgvarad, rogorc naCvenebia sur. 2-1-ze. am­
nia, artefaqtebis daniSnulebis gasarkvevad Seiqmna
jerad, mecnieri yuradRebas aqcevs isris piris ara
urTulesi meTodebis mTeli rigi. qvis, Zvlisa da
formas, aramed zomas. marTlac, isris pirebis (a), (d)
xis iaraRebisTvis arsebobs meTodi, romelsac cve­
da (f) fuZeebis sigane suraTze 2-1 gansxvavdeba is­
Tis analizi ewodeba. misi saSualebiT, yuradRebiT
eve, rogorc gansxvavdeba maTi formebi. metruli an­
Seiswavlian iaraRis kideebis gacveTilobas, raTa
alizis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba is aris, rom masze da­
daadginon, ra daniSnulebiT xdeboda am sagnebis
myarebuli tipologia naklebad subieqturia, vidre
gamoyeneba. am meTodze Semdgom TavebSi SevCerdeb­
formebze damyarebuli. garda amisa, zomebis aReba
iT. keramikuli WurWlis daniSnulebis gasarkvevad
SeiZleba moxdes gatexili artefaqtebidan an maTi
ikvleven masSi CarCenil narCenebs, raTa gaigon,
nawilebidan, romelTa klasificireba formuli ana­
ra iyo masSi moTavsebuli. magaliTad, arqeologma
lizis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia.
patrik makgovernma da qimikosma rudolf mitCelma
mesame meTodia teqnologiuri analizi. arqe­
gaakeTes TurqeTSi, grodin Tefeze aRmoCenil Tixis
ologebs xSirad ainteresebT, rogor aris arte­
WurWelSi CarCenili Ria yviTeli nivTierebis ana­
faqti damzadebuli. misi damzadebisas gamoyeneb­
lizi. aRmoCnda, rom es iyo qeris ludis narCenebi,
uli masalisa da misi damuSavebis wesis mixedviT,
ramac ludis warmoebis uZvelesi keris dadgenis sa­
arqeologebs SeuZliaT gaigon misi damamzadebeli
Sualeba mogvca (es WurWeli Zv.w. 3500-3100 wlebiT
xalxis teqnologiis, ekonomikisa da gacvla-gamocv­
TariRdeba).
lis sistemebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, Tu raime masala
magram ras aZlevs realurad arqeologebs masa­
im adgilas xelmisawvdomi ar aris, niSnavs imas, rom
lis tipologia maTi formisa da zomis analizis saSu­
is vaWrobis Sedegad aris iq mitanili. arqeologebi
alebiT an imis codna, Tu rogor mzaddeboda da raSi
zogjer akvirdebian, rogor amzadeben imave arte­
gamoiyeneboda artefaqtebi? _ Zalian bevrs. tipo­
faqtebs Tanamedrove adamianebi da maT magaliTze
logia arqeologebs saSualebas aZlevs gamoiyenon
igeben uZvelesi artefaqtebis damzadebis teqnolo­
SedarebiTi daTariReba (razec mogvianebiT visau­
gias. en anderhili dainteresebuli iyo longSanis
brebT) maTi sxva, ukve daTariRebuli artefaqtebis
32

fiod gamoxatuli adgilebi gamoavlina. maT Soris

sur. 2-2 qvis iaraRis standartuli azomva
rigSi moTavsebiT. tipologia exmareba arqeologebs,
gaigon, romeli jgufebi ukavSirdebodnen erTma­
neTs warsulSi, rogor xdeboda informaciis gacvla
am jgufebs Soris, zogjer ki socialuri urTierTo­
bebis amsaxvel informaciasac ki iZleva (Sromis or­
ganizacia, vin visTan vaWrobda da A.S.).
magaliTad, karla sinopoli samxreT indoeTSi
mdebare rkinis xanis Zeglis _ vijaianagaras _
keramikas Seiswavlida. adre Catarebulma gaTxrebma
am Zeglis teritoriaze adreuli samosaxloebis mka­
iyo `warCinebulTa kvartali~, romelic maRali kas­
tis warmomadgeneli indoelebis sacxovreblebisgan
Sedgeboda, `aRmosavleTis veli~, romelic dabali
kastis indoelTa saxlebisgan Sedgeboda da `islam­
uri kvartali~, sadac, rogorc fiqroben, muslimani
vaWrebi cxovrobdnen. rodesac sinopolim samive
ubnis keramika erTmaneTs Seadara, mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebebi aRmoaCina: magaliTad, `islamuri kvar­
tlis~ keramikaSi bevrad meti sufris WurWeli iyo,
vidre danarCen orSi. es gansxvaveba sinopolim axsna,
rogorc Tixis WurWelSi sakvebis Senaxvis akrZal­
vis indusTa wesis zemoqmedeba. hindus zogierTi
tomi krZalavs sakvebis Sesanaxad Tixis WurWlis
xelmeored gamoyenebas, ris gamoc, WurWels xSirad
erTjeradi masalisgan (mag. foTlebi) amzadebdnen.
keramikas arqeologisTvis ara mxolod socialuri
organizaciis Sesaxeb SeuZlia informaciis mocema,
aramed religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebisa da sqesTa
rolebis Sesaxebac.
imis codna, Tu rogor aris damzadebuli arte­
faqti, arqeologs saSualebas aZlevs, gaigos uZve­
lesi adamianebis teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi.
magaliTad, Tomas uinma gaaanaliza Homo Erectus-
is mier 300000 wlis win damzadebuli qvis iaraRis
rogorc saboloo formebi, aseve maTi damzadebis
adreuli uxeSi meTodebi da aRmoaCina, rom am iara­
Ris Seqmna mravaletapiani procesi iyo, romelic
ramdenime erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul safexurs da
teqnologias aerTianebda. mopovebuli informacia
mecnierma Seafasa Jan piaJes mier Seqmnili adamianis
SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebis Teoriis mixedviT da
daaskvna, rom am iaraRis Semqmnel adamianebs iseTive
organizaciuli SesaZleblobebi unda hqonodaT, ro­
goric Tanamedrove adamianebs.

genderuli kvlevis axali perspeqtivebi

qalebi “Shell Mound Archaic”-is kulturaSi
(~niJaris yrilis arqauli~ kultura)

arqeologebis interesis cvlilebas droTa ganmavlobaSi. ar­ am kulturis mTavari dam­

erT-erT sferos warmoadgens
genderuli sakiTxi: rogor
unda gamovikvlioT preisto­
riul xanaSi arsebuli gender­
uli urTierTobebi? arqeolo­
giur konteqstSi sqesTaA Soris
urTierTobebis gamokvleva,
erTi SexedviT, SeuZlebelic
SeiZleba mogveCvenos. ra in­
formacia arsebobs sqesTa Ses­
axeb arqeologiur angariSebSi?
rogor SeiZleba informaciis
mopoveba sqesTa rolebis Ses­
axeb? amgvari informaciis mop­
oveba SesaZlebelia, Tu gaviT­
valiswinebT sqesTa romelime
garkveul rolTan dakavSire­
buli eTnografiuli masalis
qeologebi amtkiceben, rom amgvari
codna dagvexmareba ara mxolod
sqesis cnebis raobis gansazRvraSi,
rogorc es preistoriul xanaSi esmo­
daT, aramed zogadad preistoriuli
kulturis ukeT gagebaSi.
amisi kargi magaliTia Seril
klaasenis Sroma, romelic exeba md.
tenesis dablobze mdebare ~Shell
Mound Archaic~-is (niJaris yrilis
arqaul) kulturas. es Zegli ekuT­
vniT adamianebs, romlebic am teri­
toriaze daaxloebiT 5,500-3000 wlis
win cxovrobdnen. isini, ZiriTadad,
monadireobas da Semgroveblobas
eweodnen, patara soflebSi cxov­
robdnen da rogorc Cans, sezonu­
rad icvlidnen adgil_samyofels.
axasiaTebeli niSani is aris,
rom TavianT micvalebulebs
moluskebis niJarebis maRali
grovebis qveS marxavdnen. aseTi
gorakebis asaSeneblad, aTiaTa­
sobiT niJara gamoiyeneboda. ma­
gram daaxloebiT 3000 wlis win
moluskebis mopoveba da maTgan
samarxi gorakebis ageba uecrad
Sewyda. klaaseni amisma mizezma
daainteresa.
gaCnda ramdenime mosazreba:
klimatis Secvla, moluskebis
gadametebuli mopoveba da
moluskebis mompovebeli
xalxis emigracia; magram am
mosazrebaTagan savsebiT dam­
akmayofilebeli arc erTi ar
 33

aRmoCnda. Tanamedrove kul­ arqeologiuri masala, romelic gorakis agebis TvalsazrisiT,

turebSi moluskebis mopoveba,
ZiriTadad, qalebisa da bavS­
vebis saqmea. klaasens aintere­
sebda, SeiZleboda Tu ara es
saqmianoba, romelic rolebis
genderul ganawilebas iTval­
iswinebda, ufro metad nayofi­
eri yofiliyo. man gadawyvita es
problema qalTa datvirTvis
TvalsazrisiT ganexila, Tun­
dac isini sulac ar yofiliyvnen
moluskebis SegrovebiT dakave­
bulni. moluskebis Segrovebis
Sewyveta niSnavda imas, rom qa­
lebs meti dro gauTavisufl­
debodaT sxva saqmianobisaTvis.
ras SeiZleboda gamoewvia is,
rom qalebs moluskebis Seg­
roveba SeewyvitaT? ra unda
yofiliyo iseTi mniSvnelovani,
rac qalebis Sromas metad
moiTxovda?
qalebis Sroma SeiZleba mar­
cvleulis moyvanis mimarTule­
biT Secvliliyo. arsebobs daax­
loebiT 3000 wlis winandeli
adasturebs, rom am droisaTvis gavr­
celda ramdenime uxvmosavliani, ma­
gram amave dros Zalian Sromatevadi
kultura. magaliTad, chenopodium,
erT-erTi yvelaze uxvmosavliani da
sasargeblo kultura, romelsac wvr­
ili marcvali aqvs da romlis aReba,
gasufTaveba da damuSaveba mZime Sro­
mas moiTxovs. rogorc Cans, es Sroma
qalebs daawvaT mxrebze. maT ara
marto mosavali unda aeRoT, aramed
unda daemuSavebinaT, Semdeg ki mis­
gan sakvebi moemzadebinaT. amgvarad,
miwaTmoqmedebis damkvidrebam qa­
lebisgan sakvebis warmoebasa da da­
muSavebaSi axali samuSaos aTviseba
da Zvelis mitoveba moiTxova.
sasoflo-sameurneo saqmiano­
bam cvlilebebi Seitana ritualebsa
da ceremoniebSic. niJarebidan age­
buli samarxi gorakebi (yorRanebi)
Shell Mound Archaic-is (niJaris
yrilis arqaulis) dakrZalvis ritu­
alis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli niSani
iyo, romelic mniSvnelovan Sromas
moiTxovda niJarebis Segrovebisa da
rasac ZiriTadad, qalebi as­
rulebdnen. ufro gviandeli
sazogadoebebi TavianT micva­
lebulebs ukve miwayrilebis
qveS krZalavdnen. SeiZleboda,
rom es soflis meurneobaSi
miwis mzardi mniSvnelobis ga­
momxatveli yofiliyo? Tu asea,
ra rols asrulebdnen qalebi
gardacvalebisa da dakrZalvis
ritualebSi? SeiZleboda Tu
ara maTi statusi sazogadoe­
baSi Semcirebuliyo imis gamo,
rom dasamarxad saWiro nedleu­
lis momwodeblebi aRar iyvnen?
CvenTvis zustad ar aris
cnobili rodis gaqra Shell
Mound Archaic (~niJaris yri­
lis arqauli~ kultura) an ram­
denad Seicvala qalis Sroma
da sazogadoebaSi misi roli,
magram, rogorc klaaseni aRniS­
navs, genderuli sakiTxebisTvis
yuradRebis midevneba gvaZlevs
axal mimarTulebebs, raTa vupa­
suxoT gaCenil kiTxvebs.

dabolos, imis codna, Tu rogor aris artefaq­
ti damzadebuli, arqeologs saSualebas aZlevs
gaerkves uZvelesi adamianebis saqmianobasa da qcev­
ebSi. lorens qilim Caatara aCeulis xelculebis
cveTis detaluri analizi, romlebic Homo erectus-
is mier iyo damzadebuli da aRmoaCina, rom isini sx­
vadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda. zogi maTgani
aSkarad xorcis saWrelad gamoiyeneboda, zogi _
xis saWrelad, zogi ki _ miwis saTxrelad (rogorc
Cans, saWmelad vargisi fesvebis amosaTxrelad). zo­
gierTi xelculis erTi mxare erTi saqmianobisTvis
gamoiyeneboda, meores ki sxva daniSnuleba hqonda.
xelculi Homo erectus-ebis winaprebisTvis mraval­
daniSnulebiani iaraRi iyo, rogorc Svicariuli
armiis dana, romelsac mudam Tan atarebdnen. amgvari
codna imdroindeli adamianebis saintereso suraTs
gvixatavs: isini flobdnen sakmaod rTul teqni­
kas mravaldaniSnulebiani iaraRis dasamzadeblad,
romelsac Tan atarebdnen da sxvadasxva daniSnule­
biT iyenebdnen. es Cveni uZvelesi winaprebis qcevis
amsaxveli suraTia, romlis aRdgenac SeuZlebeli
iqneboda romelime sxva wyarodan.
gavigebT, rogor iyeneben ekofaqtebs arqeologebi
gareuli da Sinauri mcenareebisa da cxovelebis gas­
arCevad da imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor moxda maTi
moSinaureba.
paleontologebs (romlebic Seiswavlian adamian­
ebsa da sxva saxeobebs) bevri ramis moyola SeuZliaT
gadaSenebuli cxovelebis Sesaxeb maTi ganamarxebu­
li Zvlebisa da kbilebis mixedviT, magram es codna
mxolod maT aRwerilobaze rodia dafuZnebuli. Con­
Cxis dakarguli nawilebisa da Zvalze mimagrebuli
qsovilebis aRsadgenad, paleontologebi SedarebiT
anatomias emyarebian. axali teqnologiebi, rogori­
caa eleqtronuli mikroskopia, kompiuteruli to­
mografia da kompiuteruli biomeqanikuri modeli­
reba, gvawvdis informacias organizmis moZraobis,
Zvlisa da kbilis mikrostruqturisa da organizmis

ra SegviZlia SevityoT
ekofaqtebidan da ganamarxebuli
masalidan?
ekofaqtebi mravalferovania iseve, rogorc is
informacia, romlis miRebac SeuZliaT maTgan arqe­
ologebsa da paleontologebs. am TavSi ganmarxebul
masalaze SevCerdebiT, Semdeg TavSi ki, romelic zeda
paleoliTis samyaros eZRvneba, vnaxavT, rogor iy­
eneben arqeologebi ekofaqtebs uZvelesi bunebrivi
pirobebis aRsadgenad; qvemoT, TavSi, romelic kul­ aCeulis xelculi. lorens qilim Seiswavla misi pirebis cveTa, raTa
turuli mcenareebisa da cxovelebis moSenebas exeba, gaego, rogor iyenebdnen maT.
34
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. ganamarxebuli Zvlis qimiuri
analizi gviCvenebs, riT ikvebeboda cxoveli. pale­
ontologebi dainteresebulni arian, agreTve ga­
namarxebul organizmTa saarsebo garemoTi. geolo­
giaSi, qimiasa da fizikaSi SemuSavebuli meTodebiT
organizmis sikvdilis drois dasadgenad ikvleven
garemomcvel qvebs. garda amisa, organizmTan dakav­
Sirebuli florisa da faunis Seswavlis safuZvelze
ikvleven uZveles garemomcvel bunebriv pirobebs.
primatebis evoluciis amsaxveli masalis umete­
sobas warmoadgens kbilebi. sxeulis nawilebidan
swored igi aris umetesad Semonaxuli (ybebTan
erTad). cxovelebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
denticiiT – kbilebis raodenobiT, tipiT, zomiTa
da ganlagebiT. denticia gvaZlevs evoluciuri
damokidebulebis gasaRebs, radgan erTnairi evolu­
ciuri istoriis mqone cxovelebs xSirad kbilebis
msgavsi struqtura aqvT. magaliTad, arc erT mai­
muns, Tanamedrovesa Tu gadaSenebuls, ara aqvs or
saWrel kbilze meti ybis TiToeul meoTxedSi. es
niSani, sxvebTan erTad, ganasxvavebs primatebs dan­
arCeni ZuZumwovrebisgan, romelTac ybis TiToeul
meoTxedSi sami saWreli kbili aqvT. denticia infor­
macias gvaZlevs agreTve cxovelis zomasa da imaze,
Tu riT ikvebeboda igi. magaliTad, Tanamedrove pri­
matebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba gveubneba, rom xilis
mWamel primatebs kbilis brtyeli da momrgvalebu­
li gvirgvinebi aqvT, gansxvavebiT foTlisa da mwer­
is mWamelTagan, romelTa kbilebi ufro wawvetebu­
lia. tomografia exmareba paleontologebs kbilis
struqturis (sisqe da minanqari) aRdgenaSi. amgvari
gamokvleva cxovelTa sakvebis dadgenis saSualeba­
sac iZleva: (Teslebisa da Txilis mWamel cxovelebs
ufro sqeli minanqari aqvT). eleqtronuli mikros­
kopia Zvlis zrdis kanonzomierebaTa dadgenis saSu­
alebas iZleva: sxvadasxva saxeobas Zvlis zrdis gan­
sxvavebuli kanonzomiereba axasiaTebs.
paleontologebs SeuZliaT bevri ram gviTxran
cxovelis dgomis manerisa da gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb
maTi ConCxebis fragmentebis mixedviT. xeze mcxovreb
oTxfexebs wina da ukana fexebi daaxloebiT erTi
sigrZisa aqvT. SedarebiT mokle fexebis gamo, maTi
simZimis centri axlos mdebareobs im totebTan,
romlebzec gadaadgildebian. amasTan, maT grZeli,
mWide TiTebi aqvT rogorc wina, ise ukana fexebze.
miwaze mosiarule cxovelebi metad arian Segueb­
ulni swraf gadaadgilebas. amitom maT ufro grZeli
fexebi da mokle TiTebi aqvT rogorc wina, ise ukana
fexebze. araproporciuli kidurebi ufro verti­
kalurad mcocavi, mxtomeli da totebze moqanave
cxovelebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. vertikalu­
rad mcocavsa da mxtomel saxeobebs ufro grZeli da
Zlieri wina kidurebi aqvT, totebze moqanave saxe­
obebs ki _ grZeli ukana kidurebi. marTalia, rbili
qsovilebi Cvenamde ver aRwevs, magram ganamarxebuli
masalidan mainc SeiZleba mniSvnelovani daskvnebis
gakeTeba. magaliTad, xSirad Zvals emCneva kunTis
mimagrebis adgili. Tavis qalis Sida nawili gvaZlevs
informacias tvinis proporciebis anu im nawilebis
zomebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gankuTvnilia mxedvelo­
bis, ynosvis an mexsierebisaTvis. Tavis qala xSirad
informacias ynosvisa da mxedvelobis xarisxis Ses­
axebac iZleva. magaliTad, im cxovelebs, romelTaT­
visac ynosva ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mxedvelo­
ba, ufro didi nestoebi aqvT, Ramis cxovelebs ki _
Tvalis mozrdili budeebi.
ra SegviZlia gavigoT
komponentebisgan?
komponentebis analizi odnav gansxvavdeba ar­
tefaqtebis, ekofaqtebis da ganamarxebuli masa­
lis analizisgan, radgan SeuZlebelia laborato­
riebSi maTi gadatana (ix. Cven mier adre ganxiluli
kerebis SemTxveva). amitom maT iseTive analizs ver
CavutarebT, rogorsac artefaqtebs, ekofaqtebsa
da ganamarxebul masalas. miuxedavad amisa, arqe­
ologebma SeimuSaves mTeli rigi saSualebebisa,
romlebic maT uflebas aZlevs komponentebi savele
pirobebSi Seiswavlon. maT Soris upirvelesia ruka­
ze detaluri datana, rac, Cveulebriv, topografis
adgilze miyvanis saSualebiT xdeba. TiToeuli kom­
ponentis Sesaxeb keTdeba uamravi Canaweri, romle­
bic asaxavs ara marto imas, Tu ras warmoadgens kom­
ponenti, aramed imasac, Tu masTan dakavSirebuli ra
arqeologiuri masala aRmoCnda mis irgvliv. es in­
formacia ikribeba geografiuli sainformacio sis­
temebs meSveobiT (GIS), romelic saSualebas aZlevs
arqeologebs Seadginon Zeglze arsebuli komponen­
tebis ruka da gaaerTianon iqve aRmoCenil arqeolo­
giur masalasTan. am saxis informaciis gaerTianebis
Sedegad arqeologiur oqmebSi SeiZleba gamoaSkara­
vdes is kanonzomierebebi, romlebic mogviTxrobs
warsulSi adamianTa saqmianobaze.
imis TvalsaCino magaliTi, Tu rogor SeuZlia kom­
ponentebSi aRmoCenil kanonzomierebebs mogviTxros
uZvelesi adamianis saqmianobaze, aris reinj siTi
dasavleT-centralur ilinoisSi. adamianebi iq, aTas
welze metia, cxovroben da am xnis ganmavlobaSi maTi
dasaxlebis tipi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. daaxloe­
biT 2300 wlis win isini cxovrobdnen patara sax­
lebSi, romlebic mrgvali Sida ezos irgvliv iyo
aSenebuli. es kanonzomiereba rTuldeboda da TiTq­
mis 700 weli arsebobda. Sida ezo sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobis centrs warmoadgenda da SeiZleba sari­
tualo daniSnulebisac iyo. daaxloebiT 1000 wlis
win es kanonzomiereba dairRva. saxlebi ufro myari
gaxda da ukve swor xazze, rigebad iyo ganlagebuli.
es gulisxmobs radikalur cvlilebas adamianTa so­
cialur organizaciaSi. kulturaTaSorisi kvlevi­
dan (SedarebiTi kvleva eTnografiuli monacemebis
gamoyenebiT) CvenTvis cnobilia, rom iq, sadac mrgva­
li samosaxloebia aRmoCenili, sazogadoeba moq­
medebs rogorc erTiani politikuri da ekonomikuri
organizmi, xolo sadac isini sworxazovnad aris gan­
lagebuli, xSirad piriqiT xdeba. reinj siTiSi momx­
dari cvlilebebi asaxavs ZiriTadi socialuri da
ekonomikuri RerZis dasustebas da sazogadoebrivi
gaerTianebidan individualur meurneobaze gadasv­
las. es cvlileba, rogorc Cans, qahokiaSi, romelic
reinj siTidan 15 km. manZilze mdebareobda, didi,
centralizebuli sazogadoebrivi erTeulis warmo­
qmnas ukavSirdeboda. am gaerTianebis gavlenas re­
inj siTis msgavs sazogadoebebze SeiZleba dramatu­
lic daerqvas, radgan Sedegad TiTqmis aTaswliani
istoriis mqone social-ekonomikuri struqturis
gardaqmna mohyva.
informaciis konteqstSi moTavseba
Cveni msjelobis Semdeg, SeiZleba iseTi STabe­
Wdileba SegeqmnaT, TiTqos arqeologebi da pa­
leoanTropologebi artefaqtebs, ekofaqtebs,
ganamarxebul masalas da komponentebs ise Seiswav­
lian, rogorc individualur da erTmaneTTan kav­

Siris arqmone, ganyenebul obieqtebs. es Zalian Sors
aris simarTlisgan. sinamdvileSi reinj siTis aRwera
ufro tipuri arqeologiuri analizis msgavsia. is
drois paralelurad aerTianebs informacias kom­
ponentebis Sesaxeb da midis ganzogadebamde, Tu ro­
gor Seicvala iq mcxovrebi sazogadoebis social­
uri da ekonomikuri struqtura. Cven amas masalis
konteqstSi moTavsebas vuwodebT. konteqsti aris
mimarTebebi artefaqtebsa da sxva masalas Soris.
konteqstis analizi aris is, razec arqeologebi
da paleoanTropologebi muSaoben. artefaqtebi,
ekofaqtebi, ganamarxebuli masala da komponentebi
cal-calke, TavisTavad, SeiZleba Zalian lamazi da
saintereso iyos, magram maTi ~wakiTxva~ istoriis
aRsadgenad mxolod maTi sxva masalebTan konteqst­
Si moTavsebiT xdeba SesaZlebeli.
amis sailustraciod warmovidginoT, rom moce­
muli gvaqvs calkeuli asoebis nakrebi: abevilmnnoS.
es asoebi aq anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT aris ganlage­
buli iseve, rogorc mSvenieri artefaqtebi SeiZleba
ganlagdes vitrinaSi – wonisa da rigis mixedviT. ma­
gram es ganlageba rames gveubneba? _ arafers. sam­
agierod, ra moxdeba, Tu gvecodineba raime zogierT
am asos Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb – maTi konteqsti?
ra moxdeba, magaliTad, Tu gvetyvian, rom pirveli
aso, romelic vipoveT, aris m, rom Semdeg ipoves i da
n, magram ukuRma TanmimdevrobiT, rom o ipoves l-
sa da b-s Soris da rom i n-sa da S-s Soris iyo? imis
codna, Tu ra konteqstSi iyo napovni TiToeuli
aso, gvkarnaxobs, rom asoebi unda ganlagdes Semde­
gnairad: mniSvneloba. swored mniSvnelobas aniWebs
konteqsti artefaqtebs, ekofaqtebs, ganamarxebul
masalas da komponentebs.
masalis daTariReba
artefaqtebisa da sxva masalis konteqstSi Cadebis
umniSvnelovanesi nawilia maTi swor qronologiur
CarCoSi moTavseba. magaliTad, primatebis evolu­
ciis istoriis rekonstruqciisaTvis aucilebelia
primatebis ganamarxebuli naSTebis asakis codna.
adre daTariRebis erTaderT meTods SedarebiTi
daTariReba warmoadgenda. ukanaskneli 45 wlis
ganmavlobaSi daiwyo mniSvnelovani winsvla abso­
lutur daTariRebaSi, rac primatebis evoluciis
adreuli fazebis masalis daTariRebisaTvis saWiro
teqnologiebis ganviTarebas mohyva. SedarebiTi
daxasiaTeba aRniSnavs calkeuli nivTis an masalis
daTariRebas sxva nivTebTan an masalasTan Sedarebis
gziT. absoluturi anu qronometruli daTariReba
gamoiyeneba calkeuli nivTis an masalis realuri
asakis dasadgenad.
SedarebiTi daTariRebis meTodebi
daTariRebis yvelaze adreuli da yvelaze xSir­
ad gamoyenebuli meTodia SedarebiTi daTariReba,
romelic stratigrafiazea damyarebuli. strati­
grafia Seiswavlis sxvadasxva kldovani an niada­
govani fenis ganlagebis Tanmimdevrobas (ix. sur.
2-3). ufro Zveli fenebi, sazogadod, SedarebiT
axal fenebze Rrmad anu ufro dablaa ganlagebuli.
stratigrafiuli Tanmimdevrobis dasadgenad da
axal aRmoCenaTa SedarebiTi daTariRebisTvis in-
dikatori artefaqtebi an ekofaqtebi gamoiyeneba.
indikatori artefaqtebi an ekofaqtebi warmoad­
gens adamianis mier damzadebul nivTebs an adamia­
nis mier datovebul cxovelur an mcenareul nar­
Cenebs, romlebic drois mokle periodebSi farTod
35
gavrcelda an romlebic swrafad gaqra an swrafad
Seicvala. msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi SedarebiTi
daTariRebisTvis indikatorebad sxvadasxva arte­
faqti da ekofaqti gamoiyenebA. magaliTad, afrikaSi
stratigrafiuli Tanmimdevrobis aRsadgenad uaR­
resad didi mniSvneloba hqonda spiloebs, Rorebsa
da cxenebs. sur. 2-3 asaxavs olduvais xeobis strati­
grafiul Wrils. es Zalian mniSvnelovani Zeglia,
sadac adreuli adamianis ganamarxebuli naSTebi
aRmoCnda. am Zeglze stratigrafiuli Tanmimdev­
roba, nawilobriv, ganamarxebuli Rorebis monace­
mebis mixedviT dadginda. yovel momdevno fenaSi
Roris gansxvavebuli saxeoba dasturdeboda, ramac
arqeologebsa da paleoanTropologebs saSualeba
misca moexdinaT fenebis diferenciacia. mas Semdeg,
rac adgilis stratigrafia dadgindeba, unda mox­
des ori sxvadasxva ganamarxebuli biosis an kompo­
nentis SedarebiTi daTariReba imave an sxva Zeglze
aRmoCenili masTan dakavSirebuli indikatori arte­
faqtebis an ekofaqtebis saSualebiT. mTavari gadas­
vlebi artefaqtebisa da ekofaqtebis indikatorebSi
gansazRvraven epoqebs da geologiuri drois did
monakveTebs.
drois am monakveTebis sazRvrebis gamoTvla xde­
ba absuluturi daTariRebis saSualebiT, romelsac
Semdeg seqciaSi aRvwerT.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Zegli dazianebulia, srtati­
grafiis mixedviT misi daTariReba mizanSewonili ar
iqneba, radgan SesaZloa, sxvadasxva periodis masala
erTmaneTSi iyos areuli wylis nakadebis an qaris
gamo an SesaZloa, mewyerma zemodan ufro gviandeli
fena moaqcios. dazianebul Zeglze erTmaneTSi areu­
li ganamarxebuli masalis dasaTariReblad SesaZle­
belia qimiuri meTodis gamoyeneba.
ganamarxebuli cxovelebis Zvlebis dasaTariRe­
blad gamoiyeneba sami saxis qimiuri meTodi: ftoris,
uranisa da azotis. es meTodebi zogjer saerTo sax­
eliT `F-U-N trio~ moixsenieba. samive meTodi erT
ZiriTad principzea dafuZnebuli: Zvlebi da kbile­
bi miwaSi yofnis periodSi, qimiuri Semadgenlobis
TvalsazrisiT, mcire cvlilebas ganicdis, rac im
adgilis gruntis wylebis mineralebis SemcvelobaSi
gamoixateba, sadac es cxovelebi arian damarxulni.
gruntis wyali ftors Seicavs da amitom, rac ufro
Zvelia ganamarxebuli organizmi, ftoris miT ufro
meti Semcveloba eqneba. ftoris msgavsad, gruntis
wylis SemadgenlobaSi uranic Sedis da am SemTxveva­
Sic, rac ufro Zvelia ganamarxeba, miT ufro met
urans Seicavs igi. azotis SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT xde­
ba: rac ufro Zvelia ganamarxeba, miT nakleb azots
Seicavs igi. aqedan gamomdinare, ufro Zveli Zvlebi
met ftorsa da urans da nakleb azots Seicavs, vidre
SedarebiT axlebi.
magram F-U-N testTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba war­
moiqmnas problema imis gamo, rom Zvlebi asaxavs Ca­
marxvis adgilebis gruntis wylebis mineraluri Sed­
genilobis suraTs. mineralebis maRali Semcvelobis
adgilze aRmoCenil 30 milioni wlis winandel Zvlebs
SeiZleba ftoris igive Semadgenloba aRmoaCndes,
rac mineralebis dabali Semcvelobis adgilze aR­
moCenil 50 milioni wlis winandels. amitom, qimiuri
SedarebiTi daTariRebis meTodebis gamoyeneba erT­
maneTisgan didi manZiliT daSorebuli ZeglebisTvis
misaRebi ar aris. F-U-N testireba Semoifargleba
mxolod erTi da imave an mezobel Zeglebze mopove­
buli masalis dasaTariReblad.
qimiuri SedarebiTi daTariRebis yoveli meTodi
calke gamoyenebisas mxolod calmxriv Sedegs iZl­
eva, samive maTganis erTad, SeTanxmebulad gamoy­
 36

olduvais mTavari xeobis I-IV stratigrafiuli fenebi

yuradReba miaqcieT stratigrafiuli fenebis rTul Semadgenlobas – ToToeuli maTgani qvisa da miwis ramdenime fenas Seicavs. indeqsurma ganamarxebulma masalam (Rorebi), kalium-
argonis daTariRebasTan erTad mecnierebs saSualeba misca, gamoeyoT Zeglis oTxi stratigrafiuli fena, romlebic adamianis am adgilze arsebobis oTx periods Seesabameba.

eneba ki Zalze efeqturia. calke yvelaze sarwmuno
uranis testia. igi ar miekuTvneba mxolod Sedar­
ebiTi daTariRebis meTodebs. sxvadasxva depozitSi
aRmoCenil ZvlebSic ki daZvelebasTan erTad radi­
aqtiuroba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT izrdeba. imis
gamo, rom urani radiaqtiuri elementia, testirebi­
sas misi gazomva ar moiTxovs nimuSis dazianebas. ami­
tom amgvar tests, sxvebTan SedarebiT, garkveuli
upiratesoba aqvsA.
daTariRebis absoluturi
anu qronometruli meTodebi
absoluturi daTariRebis mravali meTodi radi­
aqtiuri izotopis daSlazea damyarebuli. imis gamo,
rom daSlis siCqare cnobilia, xdeba nimuSis TariRis
arqeologebi aTvaliereben gasaTxrel ke­
dels nipurSi, erayi. kedelSi Cayolebuli
sqeli TeTri zoli Senobis baTqaSiani iata­
kis fena. iatakze aRmoCenili nivTebi imave
droiT TariRdeba, mis qveS napovni nivTebi ki
ufro adreul periods miekuTvneba. warmod­
genili magaliTi stratigrafiis saSualebiT
daTariRebis TvalsaCino nimuSia
dadgena SesaZlo cdomilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
radionaxSirbadis meSveobiT daTariReba. ra-
dionaxSirbadis, anu naxSirbad14 (14c) meTodi
erT-erTi yvelaze popularulia absoluturi da­
TariRebis sxva meTodebs Soris. igi dafuZnebulia
principze, rom yoveli cocxali organizmi Seicavs
radiaqtiuri naxSirbadis (naxSirbad14 14c) garkveul
raodenobas. radiaqtiuri naxSirbadi warmoiqmneba
azot-14-is kosmosur sxivebTan urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad, haeridan mcenareebis mier Seiwoveba da
aqedan cxovelTa organizmSi xvdeba (ix. sur. 2-4).
sikvdilis Semdeg, organizmSi meti radiaqtiuri nax­
Sirbadi aRar xvdeba, arsebuli raodenoba ki iSleba
nela, magram Tanabari siswrafiT da kvlav azot-
14-ad gardaiqmneba (daSlaSi vgulisxmobT, rom 14c
gascems beta radiaciis gansazRvrul raodenobas
wuTSi). naxSirbadis daSlis siswrafe _ misi daSlis
periodis naxevari cnobilia – 5730 weli. sxvanairad
rom vTqvaT, organul sxeulSi 14c -is Tavdapirveli
raodenobis naxevris daSla xdeba misi sikvdilidan
5730 wlis gasvlis Semdeg. meore naxevris daSlas
kidev 5730 weli sWirdeba da a.S. daaxloebiT 50000
wlis Semdeg organizmSi darCenili 14c imdenad mcire
raodenobis iqneba, rom mis mixedviT daTariReba Seu­
Zlebeli gaxdeba. rom gavigoT, ramdeni xnis mkvdar­
37
ia organizmi anu ganvsazRvroT, ramdeni C14 darCa
organizmSi da aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad Zvelia
igi, an unda gamovTvaloT gacemuli beta radiaciis
raodenoba SefardebiT grami/wuTSi an Sesaswavl
nimuSSi 14c -is raodenobis gasazomad nawilakebis
amaCqarebeli gamoviyenoT. Tanamedrove 14c erT gram
masalaze erT wuTSi daaxloebiT 15 beta radiacias
gamoyofs, anu 5730 wlis asakis masala gamoyofs am
raodenobis mxolod naxevar (14c -is daSlis peri­
odis naxevari) raodenobas erTi grami masalidan
erT wuTSi. ase rom, Tu romelime organizmis nimuSi
gamoyofs 7,5 radiacias erTi gramidan erT wuTSi,
rac Tanamedrove 14c-is naxevaria, am organizmis asa­
ki 5730 weli unda iyos. aseve, imis gamo, rom nimuSSi
14c-is raodenoba droTa ganmavlobaSi klebulobs,
misi atomebi SeiZleba gatardes nawilakebis amaCqa­
rebeli wonis mixedviT gasacalkeveblad (SedarebiT
msubuqi C12 aqseleracias ufro swrafad ganicdis,
vidre ufro mZime C14) da TiToeuli maTganis raode­
noba gaizomos. am meTods AMS (aqseleratoris masis
speqtrometria) ewodeba da ufro zustia, vidre beta
radiaciis meTodi da amasTan, masalis Zalian patara
nimuSs saWiroebs da SeuZlia 80000 wlamde asakis ni­
muSebis daTariReba.
radionaxSirbaduli meTodis sizuste Semowmda
mkvdari zRvis niJarebsa da egvipturi samarxis xis
nawilebze, romelTa TariRebi winaswar iyo cnobili.
analizis Sedegebi savsebiT daemTxva istoriul in­
formacias.
Termoluminescenturi daTariReba bevri min­
erali gaTbobisas sinaTles gamoscems (Termolumi­
nescencia) zogjer manamdec, sanam Zalian gacxel­
deba. es civi sinaTle modis gaTbobis dros `gareSe~
eleqtronebis gaTavisuflebis Sedegad, romlebic
mineralebis kristalur struqturaSi iyo momwyv­
deuli. Termoluminescenturi daTariReba iyenebs
Semdeg princips: Tu obieqts maRali temperatu­
ris romelime wartilamde gavaTbobT, magaliTad,
Tixis qoTnis gamowvisas, xdeba yvela damwyvdeuli
eleqtronis gaTavisufleba, romelsac igi adre
Seicavda. droTa ganmavlobaSi sagani kvlav gaagrZe­
lebs garemomcveli radiaqtiuli elementebidan
38
14
C
14CO
2
ß-
14C
t1/2 = ca. 5700 years
c
naxSirbad 14 cikli
eleqtronebis mierTebas (kaliumi, Toriumi, urani­
umi). testirebisas obieqtidan gamoyofili Termo­
luminescenciis raodenoba mecnierebs saSualebas
aZlevs, gamoiTvalon misi asaki im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
cnobilia, ra saxis radiacias iRebda igi garemodan
(magaliTad, niadagi Tixis qoTnis povnis adgilas).
Termoluminescenturi daTariReba efeqturia
uZvelesi keramikis, aguris, kramitis, terakotisa da
maRal temperaturaze damzadebuli sxva obieqtebis
daTariRebisas. am meTodis gamoyeneba SeiZleba,
agreTve gamomwvari kaJis iaraRis, keris qvebis, lav­
isa da laviT dafaruli sagnebis, meteoritebisa da
meteoris kraterebis dasaTariReblad.
daTariReba eleqtronuli spinuri rezonan-
sis saSualebiT. eleqtronuli spinuri rezonansi
iseve, rogorc Termoluminescenturi daTariReba,
aRricxavs garemomcveli radiaqtiuri garemodan
mierTebuli eleqtronebis raodenobas, magram Ta­
vad meTodi gansxvavebulia. dasaTariRebel masalas
gaatareben cvalebad magnitur velSi da pouloben
sacdeli masalis mier STanTqmuli mikrotalRebis
speqtrs. eleqtronuli spinuri rezonansis meTodi
gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia organuli masalis
(Zvali, niJara) dasaTariReblad, radgan ar saWiroe­
14N
bs gaTbobas, rac masalisTvis SeiZleba damRupveli
aRmoCndes.
paleomagnituri daTariReba. nebismieri
mTis qanis formireba miwis uZveles magnitur velze
kvals tovebs. Tu am informacias davamatebT imasac,
rom dedamiwis magnituri veli bevrjer Seicvala, mi­
vxvdebiT, rom kldeebze SemorCenili geomagnituri
velis diagramebis daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia kldee­
bSi arsebuli ganamarxebuli masalis daTariReba.
paleomagnituri daTariReba kldeebis asaks maTSi
arsebuli geomagnituri velis diagramebis Tanmim­
devrobis mixedviT adgens. paleomagnituri meTodi
absoluturi daTariRebis meTodi ar aris, magram
drois geomagnituri periodebi absoluturad aris
daTariRebuli qvemoT aRweril (kalium-argonis)
daTariRebasTan dakavSirebiT. paleomagnituri da­
TariRebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda primatebis
naSTebis daTariReba eocenidan moyolebuli mioce­
namde, romelTa asakia 55 milioni wlidan 5 miliard
wlamde.
dedamiwis magnituri veli ara marto icvleba, ar­
amed misi polusebic mudmivad (Tumca nela) icvlis
mdebareobas. dadgenilia Crdilo polusis gadaadg­
ileba uaxloes warsulSi, rac arqeologebs zogi­

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi
arsebobs Tu ara evoluciaSi sworxazovani mimarTulebebi?
1800-iani wlebis bolos,
anTropologiis ganviTarebis
adreul safexurze, eduard
tailorisa da henri morganis
msgavs Teoretikosebs Soris
gavrcelebuli iyo Sexeduleba,
rom kultura viTardeba erT­
gvarovani, progresuli meTo­
diT. iTvleboda, TiTqos
sazogadoebaTa umetesoba gan­
viTarebis erTnair safexurebs
gadioda da sabolood msgavs
Sedegs aRwevda. adre evolu­
ciis mkvlevrebs egonaT, rom
evropeli da evropuli warmo­
Sobis kulturis qveynebi evo­
luciis umaRles safexurze,
sxva danarCeni kulturebi ki
ufro dabal safexurze idgnen.
istoriuli partikularizmis
skolis TvalsaCino warmomad­
geneli franc boasi uaryofda
azrs, rom adamianTa kulturebs
universaluri kanonebi mar­
Tavda. istoriuli partiku­
larizmis warmomadgenlebi
amtkicebdnen, rom kulturuli
niSan-Tvisebebi im gansazRvru­
li sazogadoebis konteqstSi
unda Seswavliliyo, romelSic
warmoiSvnen. boasi xazs usvamda,
rom aucilebeli iyo, rac Sei­
Zleba, meti monacemis Segrove­
ba calkeuli sazogadoebebis
Sesaxeb, rac anTropologiuri
saqmianobis mTavar miznad iqca.
Tumca, evolucionizmi adreul
evolucionistebTan erTad ar
momkvdara. magaliTad, 1960-ian
wlebSi marSal salinsi da el­
man servisi gamoyofdnen evo­
luciuri procesis or tips:
specifikuri evolucias, ro­
melic gansazRvrul sazoga­
doebaSi mimdinare gansazRvrul
cvlilebebs exeboda da zogad
evolucias. zogadi evolu­
cia exeba `umaRlesi~ formebis
mTavar tendencias – gadaas­
wros ufro `dabal~ formebs,
Complexity scale
magram ar gulisxmobs imas, rom
yvela sazogadoeba `umaRlesi~
formebisken moZraobis pro­
cesSi zustad erTsa da imave
safexurebs gadis. miuxedavad
amisa, anTropologebi didad
ar iziareben sworxazovani
evoluciis ideas, iqneb _ imis
gamo, rom es idea jer kidev aso­
cirdeba evropelebis upirate­
sobis TeoriasTan, romelsac
39
adreuli evolucionistebi im kulturebiT, romlebic ~ar­
amtkicebdnen. magram Tu kaco­ qeologiuri tradiciebis mi­
briobis istorias Tvals ga­ moxilvis~ mixedviT TxuTmeti
vadevnebT, davinaxavT, rom zogi aTas welze metis ar iyo. man
ram myari TanmimdevrobiT icv­ gazoma kulturaTa ganviTa­
leba. magaliTad, mosaxleoba rebis done ~preistoriis encik­
gaizarda, teqnologia garTul­ lopediaSi~ mocemuli informa­
da da adamianTa umravlesoba ciis mixedviT.
saxelmwifo sazogadoebebSi peregrinma moipova imisi
cxovrobs. aSkaraa, rom arse­ Zlieri mtkicebuleba, rom kul­
bobs kulturuli evoluciis turaTa regularuli ganviTa­
garkveuli sworxazovani mimar­ reba daiwyo TxuTmeti aTasze
Tulebebi. asea Tu ara? rogor meti wlis win. am CarCoSi mo­
gavarkvioT? Tavsebul suraTze es tenden­
am saxelmZRvanelos mesame cia grafikulad aris gadmoce­
avtori (piter peregrini) am muli. horizontalur skalaze
sakiTxs kroskulturuli kvle­ aRniSnulia kulturaTa Tari­
vis kuTxiT miudga. man gadaw­ Rebi, dawyebuli Cveni droi­
yvita, daedgina, sayovelTaod dan (marcxniv), xolo marjvniv
ganviTarda Tu ara droTa ganma­ gadaadgilebisas mivdivarT
vlobaSi kultura. amisTvis mas warsulisaken. vertikalur ska­
sWirdeboda kulturaTa jgufi, laze moTavsebulia kulturis
romelic asaxavda dedamiwaze sirTulis maCvenebeli qulebi.
arsebuli yvela kulturis gan­ suraTidan aSkarad Cans, rom
viTarebas xangrZlivi drois drois msvlelobasTan erTad
manZilze. sabednierod, orive kulturis sirTulis qulebi
maTgani arsebobda. kulturis matulobs. ra Tqma unda, aseT
ganviTarebis donis sazomi Se­ matebas statistikurad didi
muSavebuli iyo anTropolog mniSvneloba aqvs, Tumca isic
jorj piter merdokis mier im gasagebia, rom es zrda ar SeiZle­
gansxvavebaTa Sesaswavlad, rom­ ba sayovelTao iyos. zog kul­
lebic cnobili eTnografiuli turas qulebis dabali maCvene­
kulturebis ganviTarebaSi ar­ beli hqonda warsulSi, zogs ki
sebobda. sazomi emyareba kul­ dabali maCvenebeli dRes aqvs.
turis aT sxvadasxva damaxasi­ es imas niSnavs, rom yvela kul­
aTebel niSans. maT Soris aris: tura erTnairad ar icvleba.
teqnologia, ekonomika, poli­ magram cifrebi gviCvenebs, rom
tikuri sistema, mosaxleobis droTa ganmavlobaSi kacobrio­
simWidrove da a.S. peregrinma bis kulturas zogadad ganvi­
amocana gaamartiva, rom ufro Tarebis tendencia aqvs. ratom?
mosaxerxebeli gamxdariyo ar­ amaze pasuxs ver gagcemT, magram
qeologebisTvis cnobili kul­ Cveni azriT, es SesaniSnavi kiTx­
turebisaTvis gamosayeneblad vaa, romelze dafiqrebac namd­
da Semoifargla Zveli samyaros vilad Rirs am wignis bolomde
wakiTxvis Semdeg.
40
30
20 damokidebuleba
kulturis ganviTarebasa
Rsq = 0.2412 da dros Soris.
ganviTarebis skala
10
TariRebi wlebis mixedviT
dRemde. kulturaTa
0 ganviTarebis masStabi
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 droTa ganmavlobaSi
gaizarda.
Date in years before present
40
erTi arqeologiuri komponentis daTariRebis sa­
Sualebas aZlevs. rodesac miwa, qva an liToni maRal
temperaturamde cxeldeba, is dneba da misi Semad­
geneli molekulebi dadamiwis magnituri velisken
miemarTeba. gacivebis Semdeg molekulebi am mdgo­
mareobaSi rCeba, ris Sedegadac Cndeba dedamiwis
magnituri polusebisken mimarTuli isrismagvari
warmonaqmnebi. rodesac arqeologi poulobs keras,
sameTuneo Rumels, liTonis saxelosnos an sxva adg­
ils, sadac miwa, qva an liToni dnobis wertilamde
xurdeboda da Semdeg iqve civdeboda, SeuZlia am
masalis nimuSi aiRos, zustad Caiweros misi mde­
bareoba dedamiwis dRevandeli magnituri velis md­
gomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT da Semdeg gazomos misi
magnituri veli laboratoriaSi. gansxvaveba dedami­
wis Tanamedrove magnituri velis mimarTulebasa da
masalaSi dacul monacemebs Soris gamoiyeneba masa­
lis dnobisa da gacivebis drois amosacnobad.
kalium-argonisa da argon-argonis
daTariRebis meTodebi kalium - 40 (40K) warmoad­
gens kaliumis radiaqtiur formas, iSleba dadgeni­
li siswrafiT da warmoqmnis argon - 40(40Ar)-s. 40K-s
daSlis periodis naxevari cnobili sididea, amitom
SesaZlebelia kaliumis Semcveli masalis daTari­
Reba imis mixedviT, Tu ra raodenobis 40Ar-s Seicavs
40K-s garkveuli raodenoba. kalium 40K-s daSlis pe­
riodis naxevari Zalian grZelia – 1330 milioni weli.
es niSnavs, rom kalium-argonis (K-Ar) daTariReba
5000 wlidan 3 miliard wlamde asakis nimuSebis da­
TariRebisTvis gamodgeba.
K-Ar meTodi gamoiyeneba kaliumiT mdidari
kldovani mineralebis dasaTariReblad, magram ar
gamodgeba am kldeSi napovni ganamarxebuli bio­
sisTvis. Zalian maRali temperatura, rogoric aris
vulkanis amofrqvevis dros, masalidan arsebuli
argonis srul gamodevnas iwvevs. amitom, argonis
mTeli raodenoba, romelic radiaqtiuli kaliumis
daSlis Semdeg grovdeba, pirdapir aris dakavSire­
buli drois im raodenobasTan, romelic vulkanuri
amofrqvevis Semdeg gavida. amgvari daTariReba Za­
lze mosaxerxebeli iyo aRmosavleT afrikaSi, sadac
vulkanuri amofrqvevebi xSirad xdeboda miocenis
Semdeg, romelic 24 milioni wlis win daiwyo. Tu da­
saTariRebeli masala kaliumiT mdidari ar aris, an
garemos maRali temperaturis gamomwvevi movlenebi
ar Sexebia, daTariRebis sxva meTodebi gamoiyeneba.
erT-erTi sirTule, rac K-Ar meTods sdevs Tan,
aris is, rom kaliumisa da argonis raodenobebis
gazomva sxvadasxva kldovani masalidan unda moxdes.
mkvlevrebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom kaliumi da
argoni erTi da imave fenis yvela nimuSSi erTnairi
SemcvelobiT aris mocemuli. mecnierebma SeZles am
problemis gverdis avla daTariRebis axali meTodis
_ 40Ar-39Ar-is SeqmniT. 40Ar raodenobis gazomvis
Semdeg birTvuli reaqtoris saSualebiT xdeba ar­
gonis meore tipis _ 39Ar-is kaliumad gardaqmnA. ase,
rom kalium-argonis Sefardebis dadgena ukve erTi
da imave nimuSiT xdeba SesaZlebeli.
uranis rigis daTariReba ori tipis uranis – 235U
da 238U-s sxva izotopebad (rogoricaa 230Th, Toriumi)
daSla warmatebiT gamoiyeneba iseT Zeglebze, sadac
Homo Sapiens (Tanamedrove adamiani) aRmoCnda, gansa­
kuTrebiT ki iseT gamoqvabulebSi, sadac stalagmite­
bi da kalcitis sxva formebi warmoiqmneba. imis gamo,
rom gamoqvabulebSi mJonavi wyali, Cveulebriv, Sei­
cavs urans da ara Toriums, kalcitis warmonaqmnebi
iTviseben urans. urani sxva izotopebad (rogoricaa
Torium-230, 230Th) daSlas cnobili siswrafiT iwyebs.
swored am izotopebis raodenobis uranis izoto­
pebTan Sefardebas iyeneben ganvlili drois dasad­
genad. Torium-uranis Sefardeba gamoiyeneba iseTi
Zeglebis daTariRebisas, rogoric 300 aTasi wlis
winandeli gamoqvebulebia, maTSi kalium-argonis
meTodiT daTariRebisTvis aucilebeli vulkanuri
qanebi dafiqsirebuli ar aris. evropuli gamoqvab­
ulebis (germania, ungreTi da uelsi) binadari Homo
sapiens-is daTariReba swored am meTodiT moxda. ar­
sebobs uraniumiT daTariRebis sxvadasxva tipi, rac
gansazRvruli izotopebis raodenobebis Sefarde­
bas ukavSirdeba.
uranis gaxleCis meTodi uranis gaxleCis
meTodi ganamarxebuli biosis absoluturi asakis
dadgenis kidev erTi saSualebaa. K-Ar meTodis ms­
gavsad, es meTodic ganamarxebuli biosis Semcveli
depozitis Tanadroul mineralebs aTariRebs da
warsulSi maRali temperaturis warmomSobi movle­
nis (mag. vulkanis amofrqveva) arsebobas moiTxovs.
Mmagram dasaTariRebel nimuSTa tipebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, broli, mina da uraniT mdidari mravali
minerali, ufro mravalferovania, vidre am meTodis
gamoyenebiT aris SesaZlebeli. asakobrivi diapa­
zoni, romelsac es meTodi, K-Ar meTodis msgavsad,
moicavs, Zalze vrcelia _ 20-dan 5 miliard wlamde.
ras gulisxmobs uraniumis gaxleCis meTodi? is
zemoT CamoTvlil meTodebs Soris umartivesia da
gulisxmobs im xazebis anu bzarebis raodenobas, rom­
lebic nimuSze uraniumis atomebis afeTqebis msgavsi
gaxleCis Sedegad Cndeba. mecnierebisTvis cnobilia,
rom 238U, uranis yvelaze gavrcelebuli izotopi,
iSleba nela, magram mudmivi siCqariT. amgvar daSlas
spontanuri gaxleCis forma aqvs da yoveli amgvari
gaxleCis Semdeg nimuSze Cndeba imdenad patara bza­
rebi, romelTa danaxva saTanado qimiuri damuSavebis
Semdeg mxolod mikroskopiT aris SesaZlebeli. nimu­
Sis asakis dasadgenad unda moxdes bzarebis raode­
nobis daTvla da maTi Sefardeba nimuSis uranis Sem­
cvelobasTan.
am meTodis gamoyeneba moxda samxreT afrikaSi,
tanzaniaSi mdebare olduvais xeobis I Sris daTari­
Rebisas, sadac adamianTa winaprebis adreuli naSTe­
bi aRmoCnda. am meTodma daadastura K-Ar meTodiT
miRebuli adrindeli gamoTvlebi, romlebic Zeglis
asaks daaxloebiT 2 milioni wliT gansazRvravda. is,
rom uranis gaxleCisa da K-Ar meTodebi sxvadasxva
teqnologias iyeneben da Secdomis sxvadasxva xarisxi
aqvT, maT mier erTmaneTis Semowmebis saSualebas
iZleva. rodesac ori meTodi erTi mizniT moqmedebs,
Sedegad sando informacias viRebT.
sxva meTodebi daTariRebis zemoT CamoTvlili
meTodebi arqeologiasa da anTropologiaSi yvelaze
gavrcelebulTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, magram arsebobs
mravali sxva meTodic. amasTan, yoveldRiurad axali
meTodebi iqmneba. magaliTad, obsidianis qvis iara­
Ris daTariReba zog SemTxvevaSi qvis Txeli fenis
(hidraciuli fenis) mixedviT xdeba, romelic droTa
ganmavlobaSi zedapirze mdebare da haeris zemoq­
medebis qveS arsebul obsidians faravs. Sesabamisad,
uZvelesi adamianis kedlis mxatvrobac (kldeze Ses­
rulebuli) da kldeze nakveTi an nakawri figure­
bic, xSirad patiniT ifareba. Zvlebis daTariReba
zogjer dnm-is daSlis siCqaris (romelic, rogorc
radiaqtiuli izotopebis daSla, temperaturisa da
tenianobis stabilur pirobebSi dadgenili wesiT
mimdinareobs) gazomvis safuZvelze xdeba. es da mra­
vali sxva meTodi arqeologebsa da paleoanTrop­
ologebs daTariRebisTvis saWiro iaraRis arCevanis
did saSualebas aZlevs.

arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi
ra unda gaakeTon arqeologebma da paleoanTro­
pologebma kvlevis procesis dasrulebis Semdeg? ra
aris arqeologebis mTavari mizani? qvemoT mocemu­
lia ramdenime pasuxi am kiTxvebze.
arqeologiuri kvlevis erT-erTi mizania, mogvces
warsulis aRweriloba an scados misi rekonstruqcia.
am wignSi ganxiluli sakiTxebis umetesoba swored am
mizans emsaxureba. arqeologebi cdiloben, aRadgi­
non, rogor cxovrobdnen adamianebi garkveul dros,
Tu adgilas da rogor icvleboda maTi cxovrebis
stili. maTi interesis sagania, agreTve, mocemul
adgilze sxva kulturebis Semosvla da arsebuli
kulturebis gadaadgileba. sxvadasxva kulturaTa
istoriis Camoyalibebas da droTa ganmavlobaSi
maTSi momxdar cvlilebebs kulturis istoria ewo­
deba. 1950-ian wlebamde swored kulturis istoriis
Seswavla iyo arqeologebis ZiriTadi mizani.
arqeologiuri kvlevis meore ZiriTadi mizani,
gansakuTrebiT ki 1950-iani wlebis Semdeg, adamianis
evoluciisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Teor­
iis Seswavla da gadamowmeba gaxda. arqeologebis
interesis sferoSi momxdari es cvlileba, nawilo­
briv, gamoiwvia warsulis Sesaxeb codnis gafarTove­
bam – moxda kulturis istoriis Seswavla mraval
sxvadasxva teritoriaze. garda amisa, es cvlileba
anTropologiis winsvlamac ganapiroba. 1950-ian
wlebamde amerikul anTropologiaSi dominirebda
mimdinareoba ~istoriuli partikularizmi~, ro­
melic adamianTa Soris kulturul sxvadasxvaobas
gansazRvrul kulturebSi momxdari specifikuri
istoriuli movlenebiT xsnida. istoriuli parti­
kularizmis msgavsad, kulturis istoriis mizanic
istoriuli movlenebis Seswavla iyo.
1950-iani wlebis Semdeg anTropologiaSi gaCnda
axali mimdinareobebi, romelTa umetesoba iziareb­
da azrs, rom kulturaTa sxvadasxvaobis mTavari
mizezia garemo pirobebi da adamianis mier maTi gam­
oyeneba. arqeologia gaxda gasaRebi imis gasagebad,
Tu rogor moqmedebda cvlilebebi adamianze. hipo­
TezaTa gadamowmebisa da garemo pirobebis gamoy­
enebis Seswavlis erT-erTi mimarTuleba iyo gamokv­
leva sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis warmoSobis
Sesaxeb, romelsac ganvixilavT kvebis produqtebis
warmoebisa da erT adgilas damkvidrebisadmi miZ­
Rvnil TavSi. meore mimarTuleba iyo qalaqebisa da
saxelmwifoebis warmoSobis Seswavla. maTma warmo­
Sobam radikalurad Secvala adamianis mier garemos
gamoyenebis adre arsebuli wesi. am sakiTxs wignSi
calke Tavi eZRvneba.
hipoTezebis gadamowmebis garda, arqeologias
gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs _ adamianis kulturuli
da bilogiuri evoluciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi­
sa da kanonzomierebebis identificireba da axsna.
rogorc wina TavSi vimsjeleT, kulturaTaSorisi
gamokvlevis mizanic es aris. magram mxolod arqeo­
logias SeuZlia drois ganWvreta da evoluciuri mim­
dinareobebis uSualod Semowmeba. CarCoSi ~arsebobs
Tu ara evoluciaSi sworxazovani mimarTulebebi?~
gadmocemulia mosazreba, rom arsebobs erTaderTi
gza, romliTac arqeologias amgvari xangrZlivi
tendenciebisTvis Suqis mofena SeuZlia. am wignis
momdevno TavebSi Tvals mivadevnebT adamianisa da
kulturaTa evoluciis process maTi saTaveebidan
moyolebuli. rogorc davinaxavT, paleoanTropo­
logia aqcents swored xangrZliv tendenciebsa da
kanonzomierebebze akeTebs, raTa dagvexmaros imis
garkvevaSi, rogor da ratom gavxdiT iseTebi, rog­
41
orebic dRes varT. am mizniT arqeologia da paleo­
anTropologia erToblivad cdiloben, upasuxon
anTropologiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan kiTxvas: ras
niSnavs iyo adamiani?
Sejameba
1. warsuls masalis oTxi ZiriTadi wyaros saSuale­
biT Seiswavlian. esenia: artefaqtebi, ekofaqtebi,
ganamarxebuli biosi da komponentebi.
2. Zeglebi aris adgilebi, sadac warsulis naSTe­
bia aRmoCenili da daculi. Zeglebis aRmoCena
xdeba adgilis fexiT Semovlis da Soridan dak­
virvebis meTodebiT. artefaqtebis, ekofaqtebis,
ganamarxebuli biosisa da komponentebis miwidan
amoReba xdeba gaTxrebis saSualebiT.
3. warsulis Sesaxeb informacia moipoveba Zeglebze
arsebuli masalis analiziT. mniSvnelovan infor­
macias iReben aRmoCenili nivTis zomis, formisa
da Semadgenlobis Seswavlis Sedegad. Tavad masa­
lis mopoveba Seswavlis TviTmizani ar aris. mniS­
vnelovania is konteqsti, romelic arsebobs ar­
tefaqtebs, ekofaqtebs, ganamarxebul biossa da
komponentebs Soris da romelic arqeologebsa
da paleoanTropologebs saSualebas aZlevs, war­
suls Suqi mohfinon.
4. arqeologiuri masalis konteqstSi moTavseba
xels uwyobs mis zust daTariRebas. am mizniT
gamoiyeneba daTariRebis uamravi meTodi. Sedar­
ebiTi daTariReba iTvaliswinebs arqeologiuri
masalis daTariRebas msgavs, ukve daTariRebul
masalasTan SedarebiT. absoluturi daTariRebis
meTodebi arqeologiuri depozitebis an masalis
damoukidebel daTariRebas iTvaliswinebs.
5. arqeologia iTvaliswinebs, rom kulturis isto­
ria jer kidev Sesaswavlia da cdilobs, gadaamow­
mos arsebuli hipoTezebi kulturuli cvli­
lebebis Sesaxeb. misi mTavari mizania adamianTa
fizikuri da kulturuli evoluciis Seswavla
– rac am wignis mTavari mizanicaa.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
1. ratom aris konteqsti ase mniSvnelovani arqe­
ologiur kvlevaSi?
2. ra saxis informaciis miReba SeiZleba qvis isris
pirebidan?
3. ra faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba unda moxdes da­
TariRebis meTodis SerCevisas?
42

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 evoluciis evolucia

 bunebrivi gadarCevis
principebi
 memkvidruloba

 cvalebadobis mizezebi

 saxeobaTa warmoqmna

 bunebrivi gadarCeva da
qcevis Taviseburebebi

astronomebis gamoTvliT, samyaro daaxloebiT
15 miliardi welia, rac arsebobs, plius-minus ram-
denime miliardi. es STambeWdavi istoria ufro gas-
agebi rom gaexada, karl saganma Seqmna kalendari,
romelic mTel am periods erT weliwadSi atevs. man
gamoiyena skala, romelzec aRniSnuli yoveli 24 dRe
erT miliard wels aRniSnavs, xolo 1 wami _ 475 dRes.
saganis kalendari iwyeba 1 ianvars `didi afeTqebiT~
anu samyaros SeqmniT da grZeldeba 1 maiss `irmis
naxtomis~ warmoqmniT; 9 seqtemberi mzis sistemis
Camoyalibebas aRniSnavs, 25 seqtemberi ki dedami-
wis Seqmnas. 31 dekembers 22:30 wuTze Cndeba pirveli
adamianis msgavsi maimuni. saganis SekumSuli isto-
ria saSualebas gvaZlevs, adamianis arsebobis mokle
monakveTi samyaros arsebobis uzarmazar periods
SevadaroT. adamianis msgavsi arsebebi am 12-Tviani
periodidan, sul raRac 90 wuTia, rac arseboben! wi-
namdebare wignSi ganvixilavT `saganis wlis~ mxolod
bolo ramdenime saaTSi momxdar movlenebs.
pirveli primatebi daaxloebiT 55-65 milioni
wlis win gaCndnen. isini iyvnen yvela Tanamedrove
primatis winaprebi: maimunebis, adamianis msgavsi mai-
munebisa da adamianis. adreul primatebs, miuxedavad
imisa, xeebze cxovrobdnen Tu ara, Zalian moqnili
TiTebi hqondaT da sagnebisTvis xelis CaWideba See-
ZloT. mogvianebiT, daaxloebiT 35 milioni wlis
win gaCndnen pirveli maimunebi da adamianis msgavsi
maimunebi. 15 milioni wlis win, adamianis msgavsi
maimunis gaCenidan 20 milioni wlis Semdeg gaCndnen
adamianis uSualo winaprebi. daaxloebiT 4 milioni
wlis win ki gaCndnen adamianis msgavsi pirveli arse-
bebi. Tanamedrove adamianebi ki daaxloebiT asi aTa-
si wlis win gaCndnen.
rogor SeiZleba aixsnas adamianTa biologiuri
da kulturuli ganviTareba? primatebis warmoSobis
da adamianisa da misi kulturis evoluciis istoriis
detalebi Sesabamis TavebSia gaSuqebuli, am TavSi ki
yuradRebas evoluciis Tanamedrove Teoriis warmo-
Sobaze gavamaxvilebT da imazec vimsjelebT, rogor
xsnis es Teoria droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdar cvli-
lebebs.
evoluciis evolucia
cocxali arsebebis Sesaxeb tradiciuli dasav-
luri warmodgenebi Zireulad gansxvavdeboda Carlz
darvinis evoluciis Teoriisgan, romelic sxvadasx-
va saxeobis drois xangrZlivi periodebis ganmav-
lobaSi erTimeorisgan warmoqmnas varaudobda. Zv.
w. mexuTe aTaswleulSi berZen filosofosebs pla-
tonsa da aristoteles sjerodaT, rom cxovelebi da
mcenareebi warmoadgenen safexurebad dayofil erT
mTlian jgufs, romelic metad srulyofili forme-
bidan nakleb srulyofili formebisken miemarTeba.
adamianebi, ra Tqma unda, am kibis TavSi igulisx-
mebodnen. mogvianebiT, sxva berZenma filosofos-
ebma es azri ganavrces da dasZines, rom Semoqmedma
pirvelad adamianebs misca sicocxle anu `brwyinva-
leba~, romlis nawilic yoveli Semdgomi qmnilebis
SeqmnasTan erTad ikargeboda. plotinis naazrevis
Sejamebisas, makrobiusma gamoiyena adre arsebuli
warmodgena imaze, rom arsebobda `cocxal arsebaTa
jaWvi~: `dakvirvebuli adamiani SeniSnavs, rom arse-
bobs erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli nawilebis uwyveti
jaWvi, romlis TavSic dgas umaRlesi RvTaeba da ro-
melic modis qvemoT, umdablesi arsebebisken. es aris
homerosis oqros jaWvi, romliTac RmerTma cidan
dedamiwaze xeli gamogviwoda~.
43
warmodgenas aseTi jaWvis arsebobis Sesaxeb Tan
axlda rwmena, rom cxovelTa da mcenareTa saxeobebi
ar qreba, radgan jaWvis Semadgeneli yvela rgoli
erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli da yoveli maTgani
aucilebelia. ufro metic, gaqrobis cneba Searyevda
adamianTa religiur rwmenas: RmerTis mier Seqmnil
arsebaTa mTeli jgufis ubralod gaqroba warmoud-
geneli iqneboda.
cocxal arsebaTa jaWvis Teoria wlebis manZil-
ze arsebobda, magram filosofosTa, mecnierTa da
poetTa msjelobis sagnad mxolod XVIII saukunidan
iqca. amgvarma msjelobam moamzada niadagi evolu-
ciis TeoriisaTvis. sainteresoa, rom cocxal ar-
sebaTa jaWvis Teoria evolucias ar gulisxmobs,
magram Tavad im azrma, rom bunebaSi garkveuli rigi-
Toba arsebobda, gamoiwvia mecnierTa meti interesi
bunebismetyvelebisa da SedarebiTi anatomiis Ses-
wavlis mimarT, aman ki, Tavis mxriv, evoluciis ideis
warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli. adamianebi dainteresdnen
adre ucnobi saxeobebiT da ufro metic, didad ar
gahkvirvebiaT mecnierTa azri, rom adamianebi gan-
viTarebiT maimunebTan axlos dganan. es idea kargad
miesadageboda cocxal arsebaTa jaWvis Teorias:
fiqrobdnen, rom maimunebi, ubralod, naklebad sru-
lyofil arsebebad iyvnen Seqmnilni.
meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi cnobilma mec-
nierma karl linem (1707-1778) moaxdina mcenareTa
da cxovelTa klasifikacia SromaSi Systema naturae,
sadac adamianebi, maimunebi da adamianis msgavsi mai-
munebi (primatebi) erT jgufSi gaaerTiana. line ar
varaudobda evoluciur kavSirebs adamianebsa da
primatebs Soris. is im azrs emxroboda, rom yvela
saxeoba RmerTis Seqmnili iyo garkveuli, dadgenili
formiT. amitom, sakvirveli ar aris, rom lines xSir-
ad anti-evolucionistad Tvlian. magram misma ier-
arqiuli klasifikaciis daRmavalma sqemam, romelic
moicavs saxelmwifos, klasebs, socialur jgufebs,
gvarebs da saxeobebs, mogvca CarCo ideisa, rom ada-
mians, adamianis msgavs maimunsa da maimuns saerTo wi-
napari hyavdaT. ix. sur. 3-1.
suraTi 3-1
azri, rom Simpanzeebsa da adamianebs saerTo winapari hyavdaT, ga-
momdinareobs maT Soris arsebuli anatomiuri msgavsebidan, rac
kargad Cans maTi wina kidurebis Sedarebisas. Simpanzes wina kiduris
ConCxi (marcxniv); adamianis wina kiduris ConCxi (marjvniv).
44

zog mecniers ar sjeroda, rom saxeobaTa formebi rogorc romelime sxva, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
ucvleli iyo. Jan batist lamarkis (1744-1829) mixed- saxeoba. mecnieris amgvarma daskvnebma sicocxlis
viT, SesaZlebelia SeZenili Tvisebebis memkvidreo- warmoSobis bibliuri Sexedulebis momxreTa risxva
biT gadacema, e.i. SesaZlebelia saxeobaTa evolucia. da mwvave dapirispireba gamoiwvia, rac dRemde ar
individebs, romlebmac sicocxlis manZilze gadar- ganelebula.
CenisTvis aucilebeli niSan-Tvisebebi SeiZines, maTi
memkvidreobiT gadacema SeuZliaT, rac Sesabamisad, 1871 wlamde, rodesac darvinis `adamianis warmo-
momavali Taobis fizikuri niSnebis Secvlas gamoi- Soba~ gamoqveynda, avtori erideboda kategoriuli
wvevs. magaliTad, lamarkma Jirafis grZeli kisris gancxadebis gakeTebas imis Taobaze, rom adamian-
warmomavloba imiT axsna, rom misi winaprebi Taobebis ebi ara adamianuri, aramed sxva formebidan warmoiS-
manZilze iZulebulni iyvnen, xeze maRla mdebare fo- vnen, magram misi Teoriis faruli azri mainc naTeli
Tlebis misawvdomad kisrebi waegrZelebinaT. kisris iyo. maSinve daiwyo masTan dapirispireba. 1860 wlis
gawelili kunTebi da Zvlebi raRac gziT gadaeca im ivnisSi `mecnierebis ganviTarebis britanuli asoci-
Jirafebis Semdeg Taobas, romelTac gawelili kis- aciis~ yovelwliur Sexvedraze episkopos uilber-
rebi hqondaT da sabolood, yvela Jirafi grZelkis- forss mieca darvinistebze Tavdasxmis xelsayreli
riani gaxda. magram vinaidan lamarks da misi Taobis SesaZlebloba. Tavisi gamosvlis daskvniT nawilSi
biologebs ar SeeZloT imis damamtkicebeli sabuTis man Tvali gauswora darvinistebis erT-erT mTavar
warmodgena, rom SesaZlebeli iyo SeZenili niSan- damcvels _ Tomas haqslis da hkiTxa, sakuTari be-
Tvisebebis momdevno TaobebisTvis gadacema, evolu- biisa da papis mixedviT xom ar amtkicebda adamianis
ciuri ganviTarebis es Teoria daviwyebas mieca. maimunisgan warmoSobas. haqslim upasuxa: `Tu damis-
mecxramete saukunis dasawyisisTvis zogierTi
moazrovne eTanxmeboda evoluciis Teorias, zogi ki
uaryofda. magaliTad, JorJ kiuvie (1769-1832) evo-
luciuri Teoriis erT-erTi mTavari mowinaaRmdege
iyo. mis mier SemuSavebuli katastrofizmis Teoria
amtkicebda, rom dedamiwaze momxdari cvlilebebis
mizezi zedized, erTmaneTis miyolebiT momxdari
katastrofebi iyo. iseTi kataklizmebi da stiqiuri
ubedurebebi, rogoric magaliTad, noes droindeli
wyaldidoba iyo, iwvevda im droisaTvis arsebuli
cocxali arsebebis ganadgurebas, romelTa adgil-
sac SemdgomSi sxvebi ikavebdnen.
mecxramete saukuneSi geologiis dargSi mniS-
vnelovani winsvla aRiniSneba.A manamde, geologma
jeims hatonma (1726) eWvqveS daayena katastrofizmis
Teoria, magram maSin mis naSroms yuradReba ar miaq-
cies. piriqiT moxda ser Carlz laielis (1797-1875)
SemTxvevaSi _ misma `geologiis principebis~ tomeb-
ma, romlebic jeims hatonis wigns emyareboda, maS-
inve hpova aRiareba. masSi mocemuli `unitarianiz-
mis~ koncefcia varaudobda, rom bunebrivi Zalebis
zemoqmedebiT dedamiwa didi xnis manZilze mudmivad
icvlis formas. leielma Tavis SromaSi ganixila
agreTve geologiuri fenebis formirebisa da pa-
leontologiis sakiTxebic. sxvadasxva geologiuri
epoqis dasadgenad, is ganamarxebul faunas iyenebda.
darvini `bigliT~ mogzaurobamde da mis drosac am
Sromebs didi yuradRebiT ecnoboda. Sesabamisad, es
ori mecnieri sabolood damegobrda.
mcenareebis, ganamarxebuli cxovelebisa da Sin-
auri da gareuli mtredebis Seswavlis safuZvel-
ze, darvinma (1809-1882) uaryo Teoria, rom yoveli
saxeoba erTdroulad, dadgenili saxiT warmoiSva.
misi azriT, mis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi
aSkarad miuTiTebda imaze, rom saxeobebis evolu-
cia bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegi iyo. am sakiTxisadmi
miZRvnil wignze muSaobis dasrulebisas leielma XIX saukunis karikaturaze gamosaxulia Carlz darvini maimunis ta-
mas alfred rasel uolesis (1823-1913) xelnaweri niT, rac maimunisa da adamianis fizikur msgavsebaze miuTiTebs.
gaugzavna. es bunebismetyveli saxeobaTa evoluciis
sakiTxSi darvinis msgavs daskvnebamde damoukide-
blad mivida. 1858 wels am orma mecnierma londonis vamdnen SekiTxvas, romeli mirCevnia, papaCemi saco-
`lines sazogadoebis~ Sekrebaze kolegebs bunebrivi davi maimuni yofiliyo Tu bunebisgan uxvad dajil-
gadarCevis Sesaxeb gamaognebeli Teoria warudgina. dovebuli adamiani, romelsac yovelgvari saSualeba
1859 wels SromaSi `saxeobebis warmoSoba bune- da didi gavlena aqvs da romelic am monacemebsa da
brivi gadarCevis Sedegad~, darvini werda: `Rrmad gavlenas seriozuli samecniero msjelobis dasaci-
var darwmunebuli, rom ucvleli saxeobebi ar ar- nad iyenebs, me aucileblad maimuns mivcemdi upi-
sebobs, ubralod, is saxeobebi, romlebic erTsa da ratesobas~.
imave gvars miekuTvneba, romeliRac sxva, gadaSeneb-
uli saxeobebis pirdapiri STamomavlebi arian iseve,

bunebrivi gadarCevis principebi
darvini pirveli ar iyo, vinc axali saxeobebis
warmoSoba evoluciis konteqstSi ganixila, magram
man pirvelma mouZebna mravalmxrivi, kargad dasab-
uTebuli axsna imas, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva swored
is gza iyo, romliTac evolucia warimarTa. bune-
brivi gadarCeva mTavari procesia, romelic zrdis
adaptaciis unaris matarebeli Tvisebebis sixSires
droSi. bunebrivi gadrCevis moqmedeba sam pirobas
an princips moicavs. pirveli: yoveli saxeoba Sedge-
ba didi raodenobiT individebis erTobliobisgan,
romelTagan zogierTi ukeT aris Seguebuli garemo
pirobebTan, vidre sxvebi. aseTi gansxvavebebis arse-
boba Zalze mniSvnelovania. amis gareSe bunebrivi ga-
darCeva ver imoqmedebda; gansxvavebebis gareSe, erTi
tipis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi sxva tipisaze
upiratesobas ver moipovebdnen. bunebrivi gadarCe-
vis meore principia memkvidreobiToba. STamomavali
damaxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebebs garkveuli saxiTa da
xarisxiT Tavisi mSoblebisgan iRebs. bunebrivi ga-
darCevis Emesame principia reproduqtiulobis gan-
sxvavebuli unari. saerTod, ukeT adaptirebuli in-
dividebi Taobebis manZilze ufro met STamomavals
toveben, vidre nakleb adaptirebulebi. adaptaciis
unaris matarebeli niSan-Tvisebebis sixSire momaval
TaobebSi TandaTanobiT izrdeba. axali saxeobebis
warmoSoba xdeba maSin, rodesac individis damaxasi-
aTebel niSan-TvisebebSi cvlilebebi an geografiu-
li barierebis Seqmna populaciis reproduqtiul
izolacias iwvevs.
rodesac vambobT, rom garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebi
Seguebis saSualebas iZleva an sasargebloa, vgu-
lisxmobT, rom isini xels uwyobs garkveul garemo
pirobebSi meti STamomavlobis datovebas. fraza
`garkveuli garemo pirobebi~ Zalze mniSvnelovania.
im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac erTi saxeoba didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi egueba garkveul garemo pirobebs, ar
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is `ukeTesia~ meore saxeoba-
ze, romelic gansxvavebul garemo pirobebs egueba.
magaliTad, SeiZleba Cveni Tavi sxva cxovelebze
`ukeTesad~ migvaCndes, Tumca adamianebi Tevzebze
naklebad arian Seguebulni wyalqveS cxovrebas, Ra-
murebze cudad eguebian mfrinav mwerebze nadiro-
bas an Tundac, enotebze naklebad _ gareubnis naga-
vsayrelze cxovrebas.
bunebrivi gadarCevis meTodi araxelsayreli
niSan-Tvisebebis sixSiris TandaTanobiT Semcirebas
da sabolood maT gaqrobas gulisxmobs. es sulac
ar niSnavs imas, rom es yovelTvis ase xdeba. saxeo-
bebi warmoiSoba maTi winare formebidan, romelTac
garkveuli struqtura hqondaT. aqedan gamomdinare,
yvelaferi ar SeiZlea Seicvalos. zogi niSan-Tviseba
damokidebulia sxva, iseT niSan-Tvisebaze, romelic
SesaZloa, ufro saWiro iyos. magaliTad, sasuleSi
gadacdena SeiZleba Zalze saxifaTo iyos nebismieri
cxovelisaTvis, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi yvela
xerxemlian cxovels axasiaTebs, radgan maTi saWmlis
momnelebeli da sasunTqi sistemebi yelSi ikveTeba.
es memkvidreobiTi niSania, romelic albaT, im droi-
dan aris SemorCenili, rodesac sasunTqi sistema
romeliRac winapari cxovelis organizmSi saWmlis
momnelebeli sistemis qsovilidan ganviTarda. ro-
gorc Cans, midrekileba gadacdenisadmi evoluciu-
rad gamosworebadi ar iyo.
cvlilebebi saxeobebSi SeiZleba garemo pirobebis
SecvlasTan an am saxeobebis zogierTi warmomadgen-
lis axal garemo pirobebSi gadasvlasTan erTad mox-
des. garemo pirobebis SecvlasTan erTad, saxeobis
45
zogierTi niSan-Tviseba adaptaciis SesaZleblobis
saSualebas iZleva. saxeobaTa is formebi, romleb-
sac ufro meti raodenobis amgvari niSan-Tviseba
aqvT, mravldebian, xolo is formebi, romelTa dam-
axasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi maT xangrZliv arse-
bobas axal garemoSi arTulebs an SeuZlebels xdis,
sabolood gadaSendebian.
ganvixiloT, rogor axsnis bunebrivi gadarCe-
vis Teoria imas, Tu ratom ganuviTardaT Jirafebs
grZeli kisrebi. Tavdapirvelad Jirafebis kisris
sigrZe sxvadasxvagvari iyo sakvebis simciris dros
grZelkisrian Jirafebs, romlebic xis ufro maRla
mdebare foTlebs swvdebodnen, gadarCenis meti
SesaZlebloba hqondaT da ukeT kvebavdnen rZiT Ta-
vianT STamomavlobas. amgvarad, isini met STamoma-
vlobas tovebdnen, vidre moklekisriani Jirafebi.
memkvidreobiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT, grZelkisri-
ani Jirafebis STamomavalTac grZeli kisrebi unda
hqonodaT. sabolood, moklekisriani Jirafebis ra-
odenoba unda Semcirebuliyo grZelkisrianebisa ki
gazrdiliyo.
bunebrivi gadarCeva ver xsnis damaxasiaTeb-
el niSanTa sixSiris cvalebadobas, maT Soris _
verc neitraluri niSnebis sixSiris cvalebadobas
(romelsac ar moaqvs raime sargebloba an piriqiT,
ziani maTi matareblebisTvis). neitraluri niSnebis
sixSiris cvalebadoba SeiZleba gamoiwvios rogorc
SemTxveviTma procesebma, romlebic zemoqmedebas
axdenen genebis sixSireze izolirebul populaciaSi
(`genetikuri dreifi~), aseve Sejvarebam populaciebs
Soris (`genebis nakadi~). sxva procesebs ganvixilavT
qvemoT, amave TavSi.
dakvirvebis Sedegad gamovlenili
evoluciis magaliTebi
evoluciis procesi moicavs TiTqmis SeumCnevel
gradacias TaobaTa manZilze. amitom masze uSualo
dakvirveba Znelia. Tumca, zogierTi cocxali orga-
nizmi swrafad mravldeba, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada
maT bunebriv gadarCevaze dakvirveba, cvalebad
garemoSi da SedarebiT xanmokle periodis ganmav-
lobaSi.
mecnierebi akvirdebodnen bunebrivi gadarCevis
mimdinareobas britanul peplebze. 1850 wels man-
CesterSi pirvelad SeniSnes TiTqmis mTlianad Savi
feris peplebi. es Zalian uCveulo iyo, radgan pepe-
laTa umetesobas ruxi feris winwklebi hqonda. erTi
saukunis Semdeg, britaneTis samrewvelo regionebSi
peplebis 95% Savi iyo; mxolod agrarul raionebSi
aRiniSneboda peplebis umetesobaSi ruxi feri. ro-
gor SeiZleboda amis axsna? rogorc Cans, agrarul
raionebSi mtacebeli frinvelebisTvis, xis qerqze
amosuli liqenis fonze, ruxi feris peplebis SemCne-
va ufro Znelia. rac Seexeba samrewvelo regionebs,
garemos dabinZurebis gamo, liqenebi ganadgure-
bulia. ruxi feris winwklebiani peplebi, romlebic
adre ukeTesad erwymodnen bunebas, ukve kargad ga-
moCndnen liqengadaclil xeebze da frinvelTaTvis
advilad SesamCnev msxverplad iqcnen. Sav peplebs,
romlebic adre ukeT SeiniSnebodnen xis Ria feris
qerqze, muqi feri upiratesobas aZlevda, ris gamoc,
ufro muqi feris peplebis saxeoba metad gavrcelda
samrewvelo regionebSi.
rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom bunebrivi gadar-
Ceva swored is meqanizmi iyo, romelmac zemoT aRniS-
46
Jirafis grZeli kiseri mosaxerxebelia xeze maRla mdebare fo-
Tlebis misawvdomad. grZelkisriani Jirafebi meti raodenobis
sakvebs moipoveben da ukeT mravldebian, vidre moklekisrianebi.
aseT garemo pirobebSi bunebrivi gadarCevis dros grZelkisriani
Jirafebi upiratesobiT sargebloben.
nuli cvlileba gamoiwvia? mecnier h.b.d. qeTluelis
eqsperimenti. qeTluelis mier warmodgenili sarw-
muno mtkicebuleba emyareboda eqsperimentebis se-
rias. man moniSna da Tavisuflad gauSva Savi da ruxi
feris peplebi inglisis or regionSi: samrewvelosa
da agrarulSi, Semdeg ki maT dasaWerad `sinaTlis
xafangi~ gamoiyena. qeTluelma aRmoaCina, rom sam-
rewvelo regionebSi meti Savi feris pepela gadar-
Ca. piriqiT moxda agrarul raionebSi. bolo dros
gaCnda eWvi sworad qeTluelis eqsperimentis sis-
woresTan dakavSirebiT, magram misi saboloo daskv-
na gaimeora Semdgomma eqsperimentebma. imave saxis
transformacia _ feris gamuqeba – gamovlinda pep-
lebis sxva samocdaaT saxeobaSic, aseve _ xoWoebsa
da mravalfexebSic. garda amisa, aseTi transforma-
cia gamovlinda ara marto britaneTSi, aramed sxva
Zalze dabinZurebul regionebSic, germaniis ru-
ris regionisa da aSS-s pitsburgis Statis CaTvliT;
ufro metic, pitsburgis regionSi antipoluciuri
zomebis miRebis Semdeg bolo 50 wlis manZilze Savi
feris peplebis raodenoba orjer Semcirda.A.
bunebrivi gadarCevis im tips, romelic peplebis
magaliTze iyo naCvenebi, ~mimarTuli gadarCeva~
ewodeba. am SemTxvevaSi gansazRvruli niSani dadebi-
Tad miiReba da misi saSualo mniSvneloba xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi icvleba adaptirebadi niSnis
Camoyalibebamde. arsebobs agreTve `mastabilize-
beli gadarCeva~. gadarCevis am tipis dros saSualo
mniSvneloba ar icvleba, xolo bunebrivi gadarCevis
cvlilebebi, romlebic xdeba peplebis populaciaSi inglisis sx-
vadasxva regionSi, bunebrivi gadarCevis TvalsaCino magaliTia. in-
dustrializaciamde xis varjebi ufro Ria feris iyo da Ria feris
peplebi dominirebdnen (dResac, agrarul raionebSi, sadac haeri
naklebad an sul ar aris dabinZurebuli, ufro metad Ria feris pep-
lebia gavrcelebuli). garemos industriuli dabinZurebis Sedegad
xis varjebis gamuqebasTan erTad Ria feris peplebi mtacebeli fr-
invelebisTvis ukeT SesamCnevi gaxdnen. axal, industriul garemoSi
muqi feris peplebis raodenoba swrafad gaizarda.
Sedegad ispoba sawinaaRmdego niSnebi. amis Tval-
saCino magaliTia axalSobilTa wona. rogorc Za-
lian dabali, ise Zalian maRali wona miuRebelia da
unda moxdes amis sawinaaRmdego gadarCeva. rogorc
~mimarTuli~, aseve `mastabilizebeli gadarCeva
gulisxmobs, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva an miiRebs an
uaryofs garkveul genebs, magram arsebobs mesame
_ `gamawonasworebeli gadarCeva~. igi maSin gvx-
vdeba, rodesac alelebis (genebis) heterozigoturi
(Sereuli) kombinacia dadebiTad miiReba maSin, roca
homozigoturi (genebis erTnairi wyvili) kombinacia
uaryofiTia. TavSi, adamianTa cvalebadobis Sesaxeb,
vimsjelebT gamawonasworebel gadarCevasTan dakav-
Sirebul niSanze _ namglisebur anemiaze, romelic
dasavleT afrikuli warmoSobis mosaxleobaSi
gamovlinda.
bunebrivi gadarCevis meore, kargad cnobili
magaliTia saxlis buzebis gamomuSavebuli medegoba
inseqticid DDT-is mimarT. 1940-ian wlebSi, rodesac
mwerebis gasanadgureblad es inseqticidi pirvelad
gamoiyenes, gaCnda saxlis buzis ramdenime axali,
DDT-is winaaRmdeg medegi jiSi. am sawamlavis gamoy-
enebis dasawyisSi bevri buzi ganadgurda, magram is
raodenoba, romelic gadarCa, SemdgomSi gamravlda
da maTi medegobis matarebeli Tvisebebi saxlis bu-
zebis populaciisTvis saerTo gaxda.A praqtikosi eq-
imebisTvis samwuxarod, msgavsi medegoba ganviTarda
baqteriebSic. esa Tu is antibiotiki kargavda efeq-
turobas mas Semdeg, rac misi farTod gamoyeneba
iwyeboda, radgan Cndeboda baqteriaTa axali, mede-
gi kulturebi. bunebrivi gadarCevis gamo, es axali
kulturebi ufro farTod vrceldeboda, vidre maTi
winamorbedebi. amJamad, aSS-Si arsebobs ramdenime
kultura, romelic arsebuli antibiotikebis mimarT
medegobas amJRavnebs, rac praqtikosi eqimebis did
SeSfoTebas iwvevs. erTaderTi gamosavali am prob-
lemis mosagvareblad aris antibiotikebis mox-
marebis ramdenime wliT Sewyveta. am gziT SesaZle-

belia antibiotikebis mimarT medegobis SeCereba an
Sesusteba.
bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria mraval kiTxvas
pasuxobs, magram amasTanave warmoSobs erT, iseT
kiTxvas, romelsac darvinic da sxva mecnierebic
Tavs aridebdnen: Tu sasargeblo Tvisebis warmoqmna
xels uwyobs organizmis gadarCenas, ra xdeba maSin,
rodesac es organizmi mravldeba aseTi sasargeblo
Tvisebis armqone organizmTan SejvarebiT? xom Sei-
Zleba es sasargeblo Tviseba TandaTanobiT gaqres
momaval TaobebSi iseT individebTan Sejvarebisas,
romlebsac es Tviseba ar gaaCnia? darvinma icoda,
rom cvalebadoba genetikurad gadaecemoda, magram
mas ar hqonda memkvidreobiTobis meTodis naTeli
nimuSi. aseTi nimuSi genetikis dargSi pirvelad
gregor mendelma aRmoaCina, magram amis Sesaxeb cno-
bili mxolod 1900 wels gaxda.
memkvidreobiToba
gregor mendelis cdebi
gregor mendeli (1822-1884) iyo beri da moyvar-
uli botanikosi. igi amJamindeli CexeTis respub-
likaSi cxovrobda. man gamoiyvana bardis ramdenime
jiSi da detalurad akvirdeboda maT amonazardebs.
mendelma Sesajvareblad SearCia iseTi mcenareebi,
romelTac mxolod erTi, SesamCnevi ganmasxvave-
beli niSani hqondaT. maRali mcenareebi Seajvara
dablebTan, yviTlebi ki mwvaneebTan. magaliTad:
rodesac yviTeli bardis mcenaris mtveri gadaitana
gregor mendeli.
47
mwvaneze, mendelma saintereso ram SeamCnia: pirveli
Taobis yvela mcenares yviTeli feris nayofi esxa.
ise Canda, TiTqos mwvane niSani gaqra. rodesac mox-
da pirveli Taobis mcenareTa Teslebis Sejvareba,
miRebul mcenareebs Soris iyo rogorc mwvane, ise
yviTeli bardis mcenareebi, SefardebiT sami yvi-
Teli - erTi mwvane (ix. sur. 3-2). mendelma daaskvna,
rom mwvane niSani ar dakargula da arc Secvlila,
ubralod, yviTeli dominanturi iyo, mwvane – rece-
siuli. mendelma msgavsi Sedegi sxva niSnebze da-
kvirvebebis drosac miiRo. simaRle dominirebda
sidableze, xolo gluvkanianobis faqtori _ dan-
aoWebul kanze. TiToeuli Sejvarebis dros, meore
TaobaSi Sefardeba iyo 3/1-Tan. gansxvavebuli Sede-
gebi mohyveboda TviTganayofierebas. mwvane bardis
mosavali yovelTvis mwvane iyo, Yxolo yviTlisa _
yviTeli.
am ricxobrivi monacemebidan mendelma daaskvna,
rom yviTeli bardis zogierTi mcenare iyo sufTa
(homozigoturi) maSin, rodesac sxvebi Seicavdnen
mwvane faqtorsac (heterozigoturi). ese igi, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom SeiZleba orive mcenares esxas yvi-
Teli barda, erT-erTma maTganma SesaZlebelia war-
moSvas mwvane mcenare. aseT SemTxvevebSi genetikuri
Semadgenloba – genotipi gansxvavdeba garegnuli
Sesaxedaobisgan – fenotipisgan.
mSoblebis Taoba
Y Y x y y
pirveli Taoba
Y y x Y y
meore Taoba
Y Y Y y Y y y y
{ 5
3 yviTeli 1 mwvane
suraTi 3-2
rodesac mendelma yviTeli bardis ori genis (YY) mqone mcenare
mwvane bardis ori genis (yy) mqonesTan Seajvara, aRmoCnda, rom
yoveli mcenare iyo yviTeli, magram atarebda rogorc yviTeli, ise
mwvane bardis TiTo gens (Yy). barda yviTeli imitom iyo, rom yviTe-
li geni dominanturi aRmoCnda, mwvane ki recesiuli. pirveli Tao-
bis Sejvarebis Sedegad yviTeli bardis yovel sam mcenareze mwvane
bardis erTi mcenare modioda.
48
genebi: memkvidreobiTi
niSnis gadamcemebi
mendelis memkvidreobiTobis matarebel
nawilakebs dRes genebs vuwodebT. man daaskvna, rom
es nawilakebi arseboben wyvilad TiToeuli niSnisT-
vis da STamomavali TiToeuli mSoblisgan iRebs
am wyvilidan erT-erTs. genis TiToeuli wyvilis
anu jgufis TiToeul elements aleli ewodeba. Tu
TiToeuli niSnis matarebeli ori geni an aleli erT-
nairia, es niSnavs, rom organizmi homozigoturia am
niSnis mimarT; xolo Tu erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba,
maSin am niSnis mimarT heterozigoturia. yviTeli
bardis mcenare, dominanturi yviTeli da recesiu-
li mwvane geniT, Tumca fenotipurad yviTelia, mas
heterozigoturi genotipi aqvs. rogorc mendelma
gviCvena, recesiuli mwvane geni SeiZleba Semdgom
TaobebSi kvlav warmoCndes. magram man araferi ico-
da genebis Semadgenlobis an im procesis Sesaxeb, ro-
melic mSoblidan STamomavlobas gadascems maT. mra-
valwlianma mecnierulma kvleva-Ziebam am sakiTxebSi
informaciuli vakuumi Seavso.
umaRlesi organizmebis (baqteriebisa da primi-
tiuli mcenareebis garda – rogorebicaa momwvano-
molurjo wyalmcenareebi) genebi mdebareobs or-
ganizmis yovel ujredSi moTavsebul Tokismagvar
sxeulebze, romelTac qromosomebi ewodebaT. Cveu-
lebriv, qromosomebi, genebis msgavsad, wyvilebad
gvxvdebian. mocemuli Tvisebis matarebeli yoveli
aleli identur poziciaSi gadaitaneba Sesabamis
qromosomaze. mendelis bardis feris ganmsazRvre-
li ori geni, magaliTad, qromosomis wyvilze erTma-
neTis mopirdapire mxares mdebareobda.
mitozi da meiozi yoveli mcenaris an cxovelis
ujredebs aqvs qromosomebis wyvilTa mxolod am
saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli raodenoba. adamian-
ebs aqvT 23 wyvili qromosoma anu saerTo jamSi _ 46,
romelTagan TiToeuli uamravi genis matarebelia.
yoveli axali organizmis ujredi qromosomebis am
raodenobas iRebs ujreduli reproduqciis (gamrav-
lebis) anu mitozis periodSi, radgan qromosomebis
TiToeuli wyvili Tavis msgavs wyvils warmoSobs.
ra xdeba, rodesac spermatozoidi da kvercxu-
jredi erwymis erTmaneTs axali organizmis warmo-
saqmnelad? ra uSlis xels bavSvs imaSi, rom miiRos
qromosomebis gaormagebuli raodenoba – 23 wyvili
spermidan da 23 wyvili kvercxujredidan? pro-
cesi, romlis Sedegadac xdeba sasqeso ujredebis
mitozis mimdinareoba mcenaris ujredSi. marcxena suraTze gamosaxulia metafazis stadia. yuradReba miaqcieT qromosomebis (aRniSnulia wiT-
lad) Tanabar ganlagebas. marjvena suraTze mocemulia anafazis stadia, rodesac xdeba qromosomebis gayofa da ujredic gasayofad emzadeba.
formireba anu meiozi, uzrunvelyofs, rom es ar
moxdes (ix. tab. 3-3). yoveli sasqeso ujredi Seicavs
saxeobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qromosomebis raode-
nobis naxevars. yoveli spermatozoidis an kvercxu-
jredis mier qromosomebis TiToeuli wyvilis mx-
olod erTi wevri gadaitaneba. ganayofierebis dros
adamianis embrioni, Cveulebriv, iRebs 23 cal qro-
mosomas dedisgan da imdenives mamisgan, rac saerTo
jamSi 23 wyvils qmnis.
dnm. rogorc ukve vTqviT, genebi qromosomebSi
mdebareobs. …TiToeuli genis qimiur struqturaSi
Cadebulia instruqciebis kodirebuli kompleqti.
swored am kodirebuli informaciis saSualebiT
xdeba ujredis mier danarCeni Semadgeneli nawilebi-
sa da qimiuri meqanizmebis warmoqmna. rogorc Cans,
cocxal organizmTa umetesobaSi memkvidrulobas
igive qimiuri nivTiereba –DNMdezoqsiribonukleinis
mJava _ akontrolebs. dnm-is Sesaswavlad uamravi
gamokvlevaa Catarebuli: misi Semadgenlobis, gam-
ravlebis dros gaormagebis da srulyofili orga-
nizmis Seqmnisas informaciis an instruqciis gada-
cemis Seswavlis mizniT.
adamianis ganviTarebisa da genetikis arsSi Casa-
wvdomad umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia dnm-is struq-
turisa da funqciis Seswavla. 1953 wels amerikelma
biologma jeims uotsonma britanel molekuluri
biologiis Semswavlel mecnierTan – frensis krik-
Tan erTad, gamoTqva varaudi, rom dnm aris grZeli,
ori jaWvisgan Semdgari ormagi spiralis formis
mqone molekula (ix. sur. 3-4). genetikuri informa-
cia daculia fuZeebis sworxazovan Tanmimdevro-
baSi. gansxvavebul saxeobebs gansxvavebuli Tanmim-
devroba aqvT. yoveli individi Zalze gansxvavdeba
sxvebisgan. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Ddnm-is moleku-
laSi TiToeul fuZes Tavisi sawinaaRmdego fuZe
aqvs: calke - adeninsa da Timins da calke – citozinsa
da guanins. am matricis mniSvneloba is aris, rom ori
jaWvi erTi da imave informaciis matarebelia. rode-
sac ormagi spirali gaiSleba, mis TiToeul jaWvs
damatebiTi fuZis axali jaWvisaTvis matricis Seqmna
SeeZleba. imis gamo, rom dnm inaxavs organizmis axali
ujredebis SeqmnisaTvis saWiro informacias, mas si-
cocxlis enas uwodeben. rogorc jorj da miuriel
bidlebma Tqves: `dnm-is kodis gaSifvram mogvca ena,
romelic ieroglifebze bevrad ufro Zvelia, iseve
Zvelia, rogorc Tavad sicocxle, ena, romelic yve-
la enaze ufro Tanamedrovea – miuxedavad imisa, rom
misi asoebi uxilavia, xolo misi sityvebi Cveni sxe-
 49

birTvuli dnm-i lagdeba qromosomebSi da

(1) replicirebs (1), ayalibebs homologiur
wyvilebx (2).

(2)

qromosomuli wyvilebis xazobrivi dalageba;

(3) SesaZlebelia krosingoveri.

qromosomTAa wyvilebi iTiSeba(4) or

Svileul ujredad, TiToeuli maTgani
(4)
Seicavs mSobliseuli ujredisgan
unikalur qronosomul nakrebs (5).

(5)

Svileuli ujredebi ganerideba (6),

warmoqmnis ujredebis or wyvils,
TiToeuli gansxvavebuli
qronosomuli nakrebiT da
(6)TiToeuls mSoblis qronosomebis
ganaxevrebuli raodenobiT.

(7)

suraTi 3-3 meiozi (sqesobrivi ujredebi)

P P
S A T S
P P
S C G S

P P
S C G S

P P
S T A S

P P

A B C D

suraTi 3-3 dnm

qromosomebi dnm-isagan Sedgeba. (A). isini Sedgebian ori Saqarfosfatis spiralisgan (B), romlebic erTmaneTTan azotovani fuZiT: adeniniT,
guaniniT, TiminiTa da citoziniT aris dakavSirebuli (C). rodesac xdeba dnm-is molekulis replikacia, azotovani fuZe ixliCeba da spiralis
Zafebi iSleba (D). adenins mxolod TiminTan SeuZlia dakavSireba, xolo citozins mxolod guaninTan, amitom spiralis yoveli sawyisi Zafi
matricis rols asrulebs, romlis gaswvrivac axali, damatebiTi jaWvi iqmneba.
50
ulis ujredebis siRrmeSia damalulia.~
mas Semdeg, rac cnobili gaxda, rom genebi dnm-
idan warmoiSoba, erTiani ZalisxmeviT daiwyo dnm-is
Tanmimdevrobisa da sxvadasxva organizmSi qromo-
somebze maTi ganlagebis sqemebis Seqmna. adamianTa
sruli genetikuri rukis Sesaqmnelad gakeTda `ada-
mianis genomuri proeqti~. 2000 wlis ivlisSi am pro-
eqtis sawyisi safexuri dasrulda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom win kidev bevri samuSaoa, es mniSvnelovani miR-
weva mecnierebas namdvilad miiyvans genetikuri
kodis muSaobis principis gagebamde. magaliTad,
mkvlevrebma cota xnis win aRmoaCines ori geni, rom-
lebic nawilobriv malariis winaaRmdeg mdgradobas
uzrunvelyofs, Tanac ise, rom ar cvlis namglise-
buri eriTrocitis genis zemoqmedebas. es evolucia
genebma, rogorc Cans, SedarebiT cota xnis – ram-
denime aTasi wlis win ganicades. TuU mkvlevrebi aR-
moaCenen, rogor SeiZleba maTi gamoyeneba am genebis
matarebelTa malariisgan dasacavad, did daxmare-
bas gauweven medicinas am daavadebis prevenciasa da
mkurnalobaSi.
sainformacio rnmM dnm inaxavs informacias
ujredebis Sesaqmnelad, magram ujredebis Seqmnaze
zemoqmedebas ar axdens. ribonukleinis mJavis (rnm)
erTi forma _ sainformacio rnm (srnm) _ kopireb-
ulia dnm-is nawilidan da ujredis birTvidan gareT,
cilebis Sesaqmnelad miemarTeba. cilebs imdenad
bevri funqcia akisriaT, rom adamianis organizmis
umetes niSan_Tvisebebze arian pasuxismgebelni.
isini katalizatoris rols asruleben dnm-isa da
rnm-is sinTezSi da ujredis cxovelmyofelobaSi.
sainformacio rnm dnm-s imiT emsgavseba, rom masac
ribosoma
va
JAa
om
in
am
amino
mJAava
srnm trnm
amino
trnm
mJAava
> 10 pepdiduri bma = polipepdidi
> 100 pepdiduri bma = cila
suraTi 3-5 translacia da cilis sinTezi
srnm ujreduli dnm-s aslia da `kiTxulobs~ ribosomisgan romelTanac dakavSirebulia aminomJava trnm-sTan erTad.
romelic zrdis aminomJavebis jaWvs. (polipeptiduri jaWvi ewodeba radgan aminomJavebi erTmameTTan dakaveSirebu-
lia peptiduri bmebiT). 100-s aminomJavisgan met Semdgar jaWvs cila ewodeba.
igive struqtura aqvs, rogorc dnm-is jaWvs, Tumca
qimiurad gansxvavdeba. erTi gansxvavebaa is, rom
sainformacio rnm-s aqvs uracilis fuZe nacvlad
Timinisa. sainformacio dnm-is aqvs agreTve gansx-
vavebuli Saqar-fosfaturi RerZi da oris nacvlad
erTi jaWvi. sainformacio rnm maSin iqmneba, rodesac
orjaWviani dnm-is molekula gaiSleba da qmnis mat-
ricas sainformacio rnm-isTvis. mas Semdeg, rac dnm-
is nawilis kopireba moxdeba, srnm Tavisufldeba
dnm-isgan, birTvidan gadis da dnm-is ormagi spirali
Tavidan iqmneba.
cilebis sinTezi rogorc ki srnm dnm-sgan gaTa-
visufldeba, gamodis ujredis birTvidan, Tavad
ujredSi gadadis da iq arsebul struqturas – ri-
bosomas miemagreba. ribosoma srnm-isgan miRebul
informacias cilebis Sesaqmnelad iyenebs. ribo-
soma, faqtobrivad, `kiTxulobs~ srnm-is qimiuri
bazis brZanebas, romelsac garkveuli aminomJavebi
gadascemen imis Sesaxeb, rom cilis Sesaqmnelad
gaerTiandnen. (ix. sur. 3-5). magaliTad, srnm-is Tan-
mimdevroba adenini, adenini, guanini ribosomas ga-
dascems, rom moaTavsos aminomJava leicini. im adgi-
las, sadac arsebobs Tanmimdevroba adenini, adenini,
citozini (AAC) moaTavsos aminomJava histidini.
arsebobs agreTve srnm-s iseTi brZanebebi, romle-
bic gadascems ribosomas informacias, rodis dai-
wyos an daamTavros cilebis Seneba. amgvarad, dnm-is
kodi, romlis aslic srnm-ze gadaitaneba, awvdis ri-
bosomebisTvis aucilebel yovelgvar informacias
cilebis asaSeneblad, romlebic Tavis mxriv, orga-
nizmis struqturis mTavari Semadgeneli nawili da
organizmis sasicocxlo procesebis mamoZravebeli
polipebtiduri jaWvi
peptiduri
bma
 51

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi
genebi, individebi da saxeobebi
genebis, rogorc memkvi-
dreobiTi Tvisebebis, iden-
tifikaciam mecnierebis
istoriaSi wyalgamyofis
roli Seasrula. genebis ar-
sisa da maTi funqcionirebis
garkveviT mecnierebs saSu-
aleba miecaT, Caswvdomod-
nen evoluciis moqmedebis
princips. Tumca jonaTan
marqsis TqmiT, genebis evo-
luciis mTavar mamoZraveb-
el Zalad aRiarebam mec-
nierebi sxvadasxva doneze
(individi, populacia, saxe-
obebi) moqmedi evoluciuri
procesis ignorirebamde
miiyvana da TandaTanobiT
ufro gaaZnela genebs, indi-
videbsa da saxeobebs Soris
kavSirebis dadgena. dRes
mecnierebi genetikis Sesas-
wavlad axal meTodebsa da
gzebs iyeneben, raTa ukeT
dainaxon kavSiri genebs, or-
ganizmebsa da saxeobebs So-
ris.
genetikuri informaci-
is matarebeli erTeulebi
adreuli ociani wlebidan
genebis saxeliT iwodeba.
1930-ian wlebSi populaci-
uri genetikis ganviTarebam
evoluciis process misca
maTematikur enaze damyare-
buli Zlieri Teoriuli
modeli. genofondi _ popu-
laciis yvela memkvidruli
elementis Sejameba.
genofondze koncen-
trirebis saSualebiT
populaciur genetikaSi
evoluciis gaazrebis fun-
damenturi mimarTuleba
Camoyalibda, romelic Tavs
aridebda iseT sayovelTa-
od aRiarebul biologiur
cnebebs, rogoricaa ujredi
da organizmi. populaciuri
genetika evolucias ganixi-
lavda, rogorc cvlile-
bebs genofondSi, romelSic
organizmebi, ubralod,
genotipebiT iyvnen war-
modgenilebi. genotipi aris
genebis droebiTi wyvili da
misi sicocxlis xangrZlivo-
ba genofondisaze naklebia

cvalebadobis mizezebi Sedegia. magaliTad, kanis feri damokidebulia ram-

bunebrivi gadarCeva mxolod maSin mimdinareobs,
rodesac populaciis Semadgeneli individebis cva-
lebadoba xdeba. amis ori wyaro arsebobs: geneti-
kuri rekombinacia da mutacia.
denime STamomavlobiT damaxasiaTebel niSanze.
moyavisfro fers ganapirobebs pigmenti melanini;
simuqis xarisxi didad aris damokidebuli arsebu-
li melaninis raodenobaze da kanqveS mis ganawile-

genetikuri rekombinacia homologiur qromosomTa wyvili

damaxasiaTebel niSan-TvisebaTa gadacema STamo-

mavlobisTvis sxvadasxvanairad xdeba.A debi da Zmebi
zustad erTnairad ar gamoiyurebian. arc ise xdeba,
rom erTi bavSvi 50%-iT dedas hgavdes da 50%-iT ma-
mas. am gansxvavebebs is ganapirobebs, rom rodesac
spermatozoidi an kvercxujredi Camoyalibdeba,
qromosomaTa TiToeuli wyvilis calkeul wevrs
igi SemTxveviT iRebs. yoveli sasqeso ujredi qro-
mosomebis SemTxveviTi nakrebisa da maTi Sesabamisi
genebis matarebelia. ganayofierebis dros kver- daSorebis procesSi qromo-
cxujredi da spermatozoidi, romlebic erTdebi- gadakveTis
somebis boloebi cvlian wertili
an, gansxvavdebian mSoblebis organizmSi arsebuli gadakveTis ubnebs.
yvela sxva kvercxujredisgan Tu spermatozoidis-
gan. amgvarad, ded-mamis genebis Serevis erT-erTi
mizezi aris meiozis dros qromosomebis SemTxveviTi
segregacia anu daTiSva. amdenad, SesaZlebelia in-
dividma dedis an mamis mxridan qromosomebis nebi-
smieri SesaZlo nakrebi miiRos. mSoblebis genebis gadakveTis
Serevis meore mizezia krosingoveri, anu qromo- wertili
somebis ubnebis gacvla or qromosomas Soris (sur.
3-6). amgvarad, meiozis Semdeg kvercxujredi da
spermatozoidi dedisa da mamisagan ar iReben SemTx-
veviTi mTliani qromosomebis nazavs. krosingoveris
gamo, isini iseT qromosomebsac iReben, romlebSic
zogi ubani SeiZleba Secvlili iyos.
nebismieri organizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niSan-Tvisebebi dominanturi da recesiuli genebis suraTi 3-6 krosingoveri
ubralo kombinacias ar warmoadgenen. adamianebSi
niSan-TvisebaTa umetesoba mravali genis moqmedebis
52

baze. kanis feris ganmsazRvreli meore faqtoria mutacia

sisxli, romelic kanis zeda fenebis qveS mdebare
sisxlZarRvebSi miedineba. adamianebs aqvT melani-
nis gamomuSavebis sul cota, xuTi sxvadasxva geni
da mravali sxva geni kanis sxva komponentebisaT-
vis. faqtobrivad, adamianis yvela fizikuri niSan-
Tviseba genebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegia. zogi
niSan-Tviseba sqeszea damokidebuli. X qromosoma,
romelic Y qromosomis arsebobasTan an ararsebo-
basTan erTad sqess gansazRvravs, SeiZleba amasTa-
nave, hemofiliis an aqromaziis genis matarebelic
iyos. am ori maxasiaTeblis gamovlineba organizmis
sqeszea damokidebuli. genetikuri rekombinacia
qmnis im mravalferovnebas, romelic aucilebelia
bunebrivi gadarCevisaTvis. cvalebadobis mTavari
mizezi mainc mutaciaa. igi anaxlebs cvalebadobis
marags, romelic mudmivad mcirdeba naklebad Segue-
buli variantebis ganadgurebis gamo. mutaciia qmnis
mravalferovnebas agreTve iseT organizmebSi, rom-
lebic usqesod mravldebian.
mutacia aris cvlileba dnm-is TanmimdevrobaSi.
aseTi cvlileba warmoSobs saxecvlil gens. fiqro-
ben, rom mutaciebis umetesoba warmoiSoba dnm-is DSe-
madgeneli qimiuri fuZeebis SemTxveviTi SeerTebiT.
mbeWdavmac ki SeiZleba xelnaweris kopirebisas Sec-
doma dauSvas, aseve dnm-s, sakuTari Tavis kopirebi-
sas SeiZleba SemTxveviT kodi Seecvalos. mutacia
swored aseTi Secdomis Sedegia. zog mutacias ufro
mZime Sedegi mosdevs, vidre sxvas. warmoidgineT, rom
Secdoma dnm-is erT-erTi jaWvis fuZezea. Sedegi
imaze iqneba damokidebuli, Tu ras marTavs dnm-is es
nawili. Tu produqts organizmze umniSvnelo zemoq-
medeba aqvs, Sedegi SeiZleba minimaluri iyos. meore
mxriv, Tu cvlileba iseT adgilas aRmoCndeba, sadac
dnm sxvadasxva cilebis warmoSobas aregulirebs,
organizmisTvis amas SeiZleba seriozuli Sedegi mo-
hyves.

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

unda gveSinodes Tu ara genuri inJineriis?

molekulur genetikaze ukve debis dabrunebis Taobaze. am manZilze cvlidnen genetiku-

imdeni ram aris cnobili, rom
calkeuli genebisa da mTliani
organizmebis Secvlac ki Sesa-
Zlebeli xdeba. revolucia am
sferoSi Zalian swrafad moxda
mas Semdeg, rac 1953 wels jeims
uotsonma da frensis krikma
dnm-is struqtura gamoikvlies.
calkeuli genetikuri Tvise-
bebi dnm-is informaciebis Tan-
mimdevrobas daukavSirda. 1970
wels rekombinaciuli dnm-is
meTodis SemuSavebam SesaZlebe-
li gaxada erTi organizmis dnm-
is nawilebis meore organizmis
dnm-is zustad dadgenil adgil-
ze mierTeba. mecnierebma iswav-
les rekombinirebuli jaWvebis
kopireba iseTi baqteriebis
organizmSi moTavsebiT, romle-
bic klonirebiT mravldebian.
am teqnikas gamoyenebis uamravi
sfero aqvs. bioteqnologiuri
kompaniebi ukve axorcieleben
genur inJinerias samedicino
preparatebis dasamzadeblad
(rogoricaa, magaliTad, insu-
lini da B hepatitis sawinaaRm-
dego vaqcina) da ufro metad
sasurveli mcenareuli da
cxoveluri produqciis mis-
aRebad (magaliTad, pomidvrisa,
romlis mwife nayofis trans-
portirebac dazianebis riskis
gareSe iqneba SesaZlebeli).
grZeldeba muSaoba genetikuri
defeqtebis gamosasworeblad
organizmSi Secvlili ujre-
droisaTvis cnobilia adamianis
4000-mde daavadeba, romelic
ramdenime genis defeqtiT aris
gamowveuli. Teoriulad, maTi
gamosworeba odesme SesaZle-
beli gaxdeba genuri inJineriis
saSualebiT. rac meti gveco-
dineba genebis zust mdebareo-
baze da dnm-is Tanmimdevrobaze,
romlebsac garkveuli informa-
cia gadaaqvT, miT ufro ganvi-
Tardeba genuri inJineria. bevrs
sjera, rom genetikuri Terapia,
sabolood, simsivnis sxvadasxva
saxeobas da gulis daavadebebs
gankurnavs.
SeiZleba Tu ara, aseTi gamo-
gonebebi raime riskTan iyos da-
kavSirebuli? zogs eSinia, rom
rekombinaciul dnm inJinerias
saxifaTo Sedegebi mohyveba. ar-
sebobs Tu ara saSiSroeba, moxdes
saxifaTo baqteriebis an viru-
sis gaukontrolebeli saxeobis
laboratoriis pirobebSi gamo-
yvana? SeiZleba Tu ara franken-
Steinis magvari arsebis Seqmna?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, romelime
uprincipo mTavrobam garkveuli
saxis genuri cvlilebebi ganax-
orcielos? gvaqvs aseTi SiSis
sababi?
aucilebelia gavixsenoT,
rom marTalia, dnm-is Secvla
rekombinaciuli meTodiT axali
dargia, magram Tavad genetikuri
inJineria ar aris axali mecniere-
ba. adamianebi aTaswleulebis
rad cxovelebsa da mcenareebs.
Cveulebriv, amas ara genur in-
Jinerias, aramed agronomias da
mecxoveleobas vuwodebT. mar-
Talia, tradiciuli genuri in-
Jineriis meTodi – seleqciuri
Sejvareba – dnm-is SeerTEebis-
gan gansxvavdeba, magram Sedegi
mainc genetikuri cvlilebaa.
sasurveli Tvisebebis misaRebad
SejvarebiT, adamianebi iReben
cxenebis, ZaRlebis, saqonlis,
simindisa da lobios da mravali
sxva cxovelisa da mcenaris axal
saxeobas, yoveli maTgani Zalian
gansxvavdeba TavianTi veluri
winamorbedisgan. adamianebma mi-
kroorganizmebic `moiSinaures~.
amis kargi magaliTia safuari.
aTasobiT welia, rac mas puris
sacxobad da ludis mosaxarSad
iyeneben. SedarebiT naklebi xa-
nia, rac obis gamoyeneba daiwyes
penicilinis dasamzadeblad,
xolo cocxali vaqcinebi, spe-
cialurad dasustebuli viruse-
bi (mag. poliomielitis sawinaaR-
mdego vaqcina), didi xania, ama Tu
im avadmyofobasTan sabrZolve-
lad gamoiyeneba.
ras gveubneba warsulis gen-
uri inJineria momaval inJineri-
asTan dakavSirebuli riskis Ses-
axeb? warsuli varaudobs, rom
moSinaurebas araviTari serio-
zuli ziani ar SeiZleba mohyves.
Sinauri cxovelebi da mcenaree-
bi uaresad igrZnoben Tavs, Tu
 53

velur pirobebs davubrunebT,
vidre maTi veluri biZaSvile-
bi. maT, Cveulebriv, adamianis
daxmareba sWirdebaT kvebaSic,
stiqiisgan Tavis dasacavadac
da STamomavlobis movlis
sakiTxSic. aba, ratom unda iyos
genuri inJineria gansxvavebu-
li? mas igive mTavari mizani aqvs
– seleqciuri Sejvareba. adami-
ans unda, rom didi, patara Tu
mikroskopuli organizmi misT-
vis gamosadegi gaxados. dRemde
Cvens xelT arsebuli masala
gviCvenebs, rom is organizmebi,
romlebic adamianma Tavis sa-
sikeTod genetikurad Secvala,
misTvis safrTxes ar wamoadgens,
radgan adamianis daxmarebis ga-
reSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT. ra
Tqma unda, es azri ar uaryofs
riskis faqtoris gamosaricxad
testirebis Catarebis aucile-
blobas. imedis momcemia isic,
rom bunebriv pirobebSic ki dnm-
s erTi organizmidan meoreSi
gadasvla SeuZlia da amgvari
bunebrivi genetikuri cvaleba-
doba CvenTvis saxifaTo ar aris.
adamianebs umetesad imis eSiniaT,
rom mikrobebma SeiZleba SemTx-
veviT laboratoriidan gareT ga-
moaRwion da gaukontroleblad
gamravldnen. magram rogorc
ukve vTqviT, saeWvoa, rom rome-
lime maTgani an axali genetikuri
forma imaze saSiSi aRmoCndes,
vidre maTi gareuli naTesavebi
arian. Tu baqteriebi SemTxveviT
gareT gaaRweven, iseT cariel da
sterilur garemoSi ar moxvdebi-
an rogoric `petris finjania~.
bunebrivi garemo ukve savsea
baqteriebiTa (romelTa umete-
soba adamianisTvis sasargebloa)
da organizmebiT, romlebic
laboratoriidan gamoRweul
baqteriebze ieriSs miitanen.
saxifaTo baqteriis gamoyvana
arc iseTi advili saqmea. es imas
rodi niSnavs, rom adamianebi
frTxilad ar unda iyvnen. axali
produqtebis sertificirebisT-
vis funqcionirebs saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebi, SemuSavebulia
sacdeli procedurebis Casa-
tarebeli specialuri wesebi da
moqmedeben sameTvalyureo orga-
noebi. dnm-is rekombinaciis Sede-
gad miRebuli axali produqti
mis farTo gamoyenebamde jer
aucileblad unda damtkicdes.
SeiZleba Tu ara adamianma
amgvari teqnologia evgenikis
mizniT gamoiyenos, magaliTad,
Seqmnas superadamiani an biolo-
giuri iaraRi? albaT, SeiZlebaA.
mTavari problema dnm-is rekom-
binaciul meTodSi ar mdgo-
mareobs. amgvari iaraRis ararse-
bobas ar SeuCerebia genocidi,
eTnikuri wmenda, sterilizacia
da Zaladoba. mis ararsebobas ar
SeuCerebia bunebrivi biologi-
uri iaraRis (yvavilis virusiT
dasnebovnebuli sabnebis darige-
ba Crd. amerikeli indielebi-
sTvis XIX s-Si) gamoyeneba an I
msoflio omis dros da mis Semdeg
momwamvleli gazis gamoyeneba.
borotebis saTave, teqnologiis
arseboba da ararseboba ki ara,
sul sxva ramea. Tu adamianis mier
Zaladobis Semcireba gvinda,
jer misi mizezi unda davadgi-
noT. ufro metma kvleva-Ziebam
Tavi SeiZleba ufro daculad
gvagrZnobinos.

marTalia, mutaciis proporciebis dadebiTi Tu
uaryofiTi Sedegebi Zalian Zneli gamosaTvlelia,
magram eWvs ar iwvevs, rom zogierT mutacias Sei-
Zleba letaluri Sedegi mohyves. genis Tvisebebze
saubari SeiZleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaviT-
valiswinebT mis fizikur, kulturul da genetikur
garemo pirobebs. galaqtozemias, magaliTad, iwvevs
recesiuli mutanti geni. am daavadebas, Cveulebriv,
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba da sibrmave axasiaTebs,
magram misi prevencia SeiZleba dieturi SezRudve-
biT, romelic adreuli asakidanve unda dawesdes. am
SemTxvevaSi adamianis kultura ereva da zemoqmede-
bas axdens mutant genze da normaluri cxovrebis
saSualebas aZlevs individs. amgvarad, kulturis
zogierT faqtors SeuZlia bunebrivi gadarCevis ze-
moqmedebis Secvla mutanti genis gauvnebelyofiT.
galaqtozemiis niSnis matarebel adamianebs eZlevaT
normalurad cxovrebis, gamravlebis da STamomav-
lobisaTvis erTi-erTi recesiuli genis gadacemis
saSualeba. kulturuli Carevis gareSe, Ebunebrivi
gadarCeva aseT reproduqcias ar dauSvebda. bune-
brivi gadarCeva inarCunebs mxolod im mutaciebs,
romlebic organizmis gadarCenas uwyobs xels.
Tumca, bevri mutacia SeiZleba adapturi ar iyos,
magram adapturi mutaciebi xels uwyobs populaciis
SedarebiT swraf gamravlebas bunebrivi gadarCevis
daxmarebiT. rogorc Teodor dobJanski varaudob-
da:
sasargeblo mutaciebi iseve cotaa, rogorc nemsi
zianis momtani mutaciebis zvinSi. nemsis povna Tivis
zvinSi Zalian Znelia maSinac ki, rodesac darwmuneb-
uli xar, rom namdvilad iq aris. Tu nemsi Zvirfasia,
misi Zebnis gaadvileba SeiZleba zvinis dawviT da nem-
sis nacarSi ZebniT. biologiur evoluciaSi cecxlis
rols bunebrivi gadarCeva TamaSobs.
Savi pepela, romelic 1850 wels manCesterSi
SeniSnes, rogorc Cans, mutaciis Sedegi iyo. xis
varjebi Ria Seferilobis rom yofiliyo, es peple-
bi an maTi STamomavloba aucileblad ganadgurde-
boda. magram industrializaciis zrdasTan erTad
xis varjebis feri gamuqda da rac adre cudad adap-
tirebadi iyo, ukve adaptirebadi gaxda.
genetikuri rekombinacia da mutacia axali vari-
antebis Seqmnis wyaroa, magram evoluciurma biolo-
gebma kidev ori sxva procesis identifikacia SeZles.
es procesebi mniSvnelovania am variantebis popula-
ciaSi gavrcelebisaTvis. esenia genetikuri dreifi
da genebis nakadi.
genetikuri dreifi
termini `genetikuri dreifi~ exeba sxvadasxva
SemTxveviT process, gavlenas axdens genTa six-
Sireebze patara, SedarebiT izolirebul popula-
ciebSi. igi cnobilia aseve `raitis efeqtis~ saxeliT
genetikos siuol raitis pativsacemad, romelmac
pirvelma miapyro yuradReba am movlenas. droTa
ganmavlobaSi mcirericxovan populaciebSi `gene-
tikurma dreifma~ SeiZleba neitraluri an TiTqmis
neitraluri genis met-naklebi gaiSviaTeba gamoi-
wvios.
`genetikuri dreifis~ erTi saxesxvaoba, `dam-
aarseblis efeqti~ maSin Cndeba, rodesac organizm-
Ta didi populaciidan aRmocenebuli patara jgufi
SedarebiT izolirebuli adgilisken migrirebs. Tu
romelime gansazRvruli geni migrirebul jgufs
ratomRac aklia, es geni arc maT STamomavlebs
eqnebaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini isev izolirebu-
lad icxovreben. Tu jgufis yvela warmomadgeneli
romelime gansazRvruli genis matarebeli iqneboda,
igi STamomavlebsac gadaecemoda. izolacia bevri
mizezis gamo SeiZleba moxdes _ magaliTad, Tu
jgufi dausaxlebel adgilze gadainacvlebs da ukan
54

aRar dabrundeba. populaciebi, romlebic beringis
miwis xidiT gadadiodnen aziidan Crd. amerikaSi,
zogjer, wylis donis awevis gamo, maSinve ukan veRar
brundebodnen. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is, Tu ratom
aris Crdilo amerikel indielebSi 0 jgufis sisxlis
mqone adamianTa proporciulad ufro didi raode-
noba, vidre sxva populaciebSi – pirvel migrantebSi,
albaT SemTxveviT sisxlis 0 jgufis mqone adamianebi
Warbobdnen.
izolacia SeiZleba socialuri mizeziTac mox-
des. adreul 1700-ian wlebSi germaniidan aSS-Si dan-
kerebis religiuri seqta gadasaxlda. am 50 ojaxis
izolirebuli cxovrebiT albaT SeiZleba aixsnas, Tu
ratom gansxvavdeboda maTi genebis sixSire rogorc
germaneli, ise sxva amerikuli populaciebisgan.
genebis nakadi
genebis nakadi ewodeba process, rodesac genebi
erTi polulaciisgan gadaecema meores Sejvarebis
Sedegad. bunebrivi gadarCevisa da genebis dreifis
sxva procesebisgan gansxvavebiT, genebis nakadi pop-
ulaciebs Soris gansxvavebebs amcirebs.

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

rogor mimdinareobs evolucia – nela da Tanabrad, Tu
swrafad da mkveTrad?

darvinis evoluciuri Teo-
ria Seicavs varauds, rom axali
saxeobebis warmoSoba TandaTan
da etapobrivad xdeba. bune-
brivi gadarCevis procesSi
niSan-Tvisebebi nel-nela icv-
leba da sabolood axali saxe-
obebi Cndeba. magram darvins ar
auxsnia, ratom xdeba amdeni sx-
vadasxva saxeobis warmoSoba. Tu
Tvisebebi mxolod etapobrivad
icvleba, xom ar miscemda es STa-
momavlobiT populaciebs saSu-
alebas, SeenarCunebinaT erTma-
neTSi Sejvarebis unari da imave
saxeobebad darCeniliyvnen?
1930-ian da 1940-ian wlebSi
biologebma da genetikosebma
warmatebas miaRwies im sakiTxis
kvlevaSi, romelsac evoluciis
TeoriaSi `Tanamedrove sin-
Tezi~ ewoda. mutacia da genebis
rekombinacia axla genetikur
mravalferovnebas uzrunve-
lyofda. cvalebadobis mamoZ-
ravebel Zalad kvlav bunebrivi
gadarCevis gziT garemosTan
Segueba iTvleboda. populacia-
Si genebis sixSireebi, rogorc
Cans, nela icvleboda, radgan
Seguebadi genebis (arsebuli
genebis an mutaciebis gamo) ra-
odenoba gaizarda da araSeg-
uebadi genebisa ki Semcirda.
izolacias, aqedan gamomdinare
ki _ axal saxeobebs. evoluciaze
amgvar gradualur (etapobriv)
SexedulebaSi eWvi Seitanes nil
eldrijma da stiven jei guldma.
evoluciis alterniul modelad
maT wyvetili wonasworoba (evo-
luciis tipi, romlis drosac
wonasworobis xangrZliv peri-
ods drodadro aqtiuri gavniTa-
rebis xanmokle periodi arRvevs)
miiRes. marTalia, es mecnierebic
miiCnevdnen, rom bunebrivi ga-
darCeva evuluciur cvlilebaTa
gamomwvevi mTavari meqanizmia,
magram misi mimdinareobis temps
sxvanairad aRiqvamdnen. maTi az-
riT, axali saxeobebi swrafad
evolucionireben, magram ro-
gorc ki warmatebuli saxeoba
gaCndeba, misi damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi Zalian nela icvleba.
amgvarad, Tanamedorve sinTezis
Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, eldri-
ji da guldi ar fiqrobdnen, rom
Semdgomi STamomavlobis etapo-
brivi cvlileba damaxasiaTebeli
dro
iyo msoflioSi arsebuli yvela
saxeobisaTvis. piriqiT, maTi az-
riT, saxeobebis gaCena met-nak-
lebad wyvetil xasiaTs atarebs,
Semdeg isini didad ar icvlebian,
bolos ki qrebian. amis magaliTad
eldrijs da gulds mohyavdaT
Crd. amerikuli trilobitebi da
bermudis xmeleTis lokokinebi.
erTi SexedviT, orive am jgufis
cxovelebSi TiTqos didi xnis
manZilze araviTari cvlileba
ar xdeba, zogi saxeobisTvis mil-
ioni wlis ganmavlobaSi, magram
SemdgomSi zogi maTgani swrafad
icvleba msgavsi saxeobebiT ax-
lomdebare raionebidan. eldri-
jisa da guldis azriT, saxeoba-
Ta TanmimdevrobiTi Canacvleba
garedan ufro sarwmunoa, vidre
DdroTa ganmavlobaSi momxdari
cvlilebebis gamo.
bolodroindeli kvlevebis
Tanaxmad, klimatis zogierTma,
SedarebiT swrafma cvlilebam
dedamiwis istoriaSi gamoiwvia
saxeobaTa da saxeobaTa ojaxebis

axali saxeobebis warmoSoba da

divergencia evoluciis Ta-
namedrove sinTezuri Teoriis damyarebuli
gradualizmi
mixedviT Cndeba maSin, rode- wonasworoba
sac subpopulacia izolaciaSi
eqceva geografiuli barierebis
gamo an rodesac sxvadasxva morfologiuri cvlileba
subpopulaciebi gansxvavebul
klimatur pirobebSi xvdebian an
axal ekologiur niSaSi gadain- TandaTanobiTi (gradualuri) da wyvetili
acvleben. garemosgan izolaci- wonasworobis evoluciuri cvalebadobis
is amgvari procesi sabolood grafikuli gamosaxuleba.A
Sedegad iRebs reproduqciul
 55

masobrivi gadaSeneba da Sesabam-
isi raodenobis axali gvarebis
warmoSoba. magaliTad, arsebobs
sarwmuno magaliTi imisa, rom
daaxloebiT 65 milioni wlis win,
carcis geologiur periodSi
dedamiwas didi meteoriti See-
jaxa. luis alvaresi da misi ko-
legebi varaudobdnen, rom amas
atmosferoSi mtvris imdenad
didi raodenobis gagzavna mohy-
va, rom dedamiwa Tveebis an ufro
meti xnis manZilze wyvdiadma
moicva. zogierTi Tanamedrove
mkvlevris azriT, meteoritis
Camovardnas SeeZlo vulkanebis
gaaqtiureba yvelgan, dedamiwis
sawinaaRmdego mxarezec ki, rac
mzis radiaciis zemoqmedebas
Seamcirebda. 65 milionis wlis
win gadaSendnen ara marto dino-
zavrebi, aramed zRvis binadari
mravali cxoveli da mcenarec.
amis Semdeg dedamiwaze gamrav-
lda cxovelTa da mcenareTa
mravali axali saxeoba: Tevzebi,
xvlikebi, frinvelebi, ZuZum-
wovrebi da agreTve xeebi. ro-
gorc primatebis evoluciis
Sesaxeb TavSi davinaxavT, Cveni
sakuTari biologiuri rigi,
primatebic, am droisaTvis unda
warmoSobiliyo.
piter grantma Seiswavla
galapagosis kunZulebze bi-
nadari skvinCebi, romlebic
nawilobriv, darvinis Teoriis
STamagoneblebi iyvenen. dar-
vinisgan gansxvavebiT, grants
bunebrivi gadarCevis procesze
uSualod dakvirvebis saSualeba
hqonda. man dainaxa, rom igi sao-
crad swrafad mimdinareobda. am
proeqtisTvis TiToeul skvin-
Cas Sori manZilidan SesamCnevad
feradi bafTa miabes. 1977 wels,
proeqtis SuagulSi, rodesac
frinvelebis naxevars bafTa
ukve Sebmuli hqonda, serio-
zuli gvalva daiwyo. kunZulis
binadari skvinCebis ori mTavari
saxeobidan (kaqtusis skvinCa
da saSualo skvinCa) gamravle-
bas mxolod kaqtusis skvinCa
axerxebda, magram STamomavloba
eRupeboda. Semdegi 18 Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi saSualo skvinCebis
mozrdil individTa 85 % gaqra,
xolo gadarCenilTa Soris ufro
didi zomisa da didniskartiani
individebi Warbobdnen. ram
gamoiwvia es? skvinCebis orive
saxeoba marcvleuliT da Tesle-
biT ikvebeboda, magram balaxisa
da sxva mcenareebis mcire zomis
Teslebi gvalvis dros ufro nak-
lebi raodenobiT gvxvdeba, vidre
didi zomisa. gvalvis pirobebSi
mimdinare bunebrivi gadarCevis
gamo, ufro didniskartiani in-
dividebi gadarCnen, radgan didi
niskarti mosaxerxebeli iyo msx-
vili marcvlebis garsis gasa-
texad.
gvalviani wlebis SualedebSi
teniani wlebi rom ar yofiliyo,
rac mcire zomis skvinCebisT-
vis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida,
skvinCebis axali saxeoba ufro
swrafad ganviTardeboda. gamoT-
vlilia, rom ocwliani gvalva
sakmarisi iqneboda skvinCebis ax-
ali saxeobis Camosayalibeblad.
darvinisa (da grantis) skvinCebi
wyvetili wonasworobis namdvil
suraTs ar iZleva (ar momxdara
garedan Canacvleba), magram sa-
Sualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT,
rom evolucia SeiZleba imaze
bevrad ufro swrafad mimdin-
areobdes, vidre es darvins war-
moedgina.
rogor mimdinareobs evo-
lucia, nela da Tanabrad, Tu
swrafad da wyvetilad, amaze
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosaz-
rebebi arsebobs. bevri mecnieri,
guldis CaTvliT, aRniSnavs, rom
am Sexedulebebis dapirispireba
saWiro ar aris. gansxvavebul Sem-
TxvevebSi SeiZleba orive maTgani
swori aRmoCndes. am Teoriebis
Sesafaseblad aucilebelia evo-
luciuri Tanmimdevrobis bevrad
ufro safuZvliani Seswavla.

adamianebSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli genetikuri ereba ar moxdeba, Tu moxdeba, embrioni iRupeba. Tu

maxasiaTeblebis umetesobas aqvs TandaTanobiTi
anu klinarulad cvalebadi sixSireebi maTi erTi
adgilidan meoreze gadanacvlebis Sesabamisad. erT-
maneTis mezoblad mdebare regionebSi meti genuri
sixSire aRiniSneba, vidre daSorebul regionebSi. ma-
gram es klinaruli niSnebi erTmaneTs yovelTvis ar
emTxveva, rac adamianebTan mimarTebaSi warmoSobs
`rasis~ koncefcias. igi adamianTa Soris arsebul
biologiur gansxvavebebSi gasarkvevad didad gamo-
sadegi ar aris. am sakiTxs ufro dawvrilebiT gan-
vixilavT TavSi, romelic adamianTa sxvadasxvaobas
exeba.A
genebis nakadi SeiZleba gaCndes rogorc erTma-
neTisgan daSorebul, ise axlo mdebare populaciebs
Soris. adamianTa gadaadgilebam vaWrobis, Tavdasx-
mis an gadasaxlebis mizniT, SeiZleba genebis nakadi
gamoiwvios. magram yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.
saxeobaTa warmoSoba
darvinis Teoriis erT-erTi yvelaze sakamaTo
varaudi iyo is, rom erT saxeobas droTa ganmavloba-
Si evoluciis Sedegad meore saxeobad gardaqmna
SeeZlo. saxeoba aris organizmTa jgufi, romelTac
erTmaneTTan Sejvareba da jansaRi da nayofieri STa-
momavlobis warmoSoba SeuZliaT. sazogadod, erTi
saxeobis individebs ar SeuZliaT sxvebTan warmate-
biT Sejvareba genetikuri da qceviTi gansxvavebis
gamo. aseTi Sejvarebisas kvercxujredis ganayofi-
nayofi gadarCeba da daibadeba an maleve daiRupeba
an SemdgomSi unayofo iqneba. maSin rogor xdeba erTi
saxeobis meore saxeobad gardaqmna? rogor SeiZleba
erTi jgufis organizmebs imdenad moespos msgavseba
meoresTan, romelTanac saerTo winaprebi akavSireb-
da, rom bolos axali saxeoba Seiqmnas?
saxeobaTa warmoqmna anu axali saxeobebis ganvi-
Tareba SeiZleba moxdes erT romelime qvesaxeobaSi,
Tu igi radikalurad gansxvavebul garemo pirobebSi
moxvdeba.A axal, gansxvavebul garemo pirobebTan
adaptaciam ori populacia SeiZleba genetikurad
imdenad daaSoros erTmaneTs, rom urTierTobis
ganaxlebisas maT Soris Sejvareba SeuZlebelic ki
gaxdes. genebis gacvlas xeli SeiZleba uamravma faq-
torma SeuSalos: SesaZlebelia, rom erTsa da imave
teritoriaze mcxovrebi ori, gansxvavebuli saxeoba
weliwadis sxvadasxva dros mravldebodes an am dros
maTi qceva _ arSiyobis rituali – sruliad gansx-
vavebuli iyos. xelisSemSleli pirobaa agreTve sxe-
ulis gamravlebasTan dakavSirebuli struqturis
SeuTavsebloba. saxeobaTa Soris Sejvarebas albaT
yvelaze metad xels geografiuli barierebi uSlis.
mas Semdeg, rac saxeobaTa Soris diferenciacia
iwyeba, evoluciuri procesis ukan Semobruneba Seu-
Zlebeli xdeba. axal saxeobebs aRar SeuZliaT mSob-
liuri (monaTesave) saxeobis warmomadgenlebTan
Sejvareba da gamravleba. magaliTad, adamianebsa da
Simpanzeebs daaxloebiT 5 milioni wlis win saerTo
winapari hyavdaT, magram mas Semdeg maTi evoluci-
56
uri gzebi Seuqcevadad gaiyo.
ra tempiT xdeba axali saxeobebis daSoreba Tavi-
anTi winaprebisgan? anTropologebi am sakiTxze ver
Tanxmdebian. tradiciuli azris Tanaxmad, evolucia
Zalian xangrZlivad mimdinareobs da axali saxeobebi
TandaTanobiT Cndeba. anTropologTa sxva jgufi,
`punqtuaciuri wonasworobis~ mimdevarni Tvlian,
rom saxeobebi didi xnis manZilze stabilurad vi-
Tardebian, magram Tu gadaxra Cndeba, es procesi Za-
lian swrafad mimdinareobs (ix. CarCo ~rogor mimdi-
nareobs evolucia – nela da Tanabrad Tu swrafad da
wyvetilad?~).
saxeobebi warmoSobis winaaRmdeg
`mecnier-kreacionistebi~ amtkiceben, rom mar-
Talia, bunebriv gadarCevas SeuZlia gamoiwvios cva-
lebadoba saxeobaTa Soris (mikroevolucia), magram
mas ar SeuZlia axal saxeobaTa Seqmna (makroevolu-
cia). isini amboben, rom yvela cocxali arseba Rmer-
Tis Seqmnilia, evoluciam mxolod mcired Secvala
isini, axali saxeobebi ar Seuqmnia. kreacionistul
SexedulebasTan dakavSirebuli mTavari problema
is aris, rom arsebobs seriozuli empiriuli dada-
stureba saxeobebis warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT.
uiliam raisma da jorj soltma daamtkices, rom
Tu xilis buzebs (drozofila) maTi saarsebo piro-
bebis mixedviT daaxarisxebdnen (mkveTri sinaTle
da temperatura), Semdeg ki am jgufebs cal-calke
gaamravlebdnen, momavalSi iseT buzebs miiRebdnen,
romlebsac jiSTaSorisi Sejvarebis unari aRar
eqnebodaT (anu sxvadasxva saxeobebs miiRebdnen),
sul cota, 35 Taobis ganmavlobaSi. ganamarxebuli
faunis aRmoCenis angariSebi rogorc saxeobaTa Se-
qmnis mraval magaliTs, aseve sruliad axali tipis
Seqmnis faqtebsac Seicavs. frinvelebis warmoSoba
xmeleTis cxovelebisgan ganamarxebuli faunis mra-
vali magaliTiT mtkicdeba. kreacionistebi cdilo-
ben Seamciron saxeobaTa warmoqmnis mtkicebuleba-
Ta mniSvneloba, magram ricxvi uzarmazaria da maTi
naxva msoflios yvela muzeumSia SesaZlebeli.
qceviTi niSnebis
bunebrivi gadarCeva
bunebrivi gadarCeva moqmedebs fizikuri niS-
nebis cvlilebaze, rogoricaa, mag. peplebis feri an
Jirafis kisris sigrZe, magram bunebrivi gadarCeva
zegavlenas axdens agreTve populaciebis qceviT
Tvisebebzec. marTalia, es azri axali ar aris, ma-
gram bolo dros sul ufro met yuradRebas ipyrobs.
mecnierebis am mimarTulebas socbiologia, qcevis
ekologia da evoluciuri fsiqologia ewodeba da
iTvaliswinebs evoluciis principebis gamoyenebas
cxovelebisa da adamianebis qcevis Sesaswavlad. qce-
vis ekologia Seiswavlis, rogor ukavSirdeba esa Tu
is qceva garemomcvel pirobebs. socbiologia dain-
teresebulia socialuri organizaciisa da social-
uri qcevis sakiTxebiT. evoluciuri fsiqologia ki
Seiswavlis, rogor iqmneba evoluciis saSualebiT
adamianis qcevis, urTierTobisa da samyaros aRqmis
xangrZlivad moqmedi modelebi. iTvleba, rom saxe-
obaTa tipuri qcevebi bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT
aris ganviTarebuli. ratom avlenen monaTesave saxe-
obebi gansxvavebul socialur qcevas maSinac ki, Tu
saerTo winaprebisgan arian warmoSobilni?
SevadaroT lomi katisebrTa sxva warmomadgen-
lebs. maSin, rodesac am ojaxis sxva warmomadgenle-
bi, Cveulebriv, marto cxovroben lomebi cxovroben
jgufebad, romelTac praidi ewodeba. ratom xdeba
ase? jorj Saleris varaudiT, imitom, rom jgufuri
nadiroba Ria adgilebSi ufro mosaxerxebelia. misi
dakvirvebiT, lomebis jgufi ara marto martoxela
lomze ufro warmatebulad nadirobs, aramed ad-
viladac umklavdeba iseT did nadavls, rogoric
Jirafia. bokverebic socialuri jgufis garemocva-
Si ukeT arian daculni sxva mtaceblebisgan, vidre
mxolod dedasTan yofnisas. aqedan gamomdinare,
lomebis socialuri qceva, pirvel rigSi, amgvarad
SeiZleba imitom ganviTarda, rom bunebrivi gadar-
Cevis TvalsazrisiT, met upiratesobas iZleoda
lomebis Ria sivrceSi arsebobis pirobebSi.
aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom bunebrivi gadarCe-
va moqmedebs gamoxatul niSan-Tvisebebze anu indivi-
dis fenotipze. peplebis magaliTidan vxedavT, rom
maTi feri _ fenotipis nawili _ bunebriv gadarCev-
as eqvemdebarebaA. qcevac gamoxatuli niSan-Tvisebaa.
Tu jgufuri nadiroba (qcevis niSani) meti sakvebis
mopovebis saSualebas iZleva, jgufebad monadire
individebi, ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian. ma-
gram unda gvaxsovdes, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva niSan-
TvisebaTa STamomavlobiTobas moiTxovs. SeiZleba
Tu ara STamomavlobiTobis koncefciis gamoyeneba
qcevis SeZenili da ara genetikurad miRebuli Tvise-
bebis Seswavlisas? metic, Tu STamomavlobiTobis
koncefcia Seswavlil qcevebsac moicavs, SeiZleba
Tu ara, rom kulturuli aRzrdasac moicavdes?
Sinaur ZaRlebze bolodroindeli dakvirvebiT aR-
moCnda, rom SeiZlebaA. rogorc Cans, Sinaur ZaRlebs
STamomavlobiT gadaecemaT adamianebis mier maTTan
urTierTobisas gamoyenebul zogierT socialur
niSanze (rogoricaa, mag. miTiTeba) reagirebis unari,
rac mglebs ar gaaCniaT. am aRmoCenidan gamomdinare,
cxovelebSi kulturuli swavlebis zogierTi niSnis
memkvidreobiT gadacema dasaSvebia.
adreul wlebSi socbiologia da qcevis ekologia
aqcents qcevis genetikur komponentze akeTebdnen.
eduard o. uilsoni wignSi ~socbiologia~ am dargs
gansazRvravda, rogorc ~qcevis biologiuri mize-
zebis sistematur Seswavlas~. magram bobi lou
fiqrobs, rom marTalia, termini ~biologiuri~ Sei-
Zleba gavigoT, rogorc ~genetikuris~ interpreta-
cia, magram biologTa umravlesobas kargad esmis,
rom gamoxatuli damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi Cndeba
genebis, garemo pirobebis, cxovrebis istoriisa da
urTierTobebis Sedegad. qceva zemoT CamoTvli-
li samive pirobis zegavlenis SedegiaA. Tu vityviT,
rom zogierTi maTgani STamomavlobiT gadaecema,
safiqrebelia, rom bavSvis qceva ufro mSoblebisas
unda imeorebdes, vidre sxva adamianebisas anu ms-
gavseba memkvidrulia im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac is
mTlianad naswavli anu gadmoRebulia mSoblebisgan.
socbiologiurma midgomam anTropologiaSi didi
dapirispireba gamoiwvia, iqneb imis gamo, rom am mec-
nierebas aqcenti genebsa da genetikaze ufro hqonda,
vidre gamocdilebasa da swavlaze, rogorc adamianis
qcevis ganmsazRvrel kriteriumebze. anTropologe-
bi amtkiceben, rom socialuri Cvevebi SeiZleba met-
naklebad adaptirebadi iyos, radgan reproduqciu-
li Sedegebi kulturuli qcevebsac mohyveba. magram
individis mxolod da mxolod qceva ar gansazRvravs
reproduqciul Sedegebs. monawileobs Tu ara kul-
turul evoluciaSi bunebrivi gadarCeva? biologTa
umravlesoba fiqrobs, rom araA. maTi azriT, arsebobs
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba biologiursa da kul-
turul evoluciebs Soris. rogor SeiZleba am ori

lomebis upiratesoba is aris, rom binadroben Ria sivrceSi da meti warmatebiT
iWeren didi zomis cxovelebs. es socialuri qceva SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos
gadarCevasTAan Ria garemoSi.
evoluciis Sedareba? am kiTxvebze sapasuxod unda
gvaxsovdes, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis moqmedebisaT-
vis saWiroa sami pirobis arseboba _ cvalebadoba,
memkvidruloba (anu im meqanizmebis arseboba, rom-
lebic momaval TaobaSi mSoblebis niSan-Tvisebebis
gameorebas uzrunvelyofs) da Mmemkvidruli gansx-
vavebebiT gamowveuli STamomavlobis datovebis
gansxvavebuli unari. SeiZleba Tu ara am sami pirobis
misadageba kulturuli qcevebisaTvis?
biologiuri evoluciis dros cvalebadobas gene-
tikuri rekombinacia da mutacia iwvevs, kulturul
evoluciaSi ki Seswavlili qcevebis rekombinacia
da axlis gamogoneba. kulturebi iseve Caketili anu
reproduqciulad izolirebulni ar arian, rogorc
saxeobebi. saxeobebs ar SeuZliaT genetikuri niSan-
Tvisebebis ~sesxeba~, kulturas ki ZaluZs axali
mTis lomebi binadroben tyian garemoSi
da individualurad nadiroben. aq Cans
Tu rogor mokla erT-erTma lomma
cxen-iremi dasavleT montanaSi.
57
Cvevebisa da qcevebis sxva kulturebidan gadaReba.
AmagaliTad, simindis moyvana, romelic axali sa-
myarodan bevr sxva adgilas gavrcelda, am fenomenis
kargi magaliTia. rac Seexeba memkvidrulobas, mar-
Talia, naswavli damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi wminda ge-
netikuri gziT aSkarad ar gadaecema STamomavlobas,
magram amgvar adaptirebad niSan-TvisebaTa matare-
beli mSoblebi ~imeoreben~ maT TavianT SvilebSi anu
bavSvebi am niSnebs maTgan imitaciis an darigebis sa-
SualebiT iReben. bavSvebma da mozardebma SeiZleba
agreTve esa Tu is Tviseba gadaiRon adamianebisgan,
romlebic maTi ojaxis wevrebi ar arian. dabolos,
rac Seexeba STamomavlobis datovebis gansxvavebul
unars, araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs aseTi damaxa-
siaTebeli Tviseba genetikuria, naswavli Tu erT-
droulad orive. rogorc henri niseni aRniSnavda,
58
qceviT arakompetenturobas saxeoba gaqrobamde mi-
hyavs iseve, rogorc morfologiur disproporcias
an romelime sasicocxlo organos arqonas. qceva is-
eve eqvemdebareba gadarCevas, rogorc sxeulis zoma
an avadmyofobisadmi medegoba.
mravali Teoretikosi aRiarebs, rom kulturul
evoluciasTan mimarTebaSi misaRebia bunebri-
vi gadarCevis Teoriis gamoyeneba, sxvebi ki iseT
niSan-TvisebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic wminda
genetikuri gziT ar gadaecema, gansxvavebuli ter-
minologiis gamoyenebas amjobineben. magaliTad,
robert boidi da piter riCersoni adamianTa qce-
vas ~ormag memkvidrulobas~ ukavSireben. isini gamo-
yofen kulturis gadacemas (swavlisa da imitaciis
saSualebiT) genetikuri gadacemisgan, magram xazs
usvamen orives mniSvnelobasa da maT Soris urT-
ierTdamokidebulebis arsebobas. uiliam darhemic
kulturis gadacemis sakiTxs calke ganixilavs da
kulturuli analogiis erTeulad iyenebs termins
~mimi~ (meme, gene-is analogiiT). mecnieri yuradRe-
bas amaxvilebs genebsa da kulturas Soris urTierT-
damokidebulebaze, romelsac ~koevolucias~ uwo-
debs da warmogvidgens imis magaliTebs, Tu rogor
iwveven genetikuri da kulturuli evoluciebi cv-
lilebebs erTmaneTSi, rogor aZliereben an piriqiT,
upirispirdebian erTmaneTs.
adamianebSi biologiuri da kulturuli evolu-
cia erTmaneTisgan gamoyofili procesebi ar aris.
rogorc vnaxavT, adamianis zogi mniSvnelovani bi-
Sejameba
1. Tu samyaros arsebobis periods warmovidgenT
rogorc 12 Tves, adamianis msgavsi maimunebis
arsebobis periodi am droidan mxolod 1,5½ saa-
Ts daikavebs. samyaro daaxloebiT 15 miliardi
wlisaa. Tanamedrove adamiani ki mxolod 100 aTa-
sis.
2. evoluciis Sesaxeb azri, didi xania, rac faru-
lad arsebobs imis gamo, rom adamianis warmoSo-
bis Sesaxeb bibliur warmodgenas ewinaaRmdege-
boda. saxeobebs ganixilavdnen Semoqmedis mier
samudamod dadgenili formiT Seqmnilad. meTv-
ramete-mecxramete saukuneTa mijnaze aRmoCnda
masala, romelic evoluciis Teoriis sicocx-
lisunarianobas amtkicebda. magaliTad, geolo-
giaSi uniformitarianizmis koncefcia varaudob-
da, rom bunebrivi Zalebis zemoqmedebiT drois
uzarmazari monakveTebis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwa
mudmivad icvlida formas. am periodSi uamravma
mecnierma daiwyo evoluciis kvleva-Zieba.
3. Carlz darvinma da alfred uolesma saxeobaTa
evoluciis mamoZravebel Zalad bunebrivi gadar-
Ceva miiCnies. bunebrivi gadarCevis mTavari prin-
cipebia: 1. yoveli saxeoba Sedgeba mravalfero-
van individTagan, romelTagan zogi sxvebze ukeT
aris Seguebuli garemo pirobebs; 2. STamomav-
lobas memkvidreobiT gadaecema mSoblebis niSan-
Tvisebebi garkveuli xarisxiTa da raodenobiT;
3. imis gamo, rom ukeT adaptirebuli individebi
TaobaTa manZilze met STamomavlobas toveben,
vidre cudad Seguebulni, adapturi niSnebis six-
Sire Semdgom TaobebSi matulobs. amgvarad, bune-
brivi gadarCevis Sedegad izrdeba sasargeblo
niSan-TvisebaTa mqone individebis raodenoba.
4. mendelisa da Semdgomma kvlevam genetikis darg-
Si, agreTve, dnm-isa da srnm-is struqturebisa da
funqciebis Seswavlam saSualeba mogvca Cavwvdo-
ologiuri niSani _ magaliTad, tvinis SedarebiT
didi zoma – bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT SeiZleba imi-
tom ganviTarda, rom Cveni winaprebi iaraRebs amza-
debdnen, es ki kulturuli niSan-Tvisebaa. piriqiT,
araformaluri da formaluri ganaTlebis kul-
turuli niSan-Tviseba bunebrivi gadarCevis mier
SeiZleba miRebul iqnas, radgan adamianebs manamde
Zalian didxans hqondaT ganuviTareblobis periodi,
rac biologiuri niSania.
mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, rac adamianTa saxe-
oba iarsebebs da misi socialuri da fizikuri gare-
mo Seicvleba, albaT biologiuri da kulturuli
niSan-Tvisebebis bunebrivi gadarCevac gagrZeldeba.
Tumca, rac mets igeben adamianebi genetikis Sesaxeb,
meti SesaZlebloba eqnebaT umkurnalon genetikiT
gamowveul darRvevebs da iqneb evoluciis mimdi-
nareobis wesic Secvalon. dRes ukve mecnier gene-
tikosebs ganviTarebis procesSi myof nayofSic ki
SeuZliaT darRvevebis aRmoCena. male genuri in-
Jineria saSualebas miscems adamianebs, gamoasworon
defeqtebi da `gaaumjobeson~ mzardi nayofis gene-
tikuri kodi. rogor da ramdenad SeZlebs adamiani
genebis Secvlas, momavali gviCvenebs. es aucileblad
imoqmedebs kacobriobis biologiur da kulturul
ganviTarebaze.
modiT im biologiur meqanizmebs, romelTa saSu-
alebiTac xdeba niSan-TvisebaTa erTi Taobidan
meorisTvis gadacema.
5. bunebrivi gadarCeva damokidebulia populaciis
SigniT arsebul sxvadasxvaobaze. biologiuri sx-
vadasxvaobis Seqmnis oTxi wyaro arsebobs: gene-
tikuri rekombinacia, mutacia, genebis dreifi da
genebis nakadi.
6. saxeobaTa warmoqmna maSin xdeba, rodesac erTi
qvejgufi sxvebs gamoeyofa. am subpopulaciebma
gansxvavebul garemo pirobebTan Seguebisas Sei-
Zleba iseTi genetikuri cvlilebebi ganicadon,
romlebic pirvelad populaciasTan urTierTo-
bis ganaxlebisas xels SeuSlis gamravlebaSi. ge-
netikuri diferenciaciis gamovlinebis Semdeg
evoluciuri procesis ukan dabruneba SeuZle-
belia.
7. bunebrivi gadarCeva populaciis biheviorul
(qceviT) damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebzec moqmedebs.
sociobiologia da qcevis ekologia ganixilaven
evoluciis principebis gamoyenebas cxovelebis
qcevasTan mimarTebaSi. ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli
bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoriis misadageba adamia-
nis qcevasTan, ufro zustad, kulturul qcevas-
Tan, amis Taobaze mravali sapirispiro mosazreba
arsebobs. erT sakiTxSi ki yvela Tanxmdeba _ bi-
ologiuri da kulturuli evoluciebi erTmane-
Tze zemoqmedebas axdenen.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. Seesabameba Tu ara, Tqveni azriT, bunebrivi gadar-
Cevis Teoria religiur Tvalsazriss? daasabuTeT.
2. ra saxiT SeiZleba imoqmedos momaval evoluci-
aze genetikuri mkurnalobis meTodebma da gen-
urma inJineriam?
3. ratom fiqrobT, rom adamianebi erT saxeobad
darCnen?
 59

Tanamedrove
primatebi 4

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 primatebis saerTo niSnebi

 primatebis klasifikacia

 sxvadasxva primatebi

 hominidis ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi

 primatebis cvalebadi
adaptaciis ganmarteba
60
primatologiis (primatebis Semswavleli mec-
niereba) mizania, gaarkvios rogor Seeguen sxvadasxva
primatebi garemo pirobebs rogorc anatomiuri, ise
qceviTi TvalsazrisiT. amgvari Seswavlis Sedegebi
SeiZleba dagvexmaros adamianis da sxva primatebis
qcevisa da evoluciis sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi.
rogor SeuZliaT iseT primatebs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, Tanamedrove Simpanze, mogvcen saWiro
informacia adamianis an im primatebis Sesaxeb, rom-
lebic Cvens winaprebad iTvlebian? cnobilia, rom
primatebis Tanamedrove saxeobebs uZveles winapar-
Ta formebidan evoluciuri ganviTarebis sakuTari
istoria aqvT. TiToeuli maTgani, adamianis CaTv-
liT, evoluciurad ganviTarda adreuli primatebi-
sgan, romlebic didi xania, gadaSendnen. miuxedavad
amisa, adamianebsa da sxva primatebs Soris arsebul
gansxvavebebsa da msgavsebebze dakvirvebiT albaT
SevZlebT gavigoT, rogor da ratom gamoeyvnen isini
erTmaneTs.
Tanamedrove primatebis da ganamarxebuli masa-
lis anatomiis da qcevis erTdroulma Seswavlam da
Sedarebebma SeiZleba daxmareba gagviwios adreuli
primatebis garegnuli niSnebis aRdgenaSi. Tu gve-
codineba im Tanamedrove primatebis mxris Zvlis
struqtura, romlebic xeebze qanaoben, SevZlebT
davadginoT, rom msgavsi ganamarxebuli Zvali ekuT-
vnoda cxovels, romelic agreTve xeze qanaobda. Ta-
namedrove primatebis gansxvavebuli adaptaciebis
Seswavla warmodgenas Segviqmnis, ra saxis gadaxrebs
hqonda adgili primatebis evoluciis procesSi.
rodesac gvecodineba, Tu romeli niSan-Tvisebebi
ekuTvniT mxolod adamianebs, SevZlebT gavigoT,
Tu ratom gadaixara is xazi, romelic adamianebamde
midioda, Simpanzeebsa Ada gorilebamde mimavali xa-
zisgan.
am TavSi jer Tanamedrove primatebis saerTo
niSan-Tvisebebs ganvixilavT, Semdeg gagacnobT pri-
matTa rigis sxvadasxva cxovelebs, gansakuTrebu-
lad SevCerdebiT TiToeuli mTavari tipis ganmasx-
vavebel niSnebze. amis Semdeg vimsjelebT cvalebadi
adaptaciis magaliTebze, romlebic primatebis zo-
gierT saxeobaSi aRiniSneba. bolos ganvixilavT im
niSan-Tvisebebs, riTac adamianebi sxva danarCeni
primatebisgan gansxvavdebian. am Tavis mizania meti
gavigoT adamianebis Sesaxeb. swored amitom, gaga-
cnobT primatebis anatomiisa da qcevis im damaxa-
siaTebel niSnebs, romlebsac albaT, udidesi mniSvn-
eloba aqvT adamianis ganviTarebaSi.
primatebis saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi
yvela primati ZuZumwovarTa klass miekuTvneba
da maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi axasi-
aTebs. adamianis garda, yvela maTganis sxeuli xSiri
TmiT, bewviT aris dafaruli, romelic izolacias qm-
nis da organizms siTbos SenarCunebaSi exmarebaA. Tma
zogierT adgilas adamiansac ezrdeba, magram yov-
elTvis izolaciis mizniT ara. ZuZumwovrebi Tbil-
sisxlianebi arian, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi sxeulis
temperatura (met-naklebad) mudmivad SedarebiT
maRalia da Cveulebriv, maTi garemomcveli haeris
temperaturas aRemateba. TiTqmis yvela ZuZumwovr-
is naSieri dedis organizmis SigniT garkveuli zomis
miRwevis Semdeg ibadeba da dedis sarZeve jirkvle-
bidan rZis woviT ikvebeba. naSierebi dabadebis Sem-
deg kidev didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mSoblebze arian
damokidebulni. es periodi eTmoba agreTve swavlas,
radgan mozardi ZuZumwovris qcevebis umetesoba
ufro daswavlilia, vidre instinqturi. TamaSi
aris swavlis mniSvnelovani meTodi, romelic Zu-
ZumwovarTa naSierebs axasiaTebs da gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania primatebisTvis, rasac Cven am TavSi
mogvianebiT davinaxavT.
fizikuri niSnebi
primatebs aqvT mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
fizikuri da socialuri niSan-Tvisebebis kompleqsi.
amasTan, arc erTi maTgani unikaluri ar aris da ama
Tu im kombinaciiT gvxvdeba sxva ZuZumwovrebSi.
primatebis ConCxis agebuleba am cxovelebis xeze
cxovrebis nirze miuTiTebs. maTi ukana kidurebi
isea agebuli, rom sayrdeni warmoqmnas. amave dros
terfebiT sagnebis dakaveba SeuZliaT (ix. sur. 1-4).
zog primats, magaliTad orangutangs, ukana kidure-
bze Camokidebis unaric aqvs. wina kidurebi gansa-
kuTrebiT moqnilia da iseTi agebuleba aqvT, rom mi-
wolac da moqaCvac Tanabrad exerxebaT. rogorc wina,
ise ukana kidurebs aqvT TiTo Zvali zeda nawilSi da
ori Zvali qveda nawilSi (garda grZelterfebisa. gv.
Tarsius –is warmomadgeneli primatebi). primatebis
uZvelesi winaprebis droidan es niSani umniSvnelod
Seicvala da Tanamedrove primatebSic aris Senar-
Cunebuli (Tumca bevr ZuZumwovars ukve dakarguli
aqvs), radgan ormagi Zvlebi xelebsa da fexebs met
moqnilobas aniWebs wriuli moZraobebis Sesrulebi-
sas.
primatis agebulebis meore damaxasiaTebeli niSa-
nia laviwis Zvali. igi maT moZraobis met Tavisufle-
bas aniWebs, rac mxrebis rogorc win da ukan, aseve
zemoT da qvemoT moZraobis saSualebas aZlevs. mar-
Talia, adamianebi amgvar moqnilobas xeebze samoZra-
od ar iyeneben, magram sxva saxis saqmianobaSi Zalian
gamosadegia. laviwis Zvlis gareSe, ver SevZlebdiT
isris srolas an burTis gadagdebas, xolo brunvadi
winamxris Zvlebis gareSe, ver SevZlebdiT verc mci-
re zomis instrumentebis damzadebas da verc karis
saxeluris mobrunebas.
primatebi, saerTod, yvelafris mWameli
cxovelebi arian. e.i. isini Wamen yvelafers, dawye-
buli mwerebidan da mcire zomis cxovelebidan da
damTavrebuli TeslebiT, foTlebiTa da fesvebiT.
maTi kvebis Tavisebureba kbilebis agebulebidanac
Cans. ukana da wina saReW kbilebs specifikuri forma
ar aqvT, gansxvavebiT im ZuZumwovarTagan, romelT-
ac balaxis Zova uxdebaT. wina `saWreli~ kbilebi da
eSvebi xSirad Zalze Taviseburia, gansakuTrebiT
_ dabali klasis primatebSi. magaliTad, naxevrad
maimunebs (Prosimians) Txeli, axlos mijrili qveda
saWreli kbilebi da eSvebi `savarcxliseburad~ aqvT
ganlagebuli bewvis gasasufTaveblad an xis qerqi-
dan gamagrebuli fisis (romliTac ikvebebian) ukeT
mosaRrRnelad.
primatebis xelis mtevnebi araCveulebrivad mo-
qnilia. yvela maTganis xels nivTis CasaWideblad
Zalian mosaxerxebeli agebuleba aqvs. primatebs
rogorc xelebze, aseve fexebze xuT-xuTi TiTi aqvT
(zog SemTxvevaSi fexis ceri SeiZleba Semcirebuli
iyos gamonazardis zomamde). maTi frCxilebi, ram-
denime gamonaklisis garda, brtyeli da ganieria da
ara brWyaliseburi. aseTi agebuleba primatebs sa-
Sualebas aZlevs, CaebRauWon sagnebs. amaSi uTmo da
mgrZnobiare xelisa da fexis gulebic exmarebaT.
primatebis umravlesobas cera TiTebi danarCenis
sawinaaRmdego mxares aqvT moTavsebuli es exmareba
maT sagnisTvis ufro zustad da magrad CaWidebaSi.
mxedvelobas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs primatebis
cxovrebaSi. gansxvavebiT sxva ZuZumwovrebisgan,
 61

Zlieri xelebi da terfebi

primatebis sxivi
zogierTi
saerTo Tviseba idayvi
winmomarTuli Tvalebi

kavSiri did tvinTan amcirebs

mbrunavi mklavi
ynosvis SegrZnebas (olfaqto­-
ruli struqtura) da mxedvel­-
obiT ares.

olfaqto­ruli
struqtura
mxedvelobis are

suraTi 4-1
primatebis zogierTi saerTo Tviseba
tvinis is nawili, romelic mxedvelobas akontro-
lebs, primatebs ufro didi aqvT, vidre is, romelic
ynosvas ganagebs. primatebs stereoskopuli anu
siRrmiseuli mxedveloba axasiaTebT. maTi Tvalebi
ufro win aris mimarTuli da ara gverdebze, rogorc
es cxovelebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. es Tviseba
saSualebas aZlevs maT, orive Tvalis fokusireba
erT obieqtze (manZilze arsebul mwerze an sakvebze)
erTdroulad moaxdinon. primatebis umetesobas
feradi mxedveloba aqvs, rac xels uwyobs maT mwife
nayofis amocnobaSi.
primatebis meore mniSvnelovani niSania tvinis
didi moculoba, sxeulTan SedarebiT. es imas niS-
navs, rom maT, Cveulebriv, ufro didi zomis tvini
aqvT, vidre maTive zomis sxva cxovelebs. es imiT aris
gamowveuli, rom gadarCenisTvis Zalian bevri ramis
swavla sWirdebaT, razec mogvianebiT SevCerdebiT.
didi moculobis tvinis mqone cxovelebi ufro nela
viTardebian da ufro metxans cocxloben, vidre
patara moculobis tvinis mqone. rac ufro nela vi-
Tardeba cxoveli da rac ufro met xans cocxlobs,
swavlis meti SesaZlebloba aqvs.
dabolos, primatebis reproduqciuli (gamrav-
lebis) sistema maT danarCen ZuZumwovrebisgan mkve-
Trad ganasxvavebs. primatebis umetesobis mamrebs
penisis Camokidebuli forma aqvT, romelic muclis
qveda nawils kaniT ar ukavSirdeba. amgvari niSani Za-
lian cota cxovels axasiaTebs, Ramurebisa da daT-
vebis CaTvliT. primatebis saxeobaTa umetesobis mde-
drebs mkerdze ori dvrili aqvT (zogierT prosimians
orze metic aReniSneba). saSvilosno, Cveulebriv,
erTi nayofisTvis aris gaTvaliswinebuli (tyupebs
ufro xSirad, mxolod marmozetebi da tamarinebi
Soben) da ara ramdenimesTvis, rogorc cxovelebis
umetesobas axasiaTebs. amgvari reproduqciuli
sistema xazs usvams xarisxis da ara raodenobis upi-
ratesobas – es adaptacia albaT, xeze cxovrebasTan
da iqidan Camovardnis riskTan aris dakavSirebuli.
primatebis naSierebi dabadebisas SedarebiT ukeT
arian ganviTarebulni, Tumca adamianis, adamianis
msgavs maimunTa da zogierT maimunTa axalSobilebi
Zalze umweoni arian. Cvili primatebis umetesobas
(adamianTa garda) dabadebisTanave SeuZlia dedaze
CaWideba. rogorc wesi, primatebs ganviTarebisTvis
didi dro sWirdebaT. magaliTad, makaka rezusi sqe-
sobrivad 3 wlis asakamde ar mwifdeba, Simpanze ki _
9 wlamde.
socialuri niSan-Tvisebebi
primatebi umeteswilad socialuri cxovelebi
arian. garda iseTi fizikuri niSnebisa, rogoricaa
CaWidebis unaris mqone xelebi da stereoskopuri
mxedveloba, rac garemo pirobebTan SeguebiT ganu-
viTardaT, maT CamouyalibdaT agreTve socialur
qcevaTa garkveuli modelebi. primatebis umete-
sobisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki dRis saxeobebisTvis
(anu maTTvis, vinc aqtiur cxovrebas dRisiT eweva),
cxovrebis jgufuri wesi gadarCenisTvis gadamwyve-
tia. am sakiTxze amave TavSi cota mogvianebiT vim-
sjelebT.
damokidebuleba da ganviTareba socialur
konteqstSi primatebis socialuri urTierToba de-
dasTan da sxva mozrdilebTan damokidebulebis sakmaod
xangrZliv periodSi iwyeba da sakmaod didxans grZeldeba
(primatebis damokidebulebis periodis fazebis: Cvilobi-
sa da mozardobis SedarebisaTvis ix. sur. 4-2). damokideb-
uli mdgomareobis xangrZlivi periodi saSualebas aZlevs
62

primatebs, ufro didxans daakvirdnen mozrdilebs da

iswavlon maTi Cvevebi, rac aucilebelia momavalSi maTi
lemuri 21/2 gadarCenisaTvis.
dedasTan da sxva individebTan Tbili, social-
uri urTierTobebis gareSe primatebi ver gamoi-
masaka muSaveben socialuri urTierTobebis unar-Cvevebs.
71/2
makaka rezusze Catarebuli klasikuri eqsperiment-
ebis safuZvelze, hari harloum gamoikvlia dedis
giboni uyuradRebobisa da izolaciis Sedegebi naSierebze.
81/2 man dainaxa, rom dedis araadekvaturma qcevam da
Tanatolebisgan izolaciam zogierT maimuns mouspo
normaluri socialuri ganviTarebis saSualeba. maT
orangu- 101/2 axasiaTebdaT gaukuRmarTebuli seqsualuri qcev-
tangi
ebi da SeiZleba mcirewlovan `damnaSaveebadac~ Cam-
oyalibdnen. harloum Seajvara socialurad izoli-
Simpanze 10 rebuli mdedri maimuni normalur mamrTan. naSieris
gaCenis Semdeg, aseTi mdedrebis SvilTan damokide-
buleba dedobrivi ar iyo. isini xSirad uars am-
adamiani 20
bobdnen TavianT naSierebze. amgvari aranormaluri
damokidebulebis Sedegad gamoCnda, rom dedobrivi
grZnoba ara mxolod instinqtzea damokidebuli.
0 5 10 15 20 harlous cdebma gamoaaSkarava, rom dedobrivi mz-
damokidebulebis sigrZe (wlebi) runveloba aucilebelia maimunebisTvis da aqedan
gamomdinare _ adamianebisTvisac.
suraTi 4-2 primatTa mravali saxeobisTvis deda is erTad-
primatTa naSierebis mSoblebze damokide- erTi ufrosi ar aris, romelic damokidebul asak-
bulebis periodebis SedarebaA. Si myof Taobaze zrunavs. rux langurebSi Cvilze
zrunvasa da mis Semdgom movlaSi jgufis yvela
mdedri monawileobs. zogi saxeobis primatebSi na-
Sierebs dedaze aranakleb yuradRebas uTmobs mamac.
primatebi TamaSis procesSi harlous gamokv-
levebma axalgazrda primatebis socialuri das-
wavlis Sesaxeb sxva informaciac mogvca. eqsperi-
mentebma gamoavlina, rom primatebis normalur
ganviTarebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba TamaSs eniWeba,
gansakuTrebiT damokidebulebis periodSi. rogorc
dedis mzrunvelobis gareSe gazrdili primatebi av-
lenen uCveulo qcevebs, aseve uCveulod iqcevian de-
dasTan gazrdili, magram tolebTan TamaSsa da urT-
ierTobas moklebuli primatebi.
zogierTi maimuni, romelic dedis gareSe izrde-
boda, magram TanatolebTan regularuli TamaSis

primatebs SeuZliaT uSualo miTiTebiT iswavlon, magram ufro xSirad isini mibaZviTa da cdebisa da Secdomebis meTodiT swavloben.

saSualeba hqonda, SedarebiT normalurad iqceoda.
Semdgomma muSaobam harlous aRmoCenebi kidev ufro
gaamyara.
TamaSi aucilebelia swavlisaTvis. is ayalibebs
mozrdilobaSi gamosadeg da aucilebel Cvevebs. mag-
aliTad, axalgazrda maimunebis xeebze sirbili maT
im aucilebel fizikur unarebs uviTarebs, romle-
bic momavalSi mtacebel cxovelTagan Tavis daRw-
evaSi daexmarebaT. TamaSi aucilebelia socialuri
Cvevebis gamomuSavebisTvisac, kerZod, Tavisive jgu-
fis wevrebTan urTierTobisTvis. erTgvari dominan-
turi urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba xdeba kinklaobi-
sa da Cxubis dros, sadac gamarjveba damokidebulia
zomaze, Zalasa da asakze. am Tvisebebma an maTma nak-
lebobam SeiZleba gansazRvros individis statusi
momaval cxovrebaSi (individis statuss sxva faq-
torebic gansazRvravs. magaliTad, rogorc vnaxeT,
dedis statusi zogierTi primatisTvis Zalian mniS-
vnelovania).
sxvebisgan swavla rogorc adamianis msgavsi,
ise sxva saxeobis primatebi bevr rames socialur
jgufebSi swavloben. bavSvebi xSirad baZaven sxvebs,
rasac xSirad, mSoblebi xels Segnebulad uwyoben.
inglisurad vambobT: `naxeT, ra kargad baZavs (apes
- anu maimuniviT imeorebs mis moqmedebebs) tomi
mamamiss~. magram, adamianis msgavsi maimunebi (da
maimunebi) baZaven, Tu ubralod swavloben imave mo-
qmedebebs, romlebsac maTi dakvirvebis obieqtebi
asruleben? am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mecnierebSi gansx-
vavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs. kidev ufro met ka-
maTs iwvevs primatebSi (adamianis garda) Segnebuli
swavlebis sakiTxi.
savele samuSaoebis zogierTi monacemis mixed-
viT, warmoiSva varaudi, rom Simpanzeebs imitaciis
saSualebiT iaraRis xmarebis aTviseba SeuZliaT.
magaliTad, jein gudoli Seeswro SemTxvevas, rode-
sac mdedrma Simpanzem, romelsac diarea awuxebda,
amJamad mcxovrebi primatebi
prozimianebi
axali samyaros maimunebi
(platirinebi)
(ceboidebi)
i
oze bi
teb
ne
ari
m
tam
mar
cebidebi
lemurebi lorisebi tarsierebi
indrisebi galago
ai-ai
suraTi 4-3
amJamad mcxovrebi primatebis gamartivebuli klasifikacia
63
ukana tanis gasawmendad erTi bRuja foToli gamoiy-
ena. Simpanzes ori wlis naSierma, romelic am scenas
uyurebda, aseve, moglija erTi bRuja foToli da
dedis moqmedeba orjer gaimeora. Simpanzeebis mier
iaraRis gamoyenebis saukeTeso magaliTia balaxis
Reros gamoyeneba miwayrilidan termitebis gamo-
sadevnad. magram zogi mkvlevris azriT, amgvari mag-
aliTebi imitaciis an swavlebis arsebobas sakmarisad
ar asabuTebs. maSinac ki, rodesac deda uflebas
aZlevs Svils, rom daikavos balaxis Rero termite-
bze `saTevzaod~, Svili am qmedebas asrulebs masTan
erTad da ara damoukideblad mas Semdeg, rac dedis
moqmedebas daakvirdeba.
primatebis klasifikacia
klasifikacia msgavsi biologiuri niSnebis mqone
saxeobaTa jgufebis gansazRvris Zalze mosaxerxe-
beli gzaa. zogjer klasifikaciis sqemebi erTmane-
Tisgan gansxvavdeba imis gamo, rom yuradReba ms-
gavsebaTa an gansxvavebaTa sxvadasxva aspeqts eqceva.
magaliTad, klasifikaciis erTi tipi aqcents im evo-
luciur Stoebze akeTebs, romlebmac Tanamedrove
primatebamde mogviyvana; meore tipi yuradRebas
erTnairi Tvisebebis raodenobaze amaxvilebs; mesame
– iTvaliswinebs evoluciur xazebs (gvarebs) iseve,
rogorc damaxasiaTebel niSanTa msgavseba-gansx-
vavebas. magram yvela am niSans Tanabari Rirebuleba
ara aqvs. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ukeT
`ganviTarebul~ da specifikur damaxasiaTebel
niSan-Tvisebebs, romlebic evoluciis procesSi gan-
viTarda. sur. 4-3 gamosaxulia swored am ukanaskneli
principiT Sedgenili klasifikaciis sqema.
miuxedavad gansxvavebuli meTodebis arsebobisa,
primatebis klasifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT azrTa
mxolod mcire sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. es, metwilad,
rogorc sxvadasxva primatebis Seswavlisas davinax-
anTropoidebi
Zveli samyaros maimunebi
(kaTAarinebi)
Zveli samyaros maimunebi adamianis msgavsi maimunebi
(cerkopiTekoidebi) da adamianebi (hominoidebi)
mcire zomis didi,
kolobinebi cerkopi- adamianis adamianis adamiani
Tekinebi (homini-
msgavsi msgavsi
maimunebi maimunebi, debi)
(hilobetebi) (pongidebi)
64

avT, exeba tarsierebisa da adamianebis klasifika- ive fexiT, nela gadaadgildebian.

cias.
primatebis klasi xSirad or qveklasad iyofa: nax- Tanamedrove teqnikis daxmarebiT, romelic Rame
evrad maimunebi (Prosimians) ufro zustad, maimunis dakvirvebis saSualebas iZleva, mecnierebma bevri
winaprebi, da anTropoidebi (Anthropoids). naxevrad ram Seityves am cxovelebis Sesaxeb; magaliTad, aR-
maimunebi arian: lemuri, lori da grZelterfebi. moCnda, rom mdedri galagoebi, yovelTvis patara
anTropoidebis qveklasSi Sedian axali samyaros mai- jgufebad ikribebian maSin, rodesac mamrebi arema-
munebi, Zveli samyaros maimunebi, mcire zomis adami- reSi ifantebian. axaldabadebul da Cvil galagoebs
anis msgavsi maimunebi (gibonebi, siamangebi) da didi budeebSi an fuRuroebSi (romlebic SeiZleba sazi-
zomis adamianis msgavsi maimunebi (orangutangebi, aro iyos maTTan dakavSirebuli mdedrebisTvis) aT-
gorilebi, Simpanzeebi), agreTve _ adamianebi. avseben, sadac dedebi regularulad akiTxaven da uv-
lian maT. dabadebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg dedas
sxvadasxva primatebi ukve SeuZlia Svilis piriT gadayvana maxlobel xee-
bTan, sadac maT tovebs manam, sanam TviTon ikvebeba.
primatebis saerTo niSnebis mimoxilvis Semdeg grZelterfebi Ramis cxovrebis niris mqone, xeze
vnaxoT, riT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan Taname- mcxovrebi primatebi, amJamad mxolod filipineb-
drove primatebi. sa da indoneziaSi gvxvdebian. primatebidan marto
isini ikvebebian cxoveluri sakvebiT. Cveulebriv _
mwerebs, xolo zogjer patara cxovelebsac iWeren
naxevrad maimunebi
da miirTmeven. maTi mxedvelobis sistema Ramis xe-
dvisTvis Sesaferisad aris mowyobili: uzarmazari
naxevradmaimunebi ufro metad hgvanan danarCen
Tvalebi araCveulebrivi mxedvelobiT gamoirCeva,
ZuZumwovrebs, vidre anTropoidi primatebi. pirvel-
xolo tvini didi moculobisaa, ganviTarebuli mxed-
ni ufro metad arian damokidebulni informaciis
velobis centrebiT.
misaRebad ynosvaze, vidre anTropoidebi. maTgan
grZelterfebma es saxeli grZeli winaterfis
gansxvavebiT, naxevrad maimunebs, Cveulebriv, ufro
(tarsus) gamo miiRes, romelic grZeli naxtomis Ses-
moZravi yurebi, ulvaSebi da grZeli cxviri aqvT,
rulebis dros berketis rols asrulebs. grZel-
saxis gamometyvelebac ufro statikuria (naklebad
terfebi Zalian daxelovnebulni arian vertikalur
cvalebadi), axasiaTebT primatebisaTvis damaxasi-
cocvasa da xtomaSi. isini ojaxur jgufebad cxov-
aTebeli niSnebic, maT Soris CaWidebis unaris mqone
roben, romelic gamravlebaSi monawile wyvilisa da
xelebi, stereoskopuli mxedveloba da mxedvelobis
maTi naSierisgan Sedgeba. iseve, rogorc umaRlesi
mozrdili centrebi tvinSi.
primatebi, mamri da mdedri grZelterfa yovel saRa-
lemuris msgavsi formebi (lemurisebrni) le-
mos erTad gamoscemen garkveul xmamaRal bgerebs
murebi da maTi naTesavebi, indri da ai-ai, samxreT-
(mRerian) TavianTi teritoriis SemosasazRvrad.
aRmosavleT afrikis mxolod or kunZulze – mada-
grZelterfebis klasifikacia Zalze sakamaTo
gaskarsa da komoroze _ binadroben. am primatebis
zomebi Tagvisxela lemuridan 4 futis (122 sm) sig-
rZis indrimde meryeobs. lemurebis jgufis warmo-
madgenlebi, Cveulebriv, erT pirmSos Soben, Tumca
am jgufis zogierTi saxeobisTvis ori an sami tyu-
pis dabadebac xSiria. lemurebis jgufis zogierTi
saxeobas kvadropeduri moZraobis unari aqvs (oTx
fexze gadaadgildeba). isini oTxi fexiT moZraoben
rogorc xeebze, ise miwaze. zogi saxeoba, magali-
Tad indri, ukana fexebs sayrdenad da vertikalu-
rad gadasaadgileblad iyenebs, rasac vertikaluri
cocva da xtoma ewodeba. lemurebi metwilad veg-
etarianelebi arian, Wamen xils, foTlebs, xis qerqsa
da yvavilebs. lemurebis saxeobebi zomebiT Zalian
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. mravali saxeoba, gan-
sakuTrebiT Ramis saxeobebi, sifxizlis saaTebSi
ganmartoebul cxovrebas ewevian. danarCeni saxe-
obebi ufro metad cxovroben jgufebad, romelTa-
gan zogi mcirericxovania, zogis wevrTa raodenoba
ki samocsac aRwevs. lemurisebrTa ganmasxvavebeli
niSania mdedrTa dominireba, gansakuTrebiT sakvebis
xelSi Cagdebisas. primatebis umravlesobaSi, iseve,
rogorc sxva ZuZumwovrebSi, mdedrTa dominireba
iSviaTad SeiniSneba.
loris msgavsi formebi (lorisebrni) loris
jgufis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic gvxvdebian ro-
gorc samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, ise saharaSi (af-
rika), Ramis cxovrebas ewevian da xeebze cxovroben.
isini xiliT, xis fisiT da mwerebiT ikvebebian. Cveu-
lebriv, Soben TiTo naSiers; iyofian or mTavar qveo- deda lemuri da masze mikruli naSieri. amgvari naxevrad maimunebi
jaxad: lori da galago. erTmaneTisgan qceviT Zalian ufro metad arian damokidebuli ynosvaze, vidre anTropoidebi.
gansxvavdebian. galagoebi Zalian swrafi da aqtiuri naxevrad maimunebs aqvT agreTve moZravi yurebi, ulvaSebi, grZeli
cxovelebi arian. isini xtian xeebsa da xis totebs So- drunCi da saxis statikuri (ucvleli, umoZrao) gamometyveleba.A.
ris vertikaluri cocvisa da xtomis wesiT, miwaze ki
_ kenguruseburad. lorisebrni totebs Soris oTx-

sakiTxia. imis nacvlad, rom CvensaviT naxevrad-
maimunebs miakuTvnon, zogi mecnieri maT anTrop-
oidebis jgufSi aTavsebs. klasifikaciis am meore
sqemaSi primatebis qverigebs hqviaT strepsirhines
(romelSic Sedian lemurebi da lorebi) da haplorhines
(romelSic Sedian grZelterfebi da anTropoidebi).
grZelterfebs qromosomebis iseTive nakrebi aqvT,
rogoric sxva naxevradmaimunebs; TiTebze maT aqvT
klanWebi, bewvis mosavlelad, mkerdze or dvrilze
meti aqvT, xolo maTi saSvilosno iseTive formisaa,
rogorc naxevrad maimunebis (orrqiani). iseve, ro-
gorc galagoebi, gtZelterfebi vertikalurad co-
caven da xtian. sxva danarCeniT grZelterfebi ufro
metad anTropoidebs emsgavsebian. isini naklebad
arian damokidebulni ynosvaze da ara marto patara
cxvirebi aqvT, aramed maT ZaRlis msgavs drunCebs
sisvelec akliaT. anTropoidebis msgavsad, Tvalebi
ufro axlo-axlo aqvT ganlagebuli da Zvlovani
budeebiT daculi. grZelterfebs, anTropoidebis
msgavsad, aqvT placenta, romelic dedisa da nayofis
sisxls erTmaneTTan akavSirebs.
anTropoidebi
anTropoidebis qverigi moicavs adamianebs, ada-
mianis msgavs maimunebsa da maimunebs. anTropoidebis
umetesobas aqvs ramdenime, met-naklebad ganviTare-
buli msgavsi niSan-Tvisebeba: momrgvalebuli for-
mis tvinis kolofi, patara, uZravi yurebi da Sedar-
ebiT patara, brtyeli saxeebi drunCebis nacvlad.
maTi reproduqciuli (gamravlebis) sistema metad
efeqturia, aqvT Zalze moqnili xelebi. anTropoid-
brtyeli cxviri
platirinebi
kaTarinebi
sami ar aris
saReWi sasmeni
kbili mili
mosaWide-
Prehensile
belitail
kudi
suraTi 4-4
brtyelcxvira da viwrocxvira maimunebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi
65
Ta qverigi or mTavar jgufad iyofa: platyrrhines (ax-
ali samyaros maimunebi anu brtyelcxvira maimunebi)
da catarrhines (Zveli samyaros maimunebi anu viwrocx-
vira maimunebi) (ix. sur. 4-4). am jgufebis saxelebi
maTi cxviris formasTan aris dakavSirebuli, magram
rogorc Semdgom davinaxavT, maT sxva ganmasxvave-
beli niSnebic axasiaTebT. brtyelcxvira maimunebs
aqvT farTo, brtyelZgidiani cxviri gareT mimarTu-
li nestoebiT. es maimunebi mxolod axal samyaroSi,
centralur da samxreT amerikaSi binadroben. vi-
wrocxvirebs ki viwro cxviri da qvemoT mimarTuli
nestoebi aqvT. viwrocxvira maimunebs miekuTvnebian
Zveli samyaros maimunebi (romlebic afrikaSi, aziasa
da evropaSi binadroben), agreTve adamianis msgavsi
maimunebi da adamianebi.
axali samyaros maimunebi cxvirisa da nestoebis
formis garda, axali samyaros maimunebs viwrocx-
vira anTropoidebisgan sxva anatomiuri niSnebic
ganasxvavebs. axali samyaros saxeobebs aqvT sami wina
saReWi kbili (premolari), Zveli samyaros saxeobebs
ki _ ori. axali samyaros zogierT saxeobas aqvs Za-
lze moqnili (mosaWidebeli) kudi, Zveli samyarosas
ki _ ara.
axali samyaros maimunebi mTlianad xeze
mcxovrebT miekuTvnebian. isini erTmaneTisgan
jgufis zomebiT da kvebis TaviseburebebiT gansx-
vavdebian. Seeqcevian sxvadasxva mwerebs, neqtars da
xilisa da foTlebis wvens.
axali samyaros maimunebi tradiciulad or Ziri-
Tad ojaxad iyofian. erTi ojaxi, callitrichidae mar-
mozetebsa da tamarinebs aerTianebs; meore ojaxi,
cebidae ki axali samyaros maimunebis yvela danarCen
saxeobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebi aseTi
viwro cxviri
ori sasmeni mili
lo saReWi
yis kbili
par (A)
ki
sajdomi korZebi
swori kudi
66
galago mcire zomis xis naxevrad maimunia, romelic xiliT da mwere-
biT ikvebeba. es energiuli Ramis cxoveli vertikaluri cocviTa da
xtomiT gadaadgildeba.
dayofis gamo problemebsac awydebian, mas mainc
didi mniSvneloba aqvs axali samyaros maimunebze
saerTo warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad. kalitriqidebi Za-
lian mcire zomisani arian, frCxilebis nacvlad aqvT
brWyalebi da Soben tyupebs, romlebic zrdasrule-
bi daaxloebiT or wlisTvis xdebian. imis gamo, rom
tyupebis dabadeba, Cveulebriv, xSiria da naSierebis
tareba mxolod dedas ar SeuZlia, mamebi da ufrosi
da-Zma xSirad exmarebian mas. mamrebs ukeT SeuZliaT
bavSvis tareba, vidre mdedrebs. kalitriqidebs axas-
filipinebis binadari xeze mcxovrebi Ramis grZelerterfa pri-
matebis im erTaderT saxeobas miekuTvneba, romelic mxolod cxove-
luri sakvebiT ikvebeba. misi uzarmazari Tvalebi isea mowyobili,
rom advilad SeuZlia sibneleSi mwerebisa da sxva msxverplis dan-
axva. didi zomis terfis Zvlebi xels uwyobs vertikalur cocvasa
da xtomaSi.
iaTebT rogorc monogamia (wyvili iqmneba xangrZli-
vi periodis an mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi), ise
poliandria (erTi mdedri erTze met mamrs uwyvil-
deba). kalitriqidebi Wamen bevr xils da xis wvens,
magram bevri Zalian patara zomis primatis msgavsad,
cilis moTxovnilebas mwerebis WamiT ikmayofileben.
cebidebi, ufro xSirad zomiT kalitriqidebs
aRematebian, maTze TiTqmis orjer meti dro sWird-
ebaT gasazrdelad da erTdroulad mxolod erTi
naSieris gaCena SeuZliaT. cebidebi Zalian gansx-
vavdebian zomebiT, jgufis SemadgenlobiTa da sakve-
biT. magaliTad, ciyviseburi maimunebi 2 girvanqamde
(900 gr.) iwonian, xolo obobismagvari maimunebis
wona 16 girvanqas (7kg-mde.) aRemateba. ojaxis zogi
warmomadgeneli patara jgufebad cxovrobs, romle-
bic mxolod mdedrisa da mamrisgan Sedgeba, zogSi ki
50 individamdea gaerTianebuli. yvelaze mcire zo-
mis cebidebis zogierTi saxeoba ikvebeba foTlebiT,
mwerebiTa da yvavilebiT, sxvebi ufro xils etanebi-
an da naklebad Teslebs, FfoTlebsa da mwerebs.
Zveli samyaros maimunebi Zveli samyaros mai-
munebi anu cerkopitekoidebi (cercopithecoidea) ufro
axlos arian adamianebTan, vidre axali samyaros
maimunebi. maT aqvT kbilebis igive raodenoba, rac
adamianis msgavs maimunebsa da adamianebs. Zveli sa-
myaros maimunebi ar arian iseTi mravalferovanni,
rogoric maTi axali samyaros naTesavebi, magram mra-
valferovania maTi saarsebo garemo: zogi rogorc
xeebze, aseve miwaze cxovrobs, sxvebi ki, magaliTad
babuini gelada, mxolod miwaze cxovroben. makakebi
cxovroben junglebSic da TovliT dafarul mTe-
bzec. isini gavrcelebulni arian gibraltaridan
afrikis, Crdilo indoeTis, pakistanis da iaponiis
CaTvliT. Zveli samyaros maimunebi or ZiriTad qveo-
jaxad iyofian:
qveojaxi Colobinae. am jgufSi Sedian aziuri lan-
gurebi, afrikuli maimunebi – kolobusebi da sxva
ramdenime saxeoba. es maimunebi, ZiriTadad, xeebze
binadroben da foTlebiTa da TeslebiT ikvebebian.
maTi saWmlis momnelebeli sistema isea mowyobili,
rom celulozis maRali Semcvelobis sakvebidan
rac SeiZleba meti saWiro nivTiereba miiRon. aqvT
didi, tomriseburi kuWebi mcenareuli sakvebis ga-
dasamuSaveblad da grZeli da kargad diferencire-
buli nawlavebi.
Colobinae-s yvelaze SesamCnevi damaxasiaTebeli
niSania axaldabadebul naSierTa kaSkaSa ferebi.
magaliTad, erTi saxeobis Colobinae- s ruxi feris
dedebs kaSkaSa narinjisferi axalSobilebi uCnde-
baT. rogorc dakvirvebis Semdeg aRmoCnda, kolo-
binebi sxva primatebisgan imiTac gansxvavdebian, rom
adamianebis msgavsad uflebas aZleven jgufis sxva
wevrebs dabadebidan maleve izrunon maT naSierebze.
is mamrebi, romlebic axalSobilebis jgufis wevrebi
ar arian, maTTvis safrTxes warmoadgenen. aseTi mam-
rebi, romlebic cdiloben jgufSi SeaRwion, SemC-
neulni arian axalSobilebis mkvlelobaSi. marTa-
lia, am aRwerilobis Semdeg SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom maT jgufebSi erTi sqesmwife mamria, magram ro-
gorc Cans, es ase araa. rodesac es saxeoba sxvadasxva
teritoriaze Seiswavles, aRmoaCines rogorc erT-
mamriani, ise ramdenimemamriani jgufebi. qveojaxi
Cercopithecinae
qveojaxi Cercopithecinae moicavs miwaze mosia-
rule saxeobaTa met raodenobas, vidre Zveli sa-
myaros maimunTa romelime sxva ojaxi. am saxeobaTa
umravlesobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sqesobrivi
dimorfizmi, rac niSnavs, rom sawinaaRmdego sqesTa
warmomadgenlebi Zalze gansxvavebulad gamoiyure-
 67

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

samuSaos mkvlevari: ketrin miltoni

ketrin miltoni, kalifor-
niis universitetis profesori
berkliSi, didad aris daintere-
sebuli maimunebis SeswavliT.
miznis misaRwevad mas didi xnis
muSaoba dasWirda. ketrin mil-
toni daibada alabamaSi, sas-
wavleblad ki virjiniaSi, suit
briaris kolejSi Sevida. is
inglisuri enis specialobaze
swavlobda da humanitarul
mecnierebaTa magistris diplo-
mic aiovas universitetSi am
ganxriT miiRo. mogvianebiT,
argentinaSi cxovrebisas igi
mixvda, rom cxovelebis, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki primatebis qceviT
iyo dainteresebuli.
niu-iorkis universitetSi
filosofiis doqtoris wodebis
miRebis Semdeg disertaciisT-
vis, romlis Temac iyo panamis
Rriala maimunebis `meurneo-
ba~, bedma gauRima da moaxerxa,
Seeswavla obobismagvari xSir-
bewva maimuni – maimunebis nak-
lebad cnobili saxeoba, romelic
braziliis samxreT-aRmosavleT-
Si binadrobs da gaqroba emuqre-
ba. imis gamo, rom am maimunebis
Sesaxeb Zalze cota ram iyo
cnobili, mecnierma maTi kvebisa
da qcevis Seswavla daiwyo. obo-
bismagvari xSirbewva maimunebi
hgvanan obobismagvar maimunebs,
amitom fiqrobdnen, rom isinic
xiliT ikvebebodnen. magram mil-
tonma erTwliani sistematuri
dakvirvebis Sedegad aRmoaCina am
Sexedulebis mcdaroba. man Tqva,
rom `jer aravis daukavSirebia
tyveobaSi myofi obobismagvari
xSirbewva maimunebis sicocxlis
SedarebiT mokle periodi maT
araswor kvebasTan. zooparkebo!
yuradRebiT mismineT! Tu odesme
wilad gxvdebaT erTi an ori obo-
bismagvari xSirbewva maimunis yo-
lis bedniereba, aucileblad fo-
TlebiT mdidari sakvebi aWameT
da ara mwife da tkbili xili~.
miltonis kvlevis didi
nawili mieZRvna swori kvebis
mniSvnelobas rogorc adamian-
ebis, ise sxva primatebis janmr-
TelobisaTvis. xilis mWamel
primatebTan SedarebiT, foT-
lismWamelebi ufro didi zo-
misani arian, naklebi farTobi
sWirdebaT sakvebis mosaZebnad
da SedarebiT patara zomis tvini
aqvT. ratom? miltonis varau-
diT, miuxedavad energiis meti
danaxarjisa, rasac ufro didi
zomis tvini moiTxovs, gafan-
tuli maRali xarisxis sakvebis
(magaliTad, xilis, romelic
ufro maRalkaloriulia, vidre
foTlebi) adgilmdebareobis
damaxsovrebam aseTi primatebis
tvinis ukeTesi ganviTareba
gamoiwvia.

bian. mamrebi zomiT ufro didebi arian, aqvT ufro nasxvavebs.

grZeli eSvebi da meti agresiulobiT gamoirCevian,
vidre mdedrebi. Cercopithecinae –s warmomadgenlebi
metad etanebian xils, vidre Colobinae-bi amasTan,
ukeT eguebian urwyav mSral garemos da sezonur cv-
lilebebs. loyis SigniT arsebuli jibeebi saSuale-
bas aZlevs maT, sakvebi Semdgomi Wamisa da monelebi-
saTvis Seinaxon. am maimunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
uCveulo fizikuri niSania Sesqelebuli da gauxeSe-
buli kani sajdomze, sajdomi koJrebi, rac maT xan-
grZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi xeebze an miwaze mox-
erxebulad jdomis saSualebas aZlevs.
babuinebisa da makakebis Seswavlam gamoavlina,
rom maTi jgufis an gundis birTvs erTmaneTTan
monaTesave mdedrebi warmoadgens. did jgufebSi,
rogoric, Cveulebriv, mamaka rezusebs axasiaTebT,
socialuri qcevis mravali forma biologiuri na-
Tesaobis xarisxiT ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, indi-
vidi axlos ujdeba, balans usufTavebs da exmareba
sxva individs, romelic masTan axlo naTesaur kav-
SirSia dedis mxridan. ufro metic, didi jgufebis
dayofisas monaTesave qvejgufi calke gamoiyofa
xolme.
zeojaxi Hominoidea : adamianis msgavsi
maimunebi da adamianebi
hominoidebis jgufi sami ojaxisgan Sedgeba: mc-
ire zomis adamianis msgavsi maimunebi anu oj. hyloba-
tidae (gibonebi da siamangebi), didi, adamianis msgavsi
maimunebi, pongidae (orangutangebi, gorilebi da Sim-
panzeebi) da adamianebi, anu hominidae. hominoidebs
sxva danarCeni primatebisgan ramdenime niSani ga-
maTi tvini, gansakuTrebiT ki tvinis qerqis is
nawilebi, romlebic monacemebis integrirebas ukav-
Sirdeba, SedarebiT didi moculobisaa. yvela homi-
noids aqvs grZeli xelebi, mokle, farTo sxeuli
da ar gaaCnia kudi. hominoidebis majis, idayvisa da
mxris saxsrebi bevrad ufro moZravia, vidre sxva
primatebisa, xelebic ufro grZeli da Ronieri aqvT.
ConCxis es damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, rogorc Cans,
hominoidebis xelebze CamokidebiT gadaadgilebis
unikalur unarTan erTad viTardeboda. sxva anTro-
poidebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic miwis zedapirze
an xeebis totebze oTxi fexiT gadaadgildebian, hom-
inoidebi xSirad xis totebze ekidebian an qanaoben
da xelebis monacvleobiT gadadian totidan totze.
Camokidebuli gadaadgilebis msgavsi vertikal-
uri poza miwaze gadaadgilebis drosac gamoiyeneba.
yvela hominidi, drodadro mainc, or fexze moZrao-
bs, razec ufro detalurad pirveli hominidebisT-
vis miZRvnil TavebSi SevCerdebiT.
hominoidebis kbilebis wyobas ramdenime gan-
sakuTrebuli niSani axasiaTebs (ix. sur 4-5). sxva
anTropoidebTan SedarebiT maTi saReWi (ZiriTadi)
kbilebi brtyeli da momrgvalebulia, xolo maT
qveda saReW kbilebs aqvs e.w. `Y-5~ forma, rac imas
niSnavs, rom maTi qveda saReWi kbilebis gvirgvinebs
gaaCniaY formis Rari, romelic loyisken aris mimar-
Tuli da maT Sorisac loyis nawili Tavsdeba. sxva
anTropoidebs aqvT bilofodonturi kbilebi anu
maT saReW kbilebs aqvT ori maRali, grZeli `qedi~,
romlebic msxvili nawilebisgan Sedgeba da loyebis
paralelurad aris ganlagebuli. adamianis garda,
68

ciyviseburi maimuni, sxva Plathyrrhinae-s msgavsad, TiTq-

mis arasdros Camodis xidan. is kargad aris Seguebuli xeze keniaSi mcxovrebi babuinebis jgufi drois umetes
cxovrebas; miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor iyenebs orive xels da nawils miwaze atarebs.
fexs xis totebze CasaWideblad.

yvela hominoids aqvs grZeli eSvebi, romlebic sxva

kbilebze grZelia da amitom qveda ybaze aris Ses-
abamisi sivrce (diastema), romelSic eSvi Tavsdeba,
rodesac piri daxurulia. zeda eSvisa da qveda mesame
saReWi kbilis (premolaris) kontaqti qmnis samarTe-
beliviT mWrel efeqts, nawilobriv wina saReWi
kbilis wyalobiT, romelic wagrZelebuli formas
iRebs, raTa eSvi ukeT moTavsdes. kbilebis amgvari
wyoba hominoidebis sakvebis TaviseburebiT aris gan-
pirobebuli. isini ikvebebian boWkovani mcenareebiT,
romelTa daReWva SesaZlebelia mWreli eSvebisa da
grZeli wina saReWi kbilebis saSualebiT, aseve rbili
xiliT, romlebic ganieri da brtyeli saReWi kbile-

am langurs, sxva Catarrhinae-is msgavsad, aqvs SedarebiT viwro cxvi-

bewvis gasufTaveba Zveli samyaros primatebisTvis mniSvnelovani ri qveojaxis saxeobis azieli warmomadgenlebi arian da ZiriTadad
saqmianobaa. suraTze ori makaka erTmaneTs bewvs usufTavebs. foTlebiT ikvebebian.
 69

diastema

bilofodonti
saReWebi
bunodonti saReWebi
(Y-5)
suraTi 4-5
gansxvaveba Zveli samyaros maimunisa (marcxniv) da adamianis msgavsi maimunis (marjvniv) kbilebis ageb-
ulebas Soris. Zveli samyaros maimunebis qveda saReWi kbilebis gvirgvinebi or paralelur `qeds~ qmnis;
adamianis msgavs maimunebSi xuTi gvirgvini qmnis Y-is msgavs formas. adamianis msgavs maimunebs qveda
eSvsa da pirvel saReW kbils (cru ZiriTad kbils) Soris aqvT naprali, romelsac diastema ewodeba.

biT moxerxebulad iReWeba. hominoidebis ConCxebisa siamangebis msgavsad, orangutanebi xilis mWameli da
da kbilebis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi cxady- xeze mcxovrebi cxovelebi arian. xeze mcxovreb pri-
ofs, rom maT saerTo winapari hyavdaT. mravali ms- matebs Soris isini yvelaze mets iwonian da albaT,
gavseba arsebobs maTi sisxlis Semadgenel cilebSic. swored amis gamo xeebze nela da dinjad gadaadg-
sisxlis garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis msgavseba gansa- ildebian. orangutanebi umaRlesi primatebisgan
kuTrebiT igrZnoba Simpanzeebs, gorilebsa da adami- imiT gansxvavdebian, rom dedebis garda (romlebic
anebs Soris. swored amitom ayeneben primatologebi TavianT naSierebTan erTad arian), sxva ufrosebi
Simpanzeebsa da gorilebs adamianebTan evoluciu- met dros ganmartoebiT atareben. Tumca, zogma mkv-
rad ufro axlos, vidre ufro mcire zomis adamianis levarma jgufuri urTierTobis magaliTebic naxa.
msgavs maimunebs da orangutangebs da fiqroben, rom orangutangebis erTi savele kvlevis dros naxes, ro-
maTi Sto ufro adre daSorda adamianebisas. Semdeg gor ikvebeboda aTiode mozrdili orangutangi erT-
TavSi ganvixilavT ganamarxebul masalas, romelic droulad erT xeze. rodesac mecnierebma Seajames
orangutangebis adreul gamoyofas amtkicebs. orangutangebis qcevis Sesaxeb kvlevis Sedegebi,
gibonebi da siamangebi swrafi gibonebi da maTi aRmoCnda, rom arsebobda regionuli gansxvavebani,
axlo naTesavebi siamangebi samxreT-aRmosavleT azi- rac orangutangTa gansxvavebuli lokaluri kul-
is junglebSi cxovroben. gibonebi mcire zomisani turebis arsebobaze miuTiTebda. kulturuli sx-
arian da daaxloebiT 11-15 girvanqas (4 994 gr – 6 810 vaobebi sxvadasxva jgufebis arsebobis gareSe ver
gr) iwonian. arc ufro mozrdili siamangebi iwonian
25 girvanqaze (11 350 gr) mets. orive saxeoba, ZiriTa-
dad, xiliT ikvebeba, Tumca, foTlebsa da mwerebsac
miirTmeven. isini xelebis saSualebiT gadaadgild-
ebian: grZeli xelebi da TiTebi saSualebas aZlevs
maT Camokidebulebi, xelebis monacvleobiT gada-
vidnen totidan totze. gibons erTi gaqanebiT 30
futis dafarva SeuZlia.
gibonebi da siamangebi momcro ojaxur jgufebad
cxovroben, romlebic erTi zrdasruli wyvilisgan
da erTi an ori axalgazrda naSierisgan Sedgeba. mas
Semdeg, rac naSierebi gaizrdebian, ufrosebi maT
saxlidan agdeben. am saxeobebs umniSvnelo sqesobri-
vi dimorfizmi axasiaTebT: mamrebi da mdedrebi di-
dad ar gansxvavdebian zomiT an garegnobiT, maT So-
ris sqesis mixedviT dominirebac ar SeimCneva. mcire
zomis adamianis msgavsi maimunebic did yuradRebas
aqceven TavianT teritorias; mozrdili wyvili Ta-
vis adgilze uflebas gansakuTrebuli bgerebiT _
`simReriT~ imkvidrebs da mitacebisgan icavs mas.
orangutangebi orangutangebi mxolod borneo-
sa da sumatris kunZulebze SemorCnen. gibonebisa da
TeTrxela giboni avlens Tavis braqiatorul SesaZleblobas.
siamangebisgan gansxvavebiT, maT Soris mdedrebisa
da mamrebis gamorCeva advilia. mamrebi mdedre-
bze ara marto orjer mets iwonian (200 girvanqamde
(90800gr) aramed maT axasiaTebT loyis didi baliSe-
bi, yelis parki, wveri da grZeli Tma. gibonebisa da
70

Camoyalibdeboda.
borneos mTian regionebSi mcxovreb orangutang-
Ta cxovrebis ganmartoebuli wesis Sesaxeb mecnier-
Ta Soris gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobs. erTi
mosazrebis mixedviT, SeiZleba erT xeze an erTi
sacxovrebeli adgilis garSemo sakmarisi sazrdo
ar yofiliyo erTze meti orangutangisTvis, ro-
melic sakmaod mozrdili cxovelia. yoveldRiurad,
Tanac Sors wausvlelad sakmarisi sakvebis mosapove-
blad, orangutangebs, albaT, ufro ganmartoebuli
cxovreba erCivnaT. sxvebis azriT, cxovelebi jgu-
fad mtacebelTagan Tavis dasacavad cxovroben,
xolo orangutangebs didi zoma am saSiSroebisgan
icavs. amdenad, ganmartoebuli cxovreba gamarTle-
buli iqneboda. mesame mosazrebiT ganmartoebuli
cxovreba SeiZleboda adamianis mxridan mtaceblobis
winaaRmdeg yofiliyo mimarTuli. TofiT SeiarRe-
bul adamianTa winaaRmdeg Tavdacvis saukeTeso sa-
Sualeba xeebSi martodmarto damalvaa.
gorilebi gorilebi ekvatoruli afrikis dasav-
leT nawilis dablobebsa da kongos, ugandisa da
ruandis mTian regionebSi binadroben. adamianis
msgavsi sxva maimunebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic
ZiriTadad xiliT ikvebebian, gorilebis sakvebs
ufro metad mcenareTa sxvadasxva nawili Seadgens:
Reroebi, ylortebi (bambukis), rbilobi, foTlebi,
fesvebi da yvavilebi. sxvadasxva populacia xilis
sxvadasxva raodenobas Wams. zogierTi xiliT iSvia-
Tad ikvebeba, sxvebisTvis ki xili sakvebis ZiriTad
Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens.
Cvenamde moRweul adamianis msgavs maimunTa So-
ris, gorila udidesia. zrdasruli mamrebis wona
bunebriv pirobebSi 450 girvanqas (204 kg) aRwevs,
mdedrebisa ki 250 girvanqas (114 kg). masiuri gul-
mkerdis wonis gasaneitraleblad, gorilebi miwaze
ZiriTadad oTxi fexiT gadaadgildebian da xelis
TiTebis Sua falangebs eyrdnobian, romlebzec tyavi
gasqelebuli aqvT. gadaadgilebis aseT wess saxsre- axalgazrda gorila, romelic dadis saxsrebze dayrdnobiT,
bze dayrdnobiT siaruli (knuckle walking) ewodeba. ukana fexebi brtylad aris miwaze da mxolod `xelebis~
gorilebis, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebis, xelebi saxsrebi exeba miwas.
da fexebi kargadaa Seguebuli cocvas. zrdasruli sxvavebiT, kbilebisa da ConCxis struqturaSi sqe-
gorilebis mZime sxeulisTvis cocva sakmaod saxi- sobrivi dimorfizmi ar axasiaTebT. meti gansxvaveba
faToa. maT sZinavT miwaze mowyobil abazanis msgavs maT socialur qcevebs Soris arsebobs. bonoboebi
budeebSi, romlebsac yoveli daZinebis win unayofo ufro kontaqturebi arian, vidre Cveulebrivi Sim-
mcenareebisgan iwyoben. panzeebi da jgufebic ufro stabiluria. isini upi-
gorilebi jgufebad cxovroben, romlebic wi- ratesad mdedrebis irgvliv arian gaerTianebulni.
namZRoli mamrebisgan (vercxlzurga mamrebi), danar- socialur qcevebs Soris arsebulma amgvarma sxvao-
Ceni zrdasruli mamrebisgan, zrdasruli mdedrisa bebma zogierT mecniers afiqrebina, rom bonoboebi
da naSierTagan Sedgeba. momwifebis asakSi Sesvlis metad enaTesavebian adamians, vidre Cveulebrivi
Semdeg rogorc mamri, ise mdedri gorilebi toveben Simpanzeebi. Tumca am mosazrebas mowinaaRmdegeebic
mSobliur jgufebs da sxva jgufebs uerTdebian. wi- hyavs.
namZRoli mamri yuradRebis centrSia, jgufis mTa- marTalia, Simpanzeebi ZiriTadad xilis mWamelebi
vari damcvelis rols asrulebs da Semdgomi gadaadg- arian, maT bevri saerTo aqvT TavianT axlo naTe-
ilebis mimarTulebas erTpirovnulad irCevs. savebTan – gorilebTan. orive saxeoba xezec da miwa-
Simpanzeebi SeiZleba TavianTi komunikabeluri zec erTnairad cxovrobs. gorilebis msgavsad, isin-
xasiaTis an imis gamo, rom maTi naxva SedarebiT ufro ic kargad cocaven, gansakuTrebiT, axalgazrdobaSi
advilia, Simpanzeebi ukeT arian Seswavlili, vidre da xeebze mraval saaTs atareben, Tumca, miwaze ukeT
gorilebi. isini afrikis tyian regionebSi cxovro- dadian. didi manZilis dasafarad miwaze Camodian da
ben, dawyebuli siera leonedan, dasavleTiT da tan- saxsrebze dayrdnobilni swrafad gadaadgildebian,
zaniamde – aRmosavleTiT. drodadro welSi imarTebian da gamarTuli agrZe-
arsebobs Simpanzeebis ori gansxvavebuli saxeoba: leben siaruls. es upiratesad maSin xdeba, rodesac
Cveulebrivi Simpanze – (Pan troglodytes) da bonobo anu maRali balaxi mxedvelobas xels uSlis, maT ki Sors
juja Simpanze – (Pan paniscus). miuxedavad mravali gaxedva undaT. Simpanzeebs sZinavT xeze mowyobil
saerTo Tvisebisa (1929 wlamde maT ver asxvavebdnen), budeebSi, romlebsac yoveli daZinebis win aSeneben,
maT Soris arsebobs uamravi gansxvaveba. magaliTad, xolo baliSad moglejili foTlebis bRujebs iyene-
bonoboebi ufro momcro zomis arian, vidre Cveu- ben.
lebrivi Simpanzeebi, maT ufro grZeli kidurebi da Simpanzeebs (bonoboebis CaTvliT) sqesobrivi
TiTebi, ufro patara Tavebi, muqi saxeebi da Suaze dimorfizmi naklebad axasiaTebT, vidre sxva, didi
gayofili Tma aqvT. Cveulebrivi Simpanzeebisgan gan- zomis adamianis msgavs maimunebs. mamrebis wona, sa-
 71

Sualod, 100 girvanqas (45kg) Seadgens, mdedrebisa ki

_ cota naklebs, magram mamrebs ufro grZeli eSvebi
aqvT.
erTxans egonaT, rom Simpanzeebi mxolod mcena-
reuli sakvebiT ikvebebodnen. marTalia, maTi
sakvebi ZiriTadad vegetarianulia, megram Cveu-
lebrivi Simpanzeebis racionis mniSvnelovan nawils
xorci Seadgens. gombes parkSi (tanzania) Catare-
buli ocdaaTwliani dakvirvebis da sxvagan Catare-
buli gamokvlevebis Semdeg, mecnierebma daadgines,
rom Cveulebrivi Simpanzeebi ara marto mwerebs,
patara xvlikebs da frinvelebs Wamen, aramed ufro
did cxovelebzec nadiroben. dakvirvebis Sedegad
aRmoCnda, rom mcire zomis cxovelebis garda, isini
nadiroben da Wamen maimunebs, axalgazrda babuinebs
da buSbokebs (tyis antilopa).
gombes parkSi dakvirvebisas aRmoCnda, rom wi-
Teli kolobusebi yvelaze xSirad xdebian nadiro-
bis msxverplni. ase rom, mxolod adamianebi ar war-
moadgenen safrTxes sxva primatebisTvis (ix. CarCo
`gadaSenebis piras myofi primatebi~). wiTeli kolo-
busebis saxeobis maimunebis populacia Zalian aris
Semcirebuli. nadiroba gansakuTrebiT xSiri mSral
sezonzea, rodesac sakvebi Znelad moipoveba. msxver-
pls umeteswilad xelSi igdeben mamrebi, romlebic
an marto an patara jgufebad nadiroben. nadavlis miuxedevad imisa, rom Simpanzeebi drois umetes nawils xeebze at-
gayofa, ufro sworad, `Txovnis Sedegad ganawile- areben, miwazec swrafad gadaadgildebian.
ba~ xdeba daaxloebiT 15 SimpanzesTvis megobruli
Sekrebis ganmavlobaSi, romelic zogjer 9 saaTsac
ki grZeldeba.

miuxedavad dakvirvebebisa, SimpanzeTa social-

uri jgufebis organizacia jer kidev garkveuli ar
aris. SimpanzeTa jgufebi, Cveulebriv, ramdenime md-
edrisa da ramdenime mamrisgan Sedgeba, magram wevr-
Ta raodenoba meryeobs ramdenime wevridan 100-mde.
gombes parkSi mamrebi sicocxlis bolomde mSob-
liur jgufSi rCebian, mdedrebi ki xSirad mezobel
jgufebSi gadadian. gvineis teritoriaze binadari
mamrebi, piriqiT, mSobliur jgufSi naklebad rCebi-
an. rogorc Cans, Simpanzeebis jgufebis SeerTeba da
daSla iseT garemoebebzea damokidebuli, rogoric
aris sakvebisa da mtaceblebis riskis arseboba. cota
xnis win mecnierebma erTmaneTs Seadares Simpanzee-
bze cxra grZelvadiani dakvirvebis Sedegebi. Sedar-
ebis Sedegad gairkva, rom arsebobs iseTi qcevebi,
romlebic SimpanzeTa mxolod garkveul jgufebs ax-
asiaTebs. maT Soris aris iaraRebis gamoyeneba, bewvis
gasufTaveba da Sewyvilebis rituali, rac rogorc
Cans, garemo pirobebis zegavleniT ar yalibdeba. zo-
gierTi mecnieris azriT, am tipis qcevebi SeiZleba
kulturul qcevebs miekuTvnebodes.

deda bonobo naSierTan erTad. misi Txeli kidurebi, muqi saxe da

Suaze gayofili bewvi is niSnebia, romlebic bonoboebs Cveulebrivi
Simpanzeebisgan ganasxvavebs.
72

gamoyenebiTi anTropologia
gadaSenebis piras myofi primatebi

adamianTa im populaciebi- primatebis ZiriTadi adgil-sa-

sgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic
zedmetad mravalricxovanni
arian SezRuduli resursebis
pirobebSi, primatebis mraval
saxeobas gadaSeneba swored
Tavisi mcirericxovnobis gamo
emuqreba. ori problema – ada-
mianTa gadaWarbebuli raode-
noba da primatebis gadaSeneba
erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli. dedamiwis mra-
val regionSi adamianebis eqs-
pansia rom ara, iq mcxovreb
primatebs gadaSenebis safrTxe
ar daemuqrebodaT. yvelaze
metad gaqroba emuqrebaT mada-
gaskaris binadar sxvadasxva
saxeobis lemurebs da sxva nax-
evrad maimunebs, afrikis mTis
gorilas da wiTel kolobusebs,
agreTve, braziliur lomisebr
tamarinebs.
mTavari faqtori, rac dRei-
saTvis seriozul safrTxes uqm-
nis primatebis (adamianis garda)
arsebobas, aris adamianis saqmi-
anoba, dakavSirebuli urban-
izaciasTan, soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebasTan, tyeebis gaCex-
vasTan da a.S. swraf mogebaze
orientirebulma, xSir SemTx-
vevaSi gauazrebelma qmedebebma
ganadgurebis piramde miiyvana
tropikuli wvimis tyeebi _
myofeli. amas emateba is garemoebac,
rom zogierT regionSi primatebze
nadiroben da sakvebadac ki iyene-
ben. rogorc Cans, msoflio bazris
moTxovnebi ufro `mniSvnelova-
nia~. swrafi kvebis restornebSi
sul ufro mzardi moTxovnileba
`amerikul~ hamburgerebze aCqarebs
axali adgilebis aTvisebas msxvil-
fexa saqonlis ufro iafad gasaz-
rdelad. garda amisa, Zalian didi
moTxovnilebaa tropikuli xeebis
merqanze. iaponiis importis nax-
evari swored tropikul merqanze
modis, romlisganac amzadeben fir-
ficars, muyaos, qaRaldsa da avejs.
zogi mecnieris mtkicebiT, oqrosferfafriani
aucilebelia yvela saxeobis Senar- Tamarini
Cuneba. primatologebi gvaxseneben, `maimunebis planeta~, sadac
rom saWiroa primatebis mraval- adamianebi adamianis msgavs mai-
ferovnebis gafrTxileba. mecniere- munebs emorCilebian, gveubneba,
bas es populaciebi imis dasadgenad rom primatebi, romlebic zoo-
sWirdeba, Tu ramdenad gvanan da parkebSi arian, SeiZleba Cven
gansxvavdebian isini adamianebisgan vyofiliyaviT.
da ratom Camoyalibdnen iseTebad, rogor SeiZleba Cvengan da-
rogorebic dRes arian. primatebi vicvaT primatebi? amisTvis ori
(garda adamianisa) saWironi arian mTavari gza arsebobs: an mraval
biomedicinis TvalsazrisiT ada- adgilas adamianTa popula-
mianTa daavadebebis gamosakvlevad. ciebis zrda unda Seikvecos an
cnobilia, rom Cven mravali saerTo primatTa mniSvnelovani popu-
daavadeba da erTnairi genebi gva- laciebi dacul parkebsa da
kavSirebs (rogorc pirvel TavSi zooparkebSi unda movaTavsoT.
aRvniSneT, Simpanzeebs da adamianebs orive gza rTulia, magram _
genebis 99% erTnairi aqvT). filmi SesaZlebeli.

hominidebi Cven mier gamoyenebuli klasifiki- zebs.

ciis mixedviT, hominoidebis zeojaxSi Semavali hom-
inidebis ojaxis gvari Homo mxolod erTi saxeobiT
arian warmodgenilni. es saxeoba Tanamedrove ada-
mianiA. (danarCeni adamianismagvar maimunebi SehyavT
ojax Pongidae-Si) adamianebs sxva anTropoidebisa Tu
hominoidebisgan mravali niSani ganasxvavebs, ris ga-
moc, maT pongidebisgan calke kategoriad gamoyofen
(es niSan-Tvisebebi qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli). Tum-
ca, zogi mecnieris azriT, es gansxvavebebi imdenad
mniSvnelovani ar aris, rom adamianebis saxeoba hom-
inidebisgan calke kategoriad gamoiyos. magaliTad,
adamianebs, Simpanzeebsa da gorilebs dnm-Si cilebis
TiTqmis erTnairi Semadgenloba aqvT. sayovelTaod
aRiarebulia azri, rom adamianebs, Simpanzeebsa da go-
rilebs erTi saerTo winapari hyavdaT, romlisganac
5-6 milioni wlis win sxvadasxva gziT ganviTardnen.
mniSvnelovani aris ara is, mivaniWebT Tu ara did mniS-
vnelobas adamianebsa da adamianis msgavs maimunebs
Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, mniSvnelovania is, rom
CavwvdeT am msgavseba-gansxvavebaTa warmoSobis mize-
hominidebis ganmasxvavebeli
niSan-Tvisebebi
axla davubrundeT zogierT niSan-Tvisebas,
romelic gangvasxvavebs danarCeni primatebisgan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni Tavi unikalurad migvaC-
nia, uamravi niSan-Tviseba uwyvetad modis naxevrad
maimunebisgan adamianis msgavs maimunebamde.
fizikuri damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi
or fexze gamarTuli gadaadgileba yvela prima-
tidan mxolod hominidebs SeuZliaT. gibonebs, Sim-
panzeebs (gansakuTrebiT bonoboebs) da gorilebs
(agreTve, zogierT sxva maimuns) SeuZliaT fexze
dgoma da siaruli, oRond Zalian cota xniT. yvela
danarCen primats didi moculobis, Zlieri musku-
latura sWirdeba imisTvis, rom Tavi aweuli eWiros.
hominidebs amgvari struqtura ar esaWiroebaT,

radgan Cvens Tavs xerxemlis zeda nawilSi met-nak-
lebad gawonasworebuli mdgomareoba aqvs. TefSise-
buri formis menji (hominidebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li), welis rkali xerxemalze, swori qveda kidurebi
da TaRiseburi, CasaWidad gamousadegari terfebi,
or fexze gadaadgilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
imis gamo, rom hominidebi mxolod orfexebi varT,
ise SegviZlia sagnebis tareba, rom gadaadgileba ar
gviWirs.
yvela primats cera TiTi danarCenis sawinaaRm-
dego mxares aqvs ganTavsebuli. misi meti sigrZe da
moqniloba saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro moxerxebu-
lad davikavoT sagnebi. Cven SegviZlia rogorc mZime
da didi sagnebis Ronivrad, aseve xelSi mcire zomisa
da nazi nivTebis frTxilad daWera ise, rom ar dagvi-
vardes an ar gagvitydes. gvaxasiaTebs agreTve, gan-
sakuTrebuli koordinacia xelsa da Tvals Soris,
agreTve _ bevrad rTuli agebulebis tvini.
hominidebis tvini didia da rTuli agebulebis.
gansakuTrebiT es Tavis tvinis qerqs, laparakisa
da gonivruli aqtivobis sxva centrebs exeba. moz-
rdilis tvinis zoma saSualod 1300 kuburi santime-
tria, yvelaze didi zomis tvinis mqone primatis go-
rilasi _ ki 525 kuburi santimetri. hominids tvinis
wina (Sublis) mxareebic ufro didi aqvT, vidre sxva
primatebs, ase rom, hominidebs ufro win gamoweuli
Sublebi aqvT, vidre maimunebsa da gorilebs. hom-
inidebis tvinis gansazRvruli nawilebi metyveleba-
sa da enas akontrolebs. hominidis didi tvini Zalze
didi raodenobis sisxls moiTxovs, amitom unikal-
uria tvinisken da tvinidan sisxlis cirkulaciis
sistemac. hominidebis tvinisa da misi evoluciis
Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT TavSi, romelic
Homo-s gvaris warmoSobas eZRvneba.
hominidis kbilebis struqturidan Cans, rom mas
yovelgvari sakvebis Wama SeuZlia. adamianis kbilebis
araspecifikuri agebuleba miuTiTebs, rom sakvebis
mosamzadeblad sxvadasxva iaraRs viyenebT. rogorc
adre aRvniSneT, sxva hominoidebs aqvT grZeli eSvebi
da diastema, xolo hominidebis eSvebi sxva kbilebis
zemoT amoSverili ar aris. aseTi wyoba saSualebas
aZlevT ReWvis dros amoZraon ybebi vertikalurad
da horizontalurad. sxva hominoidebs eSvebi ybebis
horizontalur moZraobaSi xels SeuSlida. hom-
inidebis saReW kbilebs minanqris ufro sqeli fena
faravs. ybebis horizontaluri moZraoba da minan-
qris sqeli fena metyvelebs imaze, rom maT sakvebSi
marcvleulisa da mcenareuli Teslebis ReWvas
didi mniSvneloba hqonda. amis Sesaxeb hominidebTan
dakavSirebul momdevno TavebSi visaubrebT. hom-
inidebis ybas ufro paraboluri TaRis forma aqvs,
vidre U-s forma, rogorc adamianis msgavs maimunebs
axasiaTebT da SedarebiT Txeli Zvlebisgan da Txeli
kunTebisgan Sedgeba. Tanamedrove adamianebs aqvT
nikapi, romelic sxva primatebs ar gaaCniaT.
hominidebis kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSania
mdedrebis seqsualoba. maT sqesobrivi urTierToba
weliwadis nebismier dros SeuZliaT. sxva primatebis
mdedri warmomadgenlebi sqesobriv urTierTobaSi
mxolod periodulad Sedian, daaxloebiT im dros,
rodesac dafexmZimeba SeuZliaT. hominidebi mam-
risa da mdedris urTierTdamokidebulebiTac gan-
sxvavdebian. adre fiqrobdnen, rom maTi kavSiris
mizezi SeiZleba mdedris met-naklebad uwyveti se-
qsualoba yofiliyo, magram ZuZumwovrebsa da fr-
invelebze Catarebulma SedarebiTma gamokvlevam es
azri uaryo. aRmoCnda, rom im ZuZumwovrebsa da fr-
invelebs, romelTac sqesobrivi urTierToba ufro
xSirad hqondaT, mamrisa da mdedris mdgradi urT-
73
ierTkavSiri ar aReniSnebodaT.
riT gansxvavdeba mdedri hominidis seqsualoba
danarCeni primatebis imave Tvisebisgan? arsebobs
varaudi, rom mdedris met-naklebad uwyveti seq-
sualoba bunebrivi gadarCevis procesSi momgebian
niSnad iqca hominidebSi mas Semdeg, rac mdedrisa
da mamris urTierTobebi ganviTarda adgilobriv
jgufebTan Tanaarsebobis pirobebSi, romlebic sul
cota, ramdenime zrdasruli mamrisa da mdedrisgan
Sedgeboda. ufro zustad, jgufuri cxovrebisa da
mamrisa da mdedris urTierTkavSiris kombinacia sxva
primatebs Soris mxolod hominidebs axasiaTebT, ra-
mac, rogorc Cans, umaRlesi primatebisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli mdedrebis perioduli seqsualobidan md-
edrTa met-naklebad uwyvet seqsualobaze gadarTva
gamoiwvia. amgvari gadarTva bunebrivi gadarCevis
pirobebSi, albaT ufro gamarTlebuli iyo, radgan
perioduli seqsualobis Sedegad mdedrisa da mamris
urTierTobebi naklebad myari iqneboda mravalmde-
drian da mravalmamrian jgufebSi.
sxva primatebSi (adamianebis garda) Catarebuli
savele kvlevebis Sedegebma mecnierebs seriozuli
safuZveli misca, evaraudaT, rom mamrebi mzad iyvnen
SewyvilebisTvis nebismier mdedrTan, romelic
amisTvis mzad iqneboda. Tu mdedri (an mdedrebi),
romelTanac mamrs urTierTkavSiri hqonda, zogjer
seqsis mimarT interess ar gamoxatavda, mamri mzad
iyo sxva mdedrebTan SejvarebisTvis. xSir `qor-
winebis gareSe urTierTobebs~ SeiZleba daerRvia
mamrisa da mdedris urTierTkavSiri da amdenad,
Seemcirebina maTi reproduqciuli warmatebebi.
amgvarad, bunebriv gadarCevas SeiZleba xeli See-
wyo met-naklebad uwyveti seqsualobisTvis hominid
mdedrebSi, Tu hominidebs ukve eqnebodaT jgufuri
cxovrebisa (da `qorwinebis gareSe urTierTobebis~
SesaZlebloba) da erTad arsebobis gamocdileba.A
wyvils calke rom ecxovra, rogorc gibonebSia miRe-
buli, mdedrTa perioduli seqsualoba am urTierT-
kavSirs ar daemuqreboda, radgan `qorwinebisgareSe~
seqsis saSualeba naklebad iqneboda. aseve, sezonuri
Sejvarebac nakleb saSiSroebas Seuqmnida mamrisa da
mdedris urTierTkavSirs, radgan yvela mdedri met-
naklebad erTsa da imave dros iqneboda seqsualurad
aqtiuri. amgvarad, jgufuri cxovrebisa da mamrisa
da mdedris urTierTkavSiris kombinaciam, romelsac
adgili aqvs mxolod hominidebSi, SeiZleba axsnas,
Tu ratom ganuviTardaT hominid mdedrebs uwyveti
seqsualoba. juja Simpanze bonobos mdedrebi seqsu-
alur urTierTobaSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Sedi-
an, magram maT ar aqvT mamrisa da mdedris SedarebiT
mudmivi wyvilida mdedrebic ise xSirad ar interes-
debian seqsiT, rogorc mdedri hominidebi.
qceviTi SesaZlebloba
hominidebis qcevaTa udidesi nawili naswavlia an
gadaRebulia mibaZvis Sedegad. iseve, rogorc sxva
mravali fizikuri niSan-Tvisebis SemTxvevaSi, Cven
SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT primatebis swavlis
SesaZleblobebs. didi zomis adamianis msgavsi mai-
munebis: orangutangebis, gorilebisa da Simpanzeebis
SesaZleblobebi TiTqmis Tanabaria. Zveli da axali
samyaros maimunebs saswavlo testebis SesrulebaSi
naklebi warmateba aqvT da sakvirvelia, rom gibonebi
TiTqmis yvela maimuns CamorCebian.
iaraRis damzadeba
ganviTarebis aseTive procesi gaiara gamomgone-
74
blobam da iaraRebis damzadebam. ar arsebobs imis mt-
kicebuleba, rom adamianis garda romelime primats,
garda adamianis msgavsi didi maimunebisa, iaraRi
gamoeyenebina. Tumca, maimunebis ramdenime saxeoba
iyenebs `iaraRs~ – isvris totebs, qvebsa da Camoyril
xils mtaceblebis mosagerieblad. Simpanzeebi ve-
lur pirobebSi iaraRs amzadeben da iyeneben kidec.
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, isini totebs foTlebisgan
aTavisufleben, Semdeg ki iyeneben termitebze `saT-
evzaod~ anu maT amosayvanad gorakis tipis budeebi-
dan. isini iyeneben foTlebs termitebisgan gasaTa-
visufleblad; Rrublis nacvlad, wyliT dasabanad
da gasamSralebladac. marTlac, Simpanzeebi erTsa
da imave iaraRs sxvadasxvanairad iyeneben. primato-
log kristof beSis azriT, SimpanzeTa adgilobriv
jgufebSic ki arsebobs kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba
iaraRis gamoyenebaSi.
Simpanzeebis mier iaraRis gamoyenebis erTi mag-
aliTi winaswar dagegmvas iTvaliswinebs. dasavleT
afrikaSi, gvineaSi, akvirdebodnen ramdenime Simpan-
zes, rogor texdnen isini zeTis palmis kakals ori
qvis daxmarebiT. qveda qvas (`platforma~) Rrmuli
hqonda, meore qva ki dasartymelad gamoiyeneboda.
damkvirveblebma CaTvales, rom isini Simpanzeebma
Soridan moitanes, imitom rom axlomaxlo aseTi qve-
bi ar iyo. damkvirveblebma SeniSnes, rom samuSaos
dasrulebis Semdeg Simpanzeebi dasartyam qvas an
zemodan adebdnen an gverdze miudebdnen `platfor-
mas~ da ase tovebdnen. igive SeniSnes damkvirveblebma
dasavleT afrikaSi, sadac Simpanzeebi Txilis gasa-
texad qvebs iyenebdnen. liberiaSi erTma mdedrma ax-
ali saxis saqmianoba daiwyo; ramdenime Tvis manZilze
sxva cametma mdedrmac imaves keTeba daiwyo, Tumca
Tavidan TiTqos am saqmianobis mimarT araviTar in-
teress ar iCendnen.
Simpanzeebi iaraRs tyveobaSic intensiurad amza-
deben. erTi deda Simpanze yuradRebiT aTvaliereb-
da da asufTavebda Svilis kbilebs xis patara totiT.
bolos man Svils amouRo kbili, romelic mas rogorc
Cans, eryeoda.
adre egonaT, rom iaraRis damzadeba mxolod
hominidebs SeeZloT, magram dakvirvebebma am Sexed-
ulebis gadaxedva moiTxova. Tu iaraRis damzadebas
bunebaSi arsebuli sagnebis garkveuli mizniT gamoy-
enebas davarqmevT, gamova, rom iaraRis damzadeba
zogierT adamianis msgavs did maimunsac SeuZlia;
ufro zustad, hominidi aris erTaderTi cxoveli,
romelsac iaraRis damzadeba sCvevia, zustad iseve,
velur pirobebSi Simpanzeebi iyeneben iaraRs, am SemTxvevaSi – qvas
palmis kaklis gasatexad. ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, isini,
iaraRs sxva iaraRis dasamzadeblad ar iyeneben.
rogorc vityodiT, rom hominidi erTaderTi cxove-
lia, romelic or fexze gadaadgildebian, Tumca,
sxva hominoidebic gadaadgildeba or fexze, magram
mxolod xandaxan. ramdenadac cnobilia, mxolod
hominidebs SeuZliaT erTi iaraRis saSualebiT meo-
ris damzadeba.
ena mxolod Tanamedrove adamianebs aqvT sala-
parako, simboluri ena. magram gansxvaveba adamianis
enasa da sxva primatebis komunikacias Soris arc ise
mkveTria, rogorc adre miiCnevdnen. velur piro-
bebSi mwvane maimunebi (gangaSis niSnad, erTmaneTs
sxvadasxva mtaceblis gamoCenisas sxvadasxvagvarad
eZaxian. rodesac damkvirveblebi maimunebs am Za-
xilis Canawers urTavdnen, aRmoaCines, rom isini,
Zaxilis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxvanair pasuxs iZleod-
nen. Tu `arwivis~ Sesabamisi Zaxili esmodaT, zemoT
iyurebodnen, Tu `leopardis~ Sesabamisi, zemoT, xis
kenweroebisken garbodnen.
Cveulebrivi Simpanzeebic Zalian komunikabe-
lurebi arian da velur pirobebSi Jestebsa da sx-
vadasxva vokalizacias iyeneben. mkvlevrebma maTi
`bunebrivi niWi~ maTTvis sacdel garemoSi simbo-
loebis enis Sesaswavlad gamoiyenes. TavianTi pirve-
li cdisTvis beatris t. gardnerma da r. alen gard-
nerma gazardes mdedri Simpanze, saxelad veiSo da
didi warmatebiT aswavles urTierToba `amerikuli
Jestebis eniT~. erTwliani wvrTnis Semdeg maimuns
ukve SeeZlo Jestebis garkveul qmedebebTan daka-
vSireba. magaliTad, sityvisTvis `mwyuria~ veiSos
unda gaekeTebina niSani `momeci~, Semdeg ki niSani
`daleva~. swavlis procesSi instruqciebi ufro
detaluri xdeboda. Tu wylis daleva undoda, unda
eniSnebina mxolod `daleva~, xolo Tu gaziani wylis
daleva undoda, dalevis niSnisTvis `tkbilis~ niSan-
ic unda daematebina _ swrafad unda Sexeboda enas
TiTebiT. mogvianebiT gardnerebma kidev ufro met
warmatebas miaRwies: kidev oTxi Cveulebrivi Simpan-
ze gawvrTnes `amerikuli Jestebis enis~ yru, magram
molaparake mcodneebis daxmarebiT.
bonoboebma daamtkices, rom umartivesi gramati-
kuli wesebis Seswavla daaxloebiT 2 wlis bavSvebis
doneze SeuZliaT. sxvadasxva sagnis amsaxveli nax-
atebis Cvenebis dros mas SeeZlo simboloebis Tan-
mimdevrobis dadgena. magaliTad, is uCvenebda sity-
va `mokbeCis~ simbolos, Semdeg ki miuTiTebda sagnis
simbolos, magaliTad `burTi~, `bali~ an `saWmeli~.
hominidebis sxva niSan-Tvisebebi bevri primati
yvelafris mWamelia, mcenareebis garda mwerebiT,
mcire zomis reptiliebiT da zogjer patara ZuZum-
wovrebiTac ikvebebian. mxolod hominidebi nadiro-
ben did cxovelebze. amasTan, sxva ramdenime saxeobis
primatis msgavsad, isini mxolod miwaze gadaadgild-
ebian. sxva, miwaze mobinadre primatebisgan gansxvave-
biT, Cven xeebze ar gvZinavs. iqneb Cvenma winaprebma
TavianTi qandarebi xeebze maSin dakarges, rodesac
tyeebi gameCxerda da ukan daixia an iqneb kulturul-
ma winsvlam, ramac moitana iaraRi da cecxlis gamoy-
eneba, mospo Ramis TavSesafris xeze Zebnis aucile-
bloba. garda amisa, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Cveni
damokidebuli mdgomareobis periodi danarCeni pri-
matebisaze ufro xangrZlivia da mSobelTa mxridan
zrunvas TiTqmis 20 wlis asakamde moiTxovs.
 75

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi
ratom arian primatebi aseTi Wkvianebi?
is faqti, rom axla am
winadadebas kiTxulobT,
aris erT-erTi unikaluri
aspeqti imisa, rom Tqven Ta-
namedrove adamiani xarT.
arc erT sxva cxovels ar
SeuZlia amaze bevrad ufro
martiv enaze dawerili teqs-
tis wakiTxvac ki. mkvlevrebi
imaSic ki ar arian darwmuneb-
ulni, rom sxva cxovelebs
TviTrefleqsuri meTodiT
azrovneba SeuZliaT, ro-
melic saSualebas gaZlevT
dafiqrdeT, ramdenad uni-
kaluria kiTxvis TqvenT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli unari.
Cven, adamianebs unikaluri
inteleqtualuri SesaZle-
blobebi gvaqvs. amaSi ad-
vilad davrwmundebiT, Tu
Cvens uaxloes naTesavebs
– primatebs davakvirdebiT
da maT inteleqtualur
SesaZleblobebs Cvensas
SevadarebT. ase gaakeTes
joan silkma da robert
boidma da maTi Sedarebi-
Ti samuSaos ganmavlobaSi,
rodesac primatebis in-
teleqtualur SesaZleblo-
bebs akvirdebodnen, scades
gaecaT pasuxi kiTxvaze: `ra-
tom arian primatebi aseTi
Wkvianebi?~
primatebi gamoirCevian
uCveulo, SeiZleba iTqvas,
unikaluri TvisebebiT. maT
axasiaTebT SedarebiT didi
zomis tvini da rTuli so-
cialuri qceva. maimunebs,
TavianT wonasTan Sedar-
ebiT, bevrad didi zomis
tvini aqvT, vidre romelime
sxva taqsonomiur jgufs,
garda kbilebiani veSapisa
da delfinebisa. adamianebSi
ki es evoluciuri tenden-
ciebi kidev ufro ganviTa-
rebulia.
adamianTa evoluciis ce­
ntraluri kiTxvaa: `ratom
gaxda adamiani evoluciis
Sedegad aseTi Wkviani?~ ada-
mianis uaxloesi naTesavebis,
Tanamedrove primatebis Sem-
ecnebiTi Ses­aZleblobebis
bunebisa da mizezebis Ses-
wavla am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemaSi dagvexmareba. am-
Jamad did diskusias iwvevs
im pirveladi faqtorebis
dadgena, romlebmac pri-
matebSi SedarebiT didi zo-
mis tvinisa da SemecnebiTi
SesaZleblobebis evolu-
ciuri ganviTareba ganapi-
robes. zogierTi mecnieri
amtkicebs, rom SemecnebiTi
Cvevebis gamomuSaveba da tvi-
nis zomis zrda gamowveulia
ekologiuri faqtorebiT,
romlebic Znelad misawv-
domi sakvebis moZebnasTan
da damuSavebasTan aris da-
kavSirebuli. sxvebis varau-
diT, pirveladi seleqciuri
Zala, ramac xeli Seuwyo pri-
matebSi rTuli SemecnebiTi
Tvisebebisa da inteleqtis
ganviTarebas, iyo social-
uri moTxovnebi, romlebic
did da stabilur jgufebad
cxovrebas ukavSirdeboda.
Cven cal-calke gavecnobiT
am poziciebs, Semdeg ki gan-
vixilavT im empiriul mona-
cemebs, romlebsac TiToeu-
li maTgani eyrdnoba.

dabolos, hominidebi gansxvavdebian TiTqmis
yvela primatisgan imiT, rom maTSi arsebobs Sromis
ganawileba sqesis mixedviT rogorc sakvebis mop-
ovebaSi, aseve mozrdilobis periodSi mis ganawile-
baSi. adamianis garda _ yvela saxeobis primatebi,
mamrebic da is mdedrebic wamozrdisTanave iwyeben
sarCoze zrunvas. hominidebSi sqesis mixedviT spe-
cializacia SeimCneva, albaT imis gamo, rom mamrebi,
Cvilebisa da bavSvebis movlisgan gaTavisuflebul-
ni, ufro met dros nadirobasa da didi cxovelebis
devnas uTmobdnen.
primatebis cvalebadi
adaptaciis ganmarteba
aqamde vecnobodiT dRemde SemorCenil primatebs
da maTTvis damaxasiaTebel saerTo niSan-Tvisebebs.
axla ki SevecdebiT ganvixiloT kvleva-Ziebis Sede-
gad SemoTavazebuli zogierTi axsna-ganmarteba pri-
matebis gadarCenil saxeobebs Soris arsebuli gansx-
vavebebis Sesaxeb.
sxeulis zoma
Tanamedrove primatebi erTmaneTisgan sxeulis
zomiT Zalian gansxvavdebian _ dawyebuli saSualo
zomis ruxi Tagviseburi lemuridan, romelic 2 un-
cias (28,3 gr) iwonis da damTavrebuli goriliT, rom-
lis wona daaxloebiT 350 girvanqas (453,6 kg.) udris.
ram gamoiwvia aseTi didi sxvaoba wonaSi? sxeulis
zomas sami mTavari faqtori ganapirobebs: cxovelis
dRis aqtiuri monakveTi (dRe, Rame), maTi aqtiurobis
adgili (xeze, miwaze) da sakvebi. Ramis yvela cxoveli
patara zomisaa, xolo dRisiT aqtiuri cxovelebi-
dan xeze mcxovrebi saxeobebi ufro mcire zomisani
arian, vidre miwaze mcxovrebni. dabolos, saxeobebi,
romlebic foTlebiT ikvebebian, xilisa da marcv-
leulis mWamelebTan SedarebiT ufro mcire zomis-
ani arian.
ratom gansazRvravs es faqtorebi cxovelTa
zomas? ZuZumwovarTaTvis Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia Sefardeba maTi sxeulis wonasa da energiis
moTxovnilebas Soris. sazogadod, ufro didi zomis
cxovelebs meti absoluturi energia sWirdebaT, ma-
gram ufro mcire zomis cxovelebi gacilebiT met en-
ergias saWiroeben TavianTi wonasTan SedarebiT. ami-
tom, mcire zomis cxovelebs energetikulad ufro
mdidari sakvebi sWirdebaT. mwerebi, xili, xis fisi
da wveni savsea kaloriebiT da Zalian mniSvnelovani
sakvebia patara primatebisTvis. foTlebi energeti-
kulad ufro Raribia, amdenad, foTlis mWameli pri-
matebi iZulebulni arian, saWiro energiis misaRebad
meti raodenobis sakvebi moixmaron. amasTan, maT didi
zomis kuWi da saWmlis momnelebeli sistema sWird-
ebaT, rac didi zomis ConCxisa da sxeulis arsebobas
ganapirobebs. mcire zomis primatebi, ZiriTadad,
mwerebiT da sxva maRalkaloriuli sakvebiT ikvebe-
76

adamianebi

tvinis wona

primatebi

sxva ZuZumwovrebi

sxeulis wona

suraTi 4-6
rogorc am grafikzea warmodgenili, ufro did cxovelebs, Cveulebriv, ufro didi tvini aqvT. pri-
matebs, Cveulebriv, imaze didi zomis tvini aqvT, vidre mosalodnelia maTi sxeulis zomidan gamomdi-
nare. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom primatebis umravlesoba (aRniSnulia feradi rgolebiT) im xazis zemoT
aris moqceuli, romelic uCvenebs tvinisa da sxeulis zomebs Soris damokidebulebas. primatebis tvi-
nis wona sxeulis imave wonis mqone araprimati ZuZumwovrebisas orjer aRemateba.

bian da Citebze cotas miirTmeven. yvelaze patara
zomisani Ramis primatebi arian. tyeSi mobinadre
frinvelebis umetesoba dRisiT aqtiurobs. amitom,
sakvebis mxriv mcire zomis primatebsa da frinve-
lebs Soris konkurencia mcirea.
xeze mobinadre primatebis mcire zoma swored
energiis moTxovnilebazea damokidebuli. xeebis
totebs Soris gadaadgileba rogorc vertikalu-
rad, aseve horizontalurad moZraobas moiTxovs.
vertikaluri cocvisaTvis saWiro energia wonis
proporciulia, amdenad, ufro didi zomis cxove-
lebs cocvisTvis meti energia sWirdebaT. magram
horizontaluri moZraobisTvis, iseve, rogorc
miwaze gadaadgilebisTvis saWiro energia wonis
proporciuli ar aris. amdenad, ufro didi zomis
cxovelebi energias miwaze ufro racionalurad xar-
javen, vidre xeebze. arsebobs gansxvavebuli azric,
rom totebi, romlebzec Cveulebriv, xili izrdeba,
wvrilia da mZime wonis cxovelebs ver gauZlebs. pa-
tara cxovelebisTvis ki aseT totebze gadaadgileba
bevrad usafrTxoa. garda amisa, miwaze mobinadre
cxovelebisTvis didi zoma ufro xelsayrelia mta-
ceblebisgan Tavis dasacavad.
tvinis SedarebiTi zoma
didi zomis primatebs, Cveulebriv, ufro didi
zomis tvini aqvT. zogadad, didi zomis yvelanair
cxovels aqvs ufro didi zomis tvini (ix. sur. 4-6).
amitom, primatologebs ufro metad tvinis Sedare-
biTi zoma ainteresebT. (tvinis zoma sxeulis zomas-
Tan SefardebiT).
radgan hominid primatebs, yvela sxva primatTan
SedarebiT, ufro didi zomis tvini aqvT, SesaZloa
vifiqroT, rom didi zomis tvini `ukeTesia~. Tumca
mas `xarjebic~ axlavs. energiis TvalsazrisiT, didi
moculobis tvinis ganviTareba metaboluri energi-
is did danaxarjebs moiTxovs. amitom is uaryofili
iqneboda bunebrivi gadarCevis mier, rom ara is upi-
ratesobebi, romlebic `xarjebs~ gadawonida.
xilis mWamel primatebs SedarebiT ufro didi
moculobis tvini aqvT, vidre foTlis mWamelebs. am
ukanasknelT didi zomis tvini iqneb imitom ar sWird-
ebaT, rom maTi sakvebi yvelgan da yovelTvis moipove-
ba, ris gamoc, mopovebis adgilebis damaxsovreba
ar sWirdebaT. sxvanairad aris saqme xilis mWamel
primatebTan dakavSirebiT: maT ukeTesi mexsiereba
da meti moculobis tvini esaWiroebaT, radgan maTi
sakvebi – xili, sxvadasxva dros mwifdeba da moipove-
ba sxvadasxva adgilas, romelTa damaxsovrebac
aucilebelia. rogorc cnobilia, tvinisTvis didi
raodenobiT Jangbadi da glukozaa aucilebeli.
imis gamo, rom foTlebis mWameli primatebis sakve-
bi imdenive glukozas ar Seicavs, ramdensac xilis
mWamelebisa, maT ar hyofniT energia SedarebiT didi
moculobis tvinis funqcionirebisaTvis.
jgufebis zomebi
primatebis jgufebi sxvadasxva raodenobis wevr-
isgan Sedgeba. zog jgufSi mxolod erTi wyvili da
maTi STamomavlobaa gaerTianebuli (mdedri, mamri
da maTi naSierebi - orangutangebSi), zogSi - ram-
denime axalgazrda individi da maTi STamomavloba
(gibonebSi), zogi ki 100-ze meti individisgan Sedgeba
(Zveli samyaros maimunTa jgufebi). ra faqtorebi
gansazRvravs amgvar sxvadasxvaobas?

erT-erTi mTavari faqtori, romelic primatebis
sxeulisa da jgufis zomis simcires ganapirobebs,
aris am cxovelebis Ramis aqtivoba, es Ramis cxovele-
bi aqtiur cxovrebas Ramis ganmavlobaSi ewevian. Ra-
mis primatebi ganmartoebiT an wyvilebad ikvebebian.
rogorc jon terborgma aRniSna, Ramis mtacebelTa
umetesoba xmauris mixedviT nadirobs. ase rom, maTi
Tavdacvis saukeTeso saSualebaa siCume. jgufebi,
Cveulebriv, ufro xmaurianebi arian, amitom Ramis
cxovelebis gadarCenis erT-erTi saSualeba ganmar-
toebiT an wyvilad cxovrebaa.
meore mxriv, jgufuri cxovreba dRisiT ufro
xelsayrelia. rac meti Tvali, yuri da cxviri eqneba
jgufs, miT ufro advili iqneba potenciuri mtace-
blis SemCneva da Tavdasxmis Tavidan acileba. garda
amisa, did jgufs meti kbili da meti Rone aqvs mta-
cebelTa SesaSineblad da maTTan gasamklaveblad.
am saxis dasabuTebam SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos, rom
dRis cxovelebi aucileblad did jgufebad unda
cxovrobdnen. sinamdvileSi ase ar aris da amas sxva
faqtorebi ganapirobebs. erTi magaliTi sakvebis ra-
odenoba da misi mopovebis adgilTa ganlagebis sim-
Widrovea. rodesac sakvebi cotaa da misi mopoveba,
mxolod erTmaneTisgan daSorebul adgilebSia Ses-
aZlebeli, mxolod mcire zomis jgufebi SeZleben
sakmarisi raodenobiT sakvebis mopovebas. im SemTx-
vevaSi ki, rodesac sakvebi didi raodenobiTaa, igi
did jgufebsac daakmayofilebs. kidev erTi faqto-
ria konkurencia sakvebis resursebis ganawilebisT-
vis. erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, jgufebi ibrZ-
vian sakvebiT mdidari adgilebisTvis, aq gamarjvebas
didi jgufebi ukeT axerxeben.
mas Semdeg, rac ganvixileT CvenTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli niSnebi anu is niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic sxva
primatebTan gvaerTianebs da agreTve, primatebs So-
ris arsebul gansxvavebaTa SesaZlo mizezebi, gviC-
ndeba kiTxva: bunebrivi gadarCevis ra Zalebs See-
ZloT xelis Sewyoba primatebis warmoSobisaTvis,
ra Zalebs SeeZloT primatebis pirvel hominidebad
Camoyalibeba da ra Zalebma ganapirobes homos gva-
ris warmoSoba? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas momdev-
no sam TavSi SevecdebiT.
Sejameba
1. marTalia, Tanamedrove primatebs adamianTa uSu-
alo winaprebad ver CavTvaliT, magram maTTan
saerTo evoluciuri istoria gvakavSirebs. Cveni
Tanamedrove uaxloesi naTesavebis qcevisa da
anatomiis Seswavla primatebis ganviTarebis kvl-
evaSi dagvexmareba. adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli niSnebis Seswavla imis garkvevasac Seuwyobs
xels, Tu ratom gamoeyo adamianebis ganviTarebi-
sken mimarTuli xazi Simpanzeebisa da gorilebis
ganviTarebis mimarTulebas.
2. primatebs ara raime erTi unikaluri niSani, ar-
amed mravali saerTo maxasiaTebeli aqvT: or-ori
Zvali wvivsa da winamxarSi, laviwis Zvali, moqni-
li, “CamWidi” xelebi, stereoskopuli mxedvelo-
ba, SedarebiT didi moculobis tvini, erT jerze
mxolod erTi (iSviaTad ori) naSieris gaCenis
SesaZlebloba, naSierTa momwifebis xangrZlivi
periodi, socialuri urTierTobebsa da swavlaze
Zlieri damokidebuleba.
3. primatebis rigi or qverigad iyofa: naxevrad
maimunebi da anTropoidebi. anTropoidebisgan
gansxvavebiT, naxevrd maimunebi ynosvaze ufro
metad arian damokidebulebi. maT aqvT moZravi
yurebi, ulvaSebi, mogrZo formis dingebi da saxis
77
statikuri gamometyveleba. anTropoidebs aqvT
momrgvalebuli Tavis qala, mcire zomis uZravi
yurebi, dingebis nacvlad ki SedarebiT momcro,
brtyeli saxeebi da moqnili xelebi.
4. anTropoidebis rigi or ZiriTad jgufad iyo-
fa: platirinebi (axali samyaros maimunebi) da
katarinebi. katarinebi, Tavis mxriv, serkopi-
Tekoidebad (Zveli samyaros maimunebi) da homi-
noidebad (adamianis msgavsi maimunebi da adami-
anebi) iyofian. anTropoidi adamianis msgavsi
maimunebi Sedgebian hilobatebis anu SedarebiT
mcire zomis maimunebisgan (gibonebi da siamange-
bi) da pongidebis anu didi zomis adamianis msgavsi
maimunebisgan (orangutangi, gorila da Simpanze).
5. Simpanzeebisa da gorilebis cilebisa da dnm-is
Semadgenloba, iseve, rogorc maTi anatomia da
qceva, Zalian hgavs adamianisas. veluri Simpan-
zeebi amzadeben da iyeneben sxvadasxva iaraRs da
bunebriv sagnebs TavianTi miznebis Sesabamisad
ucvlian saxes. niSanTa enis Seswavlisas Simpan-
zeebica da gorilebic abstraqtuli azrovnebis
gasaocar unars avlenen.
6. hominidebsa da sxva anTropoidebs Soris arseb-
uli gansxvavebebi naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu romeli
Tvisebebi ganasxvavebs adamianebs, rogorc saxe-
obas. hominidebi or fexze gadaadgildebian da
siarulis dros xelebis daxmareba ar sWirdebaT.
maTi tvini, gansakuTrebiT ki qerqi, udidesi da
yvelaze rTuli agebulebisaa. sxva danarCeni pri-
matebis mdedrebisgan gansxvavebiT, hominidi md-
edrebi wlis nebismier dros amyareben sqesobriv
kavSirs. hominidebis naSierebs sxvebze damokide-
bulebis SedarebiT grZeli periodi aqvT. sxva
primatebisgan gansxvavebiT, hominidebis qceva
naswavlia an mibaZvis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli.
salaparako, simboluri ena da erTi iaraRis sxva
iaraRis dasamzadeblad gamoyeneba mxolod da
mxolod Tanamedrove adamianisTvis aris damaxa-
siaTebeli. Cveulebriv, hominidebsac axasiaTebT
sakvebis mopovebaSi Sromis ganawileba da agreTve
sakvebis ganawileba mozrdilobis asakSi.
7. garemo pirobebis cvalebadobam, aseve gansxvave-
bam saqmianobis tipebsa da kvebis racionSi, Sei-
Zleba axsnas is gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebi,
romlebic primatebs axasiaTebT. Ramis primatebi
ufro momcro zomis arian da cal-calke an Za-
lian mcire jgufebad cxovroben. dRis primatebs
Soris xeze mcxovrebi saxeobebi ufro patare-
bi arian da miwaze mcxovreb primatebze mcire
jgufebad cxovroben. xilis mWamel primatebs Se-
darebiT ufro didi moculobis tvini aqvT, vidre
foTlis mWamelebs.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
1. rogor SegiZliaT daasabuToT, rom primate-
bi, romelTa ganamarxebuli naSTebi aRmoCnda, xeebze
cxovrobdnen?
2. ratom arian primatebi aseTi Wkvianebi?
3. ra garemoebebi uwyobs xels urTierTobis
unaris adapturobas?
4. ratom aris adamianTa moumwifeblobis peri-
odi aseTi xangrZlivi?
 78

primatebis evolucia:
adreuli primatebidan
hominoidebamde 5

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 primatebis warmoSoba

 anTropoidebis warmoSoba

 miocenuri anTropoidebi:
maimunebi, adamianis msgavsi
maimunebi da hominidebi

 hominidebis gamoyofa
danarCeni hominidebisgan
 79

primatebis evolucia primatologi paleontolo-
gebisa da paleoanTropologebis gansakuTrebuli
interesis sferoa. ramdeni xnis win gaCndnen pirveli
primatebi? rogor gamoiyurebodnen? rogori piro-
bebi iyo maTTvis xelsayreli? rogor ganviTardnen
adreuli primatebi am periodis Semdeg? ra adgili
ukaviaT sxvadasxva saxeobis primatebs? marTalia,
Cveni, rogorc anTropologebis, interesis sferos
adamianebis da im primatebis warmoSobis kvleva war-
moadgens, romelTa STamomavlobiT xazs adamian-
ebamde mivyavarT, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom evo-
lucia raRac garkveuli mizniT an romelime erTi
saxeobis Sesaqmnelad ki ar mimdinareobs, aramed es
aris organizmebis Segueba an verSegueba garkveul
garemosTan. amgvarad, primatebis aRmoCenili ga-
namarxebuli naSTebi mravalferovania, maT Soris
aris ukve gadaSenebuli jiSebis ConCxic. SesaZloa,
rom primatebis zogierT Stos saerTod ar daetove-
bina STamomavloba.
primatebis evoluciis suraTis rekonstruq-
cia ganamarxebuli naSTebis mopovebazea damokide-
buli. marTalia, mravali naSTi ukve aRmoCenilia da
axlebis aRmoCena kvlav mimdinareobs, magram mopove-
buli masala sruli mainc ar aris. paleoanTropolo-
gebi miwidan ver amoiReben ganamarxebul naSTebs Tu
geologiuri fenebi aweuli, eroziiT dazianebuli
an masala raime sxva mizezis gamo xelmisawvdomi
ar iqneba. aRmoCenili ganamarxebuli masala ufro
xSirad fragmentuli da dazianebulia, SeiZleba, or-
ganizmis agebulebaze msjeloba mopovebul mxolod
erT an or nawilze iyos damokidebuli. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT TavSi `rogor vpoulobT warsuls~, pri-
matebis evoluciis istoriis Seswavla bevrad ufro
mets moiTxovs, vidre ganamarxebuli

milioni geologiuri klasi ojaxebi da udidesi taqsonebi

wlis win periodi
pleistoceni
1.6
plioceni
5

10 oreopiTeki
sivapiTeki
mioceni driopiTeki
keniapiTeki
prokonsuli hominoidebi
20 platirinebi kaTarinebi

dolikocebusi

30 oligoceni
egiptopiTeki parapiTekidebi/
apidiumi propliopi-
Tekidebi
kantofiTEki

40

eoceni

50
adapidebi/
omomiidebi
noTarkusi
tetoniusi

60 paleoceni

plesiadipisi

gviani
70 kretaceusi

suraTi 5-1 primatebis evolucia

80

naSTebis ubralo amoTxraa. Tanamedrove saxe- sxvadasxvaoba ar arsebobs. es adreuli primatebi

obaTa anatomiuri agebulebis codna saSualebas prosimianebis ori mTavari jgufisgan – adapidebisa
gvaZlevs, daskvnebi gamovitanoT ganamarxebuli da omomidebisgan Sedgeba. primatebis es ori saxe-
saxeobebis fizikuri agebulebisa da qcevis Sesaxeb. oba erTmaneTisgan seriozulad gansxvavdeba, Tumca
geologiaSi, qimiasa da fizikaSi SemuSavebuli da- imis gamo, rom maTi gamoCena paleocenisa da eoce-
TariRebis meTodebi ganamarxebuli naSTebis (ix. sur. nis periodebis sazRvarze moxda, unda vivaraudoT,
5-1) miaxloebiTi daTariRebis saSualebas iZleva. rom maT saerTo winapari hyavdaT. varaudoben, rom
uZvelesi mcenareebisa da cxovelebis, geografiisa es Tagvis zomis, xeze mobinadre arseba Carpolestes
da klimatis Seswavla ki uZvelesi primatebis gare- simpsoni unda yofiliyo, romlis naSTi vaiomingSi
momcveli samyaros aRdgenis saSualebas gvaZlevs. aRmoCnda da is 56 milioni wlis winandeli periodiT
marTalia, primatebis evoluciis Sesaxeb jer TariRdeba. Carpolestes atarebs rogorc primatebis,
kidev bevri ram ar aris cnobili, bevri ki sakamaToa, ise araprimatebis niSnebs, swored amitom, es orga-
magram is, rac viciT, arc ise cotaa. viciT, magali- nizmi Zalian sainteresoa.A marTalia, mas ar aqvs ste-
Tad, rom eocenis epoqaSi, romelic daaxloebiT 55 reoskopuli mxedveloba, magram qveda kidurebis
milioni wlis win daiwyo, primatebi ukve arsebobdnen. did TiTebze klanWebis nacvlad, frCxilebi aqvs.
maimunisa da adamianis msgavsi maimunis niSnebis azrs, rom karpolestebi primatebis saerTo wina-
matarebeli primatebi oligocenis epoqaSi daaxloe- prebi arian, yvela mecnieri ar eTanxmeba. suraTze
biT 34 milioni wlis win gamoCndnen, xolo miocenis 5-2 Semoxazuli P miuTiTebs adgils, sadac paleon-
epoqaSi, romelic 24 milioni wlis win daiwyo, adamia- tologma robert martinma primatebis saerTo wina-
nis msgavsi maimunebis ramdenime saxeoba arsebobda. prebi moaTavsa: gvian carcul periodSi.
rogorc ganamarxebuli masalis saSualebiT gavigeT, axla davubrundeT im pirobebs, romlebmac pri-
uZveles primatebs Tanamedrove primatebisaTvis matebis warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli.
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi hqondaT, magram zustad ise
arc erTi maTgani ar gamoiyureboda. garemo pirobebi
am da Semdeg TavebSi mogawvdiT monacemebs pri-
matebis evoluciis Tanamedrove Teoriisa da misi sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom adreuli pri-
damamtkicebeli masalis Sesaxeb primatebis warmo- matebi daaxloebiT 65 milioni wlis win, paleocenis
Sobidan da Tanamedrove adamianebamde. uSualod am periodSi an ufro adre, carcul periodSi gamoCnd-
TavSi ki gavecnobiT periods or fexze mosiarule nen. rogori iyo garemo im dros? paleocenis da-
hominidebis warmoSobamde. Cven mier am TavSi ganxi- sawyisi didi geologiuri cvlilebebis xana iyo. am
luli periodi moicavs 65 milion wels – miocenis periodSi moxda mezozouri eridan kainozourze ga-
bolomde, romelic 5 milion weliwadze cota meti dasvla. kainozouri eris bolo periodSi gavrcele-
xnis win dasrulda (ix. sur. 5-1). buli yvela cxoveluri da mcenareuli saxeobis 75%
adreul paleocenSi gaqra. saxeobaTa amgvari gaqro-
primatebis warmoSoba bidan yvelaze cnobilia dinozavrTa gadaSeneba.
carculi periodis klimati zogadad rbili da
rodis gamoCndnen pirvelad primatebi? am kiTx- notio iyo, magram bolo periodSi temperaturam kle­
vaze pasuxis gacema Cvens xelT arsebuli ganamarxe- ba daiwyo. paleocenis epoqis dasawyisisTvis daiwyo
buli masalis safuZvelze sakmaod Znelia. zogi pa-
leoanTropologis azriT, ganamarxebuli naSTebi,
romelic paleocenis (daiwyo daaxloebiT 65 mil-
ioni wlis win) epoqas miekuTvneba, arqaul primatebs
ekuTvniT. es naSTebi pleziadapiformebia da aR-
moCenilia rogorc evropaSi, ise CrdiloeT ameri-
kaSi, romlebic maSin erTian, ganuyofel xmeleTs
warmoadgenda. pleziadapiformebidan yvelaze
ukeT cnobilia pleziadipebi. isini ciyvis msgavsi
cxovelebi iyvnen, didi dingiTa da didi eSvebiT;
agreTve maT hqondaT didi zomis cxviris Rru da
Tavis qalis sxvadasxva mxares moTavsebuli Tvalis
budeebi, rac ganviTarebul ynosvasa da stereos-
kopuli mxedvelobis (siRrmis aRqma) sisusteze an
ararsebobaze metyvelebda. pleziadipebs TiTebze
brWyalebi hqondaT, Tumca maTi xelisa da fexis
TiTebi sakmarisad moqnili ar iyo CasaWideblad. es
niSan-Tvisebebi imaze metyvelebs, rom pleziadipebi
primatebs ar miekuTvnebodnen. Tumca idayvisa da
quslis saxsrebi maT did mobilurobaze migvaniSnebs,
kbilebi da eSvebi ki maT yvelafris Wamis saSualebas
aZlevdaT. maTi Sida yuris agebulebac Tanamedrove
primatebis msgavsia. swored imis gamo, rom am cxove-
lebs primatebis msgavsi niSnebi hqondaT, zogierTi
mecnieri maT arqaul primatebad miiCnevs.
paleoanTropologTa meore jgufs miaCnia, rom
pleziadapiformebsa da gviandel, aSkara primatebs
Soris imdenad mcire msgavsebaa, rom maTi primatTa
rigSi moTavseba mizanSewonili ar aris. Tumca 55 Carpolestes simpsonis rekonstruqcia. gviani paleocenis
milioni wlis winandeli eocenis periodiT daTari- periodSi xeze mobinadre es cxoveli SeiZleba primatebis
Rebuli ganamarxebuli naSTebis Taobaze azrTa saerTo winapari iyos.

pleistoceni
1.6
plioceni 1 11
5.2
mioceni
24
oligoceni
milioni wlis win
34
5
eoceni
55
paleoceni
65
gviani
kretaceusi
1. lemurebi
2. loriebi
3.mioceni `lorisoidebi~
4. aziuri adapidebi
suraTi 5-2
evoluciuri damokidebuleba adreul primatebsa da Tanamedrove primatebs Soris r. d. martinis Teoriis mixedviT. primatebis xazebi, rom-
lebic dRemde ar modis, savaraudod, gamqral saxeobebs ekuTvnis. mTavari Rerodan gamosuli ganStoebebi saerTo winapris xazidan gadaxris
maCvenebelia. P aRniSnavs yvela primatis ucnob, saerTo winapars.
tmperaturis cvalebadoba rogorc sezonuri, ise
geografiuli TvalsazrisiT. mraval adgilas ufro
mSrali klimati Camoyalibda, rasac Waobebis maso-
brivi daSroba mohyva. klimati paleocenSi zogadad
ufro grili iyo, vidre gviandel carcul periodSi,
magram ara civi. sakmaod maRal adgilebSic ki gaCnda
tyeebi. subtropikuli klimati iyo gavrcelebuli
62-e ganedamde, sadac aliaska mdebareobs.
Soreul warsulSi gansxvavebuli klimatebis ar-
sebobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi kontinen-
tebis dreifi iyo (sur. 5_3). adreul carcul peri-
odSi (135 milioni wlis win) kontinentebi ZiriTadad
or superkontinentad iyo gaerTianebuli – lau-
raziad, romelic CrdiloeT amerikasa da evrazias
moicavda da gonduanalendad, romelic afrikas,
samxreT amerikas, indoeTs, avstraliasa da antar-
qtidas aerTianebda. paleocenis dasawyisisTvis
(daaxloebiT 65 milioni wlis win) gonduanalendi or
nawilad gaiyo: samxreT amerika afrikisgan dasavle-
TiTY moeqca, indoeTi aRmosavleTiT, avstralia da
antarqtida ki _ samxreTiT. mdebareobis Secvlis
Semdeg, kontinentebi gansxvavebul klimatur piro-
bebSi moxvdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad kontinen-
tebis moZraobac axdenda klimatze zemoqmedebas,
zogjer globaluri masStabiTac ki.
qari da amindi xmeleTis did masivebze sxvanairad
moqmedebs, vidre patarebze. amitom, amindi levra-
ziis mTlian, did kontinentze gansxvavebuli iqne-
boda, sanam igi calkeul kontinentebad daiSlebo-
da. kontinentebis Sejaxebisas warmoiqmneba mTebi,
81
arsebul dRes
9 15 17
2 14 s
an
hum
13 d
an
10 18
16
4
3
12
7
6 8
5. eocenis evropel iadapidebi
6. eocenis Cr. amerikis adapidebi
7. eocen-oligocenis Cr. amerikis omomiidebi
8. eocenis evropeli omomiidebi
9. tarsierebi
10. miocenis axali samyaros maimunebi
P 11. axali samyaros maimunebi
12. faumis anTropoidebi
13. miocen-pliocenis Zveli samyaros maimunebi
14. Zveli samyaros maimunebi
15. adamianis msgavsi patAara maimunebi
16. miocenis adamianis msgavsi patara maimunebi
17. adamianis msgavsi didi maimunebi da adamianebi
18. miocemis adamianis msgavsi didi maimunebi
romlebic Tavis mxriv, amindze mniSvnelovan zemo-
qmedebas axdenen. mTis jaWvebi Rrublebis teniano-
bas amcireben, amitom is mxare, romelsac amindis
zemoqmedeba naklebad exeba, ufro mSralia (piroba,
romelsac wvimis Crdils uwodeben), sawinaaRmdego
mxare (qaris mima rTulebiT mdebare) ki ufro te-
niani. rodesac kontinentebis mdebareoba xels uS-
lis okeanis dinebebis moZraobas tropikebidan po-
lusebisaken, dadamiwis klimati ufro civi xdeba.
kontinentebis dreifma da klimaturma cvlilebebma
udidesi gavlena moaxdina primatebis evoluciaze.
klimatur cvlilebebs mcenareuli safaris
cvlilebac mohyva. pirveli foTlovani xeebi da
yvavilovani anu farulTeslovani mcenareebi (An-
giosperma) carcul periodSi gaCndnen, ufro didi
zomis xeebi ki, romlebic didi zomis xils isxamda da
Sesabamisad, ufro didi zomis kurkebi hqonda, ukve
mogvianebiT, paleocenisa da adreuli eocenis peri-
odebSi gavrcelda.
klimatisa da garemo pirobebis SecvlasTan er-
Tad evoluciis Sedegad cxovelTa mravali saxeoba
warmoiSva. marTalia, zogi ZuZumwovari carculi
periodidan arsebobs, magram paleocenis dros evo-
lucias maTi mravali axali saxeobis, agreTve mra-
valferovani foTlovani da yvavilovani xeebis
warmoqmna da gavrceleba mohyva, ramac rogorc Cans,
didad Seuwyo xeli ZuZumwovarTa sxvadasxva saxeo-
bis warmoSobasa da gavrcelebas. primatologi pale-
ontologebis azriT, primatebi ZuZumwovarTa erT-
erTi Stodan, ufro zustad ki, mweriWamia
82
a
gen
120° 80°
pa
225 mww.
Cr. a. evrazia
afrika
120° 80°
samx. a.
madagaskari
ant.
suraTi 5-3
kontinentebis dreifi. superkontinenti pangeas gayofa lauraziad da gondaunalendad 135 milioni wlis win moxda. mogvi-
anebiT es kontinentebi CvenTvis cnobil kontinentebad daiyo. milioni wlis win (mww).
ZuZumwovarTa romeliRac ganStoebidan an sax-
esxvaobidan warmoiSvnen, ufro ki mweriWamia ZuZum-
wovrebisgan, romelTa rigebSic Tanamedrove biga
da Txunelebic Sediodnen, romlebic axlad Seqm-
nil foTlovan da yvavilovan mcenareebSi arsebuli
mwerebiT ikvebebodnen.
martivad rom vTqvaT, mcenareTa axlad warmoSo-
bilma formebma cxovelTa axal formebs kvebisa da
dacvis damatebiTi wyaroebi Seuqmna. CvenTvis gan-
sakuTrebiT sainteresoa is, rom axali mcenareebis
warmoSobasTan erTad, mwerebisTvis sakvebis dam-
atebiTi wyaroebi Seiqmna, ris Sedegadac gaizarda
mwerebis rogorc raodenoba, ise maTi saxeobebi. aman
ki, Tavis mxriv, im ZuZumwovarTa raodenobis zrda
gamoiwvia, romlebic mwerebiT ikvebebodnen. es Zu-
Zumwovrebi garemos advilad eguebodnen da TiTqmis
yvelgan SeeZloT binadroba: miwis qveS, wyalsa da mi-
wis zedapirze. isini binadrobdnen tyis pirobebSic:
buCqebSi, xviara mcenareebsa da xeebze. primatebis
evoluciaSi udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda miwis zemoT
binadrobas. ufro adreul periodebSi tye imdenad
aTvisebuli ar iyo. SemdgomSi mcire zomis cxovelTa
zogierTma saxeobam, romelTagan erT-erTi SeiZle-
ba uZvelesi primatic yofiliyo, TandaTanobiT tyis
aTviseba daiwyo.
kerZod ram Seuwyo xeli
primatebis warmoSobas?
primatebis warmoSobis tradiciuli axsna aris
e.w. arborealuri anu `xeze cxovrebis Teoria~, rac
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom primatebi warmoiSvnen mwer-
is mWameli ZuZumwovrebisgan, romlebmac xeebze bi-
laurazia
40° 80° 120° 120° 80° 80° 120°
gond tiTis
auna zRva
lend
i
135 mww.
indo- 120° 120° 40° 80°
eTi
avst.
awmyo
naDdroba daiwyes. anTropologebi xeze binadrobis-
bis dawyebas sxvadasxva saxis adaptaciiT xsnian. 1912
wels g. eliot smitma ivarauda, rom xeze cxovrebis
dawyebam mxedvelobis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli.
sakvebis ynosviT moZieba da mgrZnobiare dingi mi-
waze mobinadre mweris mWameli cxovelebisTvis ra
Tqma unda, mniSvnelovania, magram xeze mobinadre
cxovelebisTvis totebis labirinTSi sakvebis mosa-
Zebnad mxedveloba bevrad ufro saWiroa. dingebis
dapataravebasTan da ynosvis mniSvnelobis Semci-
rebasTan erTad, adreuli primatebis Tvalebi win
unda yofiliyo mimarTuli. 1916 wels frederik vud
jonsma xazi gausva adreuli primatebis xelebsa da
fexebze momxdar cvlilebebs. misi azriT, xeebze
cocvas xeli unda Seewyo CamWidi xelebisa da fexebis
ganviTarebisTvis, xolo ukana fexebs win mimarTuli
moZraobisas sayrdenis funqcia unda Seesrulebina.
1921 wels triCer kolinzma ivarauda, rom adreuli
primatebis Tvalebma win imitom ki ar gadainacvla,
rom dingebi daupataravdaT, aramed imitom, rom
ganuviTardaT totidan totze xtomisas aucile-
beli, samganzomilebiani mxedveloba, romelic
aucilebeli iyo naxtomis sizustis dasacavad. 1968
wels frederik Salaim gamoTqva azri, rom cvlileba
kvebis racionSi – mwerebidan marcvlebze, xilsa da
foTlebze gadasvla, Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo pri-
matebis mweris mWamelebisgan diferenciaciisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom met kartmilma arboreal-
uri Teoriis susti mxareebi gaaSuqa, am Teorias jer
kidev hyavs momxreebi. misi azriT, xeze binadroba
ver xsnis primatebis mraval damaxasiaTebel niSans,
radgan xeze sxva ZuZumwovrebic binadroben, mag­r­am
mSvenivrad grZnoben Tavs primatebisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis gareSec. amis saukeTeso
magaliTia xeze mobinadre ciyvi. misi Tvalebi pirda-
pir ar aris mimarTuli, ynosviTi monacemebi sxva
mRrRnelebTan SedarebiT, Semcirebuli ar aris, aqvs
klanWebi da ara frCxilebi da ar aqvs ganze gaweuli
cera TiTebi. miuxedavad yovelive amisa, ciyvebi
xeebze Tavs Zalian moxerxebulad grZnoben. maT
SeuZliaT xidan xeze zustad xtoma, Seuferxebeli
gadaadgileba patara totebsa da vertikalur zeda-
pirebze aRma-daRma sirbili. isini ukana fexebiTac
ki ekidebian dabla sakvebis misawvdomad. garda ami-
sa, primatebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi
mraval sxva cxovelsac aqvs, magram isini xeebze ar
binadroben da totebzec ise ar gadaadgildebi-
an, rogorc primatebi. magaliTad, xorcis mWamel
cxovelebs, rogorebicaa kata, qori da bu, Tvalebi
win aqvT mimarTuli, xolo qameleons (reptilia) da
zogierT avstraliur CanTosan ZuZumwovars, ro-
melic buCqebsa da bardebSi mwerebze nadirobs, Cam-
Widi xelebi da fexebi aqvT.
kartmilis azriT, xeebze moZraobis garda, ar-
sebobs sxva faqtori, romelmac primatebis warmo-
Soba ganapiroba. misi varaudiT, adreuli primatebi
ZiriTadad, mweris mWamelebi iyvnen, xolo samganzo-
milebiani mxedveloba, CamWidi xelebi, fexebi da dapa-
taravebuli klanWebi seleqciurad iyo gamarTleb-
uli vazis naz totebsa da tropikuli tyeebis xeebze
sakvebis mosapoveblad. samganzomilebiani mxedv-
eloba saSualebas aZlevda monadires, msxverplamde
manZili zustad ganesazRvra. CamWidi fexebi saSuale-
bas miscemda mtacebels msxverplis dasaWerad ufro
ciyvebi arborealurebi arian, magram primatebis bervi niSan-Tvise-
ba akliaT. met kartmilis mixedviT, primatebis niSan-Tvisebebi
adaptirebulia xeebis totebze damagrebasTan, maSin, rodesac ci-
yvebis niSan-Tvisebebi adaptirebulia xis mraval ganStoebasTan.
83
mSvidad gadaadgilebuliyo viwro sayrdenze, Semdeg
ki xeli etaca misTvis. kartmilis azriT, klanWebi
xelis SemSleli iqneboda patara totebisTvis xelis
CaWidebis dros, xolo ynosvis SegrZneba imitom ki ar
Sesustda, rom saWiro aRar iyo, aramed imitom, rom
Tvalebis saxis wina mxares gadmonacvlebam dingisT-
vis gankuTvnili adgili Seamcira (ix. CarCo “met kart-
mili sakuTar Teorias amowmebs”).
robert susmanis Teoria agebulia kartmilis `vi-
zualuri mtaceblobis Teoriasa~ da Salais kvebis
racionis cvlilebis Teoriebze. susmani eTanxmeba
kartmilis Sexedulebas, rom adreuli primatebi
ciyvebisgan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadaT patara xeebze
moipovebdnen sakvebs. am SemTxvevaSi, CamWidi xelebi,
fexebi da patara frCxilebi, klanWebis (ciyvisnairi)
nacvlad, maTTvis ufro mosaxerxebeli iqneboda.
susmani eTanxmeba agreTve Salais mosazrebas, rom
adreuli primatebi, rogorc Cans, axali saxis mcena-
reuli sakvebiT ikvebebodnen (yvavilebiT, kurkebiTa
da xiliT), romelTa raodenoba yvavilovani xeebis
gavrcelebasTan erTad sul ufro izrdeboda. magram
susmans uCndeba mniSvnelovani kiTxva: Tu adreuli
primatebis ZiriTad sakvebs mcenareuli sakvebi da ara
swrafad moZravi mwerebi warmoadgenda, ratom eyrd-
nobodnen isini ufro metad mxedvelobas da ara ynos-
vas? susmani varaudobs, rom amis axsna SeiZleba imiT,
rom rogorc Cans, adreuli primatebi Ramis cxovele-
bi iyvnen (iseve, rogorc mravali Tanamedrove prosim-
iani): gaumjobesebuli mxedveloba maT im SemTxvevaSi
dasWirdebodaT, Tu sakvebis Zebna sibneleSi an ara-
sakmarisi ganaTebis dros mouxdebodaT.
adreuli primatebis ganamarxebuli naSTebis Za-
lian mcire raodenobaa aRmoCenili. SegviZlia vi-
varaudoT, rom evolucia pirvelad CamWidma xeleb-
ma da fexebma daaxloebiT, albaT, gviani paleocenis
dros ganicades, xolo stereoskopulma mxedvelo-
bam evolucia kidev ufro gvian ganicada. rodesac
meti ganamarxebuli masala gveqneba, albaT, ufro
meti saSualeba iqneba imisaTvis, rom ukeT SevafasoT
sxvadasxva Teoria, romelic primatebis warmoSobis
Sesaxeb arsebobs.
rogorebi iyvnen
adreuli primatebi
adreuli, aSkarad gamoxatuli primatebi, rom-
lebic eocenis epoqaSi cxovrobdnen, Tanamedrove
Crdilo amerikis, evropisa da aziis teritoriebze
daaxloebiT 55 milioni wlis win gamoCndnen. im
droisaTvis laurazia, superkontinenti, romelic
Crdilo amerikisa da evraziisgan Sedgeboda (maT
grelandia akavSirebdaT), erTian xmeleTs warmoad-
genda, romelic Semadgenel nawilebad Sua eocenSi
daiSala. maSin afrika da indoeTi evraziasTan daka-
vSirebulebi jer kidev ar iyvnen. maTi dakavSireba
oligocenis bolos moxda da aman seriozuli klima-
turi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia, romlebzec mogvianebiT
SevCerdebiT. eocenis dasawyisi ufro Tbili da nak-
leb sezonuri iyo, vidre paleoceni da tropikuli
tyeebis siWarbiT xasiaTdeboda.
eocenuri primatebis mravalferovani anatomia
gvafiqrebinebs, rom im droisaTvis maT ukve axa-
siaTebdaT Tanamedrove primatebis niSan-Tvisebebi:
frCxilebi brWyalebis nacvlad, CamWidi, sawinaaRm-
dego mxares mdebare ceri da Tvalis Zvlovani budee-
bi. vertikaluri cocva da xtoma gadaadgilebis maT-
Tvis Cveuli forma iyo. eocenuri prosimianebi ara
mxolod moZraobiT emsgavsebian Tanamedrove pros-
imianebs, aramed maTi ConCxebic identuria.
84
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi
met kartmili Tavidan amowmebs sakuTar Teorias
primatebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
met kartmilma Tavisi “mta-
ceblobis vizualuri Teoria”
Tavdapirvelad primatebis war-
moSobis asaxsnelad Camoayaliba,
radganac fiqrobda, rom `xeze
cxovrebis Teoria~ am sakiTxs
sakmarisad damajereblad ver
xsnida. ratom grZnoben sxva
cxovelebi, magaliTad, ciyvebi,
xeebze Tavs Zalian kargad miuxe-
davad imisa, rom primatebisTvis
damaxasiTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi
ar aqvT? kartmilis Teoriam sak-
mao kritika gamoiwvia. vnaxoT,
rogor upasuxa man kritikosebs.
erTma kritikosma, j. olman-
ma gamoTqva azri, rom Tu mxed-
velobaze damyarebuli mtace-
bloba aucileblad moiTxovs win
mimarTuli Tvalebis arsebobas,
maSin ratom ar aqvT aseTi Tva-
lebi zogierT sxva mtaceblebs?
katebsa da buebs win mimarTuli
Tvalebi aqvT, magram mangusteb-
sa da gulwiTela Citebs ar aqvT.
meore kritikosis, pol garberis
azriT, Tu klanWebi mouxerxe-
beli iyo patara totebze ga-
dasaadgileblad, maSin ratom
ikvebeba mcire zomis primati
– panamuri tamarini – vazis wvr-
il totebze mobinadre mwerebiT
da amave dros xuTi TiTidan _
oTxze klanWebi aqvs? robert
susmanma ki miuTiTa, rom mcire
zomis Ramis prosimianebi xils
mets Wamen, vidre mwerebs. misi
varaudiT, TiTebiT zusti ma-
nipulaciis unari, romelic pa-
tara totebis boloebidan mc-
ire zomis xilis mosawyvetadaa
saWiro, Tanac im momentSi,
rodesac primati ukana fexebiT
aris Camokidebuli, adasturebs
rogorc uklanWo TiTebis, aseve
“CamWidi” kidurebis arsebobis
aucileblobas.
kartmilma gaiazra es prob-
lemebi da kritikosebs Tavisi
Teoriis gadamowmebiT upasuxa.
man warmoadgina, Tu rogor Sei-
Zleboda misi Teoriis Sedegad
miRebuli zogierTi daskvnis gad-
amowmeba.
win mimarTuli Tvalebis prob-
lemasTan dakavSirebiT, kartmili
ambobs, rom Tavad olmanis gamokv-
leva xsnis amas: aseTi Tvalebi
win mdebare sagnebs arasakmarisi
ganaTebis dros ukeT xedaven.
dRis mtaceblebis Tvalis gugebi
win mdebare sagnis ukeT danax-
vis mcdelobisas viwrovdeba, am-
denad, win mimarTuli Tvalebis
arseboba dRis mtaceblebisTvis
aucilebeli ar aris. Ramis mtace-
blebs ki, romlebic mxedvelobaze
ufro metad arian damokidebul-
ni, rogorc Cans, win mimarTuli
Tvalebi imis gamo hqondaT, rom
Sor manZilze yurebisas gugebis
daviwroveba maTTvis RamiT xel-
sayreli ar iqneboda. amgvarad,
kartmili darwmunda, rom adreu-
li primatebi Ramis cxovelebi
iyvnen. igi darwmunda imaSic, rom
mwerebis garda, isini xiliTac
ikvebebodnen, radgan rogorc
susmani fiqrobs, ase ikvebeba Ta-
namedrove primatebis umetesoba.
Tu isini xilsa da mwerebs patara
totebze gadaadgilebis dros
Wamen, klanWebi maTTvis xelis-
SemSleli unda iyos. panamis tama-
rinebi am azrs ar ewinaaRmdegebi-
an: maT klanWebi aqvT, ikvebebian
xis fisiT, romlis mosapoveblad
xis varjs ciyviviT klanWebiT
ebRauWebian.
kartmili fiqrobs, rom misi
modificirebuli Teoria ukeT
xsnis primatebis mxedvelobaSi
momxdar cvlilebebs, vidre sus-
manisa. rogor SeiZleba stereos-
kopuli, win mimarTuli mxedv-
elobis arseboba axsna adreul
primatebSi? kartmili miuTiTebs,
rom stereoskopuli da win mimar-
Tuli mxedveloba aucilebeli ar
iyo primatebisTvis, romlebic
uZravi xiliT ikvebebodnen da
piriqiT, aseTi Tvalebi aucile-
beli iqneboda swrafad moZravi
mwerebis dasaWerad.
kartmili varaudobs, rom
xeze mobinadre sxva ZuZum-
wovrebTan dakavSirebuli moma-
vali kvleva primatebis warmoSo-
bis Sesaxeb darCenil kiTxvebsac
gascems pasuxs. xeze mobinadre
CanTosnebis Tvalebic konver-
gentulia (ra Tqma unda, ara im
xarisxiT, rogorc primatebs axa-
siaTebT). CanTosnebis erT gvars,
magaliTad, samxreT amerikul
oposums primatebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli mravali damatebiTi
niSani aqvs, maT Soris, SedarebiT
didi moculobis tvini, ufro win
mimarTuli Tvalebi, mokle dingi
da erTdroulad erTi an ori Svi-
lis gaCenis unari. tab rasmusenis
gamokvlevebis mixedviT, oposum-
is magaliTi adasturebs rogorc
karmilis, ise susmanis Teoriebs,
radgan igi ikvebeba xiliT, ro-
melic izrdeba totebis boloe-
bze da xelebiT iWers mwerebs.
damatebiTi savele gamokvlevebi
CanTosnebsa da primatebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvise-
bebis mqone sxva cxovelebze,
aseve axali ganamarxebuli masa-
lis aRmoCena met informacias
mogvcems.

adreuli eocenis primatebi:
omomidebi da adapidebi
adreuli eocenis periodSi naxevrad maimunTa
ori jgufi Cndeba: erT jgufs, omomidebs, grZel-
terfebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravali niSani
hqonda, meore jgufs, adapidebs ki lemurisebrTa
msgavsi niSnebi axasiaTebda. omomidebi Zalian pa-
tarebi iyvnen, maTi zoma ciyvisas ar aRemateboda,
adapidebis zoma ki _ katis knutisas.
omomidebs grZelterfebs imitom amsgavseben, rom
iseTive didi Tvalebi, koWis Zvlebi da mcire zo-
mis sxeuli aqvT. didi Tvalebi savaraudod, imitom
hqondaT, rom Rame kargad daenaxaT (Ramis cxovelebi
iyvnen); iTvleba, rom mcire zomis omomidebi mwer-
is mWamelebi iyvnen, ufro didi zomisani ki - xilis
mWamelebi. omomidebis umetesobas kbilebis iseTive
agebuleba hqonda, rogoric Tanamedrove naxevrad-
maimunebs axasiaTebT: ori wina saWreli kbili da oTxi
wina saReWi kbili qveda ybis orive mxares da ara sami
wina saWreli kbili da oTxi wina saReWi, rogorc ad-
reul ZuZumwovrebs hqondaT. eocenis droindeli
omomidis – tetoniusis ganamarxebuli Tavis qalidan
kargad Cans, Tu ramdenad didi roli eniWeboda mxedv-
elobas. Tavis qalaze datovebuli anabeWdis mixedviT
SeiZleba misi kefisa da safeTqlis tvinis did mocu-
lobaze vimsjeloT. tvinis es nawilebi aRqmasa da
mxedvelobiT mexsierebasTan arian dakavSirebuli.
lemuris msgavsi adapidebi dRisiT ufro aqti-
urebi iyvnen da maT sakvebsac umetesad foTlebi
da xili warmoadgenda. omomidebisgan gansxvavebiT,
adapidebis naSTebSi mniSvnelovani sqesobrivi de-
morfizmi SeiniSneba, rac maTi eSvebis agebulebaSi
gamoixateba. AmaT SenarCunebuli aqvT oTxi wina
saReWi kbili, adreuli ZuZumwovrebis msgavsad
(Tumca naklebi raodenobis saWreli kbilebiT). erT-
erTi saxeobis adapidi, romlis sakmaod bevri naSTia
aRmoCenili, aris noTarqtusi. mas hqonda patara,
brtyeli saxe, stereoskopuli mxedveloba da Sedar-
ebiT patara zomis dingi. rogorc Cans, es cxovelebi
tyeSi binadrobdnen da hqondaT Zlieri ukana fexebi
xidan xeze saxtunaod.
eocenis epoqis ZuZumwovrebi didi mraval-
ferovnebiT gamoirCeodnen. maTgan gamonakliss arc
primatebi warmodgendnen. rogorc Cans, im wlebSi
evolucia Zalian swrafad mimdinareobda; rogorc
omomidebs, ise adapidebs, hqondaT ramdenime niSani,
romlebic amtkicebs, rom maT da SedarebiT gvian-
del, oligocenis epoqaSi gamoCenil anTropoidebs
Soris garkveuli kavSiri arsebobda, magram imis
Sesaxeb, rom anTropoidebi romelime am jgufidan
ganviTardnen, saerTo azri ar arsebobs. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom omomidebs garkveuli msgavseba aqvT
Tanamedrove grZelterfebTan, xolo adapidebs _
lemurebTan da lorisebTan, paleoanTropologebi
dabejiTebiT ver amtkiceben, rom romelime es jgufi
Tanamedrove naxevrad maimunebis winapari iyo. ar-
sebobs saerTo azri, rom lemurebisa da lorisebis
85
winapari populaciebi, iseve, rogorc tarsierebisa,
jer kidev eocenis epoqaSi an kidev ufro adre, gviani
paleocenis epoqaSi gaCndnen.
anTropoidebis warmoSoba
Tanamedrove anTropoidebi _ maimunebi, ada-
mianis msgavsi maimunebi da adamianebi _ anu Taname-
drove
primatebi, 150-ze met saxeobas aerTianeben. sam-
wuxarod, mopovebuli ganamarxebuli masala, ro-
melic anTropoidebis warmoSobas ukavSirdeba,
sakmarisi ar aris. xolo monacemebi Zveli samyaros
primatebis formebis (viwrocxvira maimunebi) ga-
namarxebuli masalis Sesaxeb im or ZiriTad regionSi,
sadac amJamad maTi didi populaciebia (afrikaSi,
sub-saharis tropikul tyeebsa da samxreT-aRmosav-
leT aziaSi), Zalian bundovania. zogierTi paleo-
anTropologis azriT, CineTSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziasa da alJirSi bolo dros aRmoCenili eocenis
primatebis ConCxebi raRaciT anTropoidebis msgav-
sia, magram maTi evoluciuri statusis Sesaxeb Se-
Tanxmeba miRweuli ar aris.
adreuli, namdvili anTropoidebis naSTebi, rom-
lebic SedarebiT gviandeli periodiT, gviani eo-
ceniTa da adreuli oligoceniT anu 34 milioni wlis
winandeli periodiT TariRdeba, aRmoCenilia egvip-
teSi, qairos samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare regionSi
– faiumSi. faiumSi aRmoCenili erT-erTi uZvelesi
primatis, katopiTekis, naSTebi daaxloebiT 35 mln.
wlis winandelia. ramdenime axali aRmoCenis Sedegad
am saxeobis primati gviani eocenis primatebs Soris
yvelaze cnobili gaxda. katopiTeki daaxloebiT Ta-
namedrove marmozetebis anu ciyviseburi maimunis
zomis iyo. misi kbilebis struqtura miuTiTebs, rom
igi mwerebiT da xiliT ikvebeboda. mas hqonda pata-
ra Tvalebi, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom dRis cxoveli
iyo. katopiTekis ConCxis naSTebis mixedviT SeiZle-
ba vivaraudoT, rom es iyo swrafi, xeebze mobinadre
cxoveli, romelic oTx fexze gadaadgildeboda da
SeiZleba saukeTeso kandidatura yofiliyo adreu-
li anTropoidobisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi
kavSiri sxva primatebTan kvlav sakamaToa.
oligocenis periodis anTropoidebi
faiumSi udabnos tipis unayofo da mwiri miwebia,
magram, miuxedavad amisa, iq anTropoidebis mravali
ganamarxebuli naSTia gamovlenili. oligocenis pe-
riodSi anu daaxloebiT 34 - 24 milioni wlis win, fai-
umi tropikuli tyeebis zona iyo da xmelTaSua zRvis
sanapirosTan Zalian axlos mdebareobda. aq zomieri
hava, bevri mdinare da tba iyo. faqtobrivad, faiumSi
bevrad ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebi iyo, vidre
CrdiloeT kontinentebze, radgan rogorc Crdilo
amerikaSi, ise evraziaSi, oligocenis periodSi ukve
sicive iwyeboda. rogorc Cans, acivebam zogadad
primatebis faqtobrivi gaqroba gamoiwvia (droebiTi
gaqroba mainc).
faiumis oligocenis periodis anTropoidebi or
jgufad iyofian: maimunis msgavsi parapiTekidebi da
adamianis msgavsi maimunisebri propliopiTekidebi.
orive saxeoba 35-31 milioni wlis win cxovrobda
da sakmarisi niSan-Tviseba hqondaT imisaTvis, rom
anTropoidebad CaiTvalon.
86

parapiTekidebi. maimunis msgavs parapiTekidebs, okeanis gadakveTa. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, okean-

iseve, rogorc naxevrad maimunebis umetesobasa is gadakveTa moxda tivebis saSualebiT, romle-
da axali samyaros maimunebs, sami wina saReWi kbili bic datkepnili mcenareebis, fesvebisa da miwisgan
hqondaT (ybis TiTo meoTxedSi). isini Tanamedrove Sedgeboda. amgvari “tivebis” funqcias mowyvetili
anTropoidebs mTeli rigi niSnebiT emsgavsebian: miwa Seasrulebda, is ki didi mdinareebis Sesar-
aqvT Zvlovani tixari Tvalis budeebis ukan, gan- TavebTan SeiZleba sakmaod didi zomisac yofiliyo.
ieri saWreli kbilebi, gamoSverili eSvebi da saReWi amis warmodgena albaT Znelia, magram mravali mec-
kbilebis dabali, momrgvalebuli gvirgvinebi. ma- nieri Tvlis, rom am gziT anTropoidebi SesaZlebe-
gram maT aqvT naxevrad maimunebis msgavsi wina saRe- lia samxreT amerikaSi moxvedriliyvnen.
Wi kbilebi da SedarebiT mcire moculobis tvini. propliopiTekidebi faiumSi aRmoCenili anTro-
parapiTekidebi zomiT Zalian patara (3 funtamde) poidebis meore saxeobaa propliopiTekidebi. maTi
cxovelebi iyvnen da mogvagonebdnen ciyvisebur mai- kbilebis agebuleba Tanamedrove viwrocxvira mai-
munebs, romlebic amJamad samxreT da centralur munebis msgavsia da am niSnis gamo Catarrhines (viwrocx-
amerikaSi cxovroben. maTi Tvalis SedarebiT patara vira maimunebs)-s miekuTvnebian. parapiTekidebisgan
budeebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini Ramis cxovelebi gansxvavebiT, romelTac sami wina saReWi kbili aqvT,
ar unda yofiliyvnen. maTi kbilebis mixedviT Cans, propliopiTekidebs, Tanamedrove adamianis msgavsi
rom umetesad xiliTa da am xilis kurkebiT ikvebe- maimunebis, adamianebisa da Zveli samyaros maimunebi-
bodnen. maTi gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb monacemebi erT- viT, mxolod ori aseTi kbili aReniSnebaT. pro-
erTi parapiTekidis, apidiumis aRmoCenis Semdeg pliopiTekidebs, parapiTekidebis msgavsad, anTro-
gaxda cnobili. rogorc Cans, es cxoveli oTx fexze poidebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli agebulebis kbilebi
gadaadgildeboda da sakmaod xSirad xtodaA. parapi- aqvT: ganieri qveda saWreli kbilebi, win wamoweuli
Tekidebi anTropoidTa uZvelesi jgufia da miuxe- eSvebi da qveda saReWi kbilebis momrgvalebuli, da-
davad imisa, rom jer kidev ar arsebobs saerTo azri bali gvirgvinebi. garda amisa, propliopiTekidebs,
paleoanTropologebs Soris, umravlesoba miiCnevs, rogorc parapiTekidebs, Tvalis budeebis ukan Zv-
rom anTropoidebis warmoSoba win uZRoda axali sa- lovani tixari aReniSnebaT.
myaros brtyelcxvira da Zveli samyaros viwrocx- egiptopiTekusi, yvelaze ukeT cnobili pro­
vira maimunebis (erTmaneTisgan gamoyofas). pliopiTekidi, rogorc Cans, xeebze oTxi fexiT
axali samyaros maimunebis (platirinebis) wi- gadaadgildeboda, xolo wona 13 girvanqas (5897 gr)
naprad parapitekidebis aRiareba primatebis evo- udrida. misi dabali saReWi kbilebi momrgvalebuli
luciaSi did Tavsatexs qmnis, es Tavsatexi axa- gvirgvinebiT da sakmaod didi saWreli kbilebi gva­
li samyaros maimunebis warmoSobas exeba. iseTi fiqrebinebs, rom egiptopiTekusi ZiriTadad xiliT
anTropoidi primatebi, rogoricaa doliqocebusi,
patara, xilis mWameli maimuni, romelic Taname-
drove, ciyviseburi maimunis msgavsia, moulodne-
lad, yovelgvari winaprebis gareSe Cndeba samxreT
amerikaSi daaxloebiT 25 mln. wlis win. radgan
parapitekidebi samxreT amerikaSi ufro adre ga-
moCndnen, vidre anTropoidebi da Tanac maT mra-
vali niSniT emsgavsebian, amitom mizanSewonili
iqneba maTi miCneva axali samyaros maimunebis wi-
naparTa nawilad.
sainteresoa, rogor moxvdnen anTropoiduli
primatebi afrikidan samxreT amerikaSi? miuxedavad
imisa, rom gviani oligocenis periodSi kontinen-
tebi erTmaneTTan SedarebiT axlos mdebareobdnen,
samxreT amerikas afrikasTan sul cota, 3000 kilo-
metri aSorebda. ganieri kontinenturi Selfi da
gviani oligocenis dros zRvis dabali donis gamo
warmoSobili kunZulebi SeiZleba imis saSualebas
iZleoda, rom kunZulidan kunZulamde xtomiT mieR-
wiaT afrikidan samxreT amerikamde (200 kilometri-
ani monakveTebiT), magram xeze mcxovrebi primatebi-
sTvis es Zalian didi manZili iqneboda.
warmoudgeneli iqneboda afrikidan samxreT
amerikaSi evropis (es kontinentebi oligocenis
periodSi jer kidev dakavSirebuli iyvnen erTma-
neTTan) gavliT moxvedrac. CrdiloeTi da samxreT
amerikis kontinentebi erTmaneTs mxolod 5 mln.
wlis win daukavSirdnen. amitom, Tu axali samyaros
maimunebis winaprebi CrdiloeT amerikamde miaRw- miuxedavad imisa, rom faiumis dablobi dRes udabnoa, oligoce-
evdnen, samxreT amerikamde misaRwevad kidev didi nis periodSi iq tropikuli tyeebi iyo. am teritoriaze mravlad
manZili unda gaevloT, Tanac okeane unda gadae- moipoveba tropikuli mcenareebisa da cxovelebis gaqvavebuli ana-
kveTaT. arsebobs erTi mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu beWdebi primatebis CaTvliT.
rogor SeeZloT axali samyaros maimunebs atlantis

rekonstruqcia imisa, Tu rogor gamoiyurebodnen oligocenis pe-
riodis primatebi. wina planze gamosaxulia egiptopiTekebis jgu-
fi; ukana planze - apidiumis ori individi. naCvenebia aseve imdro-
indeli faunis zogierTi warmomadgeneli.
ikvebeboda. misi SedarebiT mcire zomis Tvalebis
mixedviT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom is dRis cxoveli
iyo. mas mogrZo dingi da SedarebiT patara moculo-
bis tvini hqonda. Tavis qalis endokastebis (qalis
Sida agebulebis Taviseburebebis) mixedviT, SeiZle-
ba vivaraudoT, rom egiptopiTekusis tvinis sakmaod
didi nawili mxedvelobis funqcias eTmoboda, xolo
SedarebiT ufro patara _ ynosvisas. egiptopiTeku-
sis Tavis qala mniSvnelovan sqesobriv dimorfizmze
metyvelebs. garda amisa, asakis matebasTan erTad,
isini Zalian icvlebodnen. asakis matebasTan erTad
Tanamedrove didi maimunebis msgavsad, Tavis qalis
zeda da ukana mxares Zvlovani Zgide uCndebodaT.
marTalia, egiptopiTekusebs kbilebi, ybebi da Tavis
qalis zogierTi niSani adamianis msgavsi maimunis-
magvari hqondaT, magram maTi ConCxi ufro maimunebi-
sas hgavs, ris gamoc mecnierTa umravlesoba maT
primitiul viwrocxvira maimunebs miakuTvnebs. imis
gamo, rom propliopiTekidebs ar gaaCniaT Taname-
drove Zveli samyaros maimunebisa da adamianis msgav-
si maimunebisTvis (viwrocxvira maimuneb - Catarrhines
) damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli niSnebi, magram
aqvT viwrocxvira maimunebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
kbilebis agebuleba, zogierTi paleoanTropologi
fiqrobs, rom propliopiTekidebi, rogorc Zveli sa-
myaros maimunebis, aseve hominidebis winaprebs war-
moadgendnen.
miocenis periodis anTropoidebi:
maimunebi, adamianis msgavsi
maimunebi da hominidebi
87
egviptopiTekis Tavis qala (faiumidan). misi kbilebis agebuleba,
Tvalis patara Zvlovani budeebi da SedarebiT didi moculobis
tvini calsaxad miuTiTebs imaze, rom es cxoveli Zveli samyaros
maimunebisa da adamianis msgavsi maimunebis winapari iyo.
24 - 5.2 milioni wlis win, miocenis periodSi mai-
munebisa da adamianis msgavsi maimunebis garegno-
baSi aSkara divergencia moxda. evropaSi, aziasa da
afrikaSi mravali sxvadasxva tipis adamianis msgavsi
maimuni gaCnda. adreuli miocenis epoqaSi tempera-
tura bevrad ufro maRali iyo, vidre oligocenSi.
adreulidan _ gvian miocenamde, hava ufro mSrali
gaxda, kerZod, aRmosavleT afrikis teritoriaze.
es kontinentebis gadaadgilebasTan iyo dakavSire-
buli. daaxloebiT 18 milioni wlis win afrika evra-
zias daukavSirda, riTac bolo moeRo Semarbilebel
efeqts, romelsac am kontinentebis havas maTi gamyo-
fi teTisis zRva aniWebda. afrikisa da ufro metad
indoeTis evraziis kontinentTan mierTebas mohyva
mTebis warmoqmna, ramac am teritoriisaTvis Cveuli
amindis Secvla gamoiwvia. samxreTi evraziasa da aR-
mosavleT afrikaSi adrindelze bevrad ufro mS-
rali hava Camoyalibda. yovelive aman, ra Tqma unda,
mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia primatebis evoluci-
aze.
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom Tanamedrove adamia-
nis winapari – pirveli hominidi, daaxloebiT 8 – 5
milioni wlis win, gvian miocenSi, afrikaSi warmoiS-
va. varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad warmoiSvnen pirveli
hominidebi, emyareba faqts, rom namdvili hominidebi
aRmosavleT afrikaSi daaxloebiT 5 milionze nak-
lebi wlis winaT cxovrobdnen. es varaudi ki am hom-
inidebis ganamarxebul naSTebze metad, Tanamedrove
adamianis msgavsi maimunebisa da adamianebis Sedar-
ebiTi molekuluri da bioqimiuri analizebis Sede-
gebs emyareba. rogorc Semdeg TavebSi davinaxavT, Se-
darebiT ufro mSrali havis gavlenam, ris gamoc meti
Tavisufali, balaxiani adgili gaCnda, mniSvnelovnad
Seuwyo xeli hominidebis evolucias.
adamianis msgavsi, romeliRac miocenis droin-
deli maimuni hominidebis winapari iyo. Cveni Semd-
gomi msjelobac adamianis msgavsi maimunebis win-
amorbedebs anu anTropoidebs Seexeba, romelTac
adamianis msgavsi maimunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi hqondaT da adreul miocenSi cxovrobdnen.
SevexebiT aseve Sua da gviani miocenis adamianis ms-
gavs maimunebsac. sanam adamianis msgavs maimunebze
gadavidodeT, gvinda, miocenis periodis maimunebsa
da prosimianebs SevexoT. samwuxarod, miocenis epo-
88
qis maimunTa ganamarxebuli naSTebi Zalze iSvia-
Tad gvxvdeba.A axal samyaroSi maT Sesaxeb monacemebi
TiTqmis ar arsebobs, mxolod Zalian mwiri masalaa
aRmoCenili argentinasa da kolumbiaSi. am masalidan
Cans msgavseba Tanamedrove samxreT amerikul saxe-
obebTan. adreuli miocenis maimunTa ganamarxebuli
masala mxolod CrdiloeT afrikaSia aRmoCenili.
sxva mdgomareobaa Sua da gviani miocenis masalasTan
dakavSirebiT: Zveli samyaros maimunebis naSTebi Se-
darebiT ufro bevria aRmoCenili, vidre adamianis
msgavsi maimunebisa. rac Seexeba prosimianebs, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom maTi miocenuri ganamarxebuli naS-
Tebi Zalian cotaa napovni, CvenTvis cnobilia, rom
gadarCa Sua miocenis ramdenime adapidi indoeTSi,
gviani miocenisa ki _ CineTSi. miocenis periodSi
zogierTi lorisismagvari prosimiani aRmosavleT
afrikaSi, pakistansa da indoeTSi Cndeba.
adreuli miocenis periodis
adamianis msgavsi
maimunis winamorbedebi
adreuli miocenis periodis ganamarxebuli naS-
Tebis umetesoba adamianis msgavsi maimunis win-
amorbedebs ekuTvnis. isini ZiriTadad afrikaSia
aRmoCenili. maT Soris yvelaze cnobili gvaria pro-
konsuli (Genus Proconsul), romelic keniasa da ugan-
daSia aRmoCenili da daaxloebiT 20 milioni wlis win
cxovrobda.
prokonsulis dRemde aRmoCenili yvela saxeoba
oligocenis anTropoidebze didi zomisaa. maTi zoma
gibonis zomidan mdedri gorilis zomamde meryeobs.
suraTi 5-4
afrikuli prokonsuli (Proconsul africanus), romelic 20 milioni wlis win cxovrobda. misi wina da
ukana kidurebi daaxloebiT erTi sigrZisaa da gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi xis totebis boloebze oTxi fexiT
gadaadgildeboda. afrikuli prokonsuli am saxeobis yvelaze patara zomis warmomadgenelia da 22-26
girvanqas iwonis.
prokonsulebs ar hqondaT kudi, rac hominoidebis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi damaxasiaTebeli niSa-
nia. paleoanTropologebis umravlesoba aRiarebs,
rom prokonsuli namdvilad hominoidi iyo, magram
amasTanave Zalian gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrove ada-
mianis msgavsi maimunebisgan. Tanamedrove adamia-
nis msgavs maimunebs aqvT mravali damaxasiaTebeli
anatomiuri niSani, magaliTad mxari, idayvi, majebi
da TiTebi, romlebic xelebze CamokidebiT gadaadg-
ilebisTvis (braqiaciisTvis) iyo adaptirebuli.
aSkaraa, rom prokonsulebi ase ar moZraobdnen. maTi
mxrebi, idayvebi, majebi da TiTebi SeiZleba iZleod-
nen kidevac braqiaciis saSualebas, magram sxva oli-
gocenuri anTropoidebis msgavsad, prokunsulebi
xeebze oTxi fexiT gadaadgildebodnen (ix. sur. 5-4).
SesaZlebelia, zogierTi ufro didi zomis saxeoba
zogjer miwazec dadioda. kbilebis mixedviT Tu vim-
sjelebT, es cxovelebi umetesad xilis mWamelebi
iyvnen, Tumca zogierTi ufro didi zomis saxeoba
SeiZleba foTlebiTac ikvebeboda.
marTalia, prokonsulebi hominoiduri niSnebis
matarebeli miocenuri primatebis mraval saxeobas
Soris yvelaze ukeT arian cnobilni, magram, rogorc
aRmosavleT afrikaSi momxdarma bolodroindelma
aRmoCenebma gamoavlines, im dros adamianis msgavsi
maimunis winamorbedebis sxva tipebic gvxvdeboda.A ma-
gram es aRmoCenebi Zalze fragmentulia da zust kla-
sifikacias ar eqvemdebareba. prokonsuli SeiZleba
yofiliyo gviandeli adamianis msgavsi maimunebisa
da adamianebis winapari, SeiZleba arc yofiliyo, ma-
gram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT masSi gaerTianebuli ada-
mianis msgavsi maimunebisa da adamianebisTvis dam-
 89

axasiaTebel niSnebs, is albaT maTi saerTo winapris
msgavsi unda yofiliyo.
Sua miocenis adamianis
msgavsi maimunebi
Aadamianis msgavsi pirveli maimunebis naSTebi
samxreT afrikaSi aRmoCnda da Sua mioceniT, 16-10
mln. wlis winandeli periodiT TariRdeba. mabokos
kunZulsa da mis axlomdebare adgilebSi aRmoCenili
ganamarxebuli masala ramdenime saxeobis primatebs
ekuTvnis: naxevradmaimunebs, Zveli samyaros mai-
munebis ramdenime saxeobasa da aSkarad gamoxatul
hominoids _ keniapiTeks.
keniapiTeks prokunsulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mravali niSani hqonda, magram misi saReWi kbilebi
Tanamedrove hominoidebisas gvagonebs. prokon-
sulebisgan gansxvavebiT, keniapiTeki metad hgavs
miwaze mosiarules. misi kbilebic minanqris sqeli
feniT iyo dafaruli, xolo ybebi imdenad Zlieri
hqonda, rom rogorc Cans, umTavresad magari sakve-
biT ikvebeboda. SesaZloa, amis mizezi qviSis msxvili
marcvlebic yofiliyo, romlebic sakvebTan erTad
xvdeboda, radgan igi ZiriTadad miwaze cxovrobda.
keniapiTekis msgavsi aRmoCenebi dafiqsirda evro-
pasa da TurqeTSic. aris Tu ara keniapiTeki adamia-
nis msgavsi maimunebisa da adamianebis winapari, jer
kidev sakiTxavia. misi saReWi kbilebi ufro Taname-
drovea, magram kidurebis agebulebidan ar Cans, rom
mas braqiaciuli gadaadgileba SeeZlo, rac adamianis
msgavsi gviandeli periodis maimunebis damaxasiaTe-
beli niSan-Tvisebaa.
meore mxriv, iqneb sworia siu sevij-rumbos
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis msgavsi mai-
munebisa da adamianebis saerTo winapari orfexa
unda yofiliyo. misi argumentis Tanaxmad, TiTebis
falangebze dayrdnobiT gadaadgileba, rogorc
miwaze siarulis saSualeba, adamianis msgavs ufro
gviandel maimunebSi ganviTarda. Tumca TiTebis fa-
langebze dayrdnobiT gadaadgildebisas maimunebi
sakvebis xelSi aRebas veRar axerxeben (majis saxsris
moZraoba), es mxolod adamianebs SeuZliaT. swored
es unari, im sxva mravlTan erTad, rac xelebis saSu-
alebiT SeiZleba, Tu isini gadaadgilebiT ar arian
dakavebuli, albaT, gadamwyveti iqneboda imisTvis,
rom adreul adamianebSi or fexze gadaadgileba
adaptur niSnad Camoyalibebuliyo. am sakiTxebze
Semdeg TavSi gveqneba saubari.

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi
adamianis msgavsi miocenis epoqis maimunebi
primatebis ganamarxebuli
naSTebis aRmoCena advili saqme
ar aris. yoveli aRmoCena daka-
vSirebulia Tveebis an wlebis
dauRalav savele da labora-
toriul samuSaoebTan. pri-
matebis naSTebi Zalze Zneli
aRmosaCenia imis gamo, rom maTi
umetesoba ZiriTadad tyeebSi
cxovrobda. tyeebSi, rogorc
wesi, ar iqmneba naSTebis “fos-
ilizaciisTvis” (gaqvavebisT-
vis) xelsayreli pirobebi. am-
denad, mkvlevarebs, romlebic
primatebis ganamarxebul (gaq-
vavebul) naSTebs eZeben, saqme
ormagad urTuldebaT. erTia,
rom ganmarxebuli naSTebis
aRmoCena TavisTavad Zalian
Znelia; meore sirTule ki isaa,
rom aRmoCenili masala ufro
xSirad cudad aris Semonaxuli.
miuxedavad amisa, mecnierebma
mainc SeZles mravali primatis
aRmoCena, maT nusxaSi Sesuli
zogierTi segmenti sakmaod
mdidar masalas Seicavs. devid
begami adamianis msgavsi mio-
cenuri maimunebis aRmoCenis
erT gansakuTrebiT saintereso
SemTxvevas aRwers:
ivlisi saukeTeso periodia
kataloniaSi (Crdilo-aRmosav-
leTi espaneTi), Tu zRvis na-
piras xar, magram gausaZlisia,
Tu arakondicirebul SenobaSi
imyofebi, araviTari saqme ar
gaqvs da mxolod Svidi wlis xar.
swored ase grZnobda Tavs Cemi
Svili, andre 1991 wlis zafxul-
Si. is moTminebiT eloda, rodis
davamTavrebdi gegmis Sedgenas
1991 wlis savele samuSaoebisT-
vis, romlebic barselonadan 20
kilometrSi, kan lobateresis
miocenuri adamianis sadgomze
unda gvewarmoebina. rodesac
gvian naSuadRevs Zeglze was-
vla SevTavaze, andre Zalian
aRelda. Zeglisken manqaniT
gavemgzavreT, raTa garemoc
dagveTvalierebina. mindoda,
andres cota gaeseirna da wer-
aqvi gavatane miwis mosaCiCqnad,
Tavad ki iseT Sreebs veZebdi,
romlebic, rogorc wina gamoc-
dilebidan vicodi, SeiZleboda
ganamarxebuli masalis Semcve-
li yofiliyo. kan lobateresis
momwvano feris Tixnari niada-
gi, rogorc cnobilia, amgvari
masaliT Zalian mdidaria da am
qanebSi axali Sris povna min-
doda. andres da me bevri dro
gvqonda miwaSi saCiCqnad, sadac
sakmaod imedis momcemi mowvano
feris fena aRmovaCine. meore
dRes savele muSaobis sezoni
oficialurad daiwyo. Cems es-
panel kolegasTan, andresTan
da muSebis jgufTan erTad,
dilidanve mivediT adgilze,
romelsac metad imedismomce-
mad vTvlidi. zeda fenis mosa-
Soreblad yvelam erTdroulad
avwieT weraqvebi. rogorc ki
iaraRi Cem mier moniSnuli saz-
Rvrebis orive mxares daeSva,
pirveli kbili maSinve amoxta.
Cemi kolegis weraqvi pirdapir
zeda ybas moxvda da pirveli
saReWi kbili moatexa. kbili
daRmarTze dagorda da im wuT-
Si mivxvdiT, rom seriozuli aR-
moCena gavakeTeT.

gviani miocenis magram es ar niSnavs, rom adamianis msgavsi maimunebi

adamianis msgavsi maimunebi
Sua miocenis bolodan gvian miocenamde periodSi
adamianis msgavsi maimunebis mravali saxeoba war-
moiSva da mraval adgilas gavrcelda. meti naSTia
aRmoCenili evropasa da aziaSi, naklebi – afrikaSi.
sxva maimunebze metni iyvnen. ganamarxebuli masalis
Seswavlam gviCvena, rom maimunebis raodenoba Zvel
samyaroSi ufro metad izrdeboda, vidre adamianis
mgavsi maimunebisa miocenis periodis bolosken da es
tendencia dResac grZeldeba. marTlac, amJamad mai-
munebis saxeobaTa raodenoba bevrad aRemateba ada-
90

heliopiTetis rekonstruq-
cia axlo kavSirSia keniopi-
teqTan da SeiZleba
aseTi yofiliyo.

mianis msgavsi maimunebisas. miocenSi hava sul ufro apiTekebi, romlebic 13-8 milioni wlis win cxov-
grili da mSrali xdeboda, ramac xeli Seuwyo meti robdnen, hominidebis winaprebi iyvnen. maT hqondaT
gvalvagamZle mcenaris gavrcelebas, romlebsac brtyeli da minanqris sqeli feniT dafaruli saReWi
ujredis ufro sqeli garsi hqondaT. Tanamedrove kbilebi, SedarebiT patara zomis eSvebi da naklebad
maimunebi adamianis msgavs maimunebze ufro adap- axasiaTebdaT sqesobrivi dimorfizmi, vidre adamia-
turebi arian, radgan foTlebiT ikvebebian. aqedan nis msgavs miocenis periodis sxva maimunebs. zogi-
gamomdinare, albaT, maSindel maimunebsac hqondaT erTi rekonstruqciis mixedviT (romlebic amJamad
amgvari upiratesoba, rogorc miocenis bolo peri- mcdarad aris miCneuli), maT axasiaTebdaT parabol-
odis cvalebad garemoSi, ise Semdegac. uri dentaluri TaRi anu hominidebisaTvis damaxa-
miocenis epoqaSi adamianis msgavsi evropaSi siaTebeli niSnebi. sivapiTekebi Sereul: tyian da
mcxovrebi erT-erTi kargad cnobili maimunia oreo- balaxian garemoSi cxovrobdnen. kbilebis mixedviT
piTeki, romelic daaxloebiT 8 milioni wlis win dadginda, rom maTi ZiriTadi sakvebi uxeSi balaxi
cxovrobda. es sakmaod saintereso individia, radgan da Teslebi iyo, rac Zalian hgavs ufro gviandeli
miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod bevria ganamarxebuli periodis adreuli hominidebis sakvebs (miuxedavad
masala, romelic TiTqmis srulad aris Semonaxuli imisa, rom zogierTi mecnieris azriT, sivapiTekebis
qvanaxSiris budeebSi, misi klasifikacia mainc sak- sakvebs ufro msxvilkurkiani xili warmoadgenda,
maod rTulia. aSkaraa, rom oreopiTeki kargad iyo vidre balaxi da Teslebi). Tumca, rac ufro meti ga-
Seguebuli uRrani tyiT dafarul Waobian adgileb- namarxebuli masala Cndeboda, mecnierTa azri iqiT
Si cxovrebas. mas Zalian grZeli mklavebi da xelebi ixreboda, rom sivapiTeki saxiT mniSvnelovnad hgav-
hqonda, moqnili saxsrebiT da rogorc Cans, sakmaod
swrafi braqiatori iyo. oreopiTekis kbilebis ageb-
uleba imaze metyvelebs, rom ZiriTadad foTlebiT
ikvebeboda. Tumca misi kbilebis agebulebisa da Ta-
vis qalis zogierTi niSani Zveli samyaros maimunebT-
an siaxlovezec metyvelebs. mokled rom vTqvaT,
oreopiTekebs adamianis msgavsi maimunis tani da mai-
munis msgavsi Tavi hqondaT. xelebze Camokidebuli
gadaadgilebisa da adamianis msgavsi maimunisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sxva niSan-Tvisebebis gamo, mecnier-
Ta aumravlesoba mas adreul, Tumca gansakuTrebul
pirobebs Seguebul, adamianis msgavs maimunad miiC-
nevs.
anTropologTa umravlesoba adamianis msgavs
gviani miocenis epoqis maimunebs or ZiriTad jgu-
fad hyofs: sivapiTekidebad, romlebic sivapiTekebis
gvariT arian warmodgenilni (aRmoCenilia dasavleT
da samxreT aziaSi) da driopiTekidebad, romlebic
driopiTekebis gvariT arian warmodgenilni (aRmoCe- driopiTekis aRdgenili Tavis qala Zlier emsgavseba Ta-
nilia evropaSi). namedrove afrikul adamianis msgavs maimuns.
sivapiTekidebi. erT dros fiqrobdnen, rom siv-
 91

da Tanamedrove orangutangs, ris gamoc, mecnierebi driopiTekebisa da sivapiTekebis TiTebi da

fiqroben, rom is orangutangis winapari iyo.
sivapiTekTan axlos mdgomi gigantopiTeki
kbilebis agebulebiT mas Zalian hgavda, magram ro-
gorc misi saxelidan Cans, Zalian didi zomisa iyo,
misi simaRle daaxloebiT 10 futs utoldeboda.A
zogi paleoanTropologi varaudobs, rom misi wona
600 girvanqamde iyo da arsebobis manZilze (10 mln.
weli) kidev unda gazrdiliyo. (ix. CarCo “ra mou-
vida gigantopiTeks?”). maTi sacxovrebeli adgili
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis tyeebiT Semoifarglebo-
da, xolo sakvebs ZiriTadad bambuki warmoadgenda.
driopiTekidebi. driopiTeki, romelic daax-
loebiT 15 milioni wlis win Cndeba, adamianis msgavsi
Simpanzes zomis maimuni iyo, romelic evraziis ty-
eebSi binadrobda. is ZiriTadad xeebze cxovrobda
da aSkaraa, rom yvelafris mWameli iyo. driopiTeks
sivapiTekisze bevrad ufro Txeli kbilis minanqari
hqonda, ybebi ufro patara da kbilis wawvetebuli
gvirgvinebi axasiaTebda. sasis, ybisa da saxis Sua
sawilis formiT driopiTekebi adamianis msgavs af-
rikul maimunebsa da adamianebs hgavdnen. Tumca, gvi-
andeli hominoidebisgan gansxvavebiT, driopiTekebs
ufro mokle saxe da warbebis SedarebiT ufro daba-
li xazi hqondaT.
idayvebi gvafiqrebineben, rom maT ukeT SeeZloT
Camokideba, vidre adreul hominoidebs. SeiZleba
sivapiTekebi met dros atarebdnen miwaze, vidre
driopiTekebi, magram orive saxeoba ZiriTadad
xeze mcxovrebi iyo; marTlac, bolo dros aRmoCe-
nili driopiTekebis mklavebis, xelebis, mxrebisa
da fexis Zvlebis mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
maT Zalian kargad SeeZloT xelebze Camokidebuli
gadaadgileba da rogorc Cans, xeebze iseve moZrao-
bdnen, rogorc Tanamedrove orangutangebi.
jer kidev Zalian Znelia adamianis msgavsi mio-
cenuri maimunidan Tanamedrove adamianis msgavs mai-
munebamde da adamianebamde mimavali calkeuli evo-
luciuri xazebis dadgena. adamianis msgavsi gviani
miocenis maimunis gvarTan, kerZod ki sivapiTekTan,
jer mxolod orangutangebs akavSireben, amdenad
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom is xazi dRemde grZeldeba.
ganamarxebuli naSTebis nusxidan driopiTekebi daax-
loebiT 10 milioni wlis winandeli periodidan ise
qrebian, rom memkvidreobas ar toveben, amis mizezi
SeiZleba wvimebis Semcireba da meti sezonuroba yo-
filiyo, ramac Seamcira maTi sacxovrebeli tyeebi.

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

ra mouvida gigantopiTeks?

adamianis evoluciis Ses-
wavlisas, gansakuTrebul yur-
adRebas primatebis im gvarebs
vaqcevT, romlebic Tanamedrove
adamianebisa da Cveni uax-
loesi monaTesave primatebis
winaprebad migvaCnia. Tumca
arsebobdnen primatebis sxva
gvarebic, romelTac aSkarad
gamoxatuli niSnebis matare-
beli STamomavloba ar dautove-
biaT, magram maTi upiratesoba
is iyo, rom milionobiT wlebis
ganmavlobaSi agrZelebdnen
arsebobas. pirveli aSkarad
gamoxatuli primatebi, omo-
midebi da adapidebi, eocenis
periodSi gamoCndnen da arse-
bobas 20 milioni wlis ganmav-
lobaSi agrZelebdnen, bevrad
ufro met xans, vidre orfexa
hominidebi arsebobdnen. Zalian
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, ratom
cxovrobdnen zogierTi pri-
matebi ase xangrZlivad. aseTive
mniSvnelovania maTi gadaSenebis
sakiTxic. imisTvis, rom evolu-
ciaSi kargad gaverkveT, saWiroa,
SeviswavloT ara mxolod is,
Tu ratom da ramden xans arse-
bobdnen zogierTi saxeobebi,
aramed isic, ra iwvevda maT ga-
daSenebas. magaliTad, saintere-
soa, ra mouvida udides primats
- gigantopiTeks?
paleoanTropologi rasel
CioConi da arqeologi jon olse-
ni eZebdnen `gigantos~ (rogorc
isini uwodebdnen) gadaSenebis
mizezs. rogorc Cans, am primats
Cvens Tnamedrove samyaroSi
mcxovrebi, aSkarad gamoxatuli
STamomavloba ar dautovebia.
CioConisa da olsenis azriT,
gigantopiTekTagan udidesi, g.
bleqi, arsebobas daaxloebiT 5
milion weliwads agrZelebda da
mxolod 250,000 wlis win gadaS-
enda. adreuli gigantopiTekebis
CaTvliT, am gvarma albaT 10 mil-
ioni weli iarseba. CioConi da
olseni Tvlidnen, rom SesaZle-
belia, giganto da homo ereqtu-
si- hominidi, romelic yvelaze
metad hgavda Tanamedrove ada-
mians, erTmaneTs daaxloebiT 25
milioni wlis win Sexvedrodnen
aziis, sul cota, or nawilSi
mainc: CineTsa da vietnamSi. maTi
azriT, SesaZlebelia, am or saxe-
obas Soris kontaqts gigantos
gadaSenebisTvsi Seewyo xeli.
rogor gamoiyureboda gigan-
to? rekonstruqcias cota fan-
taziis gamoyenebasac moiTxovs,
radgan Cvens xelT mxolod kbile-
bi da ybis fragmentebia. miuxe-
davad amisa, SesaZlebelia misi
agebulebis zogierTi niSnisa da
zomis warmodgena Tanamedrove
adamianis msgavsi maimunebisa
da gadaSenebuli individebis
ganamarxebuli sxeulis pro-
porciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
amgvarad gamoiTvales, rom gi-
ganto daaxloebiT 10 futis
simaRle iyo da 600 girvanqaze
(272kg-ze) mets iwonida.
sinteresoa, riT ikvebeboda
es primati. CioConis azriT, gi-
ganto ZiriTadad ikvebeboda
bambukiT, romelic bambukis
tyeebSi mravlad moipoveboda.
misi ybebis zomiTa da kbilebze
cveTis kvaliT SegviZlia vim-
sjeloT, rom bambuki swored
Sesaferisi sakvebi iqneboda maT-
Tvis, miT umetes, Tu gaviTval-
iswinebT, rom primatebi ZiriTa-
dad celuloziT mdidar sakvebs
iRebdnen. erT-erTma studentma
CioCons urCia, gigantos kbile-
bze pitoliTebis kvali moeZebna.
pitoliTebi silikonis orJan-
gis mikroskopuli granulebia,
romlebic mcenaris ujredebSi
Sedis da maT formas iRebs. mce-
naris daSlis Semdeg pitoliTebi
rCeba. sxvadasxva mcenares sx-
vadasxva formis pitoliTebi
axasiaTebs.
amgvarad, mecnierebma mi-
kroskopiT daaTvalieres ga-
namarxebuli gigantos kbilebi
da aRmoaCines balaxovani mcena-
ris ojaxisa da romeliRac xilis
msgavsi pitoliTebi. bambuki bal-
axis saxesxvaobaa. amgvarad, aR-
92

moCnda, rom gigantoebi rogorc gigantoebze nadirobda kidec. es

bambukiT, ise xiliT ikvebebod-
nen. kbilebis Seswavlam gamoav-
lina agreTve, rom zog nimuSs
minanqari dazianebuli hqonda
(hipoplazia), rac imas niSnavda,
rom giganto periodulad aras-
rulyofilad ikvebeboda.
CineTsa da samxreT-aRmosav-
leT aziaSi bambukis tyeebi
TiTqmis yvelgan gvxvdeba, ma-
gram jer ucnobi mizezis gamo,
isini yovel 20 weliwadSi mc-
irdeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gigan-
toebis sakvebi mxolod bambuki
iqneboda, maT kvebis problema
sakmaod xSirad SeeqmnebodaT,
rac Tavis mxriv, hipoplazias
gamoiwvevda. SeiZleboda Tu
ara, rom gigantoebis gadaSeneba
bambukis tyeebis Semcirebas-
Tan yofiliyo dakavSirebuli?
SesaZloa. gignturi pandebic,
romlebic agreTve bambukis in-
tensiuri mWamelebi arian, ga-
daSenebis piras imitom arian
misulni, rom CineTi da samxreT-
aRmosavleTi azia adamianma
aiTvisa? bambuks adamiani mra-
vali mizniT iyenebs: saxlebisa
da navebis asagebad, xolo mis
ylortebs _ sakvebad. amis gamo,
bambukis tyeebi katastrofu-
lad Semcirda. Tavis droze iqn-
eb homo ereqtusis mizeziTac
Semcirda bambukis tyeebi, ramac
gigantoebis gadaSeneba gamoi-
wvia. SesaZloa, homo ereqtusi
mosazreba Zalze Teoriulia, ma-
gram arc Tu ise didi xnis win ada-
mianebi primatebze nadirobdnen
da maT sakvebadac iyenebdnen; miT
umetes, rom gigantoebi, gigan-
turi pandis msgavsad, rogorc
sxva didi zomis balaxis mWameli
cxovelebi, Zalian nela gadaadg-
ildebodnen, ris gamoc, maTze
nadiroba sakmaod advili iyo.
sxvadasxva adgilebSi adami-
anebi xSirad yvebian istoriebs
uzarmazar, adamianis msgavs
balnian arsebebze, romelTac
CrdiloeT amerikaSi `bigfuts~
an `saskuaCs~ eZaxian, himalaebSi
ki – `ietis~. SesaZlebelia Tu
ara, rom giganto kvlav Cvens
gverdiT cxovrobdes? CioConi
da olseni amtkiceben, rom gigan-
tos SedarebiT axali Zvlebi na-
povni ar aris, amdenad maTi Cvens rogorc Cans, gigantopiTeki umetesad
droSi arseboba damajereblobas bambukebSi cxovrobda. is CvenTvis
cnobili udidesi pirmatia. misma gvar-
moklebulia. magram iqneb ada-
ma TiTqmis 10 milion weliwads iarseba
mianebs maTi arseboba jer kidev da daaxloebiT 250,000 wlis win gadaS-
imitom sjeraT, rom arc Tu ise enda. suraTze gamosaxulia bil mansi
Soreul warsulSi xvdebodnen? gigantos modelTan erTad, romelic
magaliTad, avstralieli abori- man da rasel CioConma aRadgines.
genebi iseTi movlenebis Sesaxeb
met naSTs vipoviT, imedia, adamia-
yvebian, romlebic 30000 wlis win
xdeboda.
nis msgavsi maimunis am saxeoba-
CvenTvis cnobilia, rom gi- zec mets SevityobT.
gantopiTekebi Zalian didxans,
adamianebis gamoCenamde arse-
bobdnen. mecnierebma maTi arse-
bobis Sesaxeb maTi fragmentuli
naSTebidan gaiges. Tu momavalSi

hominidebis sxva primatebis gamokvleva molekuluri biologiis sa-

hominoidebisgan gamoyofa
adamianis msgavsi gviani miocenis xanis maimunebi
ufro afrikasa da aziaSi gvxvdebian. bolo dromde
afrikaSi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeboda adamianis msgavsi
maimunebis 13,5 – 5 milioni wlis winandeli gnamarxe-
buli naSTebi. ukanasknel xanebSi ki gamovlinda maTi
ori saxeoba: ororin tugenenzisi keniidan, romelic 6
mln. wlis winandeli periodiT TariRdeba da Sahelan-
thropus tchadensis Cadidan, romelic daaxloebiT 7 mln.
wlis winandeli periodiT TariRdeba. am aRmoCenebma
nawilobriv Suqi mohfina hominoidebis evolucias im
periodSi, romelzec Semdeg TavSi visaubrebT. dRemde
ganamarxebuli masalis naklebobis gamo, adamianis
evoluciis 13 - 5 milioni wlis winandeli periodi bu-
rusiT aris moculi. Amas emateba isic, rom mkveTrad
gamoxatuli orfexa primatebi (hominidebi) afrikaSi
mxolod pliocenSi, 5 milioni wlis Semdeg Cndebian.
imisTvis, rom gaviazroT evoluciuri kavSirebi ada-
mianis msgavs miocenis maimunebsa da afrikul hom-
inidebs Soris, aucileblad gvWirdeba miocenis peri-
odis meti ganamarxebuli naSTebis povna afrikaSi.
Tumca garkveuli warmodgena hominidebis
gardaqmnis Sesaxeb ganamarxebuli masalis gareSec
SegviZlia SeviqmnaT. mravalferovani Tanamedrove
SualebiT gvexmareba imis dadgenaSi, Tu rodis cxov-
robdnen adamianebisa da Cveni uaxloesi naTesavebis
– Simpanzeebis – saerTo winaprebi.
molekuluri saaTi
1996 wels sxvadasxva Tanamedrove primatis sisx-
lis cilebis SedarebiTi analizis Sedegad, vinsent
sariCma da alan uilsonma daadgines, rom gibonebi
sxva hominoidebs daaxloebiT 12 milioni wlis win
gamoeyvnen, orangutanebi _ 10 milioni wlis win,
xolo adamianis msgavsi sxva danarCeni maimunebi (go-
rilebi da Simpanzeebi) _ hominidebs mxolod 4 an 4-
naxevari milioni wlis win. es gamoTvlebi emyareba
azrs, rom rac ufro erTgarovania sxvadasxva prima-
tis sisxlis cilebis qimiuri Semadgenloba (magali-
Tad, Simpanzeebisa da adamianebis), miT ufro axlos
arian isini evoluciuri drois TvalsazrisiT. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rac ufro meti msgavsebaa sx-
vadasxva saxeobebis sisxlis cilebSi, miT ufro nak-
lebi xnis win daSordnen isini erTmaneTs.
magram imis codna, rom garkveuli saxeobebi erT-
maneTTan molekulurad axlos dganan, evoluciuri
drois gansazRvraSi ver dagvexmareba, Tu ra Tqma
unda, molekuluri cvlilebebis mimdinareobis

tempi ar gvecodineba. igulisxmeba, rom “moleku-
luri saaTi” drois sxvadasxva periodebSi erTnai-
rad muSaobs, igi arc unda Seneldes da arc aCqardes.
imisaTvis, rom gaizardos mudmivi normiT mimdinare
molekuluri cvlilebebis albaToba, mecnierebi
ikvleven molekulaTa im Taviseburebebs, romlebic
adaptaciis pirobebSi neitralurad iTvleba. (bune-
briv gadarCevas im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia molekuluri
cvlilebebis tempis daCqareba, Tu molekulaTa Ta-
viseburebebi organizmisTvis an Zalian xelsayrelia,
an piriqiT, Zalian araxelsayreli).
neitraluri Taviseburebebis SemTxvevaSi, cvli-
lebebis tempisa da sixSiris gamoTvla xdeba absolu-
turad daTariRebuli gadaxris droidan. magaliTad,
Tu CvenTvis cnobilia, rom ori saxeoba erTmaneTs 20
milioni wlis win daSorda da viciT maT Tanamedrove
warmomadgenlebs Soris arsebuli mulekuluri gan-
sxvavebani, SegviZlia gamovTvaloT cvlilebebis in-
tensiuroba, romelmac es sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.
rodesac ukve cnobilia cvlilebebis (gansakuTreb-
uli Taviseburebis SemTxvevaSi) tempi, SesaZlebeli
xdeba ganvlili drois gamoTvla, rodesac erTma-
neTTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva saxeobaTa wyvile-
bi erTmaneTs Sordebodnen.
Tanamedrove primatebis Semdgom SedarebiT kvl-
evaSi gamoyenebuli iyo sxvadasxva meTodi: aminomJa-
vis Tanmimdevrobis Sedarebis, qromosomuli struq-
turebisa da sxvadasxva saxeobis dnm-is jaWvebis
urTierTSeTanxmebis xarisxis gansazRvris CaTvliT.
aseTi Seswavlis Sedegad dadasturda, rom hominide-
bi Simpanzeebsa da gorilebs SedarebiT gvian gaemi-
jna. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva meTodiT Cat-
arebuli kvleva odnav gansxvavebul pasuxebs iZleva,
Sedegebi erTmaneTisgan didad ar gansxvavdeba. bolo
droindeli Sedarebebis umetesobis mixedviT, gami-
jnva imaze odnav ufro adre daiwyo, vidre sariCi
da uilsoni varaudobdnen. gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad,
Simpanzeebisa da homonidebis saerTo winapari daax-
loebiT 5-6 milioni wlis win cxovrobda, xolo go-
rilebisa da hominidis saerTo winapari ki _ odnav
ufro adre.
ras gveubneba ganamarxebuli masala pirveli hom-
inidebis warmoSobis drois Sesaxeb? SahelanTropus
tchadensis da Orrorin tugenensis molekulur monace-
mebs adastureben. orive saxeoba avlens rogorc
hominidebis, ise hominoidebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
niSnebs, orive maTgani warmoSobiT afrikidanaa da
orive 6-7 milionis wlis win cxovrobda. adreul
hominidebs Semdeg TavSi davubrundebiT.
Sejameba
1. zusti monacemebi primatebis evoluciis Sesaxeb
jer ar gagvaCnia, magram ganamarxebuli masala,
imdroindeli bunebrivi pirobebis codna da Se-
darebiTi anatomiisa da qcevebis Seswavla sak-
mao masalas iZleva imisaTvis, rom warmodgena
Segveqmnas sad, rogor da rodis Seiqmnen da gae-
mijnen erTmaneTs primatebi.
2. iTvleba, rom SemorCenili primateb,i naxevrad
maimunebi, axali da Zveli samyaros maimunebi, ada-
mianis msgavsi maimunebi da adamianebi _ warmoad-
93
genen mcire zomis, Tavdapirvelad xeze mcxovreb,
mweriWamia cxovelebis STamomavalT (romlebic
ZuZumwovarTa rigs miekuTvnebodnen da maT So-
ris iyvnen Tanamedrove Txunelebi, romlebic
mwerebiT ikvebebian). Tumca, zustad romeli maT-
gani iyo saerTo winapari da rodis warmoiSva, jer
cnobili ar aris.
3. ganamarxebuli naSTebi, romlebic adreuli eoce-
niT TariRdeba da daaxloebiT 55 milioni wlisaa,
aSkarad primatebs ekuTvnis. es masala naxevrad
maimunebis or ZiriTad jgufs: adapidebsa da omo-
midebs ekuTvnis. primatebis es ori jgufi erTma-
neTisgan Zireulad gansxvavdeba da orive maTgani
moulodnelad gamoCnda paleocenisa da eocenis
sazRvarze, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom maTi saerTo
winapari ufro adre, paleocenSi unda gamoCenil-
iyo.
4. ra pirobebma Seuwyo xeli primatebis warmoSobas?
mwerebis raodenobis swrafma zrdam, Tavis mxriv,
mweris mWameli cxovelebis raodenobis mkveTri
zrda gamoiwvia. am cxovelebs nawili dedamiwis
zemoT, buCqebSi, xviara mcenareTa da xis totebSi
cxovrobdnen da ZiriTadad mwerebiT ikvebebod-
nen. sabolood, evoluciis gziT yvavilovani xee-
bi da xexili ganviTarda. tyis resursebis eqsplu-
atacia albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovani adaptacia
iyo primatebis evoluciur ganviTarebaSi.
5. primatebis evoluciis Sesaxeb tradiciuli Sexed-
uleba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom xeze cxovrebam
xeli Seuwyo primatebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iseTi saerTo niSnebis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa:
kbilebis gansxvavebuli forma, mxedvelobis upi-
ratesoba ynosvasTan SedarebiT, samganzomilebi-
ani, binokularuli mxedveloba da “CamWidi” xele-
bi da fexebi. meore Teoriis Tanaxmad, primatebis
zogierTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani SerCeviTad
xels uwyobda mwerebze nadirobas wvril toteb-
sa da xviara mcenareebze, romlebic mravlad iyo
axalgazrda tyeebSi. mesame Teoria varaudobs,
rom primatebis ganmasxvavebel niSnebs (mxedv-
elobis upiratesoba ynosvasTan SedarebiT) xeli
Seuwyo iman, rom adreuli primatebi umeteswilad
Ramis cxovelebi iyvnen da yvavilebiT, xiliTa da
TeslebiT ikvebebodnen, romlebic arasakmarisi
ganaTebis pirobebSi unda daenaxaT.
6. egvipteSi aRmoCenili aSkarad gamoxatuli
anTropoidebis naSTebi adreuli oligocenis ep-
oqiT TariRdeba (34 milioni wlis win). isini Sei-
caven, rogorc maimunis msgavsi parapitekidebis,
aseve adamianis msgavsi maimunis kbilebismagvar
propliopiTecidebsac.
7. miocenis epoqis ganmavlobaSi (24 mln-dan 5 mln
wlis win) maimunebsa da adamianis msgavs maimunebs
Soris gamoikveTa aSkara garegnuli gansxvavebe-
bi. evropaSi, aziasa da afrikaSi gaCnda adamianis
msgavsi maimunebis mravali saxeoba. adreuli mio-
cenis periodis ganamarxebuli naSTebis umeteso-
bas axasiaTeben, rogorc maimunebis winaprebi. Sua
miocenis bolodan moyolebuli gvian miocenamde
gaCnda adamianis msgavsi maimunebis mravali saxe-
oba. isini geografiulad Zalian gavrceldnen.
paleoanTropologebis umetesoba adamianis ms-
94

gavs gviani miocenis maimunebs or mTavar jgufad

hyofs: driopiTekidebad, romlebic ZiriTadad
evropaSia aRmoCenili da sivapiTekidebad, rom-
lebic ufro dasavleTsa da samxreT aziaSi gvx-
vdebian.
8. ganamarxebuli masala pirveli hominidebis Ses-
axeb bevrs arafers gveubneba, magram Tanamedrove
adamianis msgavsi maimunebisa da adamianebis bioq-
imiuri da genetikuri analizebis Sedegad Cndeba
varaudi, rom gamijnva hominidebsa da adamianis
msgavs maimunebs Soris daaxloebiT gvian mio-
cenSi unda momxdariyo (6 milioni wlis win). imis
gamo, rom aSkarad gamoxatuli hominidebi 6 mil-
ioni wlis win aRmosavleT afrikaSi cxovrobdnen,
varaudoben, rom pirveli hominidebi afrikaSi
warmoiSvnen.

sakontrolo kiTxvebi:

1. cxovelis ConCxis mixedviT SeiZleba davadgi-

noT, Tu riT ikvebeboda igi da rogor moipovebda
sakvebs. moiyvaneT Sesabamisi magaliTebi pri-
matebis evoluciidan.
2. ratom TvliT, rom maimunebis meti saxeoba arse-
bobs, vidre adamianis msgavsi maimunebisa?
3. Cven siamovnebiT aRvniSnavT, rom adamianTa gvari
biologiuri TvalsazrisiT unikaluria, rac ra
Tqma unda, sinamdviles Seesabameba (iseve, rgorc
sxva, danarCeni evoluciuri gvarebi), magram zogi
paleoanTropologis azriT, adamianebi, Simpan-
zeebi da gorilebi imdenad gvanan erTmaneTs, rom
samive maTgani hominidebis jgufs unda miekuTv-
nos. ras fiqrobT amis Sesaxeb?
 95

6
pirveli hominidebi

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 or fexze gadaadgilebis
evolucia

 hominoidebidan hominidebze
gadasvla
 avstralopiTeki: pirveli
aSkarad gamoxatuli hominidi
 adamianis evoluciis
erT-erTi modeli
96
rogorc wina TavSi ganvixileT, or fexze gadaadg-
ileba hominidebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSania.
aSkarad gamoxatuli orfexa hominidebi aRmosav-
leT afrikaSi daaxloebiT 4 milioni wlis win cxov-
robdnen (ix. sur. 6-1). es hominidebi da zogi sxva
hominidi, romlebic afrikis aRmosavleT da samxreT
nawilSi SedarebiT gvian arsebobdnen, zogadad avs-
tralopiTekebis gvarSi arian gaerTienebulni. am
TavSi vimsjelebT hominoidebidan hominidebze ga-
dasvlis Sesaxeb, avstralopiTekinebis warmoSoba da
maT damokidebulebaze ufro gviandel homonidebT-
an, Cveni CaTvliT.
1 mww samxreT afrika
A.
2 mww robustus
A.
3 mww africanus
4 mww
5 mww
suraTi 6-1 avstralopiTekinebis evolucia
or fexze gadaadgilebis evolucia
adreuli hominidebis ganviTarebaSi yvelaze
didi mniSneloba aqvs or fexze gadaadgilebis _
anu or fexze siarulis ganviTarebas. ganamarxebuli
masalis Seswavlidan cnobili gaxda, rom sxva fizi-
kuri cvlilebebi, magaliTad, tvinis moculobis
zrda, mdedrebis menjis ganviTareba imgvarad, rom
ufro didi moculobis tvinis mqone bavSvis dabade-
ba SeZlebodaT, saxis, kbilebisa da ybebis zomebis
Semcireba moxda or fexze gadaadgilebis dawye-
bidan daaxloebiT 2 milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi.
aRmosavleT afrika
A.
boisei
A.
aethiopicus
A.
afarensis
A.
anamensis

adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva Tvisebebic,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, bavSvebis damokidebulebis
xangrZlivi periodi da xorcis sakvebad moxmarebis
zrda, daaxloebiT amave periods ukavSirdeba.
CvenTvis zustad cnobili ar aris or fexze
gadaadgileba TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda, Tu er-
Tianad. radgan ganamarxebuli masala 8 milionidan
4 milion wlamde Zalian mwiria. ConCxis anatomiidan
gamomdinare, CvenTvis cnobilia, rom miocenis pe-
riodis mraval hominids gamarTuli dgoma SeeZlo.
magaliTad, braqiacia anu xis totebze Camokidebuli
gadaadgileba, cxovels gamarTuli mdgomareobis
miRebas aiZulebs. es xdeba “CamWidi” xelebisa da
fexebis daxmarebiT zemoT-qvemoT cocvis procesSi.
rogorc Cans, protohominidebi drodadro or
fexzec dadiodnen iseve, rogorc zogierTi Taname-
drove maimuni da adamianis msgavsi maimuni.
rogorc ukanaskneli Tavis bolos aRvniSneT,
aSkarad gamoxatuli orfexa hominidebi pirvelad
afrikaSi gaCndnen. afrikis bunebrivi pirobebi sx-
vadasxvagvari iyo. aq iyo rogorc vrceli tropikuli
tyeebi, ise tyis ufro mcire monakveTebi da Ria sivr-
ceebi. 16-11 milioni wlis win TandaTanobiT mSralma
havam daiwyo gabatoneba, es tendencia pliocenamde
gagrZelda. nel-nela afrikuli tropikuli tyeebi,
romlebsac teni da wvima moakldaT, Semcirda da
meti adgili savanam (balaxiT dafaruli teritoria)
da erTmaneTisgan moSorebiT mdebare foTlovanma
tyeebma daikava. xeze mcxovrebma primatebma Tavi-
anTi sacxovrebeli garemo mTlianad ar dakarges,
radgan zogan, ufro tenian adgilebSi, tropikuli
tyeebi jer kidev iyo SemorCenili, bunebrivi ga-
darCeva ki xels iseT cxovelebs uwyobda, romle-
bic amgvar tyeebSi binaDDdrobas ukeT iyo Seguebuli.
magram axali, Ria sivrceebis gaCenam, rogorc pri-
matebSi, ise sxva cxovelebSi, miwaze binadrobasTan
SeguebisTvis saWiro niSan_Tvisebebis ganviTareba-
sac Seuwyo xeli. adamianebisken mimaval evoluciur
adaptaciaTa rigSi albaT bipedalizmic (or fexze
siaruli) Sedioda.
bipedalizmis evoluciis Teoriebi
ras SeeZlo gamoewvia bipedaluri (or fexze mo-
siarule) hominidebis warmoSoba? am movlenis ram-
denime axsna arsebobs. erTis mixedviT, bipedalizmi
adapturi iyo maRal balaxsa da savanaSi cxovrebi-
saTvis imis gamo, rom gamarTuli sirulis dros
ufro advili iyo rogorc miwaze mosiarule mtace-
blebis, ise nadavlis SemCneva. Tumca es Teoria sak-
marisad ver xsnis bipedalizmis warmoSobis mizezs.
babuinebi da Zveli samyaros sxva maimunebic savanis
pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, magram miuxedavad imisa,
rom gamarTuli dgoma SeeZloT da xSirad fexze
dgebodnen kidec, maT srulad mainc ar ganuviTar-
daT or fexze gadaadgilebis Cveva; Tanac, bolo-
droindelma aRmoCenebma naTelyo, rom aRmosavleT
afrikis is teritoriebi, sadac adreuli hominidebi
cxovrobdnen, sulac ar ekava metwilad savanas, ar-
amed, rogorc Cans, tyiT dafaruli adgilebisa da
Ria teritoriebis monacvleobas warmoadgenda.
sxva Teoriebi xelebis gaTavisuflebis mniSvn-
97
elobas emyareba. Tu xelebis monawileobas didi
mniSvneloba hqonda cxovelis moZraobis dros, ga-
darCevas SeiZleba xeli Seewyo bipedalizmisTvis
imis gamo, rom am dros Tavisufldeboda xelebi,
romelTa saSualebiT siarulis dros sxva ramis
keTebas SeZlebdnen. risi keTeba SeiZleboda yofil-
iyo aseTi mniSvnelovani?
gordon hiuzma ivarauda, rom aseT mniSvnelovan
saqmes sakvebis tareba warmoadgendaA. Tu aucilebeli
iqneboda sakvebis erTi adgilidan meoreze gadatana,
mxolod ukana fexebiT gadaadgileba adapturi niSani
gaxdebodaA. hiuzi xazs usvamda nanadirevis an leSis
tarebis mniSvnelobas, magram amJamad mraval paleo-
anTropologs uCndeba kiTxva, adreuli hominidebi
nadirobdnen, Tu leSiT ikvebebodnen? yvela Sem-
TxvevaSi, rogorc unda yofiliyo, mtaceblis mier
sakvebis dacul adgilamde mitanis SesaZlebloba, or
fexze siaruli yvelaze mniSvnelovani upiratesoba
iyo. s. ouen lavjoim ivarauda, rom sakvebis gadata-
nas sxva mniSvnelobac hqondAa. Tu mamrebs eqnebodaT
saSualeba, rom mdedrebi sakvebiT moemaragebinaT,
mdedrebs meti naSieris gaCenisa da movlisaTvis dro
da energia eqnebodaT. amgvarad, rac unda yofiliyo
sakvebis gadatanis mizezi, rac ufro metad ganaviTa-
rebda protohominidi or fexze siarulis Cvevas, miT
ukeT gamravldeboda igi.
magram ojaxebis sarCenad sakvebis gadatana
erTaderTi mniSvnelovani mizezi ar iyo, risTvisac
Tavisufali xelebis gamoyeneba iqneboda aucile-
beli. sakuTari Tavis gamokveba ara nakleb mniS-
vnelovani sazrunavi iyo. kliford jolis azriT,
or fexze gadaadgileba saSualebas aZlevda adreul
hominidebs, meti warmatebiT moekrifaT patara mar-
cvlebi, Txili da pirisken waeRoT, radgan am pro-
cesSi orive xeli miiRebda monawileobas. bunebrivi
gadarCeva or fexze siaruls ara mxolod gadaadg-
ilebis gaadvilebisTvis Seuwyobda xels, aramed
ufro mniSvnelovani miznis _ sakvebis SegrovebisT-
vis. aRmosavleT afrikis cvalebad garemo pirobeb-
Si, sadac tyeebi, Ria sivrceebi da savana erTmaneTs
enacvleboda, sakvebis momaragebas didi mniSvneloba
eqneboda gadarCenisTvis.
bunebrivma gadarCevam or fexze gadaadgilebas
iqneb imitomac Seuwyo xeli, rom am dros xelebi Ta-
visufali iyo iaraRis gamoyenebis, damzadebisa da
Tan tarebisaTvis. warmoidgineT, ramdenad saWiro
iyo amgvari iaraRebis gamoyenebaA. Servud voSburnma
aRniSna, rom zogierTi Tanamedrove primati sakvebad
miwidan amoTxril fesvebs iyenebs, “maT rom saTxre-
lad qvis an xis gamoyeneba SeeZloT, mopovebuli
sakvebis raodenoba gaormagdeboda”. devid pilbimi
varaudobs, rom iaraRis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad
gazrdida ufro Ria adgilebSi mcxovrebi primatebis
mier sakvebad gamosayenebel mcenareTa mraval-
ferovnebas da raodenobas: imisaTvis, rom SeeWamaT,
balaxovan garemoSi arsebuli mcenareebis nayofi,
iaraRis saSualebiT jer unda gaetexaT an daeCexaT.
iaraRi aucilebeli iyo cxovelebis mosaklavad an
nanadirevis dasamuSaveblad. iaraRis gareSe, pri-
matebi fizikurad saTanadod aRWurvilni ar iyvnen
regularuli nadirobis an leSis mopovebisaTvis.
maTi kbilebi da ybebi sakmarisad basri da Zlieri
98

ar iyo, fexiTac imdenad swrafad ver darbodnen.
amdenad, iaraRis gamoyeneba sanadirod da nanadire-
vis dasamuSaveblad bevrad gazrdida sakvebis moma-
ragebis SesaZleblobas.
dabolos, iaraRi SeiZleba mtacebeli cxovelebis
winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebinaT, romlebic seriozul
safrTxes uqmnidnen miwaze mcxovreb, SedarebiT
daucvel proto-hominidebs. milford uolhofis az-
riT, swored iaraRis mudmivad tarebam gamoiwvia or
fexze drodadro gadaadgilebis mudmiv wesad qcevaA.
siu sevij-rumbom ki ivarauda, rom “xelis tacebis”
unarma da majis moqnili moZraobis SesaZleblobam
adreul adamianebs imis saSualeba misca, rom “Sees-
rulebinaT, rogorc sroliTi, ise dartymiTi (qvis
dasamuSaveblad) moZraobebi da sabolood srola
gadaeqciaT mtacebelTagan Tavdacvis iseT efeqtur
saSualebad, romlis gamoyenebasac adamianis msgavsi
maimunebi verasdros moaxerxebdnen”.
Tumca zogi anTropologi eWvqveS ayenebs azrs,
rom or fexze siarulis ganviTarebas iaraRis gamoy-
enebam Seuwyo xeli. isini aRniSnaven, rom iaraRis gam-
oyenebis pirveli aSkara mtkicebulebani or fexze
siarulis dawyebidan 2 milionze meti wlis Semdeg
gaCndaA. amgvarad, rogor gamoiwvevda is or fexze sia-
rulis dawyebas? uolpofi pasuxobs, Tumca Cans, rom
TiTqos or fexze siarulis Cveva iaraRis gamoyenebis
dawyebamde 2 mln. wliT adre gaCnda, sinamdvileSi
ase ar aris. misi azriT, protohominidebi Tavidan
xisa da Zvlis iaraRs iyenebdnen, romlebic arqeolo-
giur nusxaSi imis gamo ver Sevida, rom ubralod ar

adamiani adamianis
adamianis msgavsi msgavsi
4
adamiani didi maimuni didi maimuni

66.5%
9.4% 58.6%

11%
20% 15.5%
4.4%
9.2%

2.8% 2.6%
adamiani adamiani adamianis
adamianis
msgavsi msgavsi
2 5
didi maimuni didi maimuni

suraTi 6-2 bipedalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ConCxis niSnebi

imis gamo, rom adamianebi mxolod or fexze dadian, maTi ConCxi anTropoidebis ConCxisgan sakmaod gansxvavdeba. adamianTa
Tavs xerxemalze met-naklebad dabalansebuli mdgomareoba ukavia (ix. suraTze gamosaxuleba 3). kisris ukana mxares didi
kunTebis arseboba, rogoric anTropoids aqvs, saWiro aRar aris. adamianis xerxemali (ix. gamosaxuleba 4) kisrisa da zur-
gis qveda nawilSi win aris gamozneqili. es ori damatebiTi rkali zurgis Sua nawilSi mdebare rkalTan erTad xerxemals
saSualebas aZlevs, zambariseburad imoqmedos, rac Zalian mosaxerxebelia, imisTvis, rom fexebs mTeli simZime ar daawves
da Tanac yoveli nabijis dros cal fexze balansirebis saSualeba hqondeT. or fexze siarulma adamianis menjis cvlileba
gamoiwvia. anTropoidisgan gansxvavebiT (ix. sur. 1), adamianis menji ufro dabalia da ganieri. garda amisa, adamianis fexebi
xelebze ufro grZelia da adamianis proporciulad misi sxeulis wonis udides nawils warmoadgens. es cvlileba qvemoT
wevs simZimis centrs da xels uwyobs or fexze gadaadgilebas. yvelaze TvalSisacemia adaptacia adamianis terfebTan
mimarTebaSi (ix. sur. 5): rogorc sxva primatebis SemTxvevaSi, ceri, sxva TiTebis sawinaaRmdego mxares ar aris mimarTuli da terfiT raimes
aReba ukve SeuZlebelia. rodesac davdivarT, ceri ukanaskneli wertilia, romelic miwas exeba, sanam fexs win gadavdgamT. swored amiT aixsneba,
ratom gauTanasworda ceri danarCen TiTebs.

Semoinaxa ise, rogorc Semoinaxa qvis iaraRi. garda
amisa, daumuSavebeli qvis iaraRi iqneb iaraRs verc
ki miamsgavses.
zogma mecnierma or fexze gadaadgilebis meqa-
nizmi ufro dawvrilebiT Seiswavla, raTa enaxa, Tu
ramdenad mosaxerxebeli iyo is savanisa da tyiani
adgilebis pirobebSi. rogorc Cans, primatebisT-
vis, magaliTad SimpanzeebisTvis, damaxasiaTebel
oTx fexze gadaadgilebasTan SedarebiT, or fexze
siaruli bevrad ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo, rodesac
Sor manZilze wasvla iyo saWiro. magram risTvis
sWirdebodaT Sor manZilze wasvla? Tu adamianebis
winaprebs eqnebodaT Tanamedrove SimpanzeebisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli manipulaciis unari da iaraRis
gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba (magaliTad, kaklis ga-
satexad qvis gamoyeneba) da am winaprebs ufro Ria
sivrceSi gadaadgileba dasWirvebodaT, is individe-
bi ukeTes saarsebo pirobebs Seiqmnidnen, romlebic
axali resursebis aRmosaCenad ufro Sor manZilze
moaxerxebdnen wasvlas.
Ddabolos, or fexze siaruls bunebrivma gadarCev-
am albaT ufro metad imitom Seuwyo xeli, rom gamar-
Tul mdgomareobaSi sxeulis temperatura ukeT reg-
ulirdeba, miT umetes, iseT mSral da cxel garemoSi,
rogoric miocenis bolosa da pliocenis dasawyisSi
aRmosavleT afrikaSi iyo. piter uileri amtkicebda,
rom or fexze gamarTuli siaruli amcirebs sxeu-
lis farTobs, romelsac mze uSualod ecema, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki SuadRisas, rodesac mze gansakuTrebiT
cxelia. or fexze siaruli xels uwyobs agreTve siT-
bos dakargvas imiT, rom saSualebas aZlevs siTbos,
maRla avides da ar dagrovdes sxeulis qveS, rogorc
es oTx fexze gadaadgilebisas xdeba. (Tavidan Cven
didi raodenobis sxeulis siTbos vasxivebT). oflis
gamoyofiT gagrilebac or fexze gamarTuli sia-
rulisas ufro gaadvilebulia, radgan aseT mdgo-
mareobaSi grili niavi sxeulis met farTobs xvdeba.
amgvarad, bunebrivma gadarCevam or fexeze siaruls
imitomac Seuywyo xeli, rom amcirebda organizmze
aRmosavleT afrikis cxeli klimatis zemoqmedebas.
or fexze gadaadgilebis yvela Teoria hipoTetu-
ria, radgan jerjerobiT ar arsebobs pirdapiri mt-
kicebuleba, rom is zemoT CamoTvlil faqtorTagan
romelimem gamoiwvia. dasaSvebia, rom or fexze xan-
daxan mosiarule protohominidis “orfexa” homini-
dad gadaqceva, romelime an yvela faqtoris zemoq-
medebiT moxda.
bipedalizmis ,,uaryofiTi” mxareebi
unda gvaxsovdes, rom bipedalizms Tavisi `uku-
Cvenebebic~ axlavs. aseT dros, sisxls ufro uZnel-
deba dadamiwis mizidulobis daZleva tvinis mosa-
marageblad, xolo sxeulis wona menjebs zemoT da
qvemoT (qveda kidurebi) did datvirTvas uqmnis
TeZoebs, zurgis qveda nawils, muxlebsa da terfebs.
rogorc edrien zilmani miuTiTebs, datvirTva,
romelic sxeulis qveda nawilze modis, zogjer md-
edrebSi ufro metia. mdedrebma zedmeti wona unda
zidon rogorc fexmZimobis, aseve Cvilebis tarebis
drosac. Tumca, ramdeni uaryofiTi mxarec unda
hqonoda or fexze siaruls, albaT, dadebiTi mxare
99
meti eqneboda; sxva SemTxvevaSi Cveni winaprebi vera-
sodes gaxdebodnen or fexze mosiaruleni.
unda gvaxsovdes agreTve, rom bipedalizmis evo-
lucia adamianis msgavsi maimunis ConCxis agebuleba-
Si did cvlilebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. marTalia,
Tanamedrove adamianis msgavs maimunebs SeuZliaT
iaron da dadian kidevac or fexze, magram ara didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi. imisaTvis, rom mudmivad or fexze
siaruli SesZlebodaT, adreuli hominidebis ConCxSi
iseTi seriozuli cvlilebebi unda momxdariyo, ro-
goric moxda pirvel rigSi Tavis qalis, menjis, mux-
lebisa da terfebis agebulebaSi. calke ganvixiloT
TiToeuli cvlileba.
rogorc uZvelesi, ise adamianis msgavs Taname-
drove maimunebSi, xerxemali Tavis qalas zurgis
mxridan uerTdeba, rasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs,
radgan adamianis msgavsi maimunebi Cveulebriv oTx
fexze moZraoben da maTi zurgi miwis TiTqmis para-
leluria. orfexa hominidebSi xerxemali Tavs qve-
modan uerTdeba, xvreliT, romelsac kefis xvreli
(foramen magnum) ewodeba. amgvarad, rodesac hom-
inidebma or fexze gadaadgileba daiwyes, Tavis qa-
lam TandaTanobiT xerxemlis zeda boloSi gadain-
acvla.
uZvelesi da adamianis msgavsi Tanamedrove mai-
munebis menjis forma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
orfexa hominidis menjis formisgan. adamianis msgav-
si maimunis menji ufro grZeli da brtyelia da zur-
gis qveda nawilSi qmnis Zvlovan TefSs, romelzec
fexis kunTebia mimagrebuli. orfexa hominidebSi
menjs momrgvalebuli forma aqvs, Sinagani organoe-
bis sayrdens qmnis da amasTan qvemoT swevs sxeulis
simZimis centrs, riTac fexebze ukeTesi balansi-
rebis saSualebas iZleva. hominidebis menji Seicavs
agreTve kunTebis damatebaTa mravalferovan na-
krebs da anacvlebs TeZos Zvlebis orientacias men-
jidan pirdapiri mimarTulebiT. es cvlilebebi sa-
Sualebas aZlevs hominidebs, or fexze siarulisas
fexebi win gadaadgan da burTze fexis dartymis ms-
gavsi moZraoba gaakeTon. adamianis msgavsi maimunebi
ki _ piriqiT, or fexze siarulisas fexebs win dga-
men menjis aqeT-iqiT gadanacvlebiT da ara CvensaviT
fexebis monacvleobiT win gadadgmiT.
meore cvlileba, dakavSirebuli hominidebis fex-
is win gadadgmis unarTan, aris Cveni muxlis saxsrebis
X-is magvari deformacia.A adamianis msgavsi maimunebis
fexebi menjidan pirdapir qvemoTaa Camokidebuli.
orfexa hominidebis fexebi ki erTmaneTiskenaa Se-
brunebuli da erTgvar kuTxes qmnis. amgvari konfig-
uracia ara marto fexebis win gadadgmaSi gvexmareba,
aramed, saSualebas gvaZlevs sxeulis SuagulSi Sevi-
narCunoT simZimis centri imgvarad, rom siarulisas
an sirbilisas mdebareobas ar icvlides.
dasasrul, orfexa hominidebis fexebs adamianis
msgavsi maimunebis fexebisgan ori mTavari ram ganasx-
vavebs: pirveli aris is, rom hominidebis fexebs mux-
lis Zvlebis meti raodenoba aqvT, romlebic magar
borcvs qmnian da gamomdinare or fexze siarulidan,
SeuZliaT sakmaod did datvirTvas gauZlon. meore,
hominidebis terfebs aqvT TaRi, romelic agreTve
or fexze xangrZlivi siarulis dros amcirebs ma-
Tze datvirTvas. CvenTvis cnobilia, Tu ramdenad
100

didi mniSvneloba aqvs am TaRs, radgan im adamianebs,
romelTac is ganuviTarebeli aqvT, (`brtyelterfi-
anebs~) yovelTvis eqmnebaT fexebTan, muxlebTan an
zurgTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
rodis moxda es cvlilebebi? zusti pasuxi CvenT-
vis jer cnobili ar aris, magram ganamarxebuli masa-
la aRmosavleT afrikidan – eTiopiidan, tanzaniidan
da keniidan – aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom orfexa hom-
inidebi iq 4-5 milioni wlis win da iqneb ufro adrec
cxovrobdnen.
hominoidebidan
hominidebze gadasvla
marTalia, dasavleT Cadis xrioki udabnoebi nak-
lebad hgavs iseT adgilebs, sadac adamianis msgavsi
maimunebis an hominidebis ganamarxebuli naSTebis
povna SeiZleba, magram paleoanTropologi riCard
brune sxvanairad fiqrobda. dasavleTi Cadi uZveles
dros tbiT iyo dafaruli da ramdenime milioni
wlis ganmavlobaSi iq tyeSi mcxovrebi ZuZumwovre-
bi, primatebis CaTvliT, ikribebodnen. daaxloebiT
7 milioni wlis win am tbis sanapiroze cxovrobda
primati Sahelanthropus tchadensis, sadac brunem misi
ganamarxebuli Zvlebi ipova kidec 2001 wels. aR-
moCnda Sahelanthropus-is TiTqmis dauzianebeli Tavis
qala, romelsac hqonda rogorc hominoidis, ise hom-
inidisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. marTalia, mis
Tavis qalas hominoidebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niS-
nebi: patara moculobis tvini, warbebis didi rkalebi
da farTo saxe hqonda, magram misi kbilebis agebuleba
ufro hominidebis msgavsi iyo, gansakuTrebiT eSvebi,
romlebic kbilebis rigis zemodan ar iyo gamoSveri-
li. samwuxarod, imis mtkicebuleba, rom Sahelanthro-
pus or fexze gadaadgildeboda, ar arsebobs da amis
gasagebad axal aRmoCenas unda velodeT.
samagierod arsebobs saintereso masala, romelic
amtkicebs, rom meore adreuli hominidi, Orrorin tu-
genensis, namdvilad or fexze gadaadgildebodaA. es
masala 1998 wels dasavleT keniaSi brijit senutma
da misma kolegebma aRmoaCines. Orrorin tugenensis-is
naSTebi Sedgeboda ybis, kbilebis, TiTebis, mklavisa
da fexebis Zvlebis 19 nawilisgan, TeZos Zvlis zeda
nawilis CaTvliT. senutis azriT, ororinis TeZos
Zvals bipedalizmis adaptaciis niSnebi axasiaTebs,
radganac aqvs grZeli, kuTxiseburi zeda nawili. sxva
mecnierebi amdenad darwmunebulebi ar arian. oror-
ini daaxloebiT 5,8-6 milioni wlis win cxovrobda da
amdenad, Tu Semdgomi gamokvleva mis bipedalizms
daadasturebs, SeiZleba yvelaze adreul hominidad
CaiTvalos.
1992 wels mkvlevarTa jgufi anTropolog tim
uaiTis xelmZRvanelobiT Seudga 4 milioni wlis wi-
nandeli ganamarxebuli naSTebis adgilsamyofelis
gaTxras eTiopiaSi, avaSis regionis SuagulSi, adgil
aramisSi. am adgilas maT yvelaze adreuli hominidis
17 naSTi ipoves (mas Semdeg kidev ufro meti aRmoCnda,
romelTagan zogi 5,8 mln. wlis winandelia). marTa-
lia, Tavidan fiqrobdnen, rom es avstralopiTekis
axali saxeobebia, magram uaiTma da misma kolegebma
daadgines, rom Ramidus (ase daarqves axal aRmoCe-
nas) Zalian gansxvavdeboda avstralopiTekebisgan
da amitom axali gvari _ Ardipithekus Seiqmna.
Ardipithecus ramidus-is unikalurobas ganapiro-
bebda is, rom mas hqonda adamianis msgavsi maimuni-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli kbilebis agebuleba da or
fexze gadaadgilebis damadasturebeli niSnebi,
aseve hominidebis msgavsi mTliani ConCxi. adamianis
msgavsi maimunebiviT ardipiTekuss SedarebiT pa-
tara Txelminanqriani saReWi kbilebi da SedarebiT
didi eSvebi hqonda. misi mklavis Zvlebi hominidebis
msgavsia, xolo Tavis qalis fuZidan Cans, rom kefis
xvreli anu xerxemlis mierTebis adgili Tavis qalis
qveS iyo moTavsebuli zustad iseve, rogorc aSkarad
gamoxatul orfexa hominidebs hqondaT. ardipiTe-
kis terfebic or fexze siarulTan Seguebis niSnebs
atarebs. marTalia, dasarwmuneblad meti mtkiceb-
ulebaa saWiro, magram ardipiTeki, SesaZloa, aqamde
aRmoCenili uadresi hominidi iyos.

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi
Australopithecus afarensis da adamianis evolucia
sad da rodis gaCndnen imedismomcem kandidatze - dobda, rom morfologiuri
pirveli hominidebi? es aris Australopithecus afarensis-ze. sxvadasxvaoba am koleqciaSi
am Tavis, iseve, rogorc erT-erTi kiTxva, romelsac erTi saxeobisTvis Zalian
fizikuri anTropologiis simpsoni svams: ekuTvnis didi iyo da aq ori an orze
mkvlevarTa Taobebis um- Tu ara hadarSi, tanzaniaSi, meti Tanadrouli saxeobis
Tavresi kiTxva. bolo 30 eTiopiasa da laetoliSi naSTebi unda yofiliyo.
wlis aRmoCenebis gamo, aRmoCenili ganamarxebuli rogor gadavWraT es prob-
fizikuri anTropologiis naSTebi erTsa da imave saxe- lema? upirveles yovlisa,
mkvlevarebi fiqroben, rom obas? unda gavigoT, Tu ratom
pasuxi axlosaa. skot simpso- daviwyoT im saxeobebiT, iyo cvalebadoba evoluci-
ni mimoixilavs gamokvlevas, romelTa naSTebic aRmoCnda is aucilebeli winapiroba.
romelSic mocemulia pasuxi hadarsa da laetoliSi. mar- meore, unda vicnobdeT im
hominidebis warmoSobis Ses- Talia, iohansonma da uaiTma faqtorebs, romlebic xels
axeb kiTxvaze da msjelobs daaskvnes, rom es masala erT uwyobs mravalferovnebis
pirveli hominidis saxelis saxeobas ekuTvnoda, mkvl- warmoqmnas adamianis msgavsi
mopovebis erT-erT yvelaze evarTa meore nawili varau- maimunebis rogorc Taname-
 101

drove, ise ganamarxebul suraTebisa da aRwerilo- vis saSualebiT mimdinare

saxeobebSi. bebisgan. ratom? imitom, rom evolucia ar iarsebebda.
formisa da qcevis cva­ ar arsebobs ori, morfolo- populaciebSi arsebul cva-
l­ebadoba evoluciis umT­ giurad sruliad identuri lebadobas sxva faqtorebic
avresi elementiAa. Cven adamiani. Cven erTi, saer- uwyobs xels, magaliTad,
ana­tomiuri cvalebado- To Temis variaciebi varT. asakobrivi Semadgenloba.
bis pi­­ro­bebSi vcxovrobT. yvela adamians aqvs erTi da A marTlac, dRes sxvanairad
sa­medicino fakultetis igive Zvlebi, kunTebi, nerve- gamoviyurebiT, vidre bavS-
studentebTan leqciis Cat- bi, organoebi, magram maTi vobaSi an 20 wlis asakSi rom
arebisas, yovelTvis erTsa forma, zoma da damokideb- viyaviT. ganamarxebuli naS-
da imave problemas vawydebi. uleba gansxvavebulia. sx- Tebis koleqcia, romelSic
gakveTisas isini yovelTvis vadasxvaobaTa umetesoba sxvadasxva asakis individebi
Civian, rom gvamis kunTebi, organizmTa sqesobrivi iqneba gaerTianebuli, het-
arteriebi da nervebi Zalian gamravlebis bunebrivi erogenuri Australopithecus:
gansxvavdeba anatomiis sa­ Sedegia. sxvadasxvaobis aRmoCndeba.
xelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli gareSe bunebrivi gadarCe-

… avstralopiTeki: pirveli aSkarad absoluturad bipedalurebi iyvnen anu mxolod or

gamoxatuli hominidi
miuxedavad imisa, rom jer kidev aris garkveuli
eWvi, miekuTvneba Tu ara ardipiTeki hominidebis
gvars, avstralopiTekinebis (avstralopiTekebis
gvaris warmomadgenlebi) Sesaxeb aseTi eWvi aRar ar-
sebobs. (sur. 6-3-ze gamosaxulia avstralopiTekebis
aRmoCenis adgilebi). maTi kbilebi hominidebisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs atarebs: patara eSve-
bi, brtyeli da sqelminanqriani saReWi kbilebi da
paraboluri dentaluri TaRi. magram yvelaze utyu-
ari mtkicebuleba is aris, rom avstralopiTekinebi
fexze gadaadgildebodnen. amas amtkicebs ara mx-
olod maTi ConCxebi, aramed laetoliSi aRmoCenili
fexis 50-ze meti gaqvavebuli anabeWdi, romelTa asaki
daaxloebiT 3,6 milioni welia. avstralopiTekinebis
bipedalizmi sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom isini mTel
dros mxolod miwaze atarebdnen. yvela avstralo-
piTeki, gviandeli saxeobebis CaTvliT, rogorc Cans,
kargad cocavda da gadaadgildeboda xeebze, rasac
adasturebs, rogorc maTi xelebis sigrZe, ise Con-
Cxis damaxasiaTebeli sxva niSnebic.
avstralopiTekebs Soris garkveuli sxvadasxvao-
ba arsebobs, ris mixedviTac, paleoanTropologebi

1. diurabis udabno, Cadi.

2. omoeTiopia.
3. fejeji, eTiopia.
4. hadari, eTiopia.
5. belodeli (Sua avaSi), eTiopia.
4 6. dasavleT turkana, kenia.
7. loTagami, kenia.
8. aRmosavleT turkana (koobi fora), kenia.
5 9. kanapoi, kenia, tabarini, kenia.
• 1 10. peninji (natronis tba), kenia.
11. olduvai, tanzania.
2 • 12.laetoli, tanzania.
• 13.malavi.
3
6 ••
14. makapansgati, samxreT afrika.
• 15. sterkfonteini, samx. afrika, svart-
7 •
•• kransi, samx. afrika.
8 16. kromdraai, samx. afrika.
10 •
11 •• 17. tungi, samxreT afrika.
9
12
13
•

• 14
• 15
•
•

16
17

suraTi 6-3 avstralopiTekebis aRmoCenis adgilebi

102

maT, sul cota eqvs saxeobad yofen, magram SeiZleba, Txeli avstralopiTekinebi
metic yofiliyo. zogierTi mecnieris azriT, bolo-
droindeli aRmoCenebis safuZvelze, SesaZloa, kidev Australopithecus anamensis yvelaze adreuli saxe-
ori axali saxeoba: A. bahrelghazali da A. gahri daema- obaa.A igi CrdiloeT keniaSi ramdenime adgilas aR-
tos, aseve _ erTi monaTesave hominidi Kenianthropus moCnda.A is 3,9-4,2 milioni wlis win cxovrobda.A marTa-
platyops , romelic aseve avstralopiTekebis saxeobas lia, misi zogierTi nimuSis Sesaxeb azrTa garkveuli
miekuTvneba (ix. CarCo `axali, gasaocari avstralo- dapirispireba arsebobs, zogadi suraTi mainc iqmne-
piTekinebi~). ba: es iyo mcire zomis, or fexze mosiarule hominidi,
mecnierTa umravlesoba avstralopiTekinebis romelsac Australopithecus afarensis-is kbilebis ms-
sxvadasxva saxeobas or jgufad: Txeli aRnagobis gavsi kbilebi hqonda.A kidev ufro met kamaTs iwveven
da masiuri aRnagobis avstralopiTekinebad yofen. is saxeobebi, romelTac grZeli Zvlebi hqondaT. es
Txeli avstralopiTekinebi moicaven A. anamensis, Zvlebi or fexze kargad mosiarule saxeobebisTvis
A. afarensis da A. africanus. yvela maTgans ufro mom- unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli, magram maTi idayvi-
cro zomis kbilebi da saxis SedarebiT msubuqi kun- sa da muxlis saxsrebi ufro metad gviandeli Homo-
Tebi hqonda, vidre masiur avstralopiTekinebs. avs- s gvaris warmomadgenlebisTvis iyo niSandoblivi,
tralopiTeki Australopithecus anamensis, romelic vidre avstralopiTekis romelime saxeobisTvis.
SeiZleba 4,2 mln. wlis iyos, mxolod CrdiloeT ke- gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom Australopithecus anamensis
niaSi aRmoCndAa. sxva hominidebi, romlebic aRm. af- `kisridan zeviT ufro metad Australopithecus afaren-
rikaSi aRmoCndnen, mxolod 4-3 mln. wlis win cxov- sis-s hgavs, xolo kisridan qveviT Homo-s~.
robdnen, paleoanTropologebis umetesobis mier Australopithecus afarensis anTropiTekebis yvelaze
klasificirebulebi arian, rogorc Australopithecus kargad gamoxatuli saxeobaa. laeotliSi (tanzania)
afarensis. mxolod Zalian mcire raodenobis anTrop- am saxeobis Tormetamde individis naSTi aRmoCnda.
ologebi ar iziareben azrs, rom es hominidebi gan- marTalia, es naSTebi umetesad kbilebi da ybebi iyo,
sxvavebul saxeobebs unda miekuTvnon imis gamo, rom magram mainc danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
gvanan hominidebis ugvianes saxeobas - Australopithe- isini or fexze gadaadgildebodnen, radgan ganTqmu-
cus africanus romelic 3-2 milioni wlis win umetesad li gaqvavebuli fexis anabeWdebi swored laeotli-
samxreT afikaSi cxovrobda. magram am formebs Soris Si aRmoCnda. 3,6 milioni wlis win orma erTmaneTis
drosa da sivrceSi arsebuli gansxvavebebi mraval gverdiT gamarTulad mimavalma hominidma miwaze
paleoanTropologs afiqrebinebs, rom isini gansx- Tavisi nakvalevi datova. meore adgilas, hadarSi
vavebul saxeobebs warmoadgendnen. (eTiopia), daaxloebiT 35 individis naSTi aRmoCnda.
masiuri avstralopiTekinebi TxelebTan Sedar- hadaris aRmoCena imiT gamoirCeva, rom SedarebiT
ebiT, ufro didi kbilebiT, masiuri saxeebiTa da ybe- srulyofilia. maSin, rodesac paleoanTropolo-
biT xasiaTdebian. zog individs Txemze aqvs Zvlovani gebi umTavresad Tavis qalis an ybebis nawilebs pou-
isriseburi gamonazardi, romelsac qedi loben, hadarSi ConCxis mravali nawilic aRmoCenda.
(sagittal crest) ewodeba da romelic amagrebs kbilebi- magaliTad, paleoanTropologma donald iohansonma
sa da ybebis mZime kunTebs. masiuri avstralopiTeki- mdedri hominidis ConCxis TiTqmis 40% ipova. Tavis
nebis yvelaze adreuli saxeoba, romelic afrikaSi aRmoCenas man lusi daarqva, biTlzis simReris Lucy
2,7-2,3 mln. wlis win cxovrobda, aris Australopithecus in the Sky with Diamonds -is mixedviT.
aethiopicus. paleoanTropologTa umravlesobis az-
riT, yvelaze gviandeli masiuri avstralopiTekinebi,
romlebic 2,3-1 mln. wlis win cxovrobdnen, ori saxe-
obisani arian. esenia: aRmosavleT afrikuli saxeoba
AAustralopithecus boisei da samxreT afrikuli saxeoba
AAustralopithecus robustus.
avstralopiTekinebis es mokle mimoxilva maTi
mravalferovnebis suraTs qmnis. rogorc Cans, avs-
tralopiTekinebis mravali saxeoba arsebobda. garda
amisa, mravalferovneba Tavad saxeobebis SigniTac
SeimCneva. yvela maTgani aRmosavleT da samxreT af-
rikaSi cxovrobda, magram zogi adgili ufro mra-
valferovani da cvalebadi iyo. tyeebsa da mindvrebs
Tavisufali teritoriebi enacvleboda, aRmosavleT
afrikaSi Cndeboda didi tbebi, romlebic vulkanuri
amofrqvevebis Sedegad nawilebad iSleboda. garda
amisa, pliocenis Suaxanebamde, daaxloebiT 1,6 mil-
ioni wlis win, hava sul ufro da ufro cxeli xdeboda.
A avstralopiTekinebis aSkara mravalferovneba Sei-
Zleba bipedaluri hominidebis aseTi dinamikuri mra-
valferovnebiT gamowveul adaptur radiacias (ga-
fantvas da gadaxras) gamoxatavdes. meore mxriv, tim
uaiTis azriT, Cven namdvilad ar gagvaCnia sakmarisi
informacia avstralopiTekinebis Sesaxeb, raTa vim-
sjeloT maTi saxeobebis raodenobaze. is varaudobs,
rom zogierTi gansxvaveba SeiZleba Tavad fosiliza-
ciis procesis gamo Cndebodes. rac unda iyos mizezi,
avstralopiTekinebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, umniS-
vnelovanesi Tema albaT swored maTi mravalferovne-
mdedri Australopithecus afarensis aRdgenili ConCxi. miaqcieT yuradRe-
baa. modiT, jer gracialuri, xolo Semdeg robastuli ba, fexebTan SedarebiT, ramdenad ufro grZeli xelebi da TiTebi aqvs
avstralopiTekis saxeobebs gadavxedoT. mas, rac mis nawilobriv xeze cxovrebaze miuTiTebs.

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi
axali, saocari avstralopiTekinebi
eTiopielma paleoanTrop­o­
logma berhan asfaum Australo-
pithecus gahri-s aRwerilobaSi
ganmarta, rom sityva gahri eTi-
opiur enaze “siurprizs” niS-
navs. es saxeli swored Sesaferi-
sia, radgan arc TviTon avtori,
arc misi kolegebi da arc pale-
ontologiuri sazogadoeba ar
eloda avstralopiTekinebis
axali saxeobebis aRmoCenas 1996
wels. 1992 wels imave gundma
Ardipithecus ramidus aRmoaCinaA.
Semdeg wlebSi _ Australopithe-
cus anamensis da Australopithecus
bahrelghazali. Kenyanthropus platy-
ops, romelsac mravali mecnieri
ufro avstralopiTekidebTan
aigivebs, vidre romelime axal
gvarTan, 1998 wels aRmoCndAa.
aTwleulis manZilze 4-5 axali
hominoidi aRmoaCines, ramac
TiTqmis gaaormaga wina 30 wlis
ganmavlobaSi gakeTebuli aR-
moCenebis ricxvi.
gasaocari iyo agreTve Aus-
tralopithecus gahri-s, romelsac
kldeSi miakvlies da kbilebi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSne-
bidan gamomdinare, daaxloebiT
2,5 milionis wlisaa. asfau da
misi kolegebi moelodnen, rom
axali aRmoCena adre cnobili
romelime avstralopiTeci-
nis saxeobis msgavsi iqneboda,
magram ase ar aris. axali aR-
moCenis kbilebi namdvilad arc
Homo-s da arc A. afarensis-s kbi-
lebs ar hgavda da arc iseTive
didi moculobis tvini hqonda,
rogorc Homo-s. misi saxe da
ybebi, masiuri avstralopiTeki-
nebisgan gansxvavebiT, didi zo-
mis ar iyo. kldis imave fenebSi
aRmoCnda kidurebis ramdenime
Zvali, romlebic A.afarensis-is
Zvlebis msgavsi iyo. amgvarad,
Australopithecus gahri, albaT,
AA.afarensis-is msgavsi arseba
unda yofiliyo, Tumca ufro
didi saReWi kbilebiT.
yvelaze saocari is iyo, rom
dakluli cxovelebis narCenebi
imave fenebSi aRmoCnda, sadac
Australopithecus gahri. aqve na-
povni ramdenime Zvali, rogorc
Cans, qvis iaraRiT iyo damt-
vreuli. samwuxarod, iqve qvis
iaraRi ver nexes, magram cxov-
elTa dakvlisa da damuSavebis
kvali gvafiqrebinebs, rom aseTi
iaraRi namdvilad unda gamo-
eyenebinaT. imis gamo, rom hom-
inidebis sxva romelime saxeobis
arsebobis kvali im adgilebSi ar
iyo, unda vifiqroT, rom Australo-
pithecus gahri -s SeeZlo iaraRis
damzadeba da cxovelebis dakv-
laA. afSaum da misma kolegebma
ivaraudes, rom AAustralopithecus
gahri-s yvela fizikuri da qceviTi
damaxasiaTebeli niSani hqonda
imisaTvis, rom adreuli Homo-s
uSualo winaprad CaiTvalos.
aseve gasaocaria Australo-
pithecus bahrelghazali, magram ara
imdenad fizikuri niSnebiT,
aramed imitom, rom sakmaod
moSorebiT, dasavleTisken, ax-
landeli centraluri Cadis
teritoriazea aRmoCenili. igi
pirveli adreuli hominidia, ro-
melic riftis velis (aRmosav-
leT afrika) gareT binadrobda,
mis aRmoCenamde mxolod ramden-
ime, rogorc fiqroben, adreuli
hominidi iyo aRmoCenili. Aus-
tralopithecus bahrelghazali 3 mln.
wlis win cxovrobda da Zalian
hgavs Tavis Tanamedrove A. afa-
rensis-s, romelic riftis velze
binadrobda. Nnapovni masalis
Seswavlis Semdeg aRmoCnda rom
A. afarensis-gan mas ganasxvavebs
wina saReWi kbilebi, romlebsac
ufro Txeli minanqari da ukeT
gamoxatuli fesvebi aqvT. Tumca
ufro mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
maT Soris isaa, rom gansxvavebul
sacxovrebel garemoSi iyvnen.
mecnierTa umravlesoba Tvlis,
rom adareuli hominidebi gan-
sakuTrebiT Seguebulni iyvnen
riftis velis pirobebs. amitom
adreuli avstralopiTekinis
aRmoCenam am adgilidan 2500 ki-
lometriT ufro CrdiloeTiT
es azri eWvqveS daayena. Aus-
tralopithecus bahrelghazali-is ybis
erTi fragmenti, xolo Australo-
pithecus gahri-is Tavis qalisa
da kidurebis erTi muWa Zvlebi
Seiswavles.M miuxedavad imisa,
rom fragmentebi damaintrigebe-
lia, Cven ver gavigebT, ramdenad
mniSvnelovania es saxeobebi an
rogor Secvlian isini Cvens war-
modgenas adreuli hominidebis
evoluciaze, sanam maT danarCen
nawilebsac ar vipoviT.
bolos, dasavleT keniaSi 3
mln. wlis winandeli adreuli
hominidis _ Kenyanthropus platy-
ops-is TiTqmis dauzianebeli Ta-
103
vis qala aRmoCnda, romlis damax-
asiaTebeli niSnebis Seswavlisas
m. liqim da misma kolegebma is Ta-
visi Tanadrouli avstralopi-
Tekinebisgan gamoacalkeves. Ke-
nyanthropus platyops-is saxe ufro
mcire zomis da ufro brtyeli
iyo, vidre avstralopiTekinebi-
sa. liqis azriT, Kenyanthropus
SeiZleba uSualod yofiliyo
dakavSirebuli homosTan, magram
sxva mecnierebi amaSi ase dar-
wmunebulni ar arian. misi saxe
deformirebuli iyo, amitom mec-
nierebi darwmunebulni ar arian,
rom misi nakvTebi avstralopi-
Tekebis nakvTebisgan formiTa
da zomiT gansxvavdeboda. 20
saukunis bolo aTwleulis siur-
prizebis fonze sainteresoa, ras
mogvitans axali saukunis pirve-
li aTwleuli.
primatebi, romlebic eoce-
nis epoqaSi cxovrobdnen, Ta-
namedrove Crdilo amerikis, ev-
ropisa da aziis teritoriebze
daaxloebiT 55 milioni wlis
win gamoCndnen. im droisaTvis
lavrazia, superkontinenti,
romelic Crdilo amerikisa da
evraziisgan Sedgeboda (maT gre-
landia akavSirebdaT), erTian
xmeleTs warmoadgenda, romelic
Semadgenel nawilebad Sua eo-
cenSi daiSala. maSin afrika da
indoeTi evraziasTan dakav-
Sirebulebi jer kidev ar iyvnen.
maTi dakavSireba oligocenis
bolos moxda da aman seriozuli
klimaturi cvlilebebi gamoi-
wvia, romlebzec mogvianebiT
SevCerdebiT. eocenis dasawyisi
ufro Tbili da nakleb sezonuri
iyo, vidre paleoceni, da tropi-
kuli tyeebis siWarbiT xasiaTde-
boda.
eocenuri primatebis mra-
valferovani anatomia gvafiqre-
binebs, rom im droisaTvis maT
ukve axasiaTebdaT Tanamedrove
primatebis niSan-Tvisebebi: fr-
Cxilebi brWyalebis nacvlad,
CamWidi, sawinaaRmdego mxares
mdebare ceri da Tvalis Zvlov-
ani budeebi. vertikaluri cocva
da xtoma gadaadgilebis maTT-
vis Cveuli forma iyo. eocenuri
naxevradmaimunebiara mxolod
moZraobiT emsgavsebian Taname-
drovenaxevradmaimunebs, aramed
maTi ConCxebic identuria.
104
meri likis eqpediciam leatolSi, tanzaniaSi aRmoaCina 70
iardis sigrZis 3. 6-milioni wlis win ganamarxebuli nafe­
xuri. aq naCvenebia erAT-erTi marcxena nafexuri, romelic
mozrdil individs ekuTvnis da naTlad Cans, rom igi gamar-
Tuli dadioda. nafexuri aCvenebs karad ganviTarebul TAa­
Rs da did terfs.
laetolSi aRmoCenili hominidebis naSTebis da-
TariReba gvafiqrebinebs, rom hominidebi am terito-
riaze 3,8-3,6 milioni wlis win cxovrobdnen. marTa-
lia, hadarSi aRmoCenili sxva hominidebi erT dros
laetolis hominidebiviT adreulad iTvlebodnen,
magram bolodroindeli daTariRebiT isini ufro
gviandeli periodisani _ 3,2 mln. wlis aRmoCnd-
nen. lusi albaT 2.9 mln. wlis win cxovrobda. misi
sacxovrebeli garemo naxevradurwyavi, maRali sava-
na iyo, rogorc wvimiani, ise gvalviani periodebiT.
ganamarxebuli masalis aseTi mdidari koleqciis
Austalopithecus africanus-is ganamarxebuli ConCxi zedmet
saxelad `misis plesi~ aRmoCenili robert brumis mier
sterkfonteinis gamoqvabulSi 1947 wels.
Austalopithecus africanus-is rekonstruqcia; deda da Svili
xeze kenkras krefen. A. afarensis, A. afrikanus-is msgavsad
savaraudod dros xeebze kvebaSi da mtaceblebisgan Tavis
aridebaSi atarebda.
arsebobam paleoanTropologebs donald iohanson-
sa da tim uaiTs am uZvelesi hominidebis saxeobebis
portretis Seqmnis saSualeba misca. afarensis mcire
zomis, magram Tanamedrove adamianis msgavsi didi
maimunebis msgavsad, sqesobrivad dimorfuli iyo.
mdedrebi daaxloebiT 65 girvanqas iwonidnen da
gamarTul mdgomareobaSi daaxloebiT 3 futis si-
maRles aRwevdnen. mamrebi 90 girvanqas iwonidnen da
gamarTul mdgomareobaSi maTi simaRle daaxloebiT
5 futi iyo.
A. afarensis-s kbilebi, maTi sxeulis zomasTan Se-
fardebiT, didi da minanqris sqeli feniT dafaruli
hqonda. hqonda aseve didi, adamianis msgavsi maimu-
nisTvis damaxasiaTebeli eSvebi, romlebic zogierT
individSi gverdiTa kbilebis win iyo gamoSverili.
Tumca ufro grZeli eSvebic ki ar exeboda qveda
kbilebs da ar Cadiodnen diastemaSi (kbilebs Soris
napralSi). ase rom, xels ar uSlidnen qveda ybis aqeT-
iqiT moZraobas. es Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan
qveda ybis aqeT-iqiT moZraoba saSualebas aZlevda
A. afarensis-s, daeReWa patara zomis marcvlebi da
Txili. saReW kbilebze minanqris sqeli fena, xolo
gvirgvinebze cveTis kvali gvafiqrebinebs, rom maTi
racionis mniSvnelovan nawils mcire zomis, patara
sagnebi Seadgenda. A. afarensis-is Tavis qala misi
kbilebis wyobas asaxavs. didi kbilebisa da ybebis
gamo saxe win aris wamoweuli, xolo Tavis qalis fuZe
gafarToebulia, raTa zed sqeli, kunTiani kiseri da
mZime saxe moTavsdes. tvinis moculoba mcirea, daax-
loebiT 400 sm3, magram am zomis sxva cxovelebisaT-
vis mainc didia.
A. afarensis-is xelebi da fexebi daaxloebiT erTi

sigrZis, xelisa da fexis TiTebis Zvlebi ki daRa-
ruli hqonda, rac maT Zlier kunTebze miuTiTebs.
mecnierTa umravlesobis azriT, kidurebis amgvari
proporciebi, Zlieri xelebi da terfebi maTi
nawilobriv xeze cxovrebis maCvenebelia. sxva si-
tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, A. afarensis sakmaod bevr dros
atarebda xeze, SeiZleba iq ikvebeboda, eZina da mta-
cebel cxovelebs emaleboda. Tumca misi menjisa da
fexebis Zvlebi miuTiTebs, rom miwaze yofnisas or
fexze gadaadgildeboda. menji ganieria da gafar-
Toebuli, gviandel hominidebSi ki mas momrgvalebu-
li forma aqvs. fexebi SigniTa mxares kuTxes qmnian,
terfebi TaRiseburi aqvT, koWebiT ki Zalian hgvanan
gviandel hominidebs. laetolis fexis anabeWdebis
detaluri Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs, rom A. afarensis,
albaT ufro mokle nabijebs adgamda, vidre Taname-
drove adamiani. marTalia, A. afarensis avstralopi-
Tekinebis yvelaze ukeT ganviTarebuli saxeobaa, is
pirveli ar aRmouCeniaT. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
ganvixilavT Australopithecus africanus-s.
Australopithecus africanus. 1925 wels samxreT afri-
kaSi, iohanesburgSi mdebare uituotersrendis uni-
versitetis anatomiis profesorma reimond dartma
warmoadgina pliocenis epoqaSi mcxovrebi gamarTu-
lad mosiarule orfexa hominidis arsebobis dama-
dasturebeli sabuTebi. mas Semdeg, rac Zvlebi ka-
laharis udabnoSi mdebare tanugis gamoqvabulSi
napovni sxva masalisgan ganacalkeva, darti mixvda,
rom igi ara adamianis msgavsi maimunis naSTs, aramed
ufro mets uyurebda. mecnieri Tavis gancdas ase aR-
wers:
23 dekembers (1924 w.) klde gaipo da davinaxe saxe,
romlis marjvena nawili kvlav miwaSi iyo. arseba,
romelsac aseTi didi zomis tvini hqonda, ar iyo gi-
ganturi anTropoidi, rogorc gorila. saxe bavSvs
ekuTvnoda, sarZeve kbilebis mTeli kompleqtiT da
mudmivi kbilebiT, romlebic amosvlas iwyebdnen.
kbilebis mixedviT, dartma daadgina, rom ga-
namarxebuli naSTi 5-7 wlis bavSvs ekuTvnoda (Sem-
dgomma gamokvlevam, romelic eleqtronuli mik-
roskopis saSualebiT Catarda, daadgina, rom bavSvi
mxolod samnaxevari wlis iyo). mecnierma aRmoCenas
AAustralopithecus africanus daarqva, rac “samxreT af-
rikis adamianis msgavs maimuns” niSnavs.D darti darw-
munebuli iyo, rom Tavis qala or fexze mosiarule
cxovelis unda yofiliyo. misi daskvna emyareboda
faqts, rom misi kefis xvreli qvemoT iyureboda, rac
imas niSnavda, rom Tavi uSualod xerxemlis zemoT
vertikalurad eWiraT; metic, tanugis bavSvis saWre-
li kbilebi da eSvebi mokle, adamianis msgavsi maimu-
nisa da adamianis kbilebis msgavsi iyo.
dartis daskvnas skeptikurad da winaaRmde-
gobiT Sexvdnen, radgan im dros mecnierebs egonaT,
rom hominidebi aziaSi warmoiSvnen. garda amisa, ar-
sebobda sxva mizezebic: dartma aRmoaCina mxolod
erTi individis naSTi, romelic bavSvs ekuTvnoda da
manamde afrikaSi arc erTi sxva hominidis naSTi na-
povni ar iyo. 1930 wlamde, rodesac robert brumma
iohanesburgTan axlos, sterkfonteinis gamoqv-
abulSi ramdenime ganamarxebuli naSTi ipova, sxva
avstralopiTekinebi jer aRmoCenili ar iyvnen. dar-
tisa da brumis azri 1945 wlamde aravis gauziarebia,
sanam oqsfordis universitetis anatomiis profe-
sorma uilfrid le gros qlarkma maT aRmoCenas hom-
inidebis statusi ar mianiWa.
tanugis bavSvis aRmoCenidan 80 wlis Semdeg aso-
biT msgavsi avstralopiTekinis naSTi gamovlinda
sterkfonteinisa da makapansgatis gamoqvabulebSi
(samxreT afrika). am zRva masalis Seswavlis Sedegad
105
Seiqmna Australopithecus africanus-is TiTqmis sruli
suraTi: “Tavis qala mrgvalia, aqvs kargad ganviTa-
rebuli Subli. sakmaod win wamoweul saxes saSualo
zomis warbebis rkalebi agvirgvinebs”. Tavis qalis
saSualo moculoba sxvadasxva aRmoCenebSi 428-485
sm3 Soris meryeobs. A. afarensis-is msgavsad, A. afri-
canus-ic Zalian patara zomis iyo. zrdasruli in-
dividebis simaRle 3,5-dan 5 futamde aRwevda, wona
ki 60-90 girvanqas utoldeboda.A isini sqesobrivad
dimorfulebi iyvnen. A. africanus-s axasiaTebda didi
zomis unikapo yba, romelic A. afarensis-isas hgavda,
magram maTi kbilebis zogierTi Tavisebureba Taname-
drove adamianisas ufro hgavs – brtyeli saWreli
kbilebi da patara, mokle eSvebi. marTalia, wina da
ukana saReWi kbilebi ufro didi hqondaT, vidre ada-
mianebs, magram maTi forma erTnairi iyo.
samxreT afrikis kirqvian gamoqvabulebSi aRmoCe-
nili avstralopiTekinebis asakis dadgena Zneli iyo,
radgan am garemoSi SeuZlebelia zusti daTariRebis
meTodebis gamoyeneba.A samagierod, SesaZlebelia Se-
darebiTi daTariReba.A imave fenaSi napovni faunis
sxva adgilidan aRebul faunasTan Sedarebis safuZ-
velze dadginda, rom samxreT afrikeli A. africanus
cxovrobda 3-2 milioni wlis win. im droindeli hava
im adgilebSi dRevandelisgan didad ar gansxvavde-
boda anu naxevar-udabnos tipisa iyo.
masiuri avstralopiTekinebi
robastuli avstralopiTekinebi aRmosavleT af-
rikaSi 2.7 milioni wlis win cxovrobdnen. isini Za-
lian gansxvavdebian Txeli avstralopiTekinebisgan.
marTlac, zogierTi paleoanTropologis azriT,
es naSTebi imdenad gansxavebulia, rom imsaxureben
calke gvarad gamoyofas, romelsac Paranthropus anu
“adamianebTan axlos mdgomi” ewodeba. robasrtuli
avstralopiTekinebi Tavdapirvelad samxreT afri-
kis gamoqvabulebSi – kromdaraaisa da svartkransSi
aRmoaCines, ufor gvian ki _ aRmosavleT afrikaSi,
eTiopiis mdinare omos auzSi, turkanas tbis aR-
mosavleT da dasavleT sanapiroebsa da tanzaniaSi,
olduvais xeobaSi. paleoanTropologTa umravle-
sobis klasifikaciiT, samxreT afrikul masiur
avstralopiTekinebs, romlebic 1,8-1 mln. wlis win
cxovrobdnen, A. robustus ewodebaT, xolo aRmosav-
lur afrikul masiur formebs, romlebic 2.3 – 1.3
mln wlis win cxovrobdnen _ A. boisei. mesame saxe-
oba A. aethiopicus, romelic kidev ufro adrindelia
da 2,5 mln. wlis win cxovrobda, SeiZleba A. boisei-s
winaparic yofiliyo. (ix. CarCo “adreuli masiuri
avstralopiTekinebis axali, saocari aRmoCenebi”).
Txeli aRnagobis avstralopiTekinebisgan gansx-
vavebiT, robastul avstralopitekinebs ufro sqe-
li ybebi, didi saReWi kbilebi da SedarebiT patara
saWreli kbilebi aqvT, maTi saReWi kunTebi ufro
masiuria, xolo Tavis zeda nawilze kargad ganviTa-
rebuli isriseburi wanazardebi _ ReWvis process
xels uwyoben. garda amisa, orive saxeobas bevrad
ufro didi moculobis Tavis qala aqvs (daaxloebiT
490-530 sm3), vidre sxva Txeli aRnagobis saxeobebs.
adre fiqrobdnen, rom uxeSi, masiuri avstralo-
piTekinebi bevrad ufro didebi iyvnen, vidre sxva
avstralopiTekinebi. imis gamo, rom robastuli anu
didi, uxeSi erqvaT. magram bolodroindelma gamoT-
vlebma uCvena, rom es saxeoba didad ar gansxvavde-
boda sxva saxeobebisgan arc simaRliT da arc woniT.
masiuroba anu sidide, Tavis qalisa da ybis zomaSi,
ufro metad ki kbilebis agebulebaSi gamoixatebo-
da. sxeulis zoma ufro didi rom yofiliyo, maSin
106

maTi tvinis didi moculoba gasaocari ar iqnebo-

da, radgan didi zomis cxovelebs didi moculobis
tvinic axasiaTebT. miuxedevad imisa, rom masiuri
formebi sxeulis moyvanilobaTa da zomiT A. africa-
nus-s emsgavsebian, tvini SedarebiT ufro didi moc-
ulobisa hqondaT, vidre A. africanus-s.
sur. sur. Australopithecus boisei-s saxis reko­n­
struqcia.A
AAustralopithecus Aethiopicus uadresi da aseve
yelaze naklebad cnobili avstralopiTecinia.A A.
aethiopicus ganamarxebuli naSTebis patara jgufiT
CrdiloeT keniasa da samxreT eTiopiaSi aRmoCnda
da 2.7 milioni wlis winandeli periodiT TariRdeba.
maT Soris erTi gansakuTrebiT saintereso nimuSia
– 1985 wels aRmoCenili TiTqmis dauzianebeli Tavis
qala, romelsac muqi feris gamo, “Sav Tavis qalas”
uwodeben. miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod ramden-
ime naSTi gvaqvs, aSkaraa, rom A. aethiopicus sxva avs-
tralopiTekinebisgan sakmaod gansxvavdeboda. TiTq-
mis imave teritoriaze da imave periodSi mcxovrebi
cxovelebisagan gansxvavdeba ufro didi kbilebiT,
saReWiT da loyis didi ZvlebiT, TefSis formis
mrgvali da brtyeli, win wamoweuli saxeebiTa da
didi sagitaluri qediT. sxva danarCeni niSnebi maT
msgavsi aqvT. saerTo jamSi, A. aethiopicus emsgavseba
A. afarensis-s masiuri, “gazrdili” saReWi aparatiT.
Australopithecus Robustus. 1936 wels robert brum- Australopithecus boisei aRmoCenilia lui da meri liqis mier 1959 wels.
ma, SemdgomSi samxreT afrikis transvaalis muzeumis yuradReba miaqcieT mis did saxesa da kbilebs da mis sagitalur nawi-
xerxemlianTa paleontologiis kuratorma, muzeu- burs.
misTvis ganamarxebuli eqsponatebis mosapoveblad
qvis karierebis (samtexloebis) daTvaliereba dai-
wyo. mas gansakuTrebiT hominidebis povna aintere- brumi Australopithecus africanus-is meore aRmoCenas
sebda, raTa ganemtkicebina reimond dartis “taun- eloda (radgan 1936 wels misi Tavis qala hqonda na-
gis bavSvis” adrindeli aRmoCena. 1938 wels karieris povni), magram axlandeli aRmoCena misi molodinisa-
menejerma brums misca hominidis yba, romelic Sori- gan gansxvavebuli iyo. axal aRmoCenil individs
axlos mdebare gamoqvabulSi, saxelad kromdraaiSi ufro didi kbilebi, ufro masiuri yba da ufro brty-
aRmoCnda. brumma dauyovnebliv daiwyo gaTxrebi eli saxe hqonda, vidre Australopithecus africanus-s.
gamoqvabulSi da sul ramdenime dReSi SeZlo Seedg-
ina avstralopiTekis axali saxeobis _ Australopithe-
cus robustus - Tavis qala.

Australopithecus robustus (SK46) 1949 we­­­­ls aR­m­oaCina robert brumma

svartkransis gamoqvabulSi. yuradReba miaqcieT sagitalur nawi-
burs, loyis masiur Zvlebsa da did saReW kbilebs. Australopithecus boisei-s saxis rekonstruqcia

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi
adreuli robastuli avstralopiTekinebis axali, saocari aRmoCenebi
adamianis evoluciuri gan-
viTarebis romel periodSi
SeiZleba movaTavsoT masiuri
avstralopiTekinebi maTi didi
ybebiTa da Tavis qalis Zvlov-
ani gamonazardebiT? paleo-
anTropologebi Tanxmdebian,
rom masiuri avstralopiTeki-
nebi adamianis evoluciis gver-
diT Stos warmoadgenen. magram
rodis moscildnen isini Homo-
s xazs? zogierTi aRmosavleT
afrikaSi aRmoCrnili masiuri
avstralopiTekinis naSTebis,
Za­lian adreuli periodiT da-
TariReba, paleoanTropolog
henri makhenris azriT, gamo-
canas warmoadgens. es naSTebi,
romlebic klasificirebulia,
rogorc AAust­r­a­­l­opithecus. aethi-
opicus, aSka­rad ori-orna­x­evari
milioni wlis winandelia. Tu
gviandeli masiuri formebi _
Australopithecus robustus da Aus-
tralopithecus boisei ganviTardnen
A. aethiopicus-isgan da Tu Homo-
sken mimavali xazi ukve romelime
adreuli avstralopiTekinisgan
iyo gamoyofili (ix. sur. 6-4),
maSin ratom hgvanan ufro metad
gviandeli masiuri avstralo-
piTekinebi Homo erectus-s (wel-
gamarTul adamians), vidre im
avstralopiTekinebs, romlebic
maTi savaraudo winaprebi arian?
gviandeli robastuli avs-
tralopiTekinebi Homo erec-
tus-s didi moculobis tviniT
(Australopithecus africanus-Tan
SedarebiT), Semcirebuli prog-
natizmiTa (naklebad gamo­weuli
saxiT) da ybis Rrma saxsriT ems-
gavsebian. isini rom ufro cota
xnis win gamoyofodnen Homo-s
xazs, maSin es msgavseba saocari
ar iqneboda. magram Tu robastu-
li xazi ufro adre gamoiyo, ra-
sac 2_7 milioni wlis winandeli
A. aethiopicus gvafiqrebinebs, ma-
Sin gviandeli mas­i­uri for­m­ebi
Homo-gan ufro metad gansxva­­
vebuli unda iyvnen. marTlac,
ori xazi rac ufro didi xnis win
daSordeba erTmaneTs, miT ufro
unda gansxvavdebodnen maTi gvi-
andeli STamomavlebi.
riT SeiZleba aixsnas zogi-
erTi msgavseba gviandel masiur
avstralopiTekinebsa da Homo-
s xazs Soris? makhenris azriT,
arsebobs ori SesaZlo axsna da
orive maTgani konvergencias
gulisxmobs. mecnieri aRniSnavs,
rom konvergencia (STamomavlobis
gansxvavebul xazebSi msgavsi
struqturebis damoukidebeli
gamovlena) arTulebs, dadgindes
saerTo winapris arsebobis dro.
Ramurebs, frinvelebsa da pep-
lebs _ yvelas axasiaTebs frTebi,
magram erTmaneTTan axlo naTe-
sauri kavSirSi ar aqvT. maTi evo-
luciuri winapari Zalian Soreul
warsulSi cxovrobda.A aseT ms-
gavsebaTa arsebobas gviandel
robastul avstralopiTekinebi-
sa da Homo-s xazs Soris mxolod
erTi axsna SeiZleba hqondes: gvi­a­
ndeli masi­uri for­mebi adreuli
masiuri formebisgan warmoiSvnen,
magram homo ereqtuss konvergen-
ciis gamo daemsgavsnen. meore
varaudi SeiZleba is yofiliyo,
rom adreul masiur formebsa
da welgamarTul adamians (Homo
ereqtus) saerTo winapari hyavdaT,
romelic jer napovni ar aris. Tu
es marTlac asea, maSin adreuli
masiuri formebi gviandeli masi-
uri formebis winaprebi ver iqne-
bodnen. maSasadame, gviandeli
da adreuli masiuri formebis
msgavseba unda aixsnas mxolod
konvergenciiT da ara saerTo wi-
napris arsebobiT.
makhenri upiratesobas meore
axsnas aniWebs. damaxasiaTebeli
Strixebis msgavsebis analizis
safuZvelze, makhenri fiqrobs,
rom masiuri avstralopiTeki-
nebis ori gviandeli saxeoba (A.
robustus da A. boisei) saerTo wi-
naprisganA. aethiopicus–gan ganv­i­
Tarda, rome­lic adr­e­uli masi­
uri for­mis warmo­madgeneli ar
yofi­la.A mra­vali niS­nis mixedviT
gviandeli masiuri formebi A. ae-
thiopicus-s didad ar hgavdnen. A.
aethiopicus-is saukeTeso nimuSia
TiTqmis dauzianebeli e.w. “Savi
Tavis qala”. ueWvelia, rom is ma-
siur formebs miekuTneba. mas aqvs
didi wina da ukana saReWi kbilebi
da uzarmazari sagitaluri qedi.
magram sxva danarCeni niSnebiT
is A. afarensis-s emsgavseba: win
wamoweuli dingi, patara ybis
saxsari da aseve patara tvinis
kolofi. makhenris azriT, ms-
gavseba adreulsa da gviandel
masiur avstralopiTekebs So-
ris konvergentulma evoluciam
warmoSva, xolo konvergencia
- Zlieri ReWvis aucileblobam.
Zlieri ReWvisaTvis aucilebeli
niSnebi ganuviTardaT sxva pri-
107
matebsac, romelTa evoluciuri
xazi Zalian Sors aris adamianis
xazisgan. magaliTad, gigantopi-
Teki Tavisi uzarmazari saReWi
kbilebiT erTi maTgania.A
timoTi bromijma, romelic
aRmoCenili ganamarxebuli indi-
videbis saxis zrdas Seiswavlida
da rendal susmanma, romelic
hominidebis cerebs Seiswavlida,
masiuri avstralopiTekebis Ses-
axeb sxva mosazreba gamoTqves.
bromijma eleqtruli skaneru-
li mikroskopi gamoiyena, raTa
Seeswavla, rogor izrdeboda
maTi saxe bavSvobidan zrdasrul
asakamde. zrdis procesSi saxe
formas icvlis, zog adgilas
Zvali izrdeba, zogan ki saerTod
qreba.A magaliTad, yba ufro win
gamoweuli xdeba maSin, rodesad
Zvali izrdeba saxis wina mxares
da gaiwoveba anu qreba mis ukana
mxares. skanerul eleqtromik-
roskops SeuZlia gamoavlinos is
adgilebi, sadac Zvali gaizarda
an gaiwova.A bromijma aRmoaCina
gansxvavebebi masiur avstralo-
piTekinebisa da A. africanus-is
zrdis kanonzomierebebSi. A. af-
ricanus-isa da adreuli Homo-s
aRmoCenili nimuSebic ki zrdis
kanonzomierebebiT ufro adamia-
nis msgavs maimuns hgvanan, vidre
masiur avstralopiTekinebs.
susmanma Seiswavla ceris Zv-
lebi da masTan dakavSirebuli
kunTebi, raTa enaxa, Tu ra dam-
axasiaTebeli niSnebi iyo saWiro
iaraRis damzadebisaTvis. Taname-
drove adamianebs ufro grZeli
da msxvili cerebi aqvT, vidre
adamianis msgavs maimunebs, rac
saSualebas aZlevT, ufro magrad
moeWidon sagans. hqondaT Tu
ara igive Tviseba adreul hom-
inidebs? susmanis azriT, 2.5 mln.
wlis winandel yvela avstralo-
piTekins, masiurebis CaTvliT, xe-
lebis iseTi agebuleba hqondaT,
rom SeZlebdnen iaraRis damza-
debas. magram es ar niSnavs, rom
isini iaraRs amzadebdnen. maT es
ubralod SeeZloT. masiuri avs-
tralopiTekinebi TavianTi pa-
tara SublebiT, Zalze brtyeli
loyebiTa da uzarmazari ybebiT
albaT Zalian gansxvavdebodnen-
Homos xazis warmomadgenlebisgan,
magram SesaZloa, isini imaze me-
tad gvenaTesavebian, vidre war-
mogvidgenia.
108

marTlac, Semdgomi kvlevis Sedegad brumma gadaw-
yvita, rom ganamarxebuli masala hominidebis axal
gvars, Paranthropus-s ekuTvnoda.B brumis mier gvaris
aseTi gansazRvra maSin yvelam ar miiRo (mecnierebi
fiqrobdnen, rom es nimuSi avstralopiTeks ukuT-
vnoda), magram rogorc adre aRvniSneT, dRes ukve
mravali mecnieri iziarebs azrs, rom masiuri avs-
tralopiTekinebi imdenad unikalurebi arian, rom
imsaxureben calke klasifikacias, rogorc Paran-
thropus-is gvari.
1940-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi brumma kidev mra-
vali masala Sehmata transvaalis muzeumis A. robus-
tus-isa da A. africanus-is koleqciebs. magram misma aR-
moCenebma axali problemebic gaaCina. rogor moxda
hominidebis ori amdenad gansxvavebuli saxeobis
erTsa da imave garemoSi Camoyalibeba? 1954 wels
jon t. robinsonma ivarauda, rom A. africanus-sa da A.
robustus-s gansxvavebuli kvebiTi adaptaciebi hqon-
daT. A. africanus yvelafers Wamda (anu, ikvebeboda
rogorc xiliT, ise mcenareebiT), xolo A. robustus
vegetarianeli iyo, amitom Zlieri ybebi da kbilebi
sWirdeboda. robinsonis azris irgvliv mravali
wlis ganmavlobaSi mwvave kamaTi mimdinareobda,
Tumca eleqtronuli mikroskopis saSualebiT miRe-
bulma Sedegebma misi azri, rom A. robustus ZiriTa-
dad marcvlebiT, TxiliTa da bolqvebiT ikvebeboda,
sabolood daamtkica. magram am TvalsazrisiT ram-
denad gansxvavdeboda misganA.A A. africanus bolodro-
indeli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom masac Zlierad ReWva
sWirdeboda.
azri, rom A. robustus mxolod vegetarianeli iyo,
Semowmda SedarebiT axali qimiuri meTodiT, ro-
melic amowmebs stroncium-kalciumis Semcvelobas
kbilebsa da ZvlebSi da amiT cxovelis sakvebSi mcena-
reuli da cxoveluri sakvebis proporcias adgens.
aseTma analizma aCvena, rom A. robustus-ic yvelafris
mWameli iyo. amgvarad, A. robustus-s SeiZleba didi
kbilebi da ybebi marcvlebis, Txilisa da bolqvebis
saReWad sWirdeboda, magram es ar gamoricxavs imas,
rom is sxva saxis sakvebsac Wamda.
iyo Tu ara A. robustus Seguebuli ufro mSral,
ufro Ria garemos, vidre A. africanus _ SesaZlebelia,
magram masala sapirispiros mtkicebis saSualebasac
iZleva. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, paleoanTropolo-
gebis umravlesobis azriT A. robustus daaxloebiT
1 mln. wlis win gaqra da is Cveni gvaris Homo-s wi-
napari ar iyo.

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

kladistikuri analizi

adamianis evoluciis garejgufi

tradiciul modelebs filo-
genetikuri xis forma aqvT
(sur. 6-4). aseTi modelebi Cveu- afarensisi
lebriv, sxvadasxva masalazea
damyarebuli, esenia: saxeobis
asaki, sacxovrebeli adgili da
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, is
niSnebi, romlebic saerTo aqvT eTiopikusi
sxva saxeobebTan. filogeneti-
kuri xeebi mravali niSniT subi-
eqturia, radgan igi sxvadasxva
saxeobis im saerTo niSnebis afrikanusi
qona-arqonazea damyarebuli,
romelTac avtori miiCnevs mniS-
vnelovnad. bolo wlebSi, mrava-
li paleoanTropologis azriT, robustusi
kladistikur analizs saxeobebs
Soris urTierTobaTa dasad-
genad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, boisei
jer CamoTvlian cvlilebebs,
romelic erTma niSanma ganicada
TiToeuli saxeobis SemTxvevaSi,
Semdeg alageben asakis mixedviT homo
sxvadasxva saxeobas. sabolood
iqmneba diagrama, romelic asax- metad Sekvecili kladograma
avs saxeobebs Soris damokide-
ganxilulia tvinis moculobis adreuli Homo, am kladogram-
bulebas asakisa da cvlilebis
cvlilebebi. “Zireuli saxeoba” aze aRniSnul sxva saxeobebTan
mimarTulebis mixedviT. Sede-
aRniSnavs yvelaze primitiul SedarebiT, ufro hgvanan erTma-
gad viRebT iseT kladogramas,
formas. marcxniv da marjveniv neTs. adreuli Homo, A. robustus
rogoric naxatzea gamosaxuli
mimarTul damrec xazze gvxvdeba da A. boisei ufro hgvanan erTma-
da gviCvenebs saxeobebs Soris
wertlebi, romlebic tvinis moc- neTs, vidre romelime sxva saxe-
damokidebulebas, romelic
ulobis cvlilebas aRniSnaven. oba da a.A.S.
erTi niSnis cvlilebazea da-
am sqemis mixedviT A. robustus da
myarebuli. am SemTxvevaSi
 109

am meTodis upiratesoba garejgufi

isaa, rom is ukiduresi si-
zustiT tardeba: varaudebi
mkafiod unda gmoiTqvas, xolo
analizisTvis gamoyenebuli afarensisi
niSan-Tvisebebi mkacrad unda
ganisazRvros. es ganapirobebs
kladistikuri analizis Sede-
gebze daudasturebeli koncef- eTiopikusi
ciebis nakleb zegavlenas, vidre
es tradiciuli filogeneti-
kuri xeebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
zogjer kladistikuri analizi afrikanusi
tradiciulisgan Zireulad gan-
sxvavebul Sedegebs iZleva.
meore naxatze gamosaxu-
lia adreuli hominidebis saxe- boisei
obebis kladograma, romelic 77
damaxasiaTebel niSanzea agebu-
li. is gviCvenebs, rom adreuliA
A. robustus- dAa A. boisei niSnebis robustusi
mixedviT Zalian hgvanan erT-
maneTs, rogorc Cans, saerTo
winapari unda hyolodaT. aseve
savaraudoa, rom adreul ho- homo
mos, A. robustus-sa da A. boisei-s qalasSida moculobaze damyarebuli kladograma.
saerTo winapari hyavdaT, xolo
am samive saxeobas A. africanus-
Tan. A. afarensis maT yvelaze na-
klebad hgavs da saerTo niSnebi Soris tradiciul pilogeniaSi aCnia, rom kladistikuri analizi
danarCenebTanac akavSirebs. ar dasturdeba.A miuxedavad saukeTeso Sedegebs gvTavazobs.
SeadareT es suraTi wina suraTs imisa, rom SesaZloa, verasodes
da mraval saerTo niSans aRmoa- gavigoT sinamdvileSi rogori
CenT, magram axlo naTesauri filogenetikuri damokidebule-
kavSiri robastul avstralo- ba arsebobda Cvens uZveles wina-
piTekinebsa da adreul homo-s prebs Soris, mraval mecniers mi-

Australopithecus boisei. 1931 wels legendarulma
paleoanTropologma luis liqim adamianTa wina-
prebis Zebna dasavleT tanzaniaSi, olduvais xeo-
baSi daiwyo. 1959 wlisTvis misma mcdelobam Sedegi
gamoiRo da man Australopithekus boisei aRmoaCina (saxe-
li sponsoris - Carlz boises pativsacemad daerqva).
Carls likisa da misi ojaxis _ meuRlis, meri likisa
da maTi Svilebis, romelTa Soris erTi paleoanTro-
pologi riCard liki iyo _ Sromas tyuilad ar Cau-
vlia. maT arahominiduri ganamarxebuli masalis
mdidari koleqcia Seqmnes da im regionis uZvelesi
garemo detalurad gamoikvlies. rogorc Semdeg
TavSi davinaxavT, maT Seadgines agreTve uZvelesi
qvis iaraRis mdidari koleqciac. amgvarad, ivlisis
erT dilas, rodesac avadmyofi luisi loginSi iwva
da merim masTan miirbina imis saTqmelad, rom swored
is hominidi aRmoaCina, romelsac amdeni weli eZe-
bdnen, maT ukve yvelaferi mzad hqondaT monapova-
ris, rogorc kulturuli, ise garemomcveli piro-
bebis mixedviT konteqstSi mosaTavseblad.
boiseis aRmoCena gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
iyo imis gamo, rom aRmosavleT afrikaSi adreuli
hominidebis arsebobas adasturebda. manamde iTvle-
boda, rom maTi samSoblo samxreT afrika iyo. marT-
lac, likim Tavdapirvelad A. boisei-s axal saxeobad
CaTvala da aRmoCenis adgilis mixedviT Zinjanthro-
pus (Zinj arabulad “aRmosavleT afrikas” niSnavs)
daarqvaA. dReisTvis ukve cnobilia, rom yvelaze ad-
reuli hominidebi swored aRmosavleT afrikaSia
aRmoCenili, 1959 wels ki es aRmoCena mniSvnelovani
movlena iyo. rogor gamoiyureboda A. boisei? A. ro-
bustus-Tan SedarebiT, mas ufro gamokveTili saReWi
aparati hqonda: sididiT TiTqmis erTnairi wina da
ukana saReWi kbilebi. didi, masiuri yba, loyis Zvle-
bi da metad gamokveTili sagitaluri wamonazardi.
swored am zomebis gamoA. A.boisei-s “hiper-robastul
avstralopiTekins” eZaxdnen.
boisei 2,3-1,3 mln. wlebs Soris cxovrobdAa. boi-
sei rogorc A. robustus, paleoanTropologebis um-
ravlesobis azriT, Cveni Homo-s gvaris winapari ar
iyo. Cven zustad ar viciT, amzadebda Tu ara A. boi-
sei qvis iaraRebs, romlebic liqim olduvaiSi ipova,
radgan rogorc Semdegi Tavidan gavigebT, im dros
hominidebis kidev ori saxeoba cxovrobda _ Homo
habilis (xelmarjve adamiani) da Homo erectus (wel-
gamarTuli adamiani) – romlebsac, rogorc fiqro-
ben, ufro SeeZloT am iaraRis damzadeba.
adamianis evoluciis erTi modeli
am etapze SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, rogor ukav-
Sirdeboda yvela es saxeoba erTmaneTs. sur. 6-4-ze
naCvenebia paleoanTropolegebis mier SemuSavebu-
li ganamarxebuli saxeobebis urTierTdamokideb-
ulebis amsaxveli modeli. mecnierebSi yvelaze met
uTanxmoebas iwvevs sakiTxi, Tu avstralopiTekis
110
romeli saxeobidan wamovida Tanamedrove adamian-
ebisken mimavali xazi. magaliTad, sur. 6-4 -is mixed-
viT, gamodis, rom A. africanus ar iyo Homo-s winapari
da mxolod masiuri avstralopiTekinebis erT xazs
enaTesavebodaA. xoloA
A. afarensis rogorc masiuri avstralopiTeki-
nebis, ise Tanamedrove adamianebiskan mimavali xazis
warmomadgenelTa winapari iyo. mecnierebi, romle-
bic fiqroben, romAA A.afarensis sur. 6-4-ze gamosaxuli
yvela hominiduri xazis winaparia, varaudoben, rom
Homo-s saxeobebi 3 mln. welze meti xnis win daSor-
dnen erTmaneTs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlav grZeldeba dava, Tu
romeli saxeoba iyo Homo-s xazis winapari, paleo-
anTropologebi adreuli hominidebis evoluciis
zogierT aspeqtSi SeTanxmebas mainc aRweven: 1) 3-1
milioni wlis win hominidebis, sul cota, ori gansx-
vavebuli xazi mainc arsebobda; 2) masiuri avstralo-
piTekinebi Tanamedrove adamianebs ar enaTesavebod-
nen da TiTqmis 1 milioni wlis win gadaSendnen; 3)
Homo habilis _ xelmarjve adamiani (da homos Semd-
gomi saxeobebi) Tanamedrove adamianis pirdapiri wi-
napari iyo. is Homo-s gvaris pirveli warmomadgene-
lia da Semdeg TavSi swored masze visaubrebT.
adamianis msgavsi Tanamedrove
afrikuli maimuni adamianebi
awmyo
Homo sapiens
1 cota, 6 saxeoba, romlebic or ZiriTdad tipad:
Homo erectus
A.
robustus
2 ufro ganviTarebuli kunTebi aqvT, vidre Txel
A. boisei
A. africanus
Homo habilis
A. aethiopicus
3 1. rogor SeiZleboda, aRmosavleT afrikaSi erT-
A. afarensis
4 Tqveni azriT, avstralopiTekis gvaris or
A. anamensis
Ardipithecus
SesaZlo
saerTo
6 milioni winapari
wlis win
suraTi 6-4 filogenetikuri xazebi
Sejameba
1. 16-11 milioni wlis win dawyebulma klimatis sim-
Sralem afrikuli tropikuli tyeebis Semcireba,
savanis (balaxovani) velebisa da foTlovani tyee-
bis gaCena gamoiwvia. Axalxma, ufro Ria tipis gare-
mom xeli Seuwyo miwaze mcxovreb zogierT pri-
matSi gansxvavebuli, adapturi maxasiaTeblebis
Camoyalibebas. primatebSi, romlebic adamianebi-
sken mimaval evoluciur xazs ekuTvnodnen, erT-
erTi aseTi niSani bipedalizmi anu or fexze sia-
ruli iyo.
2. adreuli hominidebis Camoyalibebis gzaze umniS-
vnelovanesi cvlileba bipedalizmis ganviTareba
iyo. am movlenis asaxsnelad ramdenime Teoria
arsebobs: savanis maRal balaxSi gamarTuli sia-
rulisas mtacebeli cxovelebisa da potenciuri
msxverplis ukeT danaxvis SesaZlebloba; xelebis
gaTavisufleba raimes, ufro ki sakvebis satare-
blad anu erTi adgilidan meoreze gadasatanad;
iaraRis gamoyeneba, romelic Tavisufal xelebs
moiTxovda; dabolos, did manZilze gadaadg-
ilebisaTvis or fexze siarulis efeqturoba.
3. rogorc Cans, Sahelanthropus, Orrorin da AArdipi-
thecus pirveli hominidobisTvis yvelaze ufro
Sesaferisi kandidaturebi iyvnen. isini 6 milioni
wlis winandel periodSi cxovrobdnen da fiqro-
ben, rom or fexze gadaadgildebodnen. aseve 4
milioni wlis winandeli periodiT aTariReben aR-
mosavleT afrikaSi aRmoCenili aSkarad gamoxat-
uli hominidebis narCenebs, romlebic namdvilad
or fexze gadaadgildebodnen da klasifikaciis
mixedviT avstralopiTekebad moixseniebian.
4. identificirebulia avstralopiTekebis sul
Txel da masiur tipebad iyofian. Txel avstralo-
piTekinebs SedarebiT mcire zomis kbilebi da
ybebi aqvT. Aam tips miekuTvnebian: A. anamensis, A.
afarensis da A. africanus. masiur avstralopiTeki-
nebs SedarebiT ufro didi kbilebi, didi ybebi da
avstralopiTekinebs. maTSi gaerTianebulia: A.
aethiopicus, A. robustus da A. boisei.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
droulad hominidebis erTze met saxeobas earse-
ba?
2. ram gadaarCina avstralopiTekinebi miwaze mosia-
rule sxvadasxvagvari mtaceblebisgan?
3. romelma evoluciurma procesebma gamoiwvies
nawilad: gracialur da robastul avstralopi-
Tekad gayofa?
 111

7
kulturis sawyisebi
da homos warmoSoba

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 adreuli hominidebis
iaraRi

 adreuli hominidebis
cxovreba

 hominidebis evoluciis
mimarTulebebi

 adreuli Homo-s
ganamarxebuli naSTebi

 Homo erectus

 qveda paleoliTis
kulturebi
112
bolo TavSi bipedalizmis anu or fexze siarulis
_ rogorc hominidebis gadaadgilebis ZiriTadi we-
sis _ warmoSobasa da avstralopiTekinebis mier mis
Semdgom daxvewaze visaubreT. am TavSi hominidebis
evoluciis sxva, iseT mimarTulebebs ganvixilavT,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, garkveuli modelis iara-
Ris gamoyeneba, rac kulturis warmoSobis erT-erT
niSnad iTvlebaA. mecnierebi varaudoben, magram jer
dazustebiT ver amtkiceben, rom qvis damuSavebuli
iaraRi Cveni, adamianebis gvaris pirveli wevrebis
anu Homo-s gvaris warmomadgenlebis mier iyo Seqm-
nili. am varaudis safuZvelia sxeulis agebulebis
is cvlilebebi, romlebic mxolod Homo-s gvaris
warmomadgenlebSi moxda swored qvis iaraRis damza-
debis gamo: tvinis moculobis zrda, mdedris men-
jis formis Secvla (gafarToveba) didi moculobis
tviniani (Taviani) bavSvebis gaCenis xelisSesawyobad
da kbilebis, saxisa da ybebis zomis SemcirebaA.
saxeobebi
1 mww
H. erectus/
ergaster
2 mww
H. habilis/
rudolfensis
3 mww
suraTi 7-1 homos gvaris adreuli evolucia
marTalia, aRmosavleT afrikis sxvadasxva adgi-
las qvis iaraRi adreuli Homo-s gamoCenamde didi
xniT adrea dafiqsirebuli, anTropologTa umrav-
lesoba Tvlis, rom isini ara avstralopiTekinebis,
aramed Homo-s damzadebulia (ix. sur. 7-1). marTlac,
adreuli Homo-s tvinis moculoba 3-jer aRematebo-
da avstralopiTekinebisas, magram ar arsebobs aseTi
iaraRis adreul Homo-Tan kavSiris arc erTi faqti.
amdenad, jer-jerobiT ucnobia, Tu vin daamzada igi.
mocemul, robastul avstralopiTecinebTan daka-
vSirebul wina TavSi mocemul CarCoSi aRvniSneT,
2-naxevari mln. wlis win mcxovrebi yvela hominidis
cera TiTis aRnagoba iaraRis damzadebis saSuale-
bas iZleoda. amdenad, yvela maTgans SeeZlo iaraRis
damzadeba. axla davubrundeT am uadresi qvis iara-
Rebis Sesaxeb msjelobas da vnaxoT, ras fiqroben
arqeologebi da paleoanTropologebi maTi Semqm-
nelebis _ hominidebis (romlebic daaxloebiT 2 mln.
wlis win arsebobdnen) cxovrebis wesze.
adgilmdebareoba da kultu­-
ruli niSan­Tvisebebi DA
tera amata
Jukudiani
cecxlis adreuli
gamoCena
aCelianis uZvelesi
iarAaREebi
olduvais `saxlis bazebi~
qvis pirveli iaraRebi
 113

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

rogor vxvdebiT, rom es iaraRia?
adreuli qvis iaraRis
fotoebis an naxatebis daTva-
lierebisas Tu gifiqriaT imaze,
rogor ganasxvaveben paleo-
anTropologebi maT Cveulebri-
vi qvebisgan? es yovelTvis
advili saqme rodia. paleo-
anTropologebi, Cveulebriv,
anatkeC qvebs eZeben. magram qva
SemTxveviTac SeiZleba aitkiCos
sxva qvaze dartymiT an kldeze
CamogorebiT. imisaTvis, rom
bunebrivad dazianebuli qvebi
adamianis mier damzadebuli
iaraRisgan ganasxvavon, paleo-
anTropologebi sam damaxasi-
aTebel niSans akvirdebian:
pirveli: iaraRi damzadebu-
li unda iyos sworad SerCeuli
qvisgan, romelic erTdroulad
myaric unda iyos da atkeCis un-
aric hqondes. fiqali SeiZleba
aitkiCos, magram is myari da gam-
Zle ar aris da piriqiT, bevri
metamorfuli qva myaria, magram
misi atkeCa SeuZlebelia imis
gamo, rom Zalian bevri bzari
aqvs. qvis iaraRis umetesoba
damzadebulia obsidianis, kvar-
cis, kaJisa da fiqalisgan.
meore: paleoanTropologe-
bi eZeben ormxrivi atkeCis niS-
nebs, romlebic mWreli iaraRis
damzadebisas Cndeba. bunebrivi
procesebis gamo, qva SeiZleba
cali mxridan aitkeCos, magram
Zalian iSviaTad SeiZleba misi
atkeCa moxdes ori sapirispiro
mxridan.
mesame: paleoanTropolo-
gebi eZeben retuSirebis kvals,
rac imas niSnavs, rom zogjer
qvis dablagvebul iaraRs aclian
zedmet nawilebs, raTa Tavidan
“galeson” igi. cxadia, rom bune-
brivad ver Seiqmneba qvis iseTi
forma, romelic galesil pirs
mogvagonebdes.
paleoanTropologebi anat-
keCebze aSkarad gamoxatul `dar-
tymis moedans~ eZeben. `dartymis
moedani~ aris adgili, sadac ganx-
orcielda dartyma, romlis Sede-
gadac anatkeCis gulguladan
(nukleusidan) amtvreva moxda.
adamianis mier damzadebul anat-
keCebze `dartymis moedani~ xSir-
ad wina anatkeCis Camomtvrevis
Sedegad Seqmnili adgilia. iseve,
rogorc ori mxridan atkeCvaa iS-
viaTi bunebaSi, aseve iSviaTia at-
keCis Sedegad datovebuli kvali
aSkarad gamoxatuli `dartymis
moedniT~.
am niSnebis mixedviT, pa-
leoanTropologebi axerxeben
bunebrivad atkeCili qvebis qvis
iaraRisgan gamorCevas. magram
zogjer maTac eSlebaT. erT-
erTi yvelaze cnobili Secdoma
mouvida luis liqis, erT-erT
pirvel paleoanTropologs,
romelmac adreuli hominidebis
mier damzadebuli qvis iaraRis
identifikacia SeZlo. man 1960-
iani wlebis bolos ganacxada,
rom kali­f­o­rniis erT-erTi
Zeg­li, rome­lsac qaliqo hilzi
erqva, adreuli adamianis mier
damzadebul iaraRs Seicavda.
am gancxadebas eWviT Sexvdnen,
radgan manamde Cr. amerikaSi ad-
reuli adamianis araviTari kva-
li aRmoCenili ar yofila da ro-
gorc zeda paleoliTis samyaros
Sesaxeb TavSi vnaxavT, imis dama-
mtkicebeli masalac arsebobs,
rom am kontinentis pirveli
mkvidrni Tanamedrove adamianebi
iyvnen. magram albaT imitom, rom
am gancxadebis avtori TviT liqi
iyo, mas seriozulad moekidnen.
liqis TxovniT, Zeglis Sesaswav-
lad cnobili paleoanTropolo-
gebis jgufi Seikriba, magram
aRmoCnda, rom es qvebi bunebrivi
iyo da ara adamianis mier damza-
debuli iaraRi.
qaliqo hilzis ambavi serio-
zuli gafrTxilebaa amgvari Sec-
domebis Tavidan asacileblad.
rogor unda mivxvdeT, rom napov-
ni masala qvis iaraRia? iaraRis
fizikuri niSnebis garda, paleo-
anTropologebma is konteqstic
unda gaiTvaliswinon, romelSic
qvebi aRmoCnda. rodesac iaraRs
pouloben iq, sadac hominidebis
kvali ar arsebobs an ar Cans qvis
iaraRis gamoyenebis damadas-
turebeli raime niSani iseve, ro-
gorc qaliqi hilzis SemTxvevaSi
moxda, paleoanTropologebi
unda mixvdnen, rom maTi iq yofna
zedmetia.

adreuli hominidebis iaraRi devda, SemTxveviT ganamarxebul naSTebs miagno.

dRemde napovni qvis iaraRi ZiriTadad aRmosav-
leT afrikaSia aRmoCenili da 2-naxevari mln. wlis
win an kidev ufro adreuli periodiT TariRdeba.
uZvelesi iaraRebi, romelTa ricxvi 3000 aRwevs, aR-
moCnda gonaSi (eTiopia). maT Sorisaa rogorc Zalian
mcire zomis, cerisxela, aseve muWis zomis qvis iara-
Rebi anu nukleusebi. es iaraRebi erTi qvis meoreze
dartymiT iyo damzadebuli. am teqnikas dartymiTi
(perkusiuli) atkeCva ewodeba.
risTvis gamoiyeneboda adreuli qvis iaraRi da
ras gveubneba adreuli hominidebis cxovrebis Ses-
axeb? samwuxarod, adreul iaraRTan erTad aRmoCe-
nili masalis simwiris gamo, amaze msjeloba Znelia.
sxvagvaradaa saqme tanzaniaSi mdebare olduvais
xeobaSi. aq aRmoCenili iaraRi da sxva masala mdi-
dar kulturul informacias gvawvdis. olduvais
Zegli 1911 wels moulodnelad aRmoCnda: rodesac
germaneli entomologi am adgilebSi pepelas das-
rogorc wina TavSi vTqviT, lui da meri liqi 1930-
iani wlebidan am xeobaSi adamianis adreuli evolu-
ciis gasaRebs eZebdnen. lui liqi werda: “es adgili
paleoanTropologis ocnebaa, radgan aq 300 futis
siRrmeze yoveli fena dedamiwis istorias Seicavs,
rogorc uzarmazari fenovani namcxvari. am adgilas
uamravi ganamrxebuli naSTi da artefaqtia daculi,
romlebmac miuxedavad qanebis rRvevisa da eroziisa,
Cvenamde moaRwia”.
olduvais uZvelesi kulturuli masala (1 fena)
qveda pleistoceniT TariRdeba (1 mln. wlis win).
es artefaqtebi ZiriTadad nukleusebiTa da mWrel-
kideebiani anatkeC-lamelebiT aris warmodgenili.
zogadad masalaSi anatkeCebis raodenoba Warbobs,
xolo nukleusebSi _ e.w. saCexebisa. saCexebi iseTi
nukleusebia, romlebsac cali mxridan anatkeCebi Ca-
moamtvries da saCexad iyenebdnen. sxva nukleusebs,
cali mxridan Camomtvrevis kvaliTa da Txeli pir-
iT, saxokebi ewodeba. rodesac qvas anatkeCebi cali
114
mxridan aqvs Camotexili, mas `calferda~ iaraRi
ewodeba, xolo Tu orive mxridan - `orferda~. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom qvis adreul iaraRSi `orferda~
iaraRi gvxvdeba, misi raodenoba imdenad didi ar
aris da arc iseTi maRali teqnikiTaa damuSavebuli,
rogorc ufro gvandeli periodis nimuSebi. iaraRis
tips, romelic pirvel fenaSi da garkveuli raode-
nobiT ufro gviandel, zeda fenebSic aris aRmoCe-
nili, olduvauri ewodeba. (ix. sur. 7-2).
adreuli hominidebis
cxovrebis wesi
arqeologebi cdilobdnen, adreuli hominidebis
cxovrebis wesSi olduvaisa da sxva Zeglebze mop-
ovebuli masalis mixedviT garkveuliyvnen. maTi
daskvnebi emyareboda iaraRis daniSnulebis garkve-
vas, iaraRis cveTis adgilebze mikroskopuli dak-
virvebis Sedegebsa da Zvlebze iaraRis kvalis Ses-
wavlas, agreTve _ im inventaris analizs, romelic
iaraRTan erTad iyo aRmoCenili.
arqeologebi olduvaiSi aRmoCenili iaraRis
daniSnulebis dadgenas cdebis saSualebiT cdi-
lobdnen. anatkeCebi mravalferovani iyo. zogierTi
maTgani cxovelis gasatyaveblad an dasanawevre-
blad gamodgeboda, zogi _ joxebis gasaTlelad
da wvetebis gasakeTeblad (xis isrebisTvis an miwis
saTxrelad). qvis ufro didi zomis iaraRebi (saCexe-
bi da saxokebi) totebis mosaCexad an nanadirevi
cxovelebis magari saxsrebis gasaCexad hqondaT. isi-
ni, vinc daamzada da scada aseTi iaraRis gamoyeneba,
imdenad gaocdnen anatkeCebis basri piriT, rom eWvi
SeeparaT, gamoiyeneboda Tu ara iaraRad Tavad nuk-
leusebi. maTi azriT, nukleusebis umetesoba anatke-
Cebis Camotexvis Semdeg darCenili sawarmoo narCe-
nebi iyo.
arqeologebi varaudoben, rom bevri adreuli
iaraRi xisa da Zvlisgan iyo damzadebuli da Cvenamde
ver moaRwia. Tanamedrove populaciebi miwidan fes-
vebisa da bolqvebis amosaTxrelad kvlav iyeneben
xis wawvetebul joxebs, xolo qvis anatkeCebi Zalian
mosaxerxebelia xis gasaTlelad da misTvis Zalian
basri wvetis gasakeTeblad.
sabrZolo iaraRad verc erT adreul iaraRs ver
ganvixilavT. nadirobisa da TavdacvisTvis hom-
inidebs sasrolad albaT xis isrebi, ketebi an dau-
muSavebeli qvebi unda gamoeyenebinaT. olduvais
gviandel fenebSi aRmoCenili iaraRis kompleqtebSi
mravali momrgvalebuli formis damuSavebuli qvaa
dafiqsirebuli, romlebic albaT sasikvdilo sas-
rol iaraRs warmoadgenda.
eqsperimentis saSualebiT SeiZleba warmovidgi-
noT, risi gakeTeba iyo SesaZlebeli qvis iaraRis
saSualebiT, magram ver davamtkicebT, sinamdvileSi
risTvis iyenebdnen mas. sxva meTodebi, magaliTad
iaraRis cveTis mikroskopuli analizi, met infor-
macias iZleva. adrindeli gamokvlevebis mixedviT
fiqrobdnen, rom qvis iaraRze aRmoCenili mikros-
kopuli nakawrebi maTi sxvadasxvagvari gamoyenebis
Sedegi iyo. magaliTad, iaraRis piris paraleluri
nakawrebi xerxvis msgavsi moZraobis dros Cndeba,
perpendikularuli ki _ gaTlisa da kawvris msgavsi
moZraobebis Sesrulebis dros. lorens kelim eqsper-
imentuli kvlevis dros Zlieri mikroskopis gamoy-
enebiT sxvadasxva saxis “gaprialebis” kvali aRmoaCi-
na. qvisa da xis iaraRis dasamuSaveblad gaprialebis
sxvadasxva meTodi gamoiyeneboda. turkanis tbis
aRmosavleTiT mdebare erTi, erT-naxevari milioni
wlis winandel Zeglze aRmoCenili masalis Seswav-
lis Semdeg qilim da misma kolegebma daaskvnes, rom
zogierTi maTgani xorcis dasaWrelad, zogi – xis
saCexad an saTlelad, zogi ki mcenareTa Reroebis
mosaWrelad gamoiyeneboda.
olduvais xeoba, tanzania. ganamarxe-
buli fenebis stratigrafia naTlad aris
gamokveTili. pirveli fena, sadac adreuli
adamianis kulturuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb
informacia aRmoCnda, xeobis fskerzea
moTavsebuli.
 115

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi
Simpanzeebis nadirobasTan dakavSirebuli qcevebi
da adamianTa evolucia
primatebisaTvis miZRvnil ratom gaxda xorci Cveni wina- aris cnobili 2-naxevari mil-
TavSi aRvniSneT, rom mxolod prebis kvebis racionis umniS- ioni wlis win da kidev ufro
adamianebi ar warmoadgenen xor- vnelovanesi nawili. fizikuri adre mcxovrebi hominidebis
cis mWameli primatebs: xorcs anTropologebi da arqeolo- sakvebisa da im rolis Sesaxeb,
Simpanzeebic Wamen da nadiroben gebi am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasace- romelsac maT kvebaSi xorci
kidec. qreg stanfordma Cveu- mad sxvadasxva meTods iyeneben. asrulebda. CvenTvis cnobi-
lebrivi Simpanzeebis nadiro- ganamarxebul masalasTan er- lia, rom uadresma gamarTulad
basTan dakavSirebuli qcevebis Tad qvis primitiuli iaraRis mosiarule (bipeduri) hom-
Sesaswavlad maT garemoSi mra- aRmoCena gvafiqrebinebs, rom inidebma, romelTac amJamad
vali weli gaatara, ris Semdegac 2-naxevari milioni wlis win avstralopiTekinebs uwodeben,
darwmunebulia, rom miRebulma hominidebi qvis iaraRs didi evolucia 5 mln. wlis win af-
gamocdilebam adamianis evolu- cxovelebis (romlebic mokles rikaSi ganicades da im droze
ciis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebuli an romelTa leSic ipoves), xor- cota ufro adre SimpanzeebTan
warmodgena Seuqmna. Simpanzee- cis Zvlebisgan asaWrelad iy- saziaro winapari hyavdaT. Ta-
bi gancalkevebiT nadiroben enebdnen. Seiswavles evropasa namedrove adamianebsa da Sim-
da amas garkveuli gegmiTa da da sxva adgilebSi SedarebiT panzeebs dnm-is Tanmimdevroba
koordinaciiT akeTebdnen. msx- naklebi xnis win mcxovrebi ada- 98.5% saerTo aqvT, ris gamoc,
verplis mokvlis Semdeg xSirad mianebisa (rac arqeologiuri isini cxovelTa sxva jiSebze
xorcis ganawileba xdeba. sten- Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze metad enaTesavebian erTmaneTs.
fordi amtkicebs, rom qcevis xdeboda) da agreTve Taname- amdenad, Simpanzeebis nadiro-
aseTi niSnebi naTels hfens Cve- drove SemgroveblobiT daka- basTan dakavSirebuli qcev-
ni uZvelesi winaprebis qcevas vebuli Tanamedrove xalxebis ebisa da ekologiis Seswavla
im periodSi, rodesac maT nadi- (e.w. monadire-Semgroveblebis) saSualebas gvaZlevs, bevri ram
roba daiwyes. mier xorcis mopovebisa da da- gavigoT adreuli hominidebis
“adamianTa evoluciis ori muSavebis meTodebi. qcevisa da ekologiis Sesaxeb.
umTavresi kiTxvaa: rodis da CvenTvis Zalian cota ram

1950-1960-ian wlebSi olduvais xeobaSi sxvadasx-
va iaraRTan erTad, cxovelTa mravali saxeobis
damtvreuli Zvlebisa da kbilebis arseboba dadas-
turdaA. mravali wlis win eWvi aravis epareboda ima-
Si, rom hominidebi monadireebi iyvnen, xolo sxva
cxovelebi _ maTi nadavli. magram rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, (TavSi _ “rogor vpoulobT warsuls”),
arqeologebma es mosazreba unda gadasinjon ti-
ponomiis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic ConCxis Zvlebis
kompleqtebSi cvlilebebisa da rRvevis gamomwvev
procesebs Seiswavlis. ase magaliTad, wylis nakads
SeuZlia erTad miyaros Zvlebic da artefaqtebic,
rac albaT olduvais xeobaSi 1,8 milioni wlis win
xdeboda (im adgils, sadac axla xeobaa, adre tbis
napiri esazRvreboda). garda amisa, iseT cxovelebs,
rogoricaa afTari, hominidebis sxva sadgomebSic
SeeZloT cxovelebis ConCxebis gadatana. tiponomia
arqeologebisgan yvela im SemTxvevis gaTvaliswine-
bas moiTxovs, romelsac sxvadasxva sagnis erTad Se-
grovebis gamowveva SeeZlo.
TiTqmis eWvs gareSea, rom ukve 2 mln. wlis win
hominidebi cxovelTa ConCxs xorcis mosaSoreblad
anawevrebdnen. mikroskopulma analizebma gamoav-
lina, rom cxovelTa Zvlebze aRmoCenili naWdevebi
qvis anatkeCebis kvalia. mikroskopulma analizma
aseve daadastura qvis iaraRis gamoyeneba xorcis da-
muSavebaSi. jer zustad cnobili ar aris olduvais
xeobis hominidebi xorcs nadirobiT moipovebdnen,
Tu mxolod leSs (mtaceblebis mier moklul cxove-
lebs) iyenebdnen.
pat Sipmanma olduvais xeobaSi aRmoCenil Zvlebze
arsebuli naWdevebis Seswavlis Semdeg daaskvna, rom
2-1.7 milioni wlis win im adgilebSi mcxovrebi hom-
inidebis xorcis mopovebis mTavari wyaro ara nadiro-
ba, aramed leSis Segroveba iyo. Zvalze arsebul qvis
iaraRis naWdevebs, Cveulebriv (magram ara yovelT-
vis), zemodan xorcis mWameli cxovelebis kbilebis
kvalic emCneodAa. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom hominide-
bi xSirad arahominidi mtacebeli cxovelebis mier
mokluli da nawilobriv SeWmuli cxovelebis xorcs
agrovebdnen. Tumca im faqtma, rom Zvlebze iara-
RiT miyenebuli naWdevebi iyo gakeTebuli, Sipmans
afiqrebina, rom hominidebi zogjer nadirobdnen
kidec. meore mxriv, es SeiZleba imasac niSnavda, rom
hominidebi leSs agrovebdnen manam, sanam mtaceblebi
maTi msxverplis xelSi Cagdebas moaxerxebdnen.
olduvaiSi aRmoCenili artefaqtebi da cxovel-
Ta narCenebi pirveli fenidan da meore fenis qveda
nawilidan am adgilebSi mcxovrebi hominidebis ES-
esaxeb sxva informaciasac gvawvdis. pirvelia is, rom
rogorc Cans, hominidebi wlis ganmavlobaSi adgils
icvlidnen xolme. sxvadasxva cxovelis Zvlebis ana-
lizis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, axlandeli oldu-
vais xeobis Zeglebis umetesoba, rogorc Cans, hom-
inidebis mier mxolod mSral sezonSi gamoiyeneboda.
meore, miuxedavad imisa, adreuli hominidebi leSis
Semgroveblebi iyvnen Tu monadireebi, isini mra-
vali saxeobis cxovelebiT ikvebebodnen. marTalia,
Zvlebis umetesoba saSualo zomis antilopebsa da
gareul Rorebs ekuTvnoda, magram savaraudoa, rom
isini iseTi didi zomis cxovelebsac Wamdnen, rog-
orebic iyvnen spiloebi da Jirafebi. aSkaraa, oldu-
vais hominidebi leSsac agrovebdnen da nadirobdnen
kidec, magram jer danamdvilebiT ar aris cnobili,
Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani adgili ekava xorcs maTi
kvebis racionSi.
116
Semxebi Semxebi
zedapiri wertili
gulis gare
zedapiri
1 1
1 2
fena
2
basri fena
1 2
1 tvinis gamosaRebad. Zalian mcire raodenobis cxovelebs aqvT
2 qvis iaraRi ki amis saSualebas iZleva.A
3
3 3
3 4
1 2 3 saxlebis saZirkvlebis garda, ra SeiZleboda yofil-
fenebi
suraTi 7-2
martivi saCexi da misi anatkeCebi olduvaid-
an.
ar arsebobs saerTo azri olduvais xeobis im
Zeglebis Sesaxeb, romlebic qvis iaraRisa da Zvlebis
mniSvnelovan raodenobas Seicavs. 1970-ian wlebSi
fiqrobdnen, rom es adgilebi im saxlebis saZirkvels
warmoadgendnen, sadac hominidebs (albaT, ufro mam-
rebs) xorci sxvebisTvis gasanawileblad mihqondaT
(rogorc Cans, mdedrebisa da bavSvebisaTvis). marT-
lac, meri liqim aRmoaCina ori adgili, sadac misi
azriT, adreul hominidebs martivi nagebobebi hqon-
daT aSenebuli (ix. sur. 7-3). erTi maTgani ubralo,
qvis wres warmoadgenda, romelic liqis varaudiT,
buCqebisgan gakeTebuli, qarisgan damcavi patara
nagebobis saZirkveli iyo; meore ki mWidrod dayrili
qvis natexebiT Semofargluli wris formis sivrce
gaxldaT, romelsac gars ertya sxva Semofargluli
sivrce. meri liqi varaudobda, es meore sivrce xSiri
bardebisgan iyo gakeTebuli, mtaceblebisgan Tavis
dasacavad. daaxloebiT aseTi saSualebiT icaven
Tavs im regionSi mcxovrebi Tanamedrove mwyemsebic.
magram arqeologebi ramdenime mizezis gamo ar eTanx-
mebian azrs, rom es Zeglebi sacxovrebel bazebs war-
moadgendnen. erTia, rom xorcis mWameli sxvadasxva
cxoveli aseT Zeglebs xSirad stumrobda, ris gamoc,
xorciani ZvlebiT garSemortymul adgilas hom-
inidebi mSvidad ver icxovrebdnen; meore mizezi is
aris, rom am Zeglebze aRmoCenili cxovelTa naSTebi
yovelTvis bolomde danawevrebuli da damuSave-
buli ar iyo. aq rom hominidebis sacxovrebeli ba-
zebi yofiliyo, xorci ufro ukeTesad iqneboda da-
muSavebuli da ConCxebi danawevrebuli. mesame, qvisa
da kldis natexebis wriuli ganlagebis mizezi Sei-
olduvais qvis culis aslis gamoyeneba Zvlidan noyieri Zvlis
imdenad Zlieri ybebi, rom didi ZuZumwovrebis Zvlebi daamtvrion.
Zleboda gamxdariyo bunebrivi procesebi, magali-
Tad, wriulad amosuli xeebi, romlebic meri liqim
sacxovrebel adgilad CaTvala.A damamtkicebeli
sabuTis arsebobis gareSe, rom namdvilad adreulma
hominidebma aaSenes es konstruqciebi, darwmunebiT
veravin ityvis, rom isini namdvilad Senobebia.
iyo es Zeglebi? zogi arqeologi ukve fiqrobs, rom
am adgilebSi adreuli hominidebi xorcs mxolod
amuSavebdnen da aq ar cxovrobdnen. Tu asea, ratom
ubrundebodnen isini erTsa da imave adgils? riCard
potsi erT SesaZlo mizezs asaxelebs: hominidebi
qvis iaraRs da iaraRis dasamzadebel qvebs garkveul
adgilas malavdnen, raTa gaeadvilebinaT sakvebis
Segrovebisa da damuSavebis procesi.
momavali kvleva-Zieba adreuli hominidebis
cxovrebis Sesaxeb albaT met informacias mogvcems.
hqondaT Tu ara maT sacxovreblebi, Tu sakvebis mo-
sapoveblad erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadiodnen?
rogor icavdnen Tavs mtaceblebisgan? maT jer ar
icodnen mtaceblebisgan Tavis dasacavad cecxlis
gamoyeneba.A iqneb dasaZineblad xeebze adiodnen?
qvis iaraRi da kultura
miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogori pasuxebi gaecema am
kiTxvebs, damuSavebuli qvis iaraRis arseboba ukve
imis maCvenebelia, rom adreul hominidebSi kultu-
ris Canasaxebi arsebobdaA. arqeologebi Tvlian, rom
iseTi kanonzomiereba qcevaSi, rogoricaa iaraRis
damzadebis garkveuli wesi, romelsac iziarebs da
swavlobs individebis garkveuli jgufi, kulturu-
li qcevis niSaniaA. iaraRis damzadeba ar gulisxmobs,
rom adreuli adamianebis kultura dRevandeli ada-
mianebis rTuli kulturis msgavsi iyo. Simpanzeebs
aqvT iaraRis gamoyenebisa da damzadebis Cvevebi,
romlebic rogorc Cans, naswavlia, magram kul-
turuli qcevebis TvalsazrisiT maTi ganviTareba
CamorCebaA.
kerZod, ra ganasxvavebs adamianTa kulturas
cxovelTa qcevebisgan? anTropologebi ukve sauku-
neze metia, rac am sakiTxs Seiswavlian, magram SeTanx-
mebas aqamde ver miaRwies. erTi ram aSkaraa: kultura

suraTi 7-3 olduvais `qoxi~.
olduvais xeobaSi aRmoCenili qvebisa da Zvlebisgan gakeTebuli rkali, romelic meri liqim uZvelesi qoxis
naSTebad CaTvala.A
ara ganyenebuli cneba, aramed urTierTdamokide-
buli procesebis erTobliobaaA. romeli procesebi
qmnian kulturas? ganvixiloT ramdenime maTgani:
pirvel rigSi aRvniSnavT, rom kultura SeiZle-
ba iyos rogorc naswavli, ise gaziarebuli. es aris
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba kulturasa da cxovelTa qcev-
ebis danarCen formaTa umetesobas Soris. kultura
ara Tandayolili, aramed naswavli qcevebis erTo-
bliobaa, romlebsac individebi cxovrebis ganmav-
lobaSi iZenen Camoyalibebisa da sxva individebTan
urTierTobis procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi urTierTo-
bas gansakuTrebuli mniSveneloba aqvs, radgan kul-
turuli qcevebis swavla ZiriTadad sxvebTan urT-
ierTobiT, ganaTlebis miRebiTa da gamocdilebis
gaziarebiT xdebaA. amdenad, kultura aris social-
uri da ara individualurad Tandayolili procesi,
is qcevis garda, moicavs damokidebulebebs, faseu-
lobebsa da idealebs.
meore, kultura zogadad adapturiaA. es niSnavs,
rom misi Semadgeneli rogorc naswavli, ise gazi-
arebuli qcevebis umetesoba imitom ganviTarda da
gavrcelda, rom adamianebis gansazRvrul jgufs ar-
sebul garemoSi gadarCenaSi uwyobda xels. amgvarad,
kulturul qcevebs SeiZleba iseve Seuwyos xeli
bunebrivma gadarCevam, rogorc genebs. imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ramdenad warmoadgens adamianis kultura bune-
brivi gadarCevis Sedegs, bevrs kamaToben, magram Za-
lze cota anTropologi YTu ityvis, rom kultura
adamianis adaptaciis mTavari aspeqti ar aris. kul-
turis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani sxva cxovelTa
qceviTi sistemebisgan aris is, rom imis gamo, rom
kultura naswavli da gaziarebulia da ara Tandayo-
lili, adamianebs SedarebiT advilad SeuZliaT axali
qcevebis swrafad swavla, ganviTareba da cvalebad
garemosTan SeguebaA. amgvarad, adaptacia kulturis
117
yvelaze mniSvnelovani procesiAa.
kulturis mesame, umTavresi procesia cvlile-
baA. kulturaTa cvlileba mudmivad xdeba imis gamo,
rom viTardeba da vrceldeba adaptaciis axali, sa-
sargeblo formebi. magram anTropologebi imasac
xedaven, rom rodesac axali qcevebi an ideebi Cnde-
ba, isini manamde arsebuls uerTdebian. amdenad, esa
Tu is cvlileba Cndeba maSin, rodesac axali ideebi
ukve arsebulTan winaaRmdegobaSiaA. magaliTad, ad-
reuli adamianebis jgufs ar SeuZlia erTdroulad
Wamos leSi da Tan akrZalos iseTi cxovelis xorcis
Wama, romelic Tavad ar mouklavs. amgvari situaciis
dros iqmneba garkveuli winaaRmdegoba da saWiroa
raRacis SecvlaA. winaaRmdegoba axal, metad sasarge-
blo qcevebsa da arsebul, magram naklebad sasarge-
blo qcevebs Soris aris swored is mamoZravebeli
Zala, romelic iwvevs kulturis swraf cvlilebas.
kulturis koncefciis Sesaxeb ufro mets imave sax-
elwodebis Tavidan SeityobT.
aSkaraa, rom adreuli hominidebi, sxva primatebis
msgavsad, komunikabeluri arsebebi iyvnen. arqeolo-
giuri masalidan isic aSkarad Cans, rom isini regu-
larulad iyenebdnen qvis iaraRs. qvis iaraRi Cndeba
rogorc calke, ise cxovelTa ZvlebTan da adamianis
saqmianobis amsaxvel narCen sxva masalasTan. amas-
Tanave, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amgvari narCenebi,
SesaZloa, maTi banakebi an TavSesafrebic yofiliyo.
saxlis magvari nagebobebi SeiZleba adreuli hom-
inidebis kulturis nawils Seadgendes.
calkeul adgilebSi aRmoCenilia cxovelebis
Zvlebisa da iaraRis didi raodenoba, rac aseT
adgilebSi individTa jgufebis xangrZlivi drois
gatarebaze miuTiTebs. amgvar situaciaSi safiqre-
belia, rom sakvebis erTmaneTisTvis ganawilebac
xdebodaA. damajerebeli ar iqneboda azri, rom in-
118
dividebs saerTo Sekrebis adgilze sakvebi mxolod
TavisTvis mietanaT. logikidan gamomdinare, erT-
maneTis axlo monaTesave individebi, magaliTad,
mSoblebi, Svilebi da da-Zmebi, erTmaneTs ufro
gaunawilebdnen sakvebs, vidre ufro Soreul naTe-
savebs. am azris damamtkicebelia isic, rom Simpan-
zeebs Soris sakvebis ganawileba yovelTvis axlo
naTesavebs Soris xdebAa. amgvarad, adgilebi, sadac
adreuli hominidebis socialuri aqtivobis kvals
vpoulobT, SeiZleba ojaxuri jgufebis arsebobas
amtkicebdnen. rogor xdeboda socialuri qcevis
aseTi sistemis - axlo naTesavebis Sekrebebis, das-
venebisa da sakvebis ganawilebis evolucia? ganvixi-
loT erTi modeli.
kulturis evoluciis modeli
adreuli homo-s tvinis moculoba samjer aRe-
mateboda avstralopiTekinebisas. rogorc Semd-
gomSi, hominidebis evoluciis mimarTulebebisadmi
miZRvnil TavSi ganvixilavT, tvinis moculobis zr-
dis erT-erT SesaZlo Sedegi naklebad momwifebuli
bavSvebis dabadeba iyo. aseTi bavSvebis arseboba
nawilobriv xsnis maTi sxvebze damokidebulebis pe-
riodis gaxangrZlivebasac. sxva cxovelebTan Sedar-
ebiT Cven ara mxolod Cveni cxovrebis umetes nawils,
aramed Cveni absoluturi drois umetes nawils
damokidebul mdgomareobaSi vatarebT. bavSvTa xan-
grZliv damokidebul mdgomareobas udidesi mniS-
vneloba hqonda adamianis evoluciaSi. Teodosius
dobJanskis mixedviT:
“swored ususuroba da mSoblebsa da sxva pire-
bze damokidebuleba uwyobs xels komunikabeluro-
bisa da swavlis process, romelzec mTlianad aris
damokidebuli kulturis gadacemaA. Ees, albaT, adami-
anis zrdis modelis umniSvnelovanesi upiratesobaa
evoluciis procesSi”.
adre Tvlidnen, rom avstralopiTekinebsac
damokidebulebis iseTive xangrZlivi periodi hqon-
daT, rogoric Tanamedrove adamianebs, magram maTi
kbilebis ganviTarebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, avs-
tralopiTekinebi adamianis msgavsi maimunebis gan-
viTarebis modelTan ufro axlos idgnen. amgvarad,
momwifebis gaxangrZlivebuli periodi SedarebiT
ufro axalia, magram ramdenad axali, jer ver vity-
viT.
marTalia, miwis saTxrelad, Tavdacvis an leSis
dasamuSaveblad iaraRis gamoyenebam bipedalizmis
ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli, magram srulma bipedal-
izmma Tavis mxriv, iaraRis damzadebis ukeTesi sa-
Sualeba da aqedan gamomdinare, sakvebis mopovebis
efeqturoba gazardaA. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, arsebobs
arqeologiuri masala imisa, rom adreuli hominide-
bi leSs agrovebdnen da SeiZleba nadirobdnen kidec
ukve adreuli pliocenis periodSi. marTlac, arse-
bobs imis damamtkicebeli sakmao masala, rom adreu-
li hominidebi xocavdnen da albaT Wamdnen sakmaod
did cxovelebs daaxloebiT 2 milioni wlis win.
roca ar unda daewyoT hominidebs leSis Seg-
roveba da regularuli nadiroba, leSis Sesagrove-
blad maT sakmaod Sors uxdebodaT wasvlaA. adreuli
homo-s jgufebSi Cvilobisa da bavSvobis xangrZliv-
ma periodma albaT, pirveli sacxovreblebis Seqmna
daaCqaraA. mSobiarobisa da dabadebuli bavSvis mov-
lis dros axlad namSobiarebi dedebisTvis Zneli
da SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda Sor gzaze sanadirod
wasvlAa. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleboda bavSvis zurgze
Camokideba, magram es, garda imisa, rom saxifaTo iyo,
arc Tu ise mosaxerxebeli iqneboda, radgan Wirveu-
li da xmauriani bavSvi nadirobis dros xels SeuSli-
daT. imis gamo, rom mamrebs (da albaT mdedrebsac,
romlebsac Svilebi ar hyavdaT), saxlidan Sors was-
vlis meti SesaZlebloba hqondaT, albaT leSis Seg-
rovebasa da nadirobasac swored isini SeZlebdnen.
patara bavSvebiani dedebi ki albaT Semgroveblobas
(mcenareebs agrovebdnen) eweodnen sacxovrebel ba-
zebTan an adgilebTan axlomdebare midamoebSi.
sacxovrebeli bazebis an sacxovrebeli adgilebis
Seqmnam homo-ebSi sakvebis ganawilebis SesaZlebloba
gazardAa. radgan mcirewlovani bavSvebis dedebi
iZulebulebi iyvnen, axlomdebare adgilebSi Sem-
groveblobiT Semofargluliyvnen, erTaderTi gamo-
savali maTTvis aucilebeli sakvebis misawodeblad
Soridan motanili sakvebis ganawileba iyo. visTvis
SeiZleboda sakvebi gaenawilebinaT? ra Tqma unda,
axlo naTesavebisTvis. maTTvis sakvebis ganawileba
imas niSnavda, rom maTi naSieri gadarCeboda, raTa
STamomavloba gagrZelebuliyo. amgvarad, Tu ad-
reul homo-s sacxovrebeli bazebi da ojaxebi hqon-
daT, swored es unda gamxdariyo im naswavli da ga-
ziarebuli qcevebis ganviTarebis sawyisi, romelsac
kultura ewodebaA.
simarTle rom vTqvaT, es “zRaparia”, romlis
simarTlesac verasodes davamtkicebT. Tumca, es
zRapari arqeologiur masalas SeesabamebaA. sxvadasx-
va modelis qvis iaraRi mxolod adreuli homo-s
gamoCenasTan erTad CndebaA. amave dros iwyeba hom-
inidebis anatomiuri evoluciis ramdenime mimar-
Tuleba, rac garkveuli modelebis qvis iaraRis
damzadebasa da gamoyenebaSi aisaxeba: tvinis mocu-
lobis zrda, mdedrebis menjis formis cvlileba
imgvarad, rom ufro didTaviani bavSvi moTavsdes da
kbilebis, saxisa da ybebis zomis SemcirebaA.
hominidebis evoluciis
mimarTulebebi
tvinis moculobis zrda
avstralopiTekinebs SedarebiT mcire moculo-
bis Tavis qala aqvT: daaxloebiT, 380-530 sm3, rac
didad ar aRemateba Simpanzeebisas. 2.3 mln. wlis win,
daaxloebiT im dros, rodesac sxvadasxva modelis
qvis iaraRi pirvelad gamoCnda, zog hominidSi tvi-
nis moculobis zrda SeimCnevAa. am hominidebis anu
adreuli homo-s Tavis qlis moculoba saSualod
630-640 sm3-is toli iyo, rac Tanamedrove adamianis
Tavis qalis moculobis 50%-s udris (daaxloebiT
1,300sm3). (ix. sur. 7-4). Cveni gvaris ufro gviandeli
warmomadgenelis, homo ereqtusis, romelic pirve-
lad daaxloebiT, 1,8 mln. wlis win gamoCnda, Tavis
qalis moculoba 895-1,040 sm3 iyo, rac Tanamedrove
adamianis Tavis qalis moculobis 70%-s udris.
avstralopiTekinebi mcire zomisani iyvnen, ro-
gorc adreuli (homo–ebi), amitom fiqroben, rom
tvinis moculobis aseTi zrda albaT gviandeli
hominidebis sxeulis ufro didi zomis Sedegi unda
yofiliyo. Tu sxeulis zomas gaviTvaliswinebT, da-
vinaxavT, rom 2 milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi tvinis
ara mxolod absoluturma, aramed SefardebiTma
zomamac mkveTrad moimatAa. bolo 2 mln. wlis man-
Zilze hominidebis tvinis SefardebiTi zoma orjer,
absoluturi zoma ki samjer gaizardaA.
ra garemoebam Seuwyo tvinis moculobis zrdas
xeli? rogorc adre aRvniSneT, mravali anTropolo-
gis azriT, amgvari zrda 2,5 mln. wlis win qvis iaraRis
damzadebis dawyebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. am Teor-

ias Semdegnairad asabuTeben: qvis iaraRis damzadeba
mniSvnelovani iyo Cveni winaprebis gadarCenisaTvis,
ris gamoc, bunebrivma gadarCevam didi moculobis
tvinis mqone individebi gamoarCia, radgan maT hqon-
daT iaraRis ukeT damzadebisaTvis Sesaferisi ro-
gorc fizikuri, ise gonebrivi monacemebi. am Sexed-
ulebis Tanaxmad, tvinis moculobis zrda da ufro
rTuli iaraRis damzadeba erTdroulad xdebodAa.
anTropologTa sxva jgufis azriT, tvinis zrdisT-
vis SeiZleba sul sxva faqtorebs Seewyo xeli, mag-
aliTad oms, nadirobas, sicocxlis gaxangrZlive-
basa da enas. romel faqtorebsac unda SeewyoT xeli
tvinis moculobis zrdisTvis, maT xeli kulturuli
SesaZleblobebis zrdasac Seuwyes. amgvarad biped-
alizmTan erTad, tvinis moculobis zrda erTgvar
wyalgamyofs warmoadgens adamianis evoluciaSi.
(zogierTi im fiziologiuri problemis gasacnobad,
romelic tvinis moculobis gafarToebisaTvis unda
daZleuliyo, ix. CarCo “tvini da sisxli”).
hominidebis tvinis moculobis zrdasTan erTad,
bunebrivma gadarCevam xeli Seuwyo mdedrebis men-
jis gafarToebas ufro didTaviani nayofis mosaT-
avseblad. magram albaT unda yofiliyo mdedrebis
menjis gafarToebis garkveuli zRvari, raTa imave
dros bipedalizmis adaptaciac momxdariyo. raRac
gamosavali unda gamoZebniliyo da gamoiZebna kidec.
es aris axalSobilis drekadi Tavis qala, romlis Zv-
lebic mSobiarobis dros erTmaneTze gadadis. imis
gamo, rom Tavis qalis Zvlebi mSobiarobamde rbilia,
axalSobils, romelsac SedarebiT didi moculo-
bis tvini aqvs, SeuZlia gamoetios dedis menjidan.
adamianebi ganviTarebis SedarebiT adreul etapze
ibadebian da mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi arian
damokidebulni mSoblebze. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
es xangrZlivi periodi kulturis evoluciis mniS-
vnelovani faqtoriaA.
saxis, kbilebisa da ybebis
zomis Semcireba
tvinis moculobis zrdis msgavsad, hominidebis
evoluciaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi saxis,
kbilebisa da ybebis mxriv 2 milioni wlis winandel
periodamde ar aRiniSnebodaA. yvela avstralopiTe-
kinis saReWi kbilebi _ maTi sxeulis zomasTan Se-
Australopithecus africus Homo erectus
440 cc 1,000 cc
A suraTi 7-4 Australopithekus afrikanus, Homo ereqtus da Homo sapiens Tavis qalebis daaxloebiTi moculobebis Sedareba, saidanac Cans
hominidebis evoluciaSi tvinis moculobis zrdis tendencia.
119
fardebiT, Zalian didi zomisaa albaT imis gamo, rom
maTi sakvebi ZiriTadad maRal xeebze izrdeboda da
patara kurkebis, Txilisa da bolqvebisagan Sedgebo-
dAa.
avstralopiTekinebs hqondaT ybis sqeli Zvlebi,
rac ReWvasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. maT
didi saxeebi hqondaT, romelTa Tvalebis qvemoT
mdebare nawili win iyo wamoweuli. Homo-s sxvadasx-
va formebze dakvirvebisas vxedavT, rom aRiniSneba
saxis zomis, saReWi kbilebisa da ybebis zomis Semci-
reba (ix. sur. 7-5). rogorc Cans, bunebrivi gadarCevis
midrekileba didi da Zlieri saReWi aparatis mimarT
SeneldaA. amis erT-erTi mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom
Homo-s gvaris wevrebma ufro advilad dasaReWi
sakvebis gamoyeneba daiwyes. amgvari sakvebi albaT
Seicavda fesvebs, xilsa da xorcs. rogorc mogvi-
anebiT vnaxavT, Tavisi roli albaT iaraRisa da ce-
cxlis gamoyenebamac Seasrula.A
rodesac sakvebi cecxlze mzaddeboda da ad-
vili dasaReWi iyo. calkeuli adamianebi (individe-
bi), romelTac ufro patara saxe, kbilebi da ybebi
hqondaT, wamgebian mdgomareobaSi aRar iqnebodnen
da amitom, saxis, saReWi kbilebisa da ybebis zomac
droTa ganmavlobaSi Semcirdeboda.
meore mxriv, arsebobs eWvi, rom adamianisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sxva Strixebi mas Semdeg ganviTar-
da, rac tvinis moculobam zrda daiwyo, anu homo-s
gvaris evoluciis periodSi.
riT SeiZleba imis dasabuTeba, rom cvlilebebi
garegnobasa da qcevaSi, romlebzec visaubreT, homo-
s gvarSi mimdinare evoluciis periodSi moxda? axla
ganvixilavT homo-s ganamarxebul Zvlebs da vnaxavT,
Tu rogor ukavSirdebian isini tvinis moculobis
zrdas da saxis, ybebisa da kbilebis zomis Semcire-
bas.
Eevoluciis sxva niSnebi
erTi, TvalsaCino namarxi, romelzec Semdgom TavSi
vimsjelebT, vnaxavT hominidebSi tvinis zomis,
kbilebisa da ybebis cvlilebas. Hhominidebis evo-
luciaSi sxva cvlilebebi ar SeiZleba daTariRdes
konkretuli droiT gansakuTrebiT ki _ hominideb-
Si. magaliTisTvis, Cven viciT, rom Tanamedrove
Homo sapiens
1, 300+ cc
120

adamianebi sxva gadarCenil primatebTan SedarebiT

ubewvoebi arian. Mmagram Cven ar viciT, rodis gax-
dnen hominidebi ubewvoebi, radgan namarxi Zvlebi
ar iZlevian informacias, iyvnen Tu ara maTi mflo-
belebi Tmianni. sxva mxriv, Cven gvaqvs adamianis
ganviTarebis sxva mravali niSani mas Semdeg, rac
Homo-s gvaris evoluciaSi tvinma Semcireba daiwyo.
aris es TvalsaCino fizikuri da qceviTi cvlile-
bebi Homo-s gvarSi? Cven ganvixilavT Homo-s adreul
namarxebs da imas, rogor arian asini dakavSirebuli
tvinis gafarTovebasa da saxis, ybebisa da kbilebis
SemcirebasTan.

adreuli homo
hominidebi, romelTa tvinis rogorc absolu-
turi, ise SefardebiTi zoma avstralopiTekinebisas
aRemateboda, daaxloebiT 2.3 mln. wlis win gaCnd-
nen. es hominidebi, romlebic Cvens anu homo-s gvars
miekuTvnebian, or saxeobad iyofian: Homo habilis da
Homo rudolfensis. orive maTgani umTavresad keniisa
da tanzaniis dasavleTiT aris aRmoCenili, magram
maTi kvali aRmosavleT da samxreT afrikis sxva nawi-
lebSic, kerZod, eTiopiaSi, omos auzsa da samxreT
afrikaSi, sterkfonteinis gamoqvabulSic aRmoCnda.
orive saxeoba imave adgilas da imave dros cxov-
robda, rodesac Australopithecus boisei; metic, SeiZleba
Homo habilis /rudolfensis (ER 1470), romelic riCard liqim 1972
mogvianebiT Homo erectus-is drosac ecxovra.
wels aRmoaCina. yuradReba miaqcieT mis maRal Sublsa da did
rogorc Cans, homo habilis am or saxeobaze adre
Tavis qalas.
arsebobda, daaxloebiT 2.3 mln. wlis win. avstralo-
piTecinebTan SedarebiT, mas bevrad ufro didi
moculobis tvini, daaxloebiT 630-640 sm3, Semcire-
buli zomis saReWi da saWreli kbilebi hqonda.A misi habilis nawilobriv mainc xeze cxovrobdAa. dasaSvebia,
ConCxis danarCeni nawilebi avstralopiTekinebis rom isini, avstralopiTekinebis msgavsad, sqeso-
msgavsi iyo, Zlieri xelebisa da SedarebiT grZeli brivad dimorfulebi iyvnen, radgan individebi erT-
mklavebis CaTvliT, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom Homo maneTisgan zomiT Zalze gansxvavdebodnen.

A. africanus H. habilis

430-520 cc tvini 600-800 cc tvini

metad rkalovani naklebad rkalovani

konstruqcia konstruqcia

ukana patara kbilebi

wina kbilebis msgavsia
ukana didi kbilebi
wina kbilebis msgavsia

qalas sqeli Zvali

qalas Txeli Zvali

didi saxe ukavSirdeba patara saxe ukavSirdeba

qalas qalas

A suraTi 7-5 A. africanus-isa da H. habilis-is Sedareba


Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi
adamianis tvini sxeulis
yvelaze rTuli da yvelaze
saTuTi nawilia. normaluri
funqcionirebisaTvis, tvins
mudmivad unda miewodebodes
Jangbadi da Saqari, rac didi ra-
odenobis sisxls moiTxovs. gar-
da amisa, tvini warmoqmnis siT-
bos, Tanac Zalze mgrZnobiarea
temperaturuli cvlilebebis
mimarT; temperaturis ramden-
ime gradusiT awevam SeiZleba
tvinis dazianeba gamoiwvios.
paleoanTropolog din falkis
mixedviT, es ori moTxovna –
sisxliT momarageba da temper-
aturis kontroli _ tvinTan
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli.
falkma adamianis tvinis evolu-
cia endokastebis gamoyenebiT
Seiswavla; kerZod, man Seiswavla
is sisxlZarRvebi, romlebsac
sisxli tvinTan mihqondaT da
tvinidan ukan abrunebdnen. (ix.
am CarCosTan darTuli suraTi).
es sisxlZarRvebi endokastebze
ornairad Canan: iseve, rogorc
tvinis sxva nawilebi, isinic
toveben anabeWds Tavis qalis
Sida nawilze, magram amasTanave
maT SeuZliaT gamoavlionon Ta-
vis qalis Zvlebze arsebuli um-
ciresi naxvretebi, romlebSic
sisxlZarRvebi gadis. am monace-
mebze dayrdnobiT, falks saSu-
aleba mieca, aRedgina adreuli
hominidebis tvinSi Semavali da
gamomavali sisxlis moZraobis
sqema.
falkis gamokvlevis mixed-
viT, bipedalizmi hominidebis
tvinis evoluciis mTavari
dabrkoleba iyo. Tavis zeda
nawilSi moTavsebuli tvinis
pirobebSi, sisxlis mimoqcevis
sistemas sisxlis mudmivi dineba
unda SeZleboda. oTx fexze mo-
siarule adamianis msgavs mai-
munebSi tvinidan gamomavali
sisxli pirdapir iugularul
(kisris) venas miewodeba. falkis
azriT, dedamiwis mizidulobis
damatebiTi Zala adamianebSi
sisxls iseTi ZaliT miawodebda
iugularul (kisris) venas, rom
SeiZleba mas aseTi zewolisT-
vis ver gaeZlo da gamskdariyo.
avstralopiTekebma am prob-
lemisgan Tavis daRweva tvinis
ukana mxares mdebare didi si-
nusebis ganviTarebiT SeZles,
romlebic amcirebdnen sisxlis
nakadis Zlier dawolas cxove-
tvini da sisxli
sacrisebri vena
emisaruli vena
qalas vena
qala
venuri
sinusi
lis gamarTul mdgomareobaSi
yofnisas. adreul Homo-s tvinis
moTxovnilebebis zrdasTan er-
Tad, saWiro gaxda sisxlis mimo-
qcevis ufro efeqturi sistemis
ganviTareba.
falki amtkicebs, rom ad-
reul Homos tvinidan sisxlis
gamodinebis ori gansxvavebuli
sistema Camouyalibda. erTi iyo
did sisxlZarRvebi, romlebic
avstralopiTekinebis sisxl-
ZarRvebis msgavsi iyo da rom-
lebTac sisxli gamodioda tvi-
nis zeda nawilisa da gverdebis
gavliT, Semdeg ki iugularul
(kisris) venas miewodeboda. Tum-
ca, avstralopiTekinebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, Homo-s gvaris warmo-
madgenlebi am sistemas, rogorc
pirvelads, mxolod mwoliare
mdgomareobaSi iyeneben. falkis
azriT, adreul Homo-ebSi ufro
mcire sisxlZarRvebis meoradi
sistema, romelsac emisaruli
sistema ewodeba, ganviTarda
tvinidan sisxlis gamosayvanad, im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac individebi
fexze idgnen. falki varaudobs,
rom sisxlis mimoqcevis orive
sistemis ganviTareba saSualebas
aZlevda adreul Homo-s, Seenar-
Cunebina tvinis sisxliT normal-
uri momarageba, rogorc fexze
dgomis, ise wolis dros.
kidev ufro sakamaToa falkis
mosazreba tvinis mier temper-
aturis kontrolirebis Sesaxeb.
misi azriT, sisxlZarRvebis emisa-
ruli sistema ara mxolod exmare-
121
meningealuri vena
tvini
gare iugularuli vena
Sida iugularuli vena
Sida saZile arteria
gare saZile arteria
ba sisxls tvinidan gamosvlaSi,
aramed tvinis gasagrileblad
“radiatoris” rolsac asrulebs.
mecnieris azriT, es patara sisx-
lZarRvebi saxisa da skalpis gav-
lisas gagrilebul sisxls tvinis
centrs awvdian, sadac is kvlav
Tbeba da tvinidan ukan wamosvli-
sas misi siTbo mihyveba. amgvarad,
emisaruli sistema ara mxolod
tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevas, ar-
amed tvinis Sida temperaturis
regulirebasac uzrunvelyofs.
miuxedavad imisa, dadasturdeba
Tu ara falkis mosazrebebi moma-
vali kvlevis Sedegad, maT mainc
didi mniSvneloba aqvT imis gamo,
rom tvinis moculobis zrdas
adastureben. tvinis moculobis
zrda bipedalur hominoidebSi
sakmaod rTuli procesi iyo da
sul cota, ori problemis _
sisxlis mimoqcevisa da temper-
aturis SenarCunebis _ gadaWras
moiTxovda. rodesac hominidebis
evoluciis iseT mimarTule-
bebze vfiqrobT, rogoricaa
magaliTad, tvinis moculobis
zrda, unda gvaxsovdes, rom Cvens
mier ganxilul cvlilebebs Tan
mniSvnelovani fiziologiuri
cvlilebebic daerTvis. adamia-
nis tvinis moculobis gazrda
uZvelesi hominidis tvinis ara
mxolod zomaSi zrdas, aramed
iseT anatomiur cvlilebebsac
gulisxmobs, romlebic ufro
didi moculobis tvinis sisxliT
momaragebasa da gagrilebasac
uzrunvelyofs.
122
Homo rudolfensis daaxloebiT Homo habilis-is Taname-
drovea da maT bevr saerTo niSani aqvT. mravali pa-
leoanTropologi am or saxeobas Soris veraviTar
gansxvavebas ver xedavs, zogjer isini erTmaneTSic ki
erevaT. mecnierebi, romlebic am or saxeobas Soris
gansxvavebas xedaven, amtkiceben, rom Homo rudolfensis-
is saReWi kbilebi minanqris ufro sqeli feniT aris
dafaruli, rom mas ufro patara da brtyeli saxe
aqvs; metic, misi kidurebis proporciebi ufro axloa
Tanamedrove adamianis kidurebTan, vidre Homo habi-
lis-isA. miuxedavad ufro didi zomis kbilebisa da gan-
ieri saxisa, Homo rudolfensis-is kbilebis aparati ufro
Semcirebulia avstralopiTekebTan SedarebiT, Homo
habilis-is tvinis moculoba ki avstralopiTekebisas,
sul cota, samjer mainc aRemateba.A
imis gamo, rom Homo-s saxeobebis kefis nawilebi
Zalian mcire raodenobiT aris aRmoCenili, Znelia
ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad Seicvala mdedris menjis
forma. magram tvinis gazrdili moculobidan gamom-
dinare, romelic TiTqmis samjer didia avstralopi-
Tekinis tvinTan SedarebiT, unda vivaraudoT, rom
zogierTi cvlileba moxdeboda, raTa SesaZlebeli
yofiliyo SedarebiT didi Tavis mqone bavSvebis
dabadeba. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom mdedris menjis
zomaSi momxdari cvlilebebi kargad Cans Homo erec-
tus-is SemTxvevaSi. amis gamo, axla swored mas ganvixi-
lavT.
HHomo erectus
Homo erectus Homo habilis-is Semdeg Zalian male
–daaxloebiT 1,8 mln. wlis Semdeg ganviTarda. is
pirveli hominidi iyo, romelic Zvel samyaroSi
farTod gavrcelda. Homo erectus-is naSTebi pirve-
lad iavaze aRmoCnda, mogvianebiT _ CineTSi, kidev
ufro gvian ki _ afrikaSi. paleoanTropologebis
umravlesoba Tvlis, rom adamianis romeliRac wi-
naparma afrikidan aziaSi gadainacvla. bolo drom-
de iTvleboda, rom swored Homo erectus iyo is saxe-
oba, romelmac gadainacvla, radganac swored is
cxovrobda aRmosavleT afrikaSi 1.6 mln. wlis win,
xolo aziaSi isini gamoCndnen arauadres 1 mln. wlis
winandeli periodisa. bolodroindeli daTari-
Rebis mixedviT varaudoben, rom iavaze aRmoCenili
Homo erectus SeiZleba kidev ufro Zveli, 1,8 milioni
wlis winandeli yofiliyo. Homo erectus-is dmanisSi
(saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTSi) aRmoCenili ga-
namarxebuli masala ki daaxloebiT 1.7 milioni wlis
winandeli periodiT TariRdeba. Tu es daTariReba
zustia, gamodis, rom adreuli hominidebi afriki-
dan kidev ufro adre gamosulan. marTlac, 2001 wels
dmanisSi aRmoCenili erTi kargad Semonaxuli Tavis
qalis zogierTi niSani Homo habilis-is (xelmarjve ada-
miani) msgavsia: tvinis moculoba 600 sm3-s aRemateba,
SedarebiT didi zomis eSvebi da warbebis dabali
xazi. Tu es Tavis qala marTlac Homo habilis-s miekuT-
vneba, sainteresoa, ratom iTvleba, rom Homo habilis
da gardamavali saxeoba _ H. habilis-erectus afrikidan
wamovidnen.
arsebobs meore kiTxvac: Homo erectus-is mxolod
erTi saxeoba arsebobda Tu ramdenime? zogierTi
mecnieris azriT, Homo erectus-is aziur da afrikul
populaciebs Soris sakmaod bevri gansxvavebaa imisT-
vis, rom or gansxvavebul saxeobad CavTvaloT: Homo
erectus CavTvaloT afrikul populaciad, xolo H H omo
ergaster _ aziurad. ufro metic, Homo erectus-is (anu
Homo ergaster-is) ganamarxebuli Zvlebi evropaSic aris
aRmoCenili, magram zogierTi paleoanTropologi
Tvlis, rom evropaSi aRmoCenili Zvlebis mixedviT,
Homo erectus Homo sapiens-is adreuli warmomadgenel-
ia. sxva mecnierebis azriT, evropuli masala da misi
msgavsi, samxreT afrikasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi aR-
moCenili masala gansxvavebul saxeobas ekuTvnis da
misi klasificireba unda moxdes Homo heidelbergensis-
is saxelwodebiT.
Homo erectus-is aRmoCena
1891 wels germanelma mecnierma eJen diubuam ia-
vaze gaTxrebis dros aRmoaCina Pithecanthropus erectus,
es saxeli mas TviTon SeurCia, rac “adamianis msgavs
gamarTul maimuns” niSnavs. (Cven mas Homo erectus-is
saxeliT movixseniebT). es ar iyo adamianis msgavsi
cxovelis naSTebis pirveli aRmoCena. neandertale-
li adamiani, romelzec Semdeg TavSi SevCerdebiT,
ufro adre iyo aRmoCenili. magram verc diubua da
verc sxva vinme ver amtkicebda, iavaze aRmoCenili
naSTi adamianis msgavs maimuns ekuTvnoda Tu adami-
ans.
aRmoCenili masala Tavis qalisa da TeZos Zvlis-
gan Sedgeboda. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi imasac
ki fiqrobdnen, rom es Zvlebi erTsa da imave cxov-
els arc ki ekuTvnoda. Tavis qala adamianis msgavs
Tanamedrove maimunis qalaze (500 sm3) bevrad didi
iyo, magram amave dros Tanamedrove adamianis qala-
ze (1300sm3) ufro patara. TeZos Zvali adamianisas
hgavda. ekuTvnoda Tu ara es orive Zvali erTsa da
imave individs? am kiTxvas pasuxi mravali wlis Sem-
deg ftoris analizis saSualebiT gaeca. Tu erTsa da
imave adgilas aRmoCenil ZvlebSi ftoris erTnairi
Semcvelobaa, isini Tanadroulia. aRmoCnda, rom di-
ubuas mier aRmoCenil ZvlebSi ftoris erTnairi Sem-
cveloba iyo, e.i. isini erTi asakisa iyvnen.
1930-iani wlebis Sua periodSi iavaze g.h.r. fon
kenigsvaldis aRmoCenam ara mxolod daadastura di-
ubuas adrindeli mosazreba da gaaRrmava, Cveni cod-
na Homo erectus-is fizikuri aRnagobis Sesaxeb, aramed
ukeT gansazRvra adreuli adamianebis arsebobis pe-
riodi. mas Semdeg iavaze Homo erectus-is kidev bevri
naSTi aRmoCnda.A fiqrobdnen, rom iavaze aRmoCenili
Homo erectus-is naSTebi 1 mln. weliwadze ufro Zveli
ar unda yofiliyo, magram Tanamedrove argon-argo-
nis daTariRebis Sedegad maTma asakma 1,8 mln. wliT
ukan gadaiwia.
diubuasa da fon kenigsvaldis aRmoCenebs So-
ris, kanadelma profesorma devidson bleqma, ro-
melic pekinis universitetSi aswavlida, daiwyo Cou
kou dianis maxloblad mdebare didi gamoqvabulis
gamokvleva, sadac ganamarxebuli kbilebi aRmoaCina.
gadawyvita ra, rom kbilebi hominidebis jer ucnob
gvars ekuTvnoda, mecnierma moiZia saxsrebi im midam-
oSi gaTxrebis Casatareblad. ori wlis muSaobis Sem-
deg man da misma kolegebma kirqvis fenaSi aRmoaCines
Tavis qala, romelsac “pekineli adamiani” daarqves.
1934 wels bleqi gardaicvala, misi saqme ki franc
videnreixma gaagrZela.
dasavleT afrikaSi Homo erectus-is aRmoCena 1950-
ian wlebSi moxda (ix. sur. 7-6). mas Semdeg bevri _
aRmoCena gakeTda aRmosavleT afrikaSi, kerZod ki
or Zeglze, olduvais xeobaSi, (tanzania) da mdinare
turkanas raionSi (keniaSi). nariokotomeSi, romelic
turkanas tbis dasavleTiT mdebareobs, biWis TiTq-
mis dauzianebeli ConCxi aRmoCnda, romelic 1.6 mln.
wlis winandeli periodiT TariRdebaA. olduvais aR-
moCenebi ki daaxloebiT 1.2 mln. wlis winandeliaA.
H
 123

dmanisi,
ternifini, saqarTvelo
alJiri

• zoukoudiani, CineTi. •
lantiani, CineTi. •
jianSi, CineTi. •
• iuanmou, CineTi. •
•
sidi adberahami tem kuieni, vietnami
moroko leng trengi, tailandi
•
•
melka kunturi, eTiopia
omo, eTiopia
nariokotoeme, kenia • •
••
koobi fora, kenia
lainiamoki, kenia
•
• trinili, java • •
olduvai,
tanzania sangirani, java

svartkransi,samx. afrika
•

suraTi 7-6 Zeglebi, sadac Homo erectus aRmoCndAa.

Homo erectus-is buli Zvlovani gamonazardi, occipital torus (kefis to-

rusi) – aZlevda, romelic Tavis qalis mogrZo for-
damaxasiaTebeli fizikuri niSnebi mas emateboda (ix. sur. 7-7).
adreul homosTan SedarebiT, Homo erectus-s ufro
Homo erectus-is Tavis qala Cveulebriv mogrZo mcire zomis kbilebi hqondaA. Homo erectus pirveli hom-
formis iyo, brtyeli wina nawiliTa da warbebis win inidi iyo, romelsac Tanamedrove adamianiviT mesame
wamoweuli rkaliT. Tavis qalis ukana xedi xuTkuTxa saReWi kbili ufro patara hqonda, vidre pirveli da
formis iyo. amgvar formas nawilobriv sagital- meore. maT saReW kbilebs ufro didi zomis pulpal-
uri kili (gamonazardi, romelic Tavis qalis zeda uri sivrce anu taurodontismi hqondaT, riTac isi-
nawils mTel gayolebaze gasdevda), nawilobriv ki ni ukeT uZlebdnen cveTas, vidre Tanamedrove adami-
Tavis qalis ukana mxares horizontalurad gayole- anis kbilebi. magram Homo erectus-is yba ufro msubuqi
da Txeli iyo, vidre adreuli homo-s an avstralo-
piTekinebisa, amasTan maTi saxe zeda da qveda ybebis
midamoebSi naklebad iyo win waweuli (prognathic).
maTi tvinis moculoba saSualod 895-1,040 sm3
qalas
rkalis Semdgomi
Seadgenda da ufro didi zomisa iyo, vidre nebism-
Txeli
Seviwroveba
ieri avstralopiTekinis an adreuli Homo-s saxe-
Zvali
obisa, magram ufro mcire, vidre Tanamedrove ada-
kefis sagitaluri mians. maTi endokastebi (romlebic tvinis zedapiris
torusi kili suraTs qmnian) gvafiqrebinebs, rom maTi tvini iseve
warbebis iyo mowyobili, rogorc avstralopiTekinebisaA.
gamoxatuli avstralopiTekinebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTac
borcvi brtyeli, mitkepnili cxvirebi hqondaT, Homo erectus-
is cxviri win iyo wamoweuli. kisridan qvemoT HHomo
erectus-is garCeva praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo Homo
sapiens-isgan. ufro mcire zomis avstralopiTekinebi-
sgan da adreuli Homo sapiens-isgan gansxvavebiT, ro-
melic aRmosavleT afrikaSi daaxloebiT imave dros
cxovrobda, Homo erectus zomiT Tanamedrove adami-
anTan ufro axlos idga.A nariokotomeSi aRmoCenili
biWis ConCxis mixedviT, romelic 5.5 futis simaRle
iyo da daaxloebiT 11 wlis iqneboda, zrdasrul
asakSi mis simaRles daaxloebiT 6 futisTvis unda
mieRwia.A daaxloebiT 1.6 mln. wlis win nariokotomes
raioni balaxiT dafaruli teritoria iyo, sadac xee-
suraTi 7-7 bi umetesad mdinareebis piras izrdeboda. aRmosav-
Homo erectus-is damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. leT afrikaSi mcxovrebi H H omo erectus zomiT afrikis
124
Homo erectus/ergaster -is qaLALla (ER-3733)
aRmosavleT afrikidan
im Tanamedrove mcxovrebT utoldeboda, romlebic
dResac iseTive mSral da Ria adgilebSi binadroben.
Homo erectus-s naklebi sqesobrivi dimorfizmi axasi-
aTebs, vidre avstralopiTekinebs an adreul Homo-s.
misi sqesobrivi dimorfizmi daaxloebiT iseve iyo
gamoxatuli, rogorc Tanamedrove adamianebSiaA.
is mecnierebi, romlebic afrikul populaciebs
gansxvavebul saxeobad _ Homo ergaster-ad gamoyofen,
miuTiTeben ramdenime gansxvavebaze maTsa da Homo
erectus–ebis danarCen populaciebs Soris: Homo er-
gaster-is Tavis qalis proporciebi gansxvavebulia:
warbebis rkali ufro Txelia da TiToeuli Tvalis
budis Tavze TaRis forma aqvs; Tvalis budeebi ufro
momrgvalebulia; Tavis qalis qvemoT saxe ufro ver-
tikalurad aris orientirebuli da sxva. meore mxriv,
zogierTi mecnieris azriT, gansxvaveba Homo erectus-
sa da Tanamedrove adamians Soris imdenad didi ar
aris, rom sxvadasxva saxeobad CavTvaloT. isini amt-
kiceben, rom Homo erectus–is populacia Homo sapiens-is
populaciasTan unda gaerTiandes. es kamaTi albaT
male ar dasruldeba, amitom am wignis farglebSi mx-
olod erT taqsonze _ Homo erectus–ze SevCerdebiT
(ix. CarCo - `HH
H omo erectus: erTi Tu meti saxeoba~?).
Homo erectus-is evolucia
Homo erectus-is evolucia asaxavs im zogadi evolu-
ciuri tendenciebis gagrZelebas, romlebzec adre
vimsjeleT. tvinis moculoba kvlav izrdeba da ad-
reuli homos tvinis zomas erTi mesamediT aWarbebs
(iseve, rogorc adreuli homos tvinis moculobam,
avstralopiTekinebisas erTi mesamediT gadaaWarba);
saxis, kbilebisa da ybebis zoma mcirdeba da TiTqmis
Tanamedroves uTanabrdeba. iaraRis moxmarebisa da
mravalferovnebis zrdam tvinis Semdgomi ganviTa-
reba gamoiwvia. Homo erectus Wamda da albaT amzadebda
kidec xorcs (wvavda), rac misi kbilebisa da ybebis
zomis Semcirebas iwvevda.
Homo erectus-is kidev erTi cvlileba TiTqmis Ta-
namedrove donemde Semcireba iyo. gaixseneT, rom
avstralopiTekinebi da adreuli homoebi maRali
sqesobrivi dimorfizmiT gamoirCeodnen. Homo erec-
tus iseTive sqesobrivi dimorfizmi ar axasiaTebda.
ras SeiZleboda gamoewvia aseTi cvlileba? sxva
primatebSi sqesobrivi dimorfizmi, rogorc Cans,
iseT socialur sistemebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, sa-
dac mamrebi dominirebdnen da mravalricxovan mde-
drebTan urTierTobas akontrolebdnen. sqesobrivi
dimorfizmis nakleboba ki iseT cxovelebSi aRiniS-
neba, sadac piriqiT, wyvilebs Soris xangrZlivi ka-
vSiri arsebobs anu sadac erT mamrsa da erT mdedrs
Soris xangrZlivi urTierToba yalibdeba, romelsac
STamomavlobis gaCena mosdevs. SesaZlebelia, rom
aseTi urTierToba Homo erectus–ebs Sorisac arsebu-
liyo? rogorc Cans, SesaZlebelia.
gaixseneT adamianis kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli ZiriTadi elementebi, romlebic adreul homo-
s hqonda: sacxovrebeli bazebi, ojaxuri jgufebi
da sakvebis ganawileba adamianis kulturis kidev
erTi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania, romelic
yvela Tanamedrove kulturas axasiaTebs, aris qor-
wineba. qorwineba aris or individs Soris arsebuli
socialurad aRiarebuli sqesobrivi da ekonomi-
kuri kavSiri, romelic mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
gagrZelebisa da kanonieri STamomavlobis warmo-
SobisaTvis aris gansazRvruli. es aris erTi wyvilis
kavSiri, romelsac qcevebis, imedebisa da urTierT-
valdebulebebis erToblioba axasiaTebs. amgvarad,
qorwinebis SemoRebiT mamrebis konkurencia md-
edrebis mosapoveblad iklebs, rac Tavis mxriv, sqe-
sobrivi dimorfizmis mniSvnelobas amcirebs. magram
ratom unda ganviTarebuliyo qorwineba HHomo erec-
tus–ebs Soris?
cxovelTa im saxeobebSi, romelTa mdedreb-
sac Tavis Tavisa da axalSobilis damoukideblad
gamokveba SeeZloT, wyvilebis kavSiri iSviaTia. im
saxeobebSi ki, romelTa mdedrebsac Tavis Tavisa da
axalSobilis damoukideblad gamokveba ar SeeZloT,
wyvilebis kavSiri miRebuli iyo. ratom xdeboda ase?
Cveni azriT, wyvilis kavSiri agvarebda dedis kvebisa
da bavSvis movlis sakiTxebs. mamrs SeeZlo sakvebis
motana da bavSvis mixedva, sanam mdedri ikvebeboda.
magram primatTa umetesobaSi wyvilebis kavSiri ar
arsebobda.A amis mizezi SeiZleba is iyo, rom pri-
matebis naSiers dabadebidan maleve SeeZloT dedis
sxeulze CaWideba, amgvarad dedas xelebi Tavisufa-
li hqonda da sakvebsac damoukideblad moipovebda.
A adamianis Svilebi CaWidebis Tandayolili unaris
narCen formebs dabadebidan pirveli kvirebis ganma-
vlobaSi avlenen. amas moros refleqsi ewodeba. Tu
bavSvi igrZnobs, rom ukan vardeba, is xelebs win iS-
vers da muStebs kravs.
CvenTvis ucnobia, HHomo erectus-s, sxva primatebis
msgavsad, bewvi hqonda Tu ara, magram, Cveni azriT,
ar unda hqonoda, radgan, rogorc qvemoT aRvniSneT,
vTvliT, rom maT tansacmeli hqondaT. misi tvinis
moculobac, SesaZloa, ukve imdenad iyo gazrdili,
rom maT naSiers, Tanamedrove bavSvis msgavsad, ar
SeeZlo damoukideblad Tavis daWera maSinac ki,
rodesac dedaze iyo CaWidebuli. nebismier SemTx-
vevaSi, rodesac adreulma hominidebma nadiroba da
 125

leSis Segroveba daiwyes sakvebisTvis (tyavisTvis, ra kulturuli adaptacia SeiZleboda ganecada

romelsac tansacmlad iyenebdnen), mSoblebisTvis
namdvilad rTuli da saxifaTo iqneboda am saqmiano-
bis dros Tan bavSvis tareba. qorwineba am problemas
advilad gadawyvetda, radgan erT-erT mSobels yov-
elTvis SeeZlo bavSvis mixedva im dros, rodesac
meore sakvebs Soulobda. (am Teorias dawvrilebiT
ganvixilavT TavSi, romelic qorwinebas eZRvneba).
Homo erectus-is evoluciis meore mniSvnelovani
aspeqtia populaciebis aRmosavleT da samxreT af-
rikidan gasvla.A radgan sqesobrivi dimorfizmis Sem-
cirebasTan erTad swored kulturulma inovaciebma
misca Homo erectus-s saSualeba axal garemo pirobebSi
gadaenacvlebina.A ratom? imitom, rom axal gare-
moSi moxvedris Semdeg Homo erectus axal (da albaT,
ufro civ) klimatur pirobebSi moxvdeboda, iaraRis
dasamzadebeli nedleulic gansxvavebuli daxvdebo-
da da sakvebadac axali, gansxvavebuli mcenareebi da
cxovelebi unda gamoeyenebina. yvela cxoveli amgvar
cvlilebas bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad egueba,
magram bunebriv gadarCevas Cveulebriv didi dro
sWirdeba da adaptirebad organizmTa fizikur cv-
lilebebs moiTxovs. Homo erectus–ma axal garemosTan
swrafi Segueba TvalSisacemi fizikuri cvlilebebis
gareSe moaxerxa. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom misi adapta-
ciis mTavari meqanizmi ufro kulturuli iyo, vidre
biologiuri.
Homo erectus-s? civ klimatur pirobebSi cecxlis gam-
oyeneba, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani kulturuli
adaptacia iqneboda. rogorc qvemoT aRvniSnavT,
arsebobs Homo erectus-is mier cecxlis gamoyenebis
utyuari sabuTebi. magram cecxls adamianis gaTboba
mxolod maSin SeeZlo, rodesac isini erT adgilas
iyvnen. sakvebis saSovrad gasul adamianebs is ver
gaaTbobda. imisaTvis, rom civ klimatSi mobiluroba
SeenarCunebina, Homo erectus-s albaT cxovelebis be-
wviani tyavis samosad gamoyeneba uxdebodaT. Homo
erectus-is zogierTi iaraRi tyavis dasamuSavebel im
iaraRs waagavs, romelsac SedarebiT gvian mcxovre-
bi xalxebi iyenebdnen. SeuZlebelia, iseTi civi kli-
matis pirobebSi (aRmosavleT evropasa da aziaSi),
sadac maTi naSTebia aRmoCenili, isini raime saxis
tansacmlis gareSe gadarCeniliyvnen. xolo Tu Homo
erectus cxovelebis tyavebs tansacmlad iyenebda, es
niSnavs, rom mas unda enadiraT kidec. tyavebis mop-
ovebas is mxolod leSis SegrovebiT ver SeZlebda,
radgan cxovelis danawevrebisas mtaceblebi, pirvel
rigSi, swored tyavs glejen. amis gamo, Homo erectus-
s dauzianebeli tyavis mosapoveblad TviTon unda
moekla nadiri.

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

Homo erectus _ erTi Tu ramdenime saxeoba?
Tanamedrove populaciebSi
advili dasadgenia, romelime
ori primati erTsa da imave, Tu
sxvadasxva saxeobas miekuTvne-
baA. amis dadgena martivad Sei-
Zleba Semdeg kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacemiT: SeuZliaT Tu ara maT
Sejvareba? nayofierni iqnebi-
an Tu ara maTi STamomavlebi?
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kiTxvebs
uaryofiTi pasuxebi gaecema,
saqme sxvadasxva saxeobasTan
gvaqvs. magram rogor ganvasx-
vavoT sxvadasxva saxeoba, Tu
saqme ganamarxebul masalasTan
gvaqvs? paleoanTropologebi
amas maT Soris gansxvavebaTa
dadgeniT axrexeben. mas Sem-
deg, rac ori populacia erT-
maneTTan Sejvarebas wyvets,
maT divergentuli (gadaxriTi)
Tvisebebi uviTardebaT. magram
ramdenad gansxvavebulni unda
gaxdnen isini Cveni warmodge-
niT, rom sxvadasxva saxeobebad
gamovyoT?
imis gamo, rom ganamarxebul
masalaSi Sejva­rebis kanonzo­­
mi­erebani ar Ca­ns, gasakviri ar
unda iyos, rom paleoanTrop-
ologebs gansxvavebuli mosaz-
rebebi aqvT imis Sesaxeb, erTsa
da imave saxeobas miekuTvneba
Tu ara ori sxvadasxva ganamarxe-
buli naSTi. paleoanTropolo-
gebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli
mecnieruli midrekilebebi:
zogi maTgani “damyofia” anu met
gansxvavebul saxeobas avlens,
zogi ki “gamaerTianebeli” anu
avlens naklebi raodenobis saxe-
obas. 1920-ian da 1930-ian wlebSi
“dayofa” ufro xSirad xdeboda.
HHomo erectus-is TiTqmis yoveli
axali aRmoCena axal saxeobad da
zogjer axal gvaradac (genus)
ki iTvleboda.A magaliTad, Pithec-
anthropus erectus-s dRes ewodeba
Homo erectus iavadan, Sinantrophus
pekinesis-s _ Homo erectus pe-
kinidan. maTi gaerTianeba 1940-
ian wlebSi franc videnreixis
idea iyo, ris Semdegac 1960-ian
da 1970-ian wlebSi klasifika-
cia ZiriTadad am mimarTulebiT
xdeboda. magram 1980-ian wlebSi
piter endriusma ganacxada, rom
afrikuli da aziuri ganamarxeb-
uli naSTebi, romlebic adre HHo-
mo erectus-is saxeliT iyvnen cno-
bilni, erTmaneTisgan imdenad
gansxvavdebodnen, rom or gansx-
vavebul saxeobad: aziur Homo
erectus–ad da afrikul HHomo erec-
tus–ad unda gayofiliyvnen. ase
rom, am naSTebis Taobaze kidev
erTxel Seiqmna gansxvavebuli
azri. HHomo erectus erTi Tu meti
saxeobaa?
imis dasadgenad, Tu romeli
hipoTeza Seesabameboda simar-
Tles, endriu kramerma Seiswavla
sxvadasxva Tavis qala, romlebic
ekuTvnodaT afrikul da aziur
Homo erectus–ebs da or sxva
jgufs: Tanamedrove adamians,
romelic rogorc ukve cnobilia,
imave saxeobas miekuTvneba da ad-
reuli hominidebis naSTebs, rom-
lebic pirobiTad sam svadasxva
saxeobas ekuTvnodAa. kramerma
daasabuTa, rom YTu afrikuli da
aziuri Homo erectus–ebi ufro
cvalebadni ar iyvnen, vidre Ta-
namedrove adamianebi, es naSTebi
erT saxeobas anu HHomo erectus-
s ekuTvnoda, xolo uZvelesi
hominidebi, romlebic Sereuli
naSTebiT iyvnen warmodgenilni,
ufro cvalebadni unda yofili-
yvnen, vidre Tanamedrove adami-
anebi.
saWiro monacemebis miReba
mxolod krameris mier anal-
izisTvis gamoyenebuli 16 afri-
kuli da aziuri Tavis qalidan
(romlebic miekuTvnebodnen an
ar miekuTvnebodnen calke saxe-
obas _ Homo erectus-s) iyo Sesa-
126

Zlebeli, radgan mxolod maT-
gan SeiZleboda saWiro zomebis
aReba. isini 1,8-0,5 milioni
wlis winandeli periodiT iyo
daTariRebuli. Tanabari piro-
bebis arsebobisas, daTariRe-
baSi aseTi didi diapazonis ar-
sebobas meti cvalebadoba unda
gamoewvia, amitom ufro mosa-
lodneli iyo, rom 16 savaraudo
Homo erectus-is Tavis qala met
cvalebadobas gamoavlenda, vi-
dre Tanamedrove adamianebis
Tavis qalebi. kramers undoda
am 16 Tavis qalis Tanamedrove
adamianis amdenive Tavis qalas-
Tan Sedareba. magram rogor
unda aerCia es 16 Tavis qala
SerCeuli uamravi raodenobi-
dan? (mas hqonda 2,533 gazomili
Tavis qala). nebismieri erTi Ta-
vis qalis Semowmeba sakmarisi ar
iqneboda, radgan darwmunebiT
veravin ityvis, ra raodenobis in-
formaciis mowodebas SeZlebda
am 16-dan aRebuli nebismieri ni-
muSi. amitom, kramerma gamoiyena
1000 sxvadasxva SemTxveviTi ni-
muSi 16-is asarCevad.
rogori iyo Sedarebebis
Sedegebi? 16 savaraudo Homo
erectus-is Tavis qalam imaze meti
cvalebadoba ar uCvena, vidre
Tanamedrove adamianebis Tavis
qalebis umetesobam, rac imaze
metyvelebda, rom isini saerTo
winapridan warmoiSvnen. am daskv-
nis Sesamowmeblad kramerma Ta-
namedrove nimuSebi uZvelesi
hominidebis Sereul nimuSebs
Seadara (cdisTvis iseTi Tavis
qalebi gamoiyenes, romlebic
saWiro azomvebisTvis gamodge-
boda). imis gamo, rom uZvelesi
Sereuli nimuSebi, savaraudod,
erTze meti saxeobisgan iyo war-
moSobili, mas cvalebadobis meti
niSnebi unda hqonoda, vidre Ta-
namedrove adamianisas. asec iyo.
Tanamedrove adamianis TiTqmis
yvela Tavis qalas cvalebadobis
naklebi niSnebi hqonda, vidre
uZveles Sereul nimuSebs.
amdenad, krameris gamokvl-
evam aSkarad gviCvena, rom aziasa
da afrikaSi 1,8-0.5 mln wels So-
ris mcxovrebi hominidebi Homo
erectus-ebi iyvnen.

evdnen, romlebic ufro swrafadac mravldebodnen

da ufro swrafebic iyvnen, rom mtaceblebisgan Tavi
daeRwiaT. adreuli homo namdvilad iyenebda iara-
Rebs da maTi sakvebic, nawilobriv mainc, leSis Seg-
rovebasa da nadirobaze iyo damokidebuli, magram,
Homo erectus–Tan SedarebiT, adreuli homo-s iaraRis
damzadebis teqnologia uxeSi, xolo socialuri or-
ganizacia naklebad rTuli iyo.
Homo erectus, rogorc Cans, ukeT iyo organizebu-
li, rogorc leSis mopovebis, ise nadirobisTvis da
mtacebelTagan Tavis dacvisTvis. iqneb swored es
gansxvavebebi iyo Homo erectus-is gadarCenis mizezi.
es scenaric, iseve, rogorc scenari adreuli
Homo-s evoluciis Sesaxeb, ubralod zRaparia, ro-
melic an Seesabameba simarTles an _ araA. magram, is
ar Seesabameba faqtebs, romlebic amJamad Homo erec-
tus-isa da im garemos Sesaxeb arsebobs, romelSic
igi ganviTardAa. miuxedavad am “zRapris” calkeuli
detalebisa, eWvi ar aris, rom Homo erectus-is evolu-
ciaSi udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda kulturis donis
amaRlebas.

qveda paleoliTis kulturebi

am maimuns “de brazas” Tavis SvilTan erTad gadaadgileba ar
uZneldeba, radgan pataras SeuZlia mis bewvs magrad CaeWidos.
Homo erectus-ebis dedebs ki, rogorc Cans, bewvi ar hqondaT, ris
gamoc, bavSvebis xeliT tareba uxdebodaT.
saintereso iqneba, Tu warmovidgenT, rom aR-
mosavleT afrikaSi Homo erectus hominidebis erT-erT
saxeobasTan mainc (A. boisei), an samivesTan (A. boisei, A.
africanus, da H. habilis/rudolfensis) Tanaarsebobda. ratom
gadarCa da kargad grZnobda Tavs Homo erectus maSin,
rodesac zemoT aRniSnuli sami sxva saxeoba gadaSen-
da? pasuxi kvlav kulturaSi unda veZeboT. rogorc
Cans, A. boisei gansakuTrebulad kargad balaxovan adg-
ilebs iyo Seguebuli. didi kbilebi da Zlieri saReWi
aparati saSualebas aZlevda mas eWama magari balaxi,
marcvleuli da sxva iseTi uxeSi sakvebi, romelsac
sxva hominidebi ver ReWavdnen. Tumca, mas konkuren-
cias imave mcenareebis mWameli sxva cxovelebi uw-
Homo erectus-is mier qvis iaraRis damzadebis tradi-
cias qveda paleoliTuri ewodeba. es tradiciebi
moicavs “nukleusebis” damzadebis teqnikas, rode-
sac qvis “gulgula” anu nukleusi ufro mniSvnelo-
van iaraRs warmoadgens, vidre anatkeCebis, qvis
iaraRis dasamzadebeli mTavari nedleulia (qveda
paleoliTis qvis iaraRis teqnologias mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT).
imis gamo, rom qvis iaraRi qveda paleoliT-
Si mcxovrebi uZvelesi adamianis yvelaze metad
gavrcelebuli kulturuli iaraRia, Homo erectus-is
mTel kulturas xSirad qveda paleoliTis kul-
turas uwodeben.
iTvleba, rom 1.5 mln. - 200,000 wlis winandeli
artefaqtebi da iaraRi Homo erectus-is damzadebu-
liAa. magram hominidebis naSTebi am masalas yovelT-
vis ar ukavSirdebaA. amitom, SesaZloa, rom am peri-
odis zogierTi iaraRi sxva hominidebis mierac iyos
damzdebuli. magaliTad, avstralopiTekinebis mier
_ ufro adre, an homo sapiensis mier _ ufro gvian.

magram, e.w. aSelis periodis iaraRis kompleqtebi,
romlebic 1.5 mln.-dan 1 mln. wlis winandel periods
miekuTvneba, Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs, xolo Homo erec-
tus-is erTaderTi hominidia, romelic mTeli am peri-
odis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdAa. amdenad, pirobiTad
iTvleba, rom swored Homo erectus aris aSelis peri-
odis qvis iaraRis damamzadebeli. Aam iaraRs qvemoT
aRvwerT.
aSelis iaraRis damzadebis tradicia
qvis iaraRis damzadebis tradicias saxeli daer-
qva am iaraRis pirvelad povnis adgilis, wm. aSelis
mixedviT, es adgili safrangeTSiaA. magram yvelaze
Zveli aSeluri iaraRi, romelic 1.5 mln. wlis win
iyo damzadebuli, aRmosavleT afrikaSi, tanzani-
aSi, mdinare peninjis maxloblad aRmoCndaA. aSeluri
iaraRi olduvanurisgan zomiT gansxvavdeba da stan-
dartuli formisa da dizainis mixedviT aris damza-
debuli. olduvanur iaraRs mWreli pirebi ramden-
ime dartymiT aqvs gakeTebuli, aSelur iaraRs ki _
ufro meti raodenobis anatkeCebis CamomtvreviT.
am iaraRis umravlesoba Zalian didi anatkeCebisgan
aris damzadebuli, romlebic aseve didi nukleuse-
bidan an qvebidan aris Camomtvreuli.
yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli da gvrcelebuli aSe-
luri iaraRia qvis orferda xelculebi, romelTac
cremlis forma da gaTxelebuli, galesili wveri
aqvT. didi zomis sxva iaraRi qvis danebs da weraqvebs
mogvagonebs. napovnia agreTve mravali anatkeCi,
romlebic farTopirian safxekebs warmoadgens.
adreuli aSelis iaraRi, rogorc Cans, magari qvis
dartymiT iyo damzadebuli. ufro gviandeli iaraRi
ki, romelic ufro ganieri da brtyelia, albaT, Zv-
lis an irmis rqis ufro rbili CaquCiT unda daemza-
debinaT. qvis iaraRis rbili qvis teqnikiT damzadeba
mniSvnelovani inovacia iyo. magari CaquCis teqnikiT
(qvis qvaze dartymiT) qvis iaraRis damzadebis dros
basri da sasurveli formis iaraRis damzadeba Zalian
Znelia, radgan qvis dartymiT mxolod didi da sqeli
anatkeCebis Camomtvrevaa SesaZlebeli (im gamonak-
lisiT, rodesac xelosani Zalian daxelovnebulia an
gansakuTrebul qvasTan gvaqvs saqme). rbili CaquCis
teqnologiiT Camomtvreuli anatkeCebi ufro Txeli
da grZelia, xelosansac ukeT SeuZlia misi zomisa da
formis gakontrolebAa. anu SesaZlebelia ufro Tx-
eli, mWreli da rTuli formis iaraRis damzadebaA.
xelculebis damzadeba orive meTodiT SeiZleboda,
radgan maTi forma martivia, magram is xelculebi,
romlebis ufro Txelia da mWreli, albaT, rbili
CaquCiT unda yofiliyo damzadebuli.
gamoiyeneboda YTu ara xelculebi xis saWre-
lad? amis Tqma Znelia, magram rogorc cdis Sede-
gad aRmoCnda, isini xis saWrelad ar gamodgebod-
nen. rogorc Cans, am xelculebs ufro didi zomis
cxovelebis xorcis dasamuSaveblad iyenebdnen. lo-
rens qilim aSelis xelculebis mikroskopuli Ses-
wavlis Sedegad daadastura, rom maTi cveTis kvali
ufro sayasbo saqmianobis Sesabamisi iyo. SesaZlebe-
lia maT xis dasamuSavebladac iyenebdnen, magaliTad
_ mis gasaTlelad an gasaxvretad. Ees culi gamodge-
boda miwis saTxreladac. uiliam qalvinma gamoTqva
azri, rom cxovelebze nadirobisas aseTi xelculis
diskoseburad srolac SeiZleboda maTi daWris an
mokvlis mizniT.
aSelis iaraRi didi raodenobiT aris aRmoCe-
nili afrikaSi, evropasa da das. aziaSi, magram or-
ferda qvis culebi, danebi da weraqvebi aRmosavleT
da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi SedarebiT mcire
127
raodenobiT aRmoCndaA. imis gamo, rom Homo erectus
Zveli samyaros yvela regionSia aRmoCenili, sain-
teresoa, ratom aris iaraRis damzadebis gansxvave-
buli tradicia dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris.
zogi arqeologis azriT, didi orferda iaraRi imi-
tom aris naklebad gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT da
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, rom aziaSi Homo erectus-
s iaraRis dasamzadeblad ukeTesi masala _ bambuki
hqondaA. bambuki samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi Semde-
gac mravali daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda: Zalian
wvetiani isrebis, miwis saTxreli da saWreli iaraRis
dasamzadeblad. jefri poupma daaskvna, rom bambu-
ki aziis swored im adgilebSi izrdeba, sadac xel-
culebisa da didi zomis orferda iaraRis nakleboba
aRiniSnebAa.
didi zomis cxovelebis Wama
zog aSelur Zeglze didi zomis cxovelebze
nadirobisa da maTi Wamis damamtkicebeli masala
aRmoCndAa. f. klark houelma, romelmac espaneTSi
Zeglebi: toralba da ambrona gaTxara, didi raode-
nobis spilos naSTebi da adamianis mier damzadebuli
iaraRi aRmoaCinaA. houelis azriT, adamianebi spi-
loebis SesaSineblad cecxls iyenebdnen, raTa Wao-
bebisken gaerekaT, saidanac Tavs veRar daaRwevdnen.
amgvari nadirobisTvis adamianebs erToblivi gegma
unda SeemuSavebinaT da did jgufebad gaerTianebu-
liyvnen.
magram amtkicebs Tu ara didi da saSualo
cxovelebis Zvlebis adamianis mier damzadebul iar-
aRTan erTad aRmoCena imas, rom adamianebi am cxovele-
bze nadirobdnen? zogi mecnieris azriT, romelTac
espaneTSi Zeglebi toralba da ambrona Seiswavles,
SesaZlebeli iyo adamianebs am cxovelebis mxolod
leSiT esargeblaT. imis gamo, rom Zeglebi toral-
ba da ambrona uZvelesi mdinareebis (nakadulebis)
dinebebis maxloblad mdebareobdnen, SesaZloa,
bunebrivi sikvdiliT daRupuli spiloebis Zvlebi
dinebas garkveul adgilebSi SeegrovebinaA. erTi ram
aSkaraa, rom adamianebi gaazrebulad anawevrebdnen
sxvadasxva cxovels, radgan sxvadasxva cxovelis Zv-
lebis maxloblad sxvadasxvanairi qvis iaraRia aR-
moCenili. amgvarad, sakamaToa, nadirobdnen Tu ara
adamianebi did cxovelebze toralbasa da ambronaSi;
erTaderTi, raSic SeiZleba darwmunebuli viyoT,
aris is, rom did cxovelebs Wamdnen, xolo ufro pa-
tara cxovelebze, albaT, nadirobdnen.
cecxlis gamoyeneba
nadirobis erT-erTi meTodi, romelsac Homo
erectus iyenebda, iyo cecxliT nadiroba, romelic
dRemde gamoiyeneba monadire an Semgrovebeli
jgufebis mier. es meTodi Zalian efeqturiaA. cecx-
liT cxovelebs gamodevnian bunagebidan an samala-
vebidan da mierekebian monadireebisken, romlebic
qaris mimarTulebiT arian Casafrebulni. adamian-
ebis umetesoba, romlebic am meTods iyenebdnen, ce-
cxls Segnebulad anTebdnen, magram gamoiyeneboda
mexis dacemiT gamowveuli cecxlic. anTebda YTu ara
cecxls Homo erectus? imis gamo, rom is erTaderTi
hominidia, romelic civi zamTris pirobebSi cxov-
robda, mecnierebi fiqroben, rom anTebda da iyeneb-
da cecxls, gaTbobis mizniT mainc. zogierT adreul
Zeglze cecxlis gamoyenebis aSkara kvalia aRmoCe-
nili, magram cecxli bunebrivi gziTac SeiZleboda
gaCeniliyo. amdenad, jer kidev zustad cnobili
ar aris, Segnebulad akontrolebda Tu ara cecxls
128
Homo erectus.
amis savaraudo, magram ara gadamwyveti mtkice-
buleba, romelic 1.4 milioni wlis winandeli peri-
odiT TariRdeba, keniaSi, aRmosavleT afrikaSi aR-
moCndAa. ufro sarwmuno, magram aseve dauzustebeli
mtkicebuleba aRmoCnda CineTSi, Cou kou dianis
gamoqvabulSi, sadac Homo erectus-is 500000 wlis wi-
nandeli periodiT daTariRebuli Zvlebi ipoves. aq
cxovelTa uamravi damsxvreuli da danaxSirebuli
Zvalia, romlebic, rogorc Cans, sakvebis narCenebad
unda CavTvaloT. aqve aRmoCnda nacris fenebic, rac
adamianis mier cecxlis gamoyenebaze miuTiTebdaA.
am aRmoCenebTan dakavSirebiT mravali kiTxva
gaCnda: saqme is aris, rom adamianis Zvlebi, iaraRi da
nacari erTsa da imave fenaSi, erTad iSviaTad Cnde-
baA. garda amisa, Cou kou dianis Zeglze keris naSTebi
aRmoCenili ar aris. im adgilebSi, sadac didi raode-
nobiT organuli nivTiereba iyo dagrovili, cecxli
SeiZleba spontanuradac gaCeniliyo. amdenad, ada-
mianis mier cecxlis gakontrolebis utyuari dada-
stureba am Zeglzec ar moxdaA. erTaderTi, risi daS-
vebac SeiZleba, is aris, rom adamianebma, SesaZloa,
cxovelebi gamoqvabulSi dasanawevreblad miitanes,
magram imis gamo, rom mTel gamoqvabulSi gienebisa da
mglebis kvali aRiniSneba, gvafiqrebinebs, rom Sesa-
Zloa, aq swored maT Seagroves cxovelebis nawilebi
da ara adamianebmaA.
cecxlis Segnebuli gamoyenebis dadastureba
ufro gviandel periodSi evropul Zeglebzea Ses-
aZlebeli. samwuxarod, arc am Zeglebze xexrxdeba
cecxlis kontrolis Homo erectus-is ganamarxebul
naSTebTan dakavSirebAa. aSkara damamtkicebeli masa-
lis ar arseboba, ra Tqma unda, imas ar niSnavs, rom
Homo erectus cecxls ar iyenebda, radgan cnobilia,
rom man ufro civ klimatur pirobebSi gadainacvla
da warmoudgenelia, rom iq cecxlis Segnebuli gamo-
yenebis gareSe earsebaA. es miT ufro warmoudgenlad
gveCveneba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom maTi sxeuli
bewviT dafaruli ar iyo da siciveSi Tbili tyave-
biTa da bewviT ar imosavdnen sxeuls.
Tbili tansacmeli, ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelovani
iyo, magram kidev ufro mniSvnelovani iqneboda ce-
cxlis gamoyeneba, Tanac ara mxolod gasaTbobad.
aucilebeli iqneboda sakvebis cecxlze momzade-
baA. cecxlis gakontroleba uniSvnelovanesi nabiji
iyo adamianis mier energiis gakontrolebis Tval-
sazrisiT. cecxlis gamoyenebiT damzadebuli yvela
saxis sakvebi bevrad ufro usafrTxo, advilad mo-
sanelebeli da advilad SeTvisebadi iyo. cecxli
adamianebs mtaceblebisaganac icavda, rac misi gamo-
yenebis mravali upiratesobidan erT–erTiaA.
banakebi
aSeluri Zeglebi Cveulebriv wyalTan axlos mde-
bareoben, aseT adgilebSi bevri mcenare da balaxis
mWameli bevri cxoveli iyo. zogierTi banaki gamo-
qvabulSi iyo moTavsebuli, magram maTi umetesoba
gaSlil adgilebSi binadrobda, sadac rudimentuli
fortifikaciebi da bunebrivi qarsacavebi arsebob-
daA. afrikaSi aRmoCenili zogierTi Zegli garSemor-
tymuli qvayriliT gamoirCeoda, romelic iq Homo
erectus-ma, albaT, ori mizniT: qarisa da moulodneli
Tavdasxmis Tavidan asacileblad aago.
e.w. sabazo banakebSi mravalferovani iaraRis aR-
moCena migvaniSnebs imaze, rom, albaT, aq sxvadasxva
saqmianobas eweodnen. banakidan moSorebiT Sedar-
ebiT ufro specializebuli Zeglebi aRmoCnda, sa-
dac ufro erTi tipis iaraRi dominirebdaA. magali-
Tad, tanzaniis erT-erT Zeglze, romelic “sayasbo”
saqmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli inventariT gamoirCeo-
da, uamravi dasartyami da saWreli iaraRi da hipo-
potamis danawevrebuli ConCxi aRmoCndAa. speciali-
zebuli Zeglebis kidev erTi saxeobaa saxelosnoebi,
romlebic sakmaod xSiriaA. maT axasiaTebT iaraRis
namtvrevebis simravle, umTavresad qvis mopovebis
adgilTan axlos mdebareoben.
erT-erTi banaki safrangeTis rivieraze, nicas-
Tan axlos, adgil tera amatasTan aRmoCndAa. adamia-
nis gaqvavebul eqskrementebSi aRmoCenili yvavilis
mtvris mixedviT, adamianebi am adgils gvian gazaf-
xulze an adreul zafxulSi ikavebdnen. gaTxrebis
dros qviSaSi palos CasarWobi ormoebi aRmoCnda,
romlebic erTmaneTTan qvis zolebiT iyo dakavSire-
buli da albaT im adgilebs aRniSnavdnen, sadac qoxe-
bi iyo aSenebuli, romelTa farTobi daaxloebiT 15
Homo erectus Wamda da albaT nadi-
robda kidevac did cxovelebze.
savaraudod, man cecxlis gamoyene-
bac iswavlAa.

samuSao sivrce
samuSao sivrce kera
suraTi 7-8 tera amataSi aRmoCenili mrgvali qoxis rekonstruqciAa. misi zoma daaxloebiT 30
X 15 futi unda yofiliyo.
X 30 unda yofiliyo (sur. 7-8). TiToeuli qoxis mTa-
vari damaxasiaTebeli niSani SuaSi moTavsebuli kera
iyo, romelsac orpiri qarisgan Crdilo-aRmosavleT
kuTxeSi amoyvanili dabali kedeli icavdaA. aRmoCeni-
li masalidan gamomdinare, tera-amatas mcxovrebni
agrovebdnen zRvis moluskebsa da midiebs, Tevza-
obdnen da maxlobel teritoriaze nadirobdnen.
cxoveluri naSTebidan Cans, rom maTi nadavli iyo
rogorc didi, ise mcire zomis cxovelebi. Mmagali-
Tad: iremi, spilo, taxi, martorqa da rqosani pi-
rutyvi. zog qoxSi TvalsaCinoa iaraRis xelosnis
samuSao adgili, sadac iaraRis namtvrevebi yriaA. im
adgils, xSirad sadac xelosani ijda, cxovelis tya-
vis anabeWdic etyobaA.
religia da ritualebi
aqamde, qveda paleoliTis adamianze msjelobi-
sas da bolo TavSi, sadac gviani pliocenis periodis
adamianze vmsjelobdiT, ar SevxebivarT maTi arse-
bobis naklebad materialur mxares _ religiasa da
ritualebs. rogori warmodgena hqonda Homo erectus-
s garemomcveli samyaros Sesaxeb? atarebdnen Tu
ara isini ritualebs? hqonda Tu ara Homo erectus-s
religia? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiro in-
formacia Zalian cotaa, magram arsebobs zogierTi
miniSneba, romelic gvafiqrebinebs, rom religia qve-
da paleoliTis adamianebis kulturis nawili iyo.
qveda paleoliTis mTel rig Zeglebze wiTeli
Jangmiwis (daJanguli Tixa) naSTebia aRmoCenili.
amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan mraval ufro gvi-
129
samuSao sivrce
andel da Tanamedrove kulturebSic ki sxvadasxva
tipis rituali wiTeli Jangmiwa sisxlis an zogadad,
sicocxlis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenebodaA. oqros gan-
sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba damkrZalav ritualebSi
eniWebodAa. aRmoCenilia didi raodenobiT naSTebi,
romelTac oqros kvali etyobaT da qveda paleoli-
Tis anu daaxloebiT 200,000 wlis winandeli periodiT
TariRdebian. Tumca ar arsebobs araviTari mtkice-
buleba, rom Homo erectus-ebi Tavis micvalebulebs
krZalavdnen an rom ritualebSi oqros iyenebdnen.
is SeiZleba sxeulis mosarTavad, an mwerebisgan Ta-
vis dasacavad gamoiyenebodAa.
ufro mniSvnelovani da iqneb ufro sakamaToa Cou
kou dianis (CrdiloeT CineTi) Semswavlelebis hipo-
Teza, rom Homo erectus-is zogierT naSTs kanibal-
izmis ritualis kvali etyobAa. zogierTi individis
Tavis qalis qveda xvreli Segnebulad aris gadide-
buli, xolo saxis Zvlebi - Camsxvreuli. amis mizezi
SeiZleba tvinis amoReba yofiliyo, rasac rituali
iTvaliswinebdAa. arsebobs cnobebi ritualuri kani-
balizmis Tanamedrove adamianebSi gavrcelebis Ses-
axebac. amdenad, uZveles adamianebSi misi arseboba
dauSvebeli ar unda iyos. magram zogierTi mecnier-
is azriT, Tavis qalis is nawilebi, romlebic TiTqos
Segnebulad aris Camsxvreuli, mis yvelaze sust
nawilebs warmoadgens da gamoricxuli ar aris, rom
lpobis an sxva raime dazianebis gamo iyos daSavebu-
li. amdenad, darwmunebiT ver vityviT, rom religia
da rituali paleoliTuri kulturis nawilebs war-
moadgendnen.
130
Sejameba
1. dRemde napovni adreuli, aSkarad gamoxatuli
qvis iaraRi ZiriTadad aRmosavleT afrikis teri-
toriazea aRmoCenili da daaxloebiT, 2 mln. wlis
winandeli periodiT TariRdebaA. gansakuTrebiT
bevria qvis anatkeCebi, magram mravladaa saCexe-
bic. saCexebi iseTi nukleusebia, romlebsac cali
mxridan anatkeCebi Camomtvreuli aqvT. am ad-
reul qvis iaraRs oldovauri ewodebaA.
2. arqeologebma oldovauri iaraRis gamoyenebaze
cdebi Caatares. aRmoCnda, rom anatkeCebis gamoy-
eneba mravali daniSnulebiT SeiZleba, rogoric
aris, magaliTad, tyavis damuSaveba, cxovelebis
danawevreba da xis gaTla; saCexebiT SeiZleba
totebis moWra da cxovelebis saxsrebis daWra-
daCexva; daaxloebiT 2 mln. wlis winandel peri-
odze ufro gvian hominidebi Wridnen cxovelTa
sxeuls.
3. arsebobs arqeologiuri Zeglebi, romlebic daax-
loebiT 2 mln. wlis winandeli periodiT TariRd-
eba da romlebzec didi raodenobiT qvis iaraRi
da cxovelTa Zvlebia aRmoCenili. zogi mecnier-
is azriT, es adreuli hominidebis sacxovrebe-
li bazebia, sxvebis azriT ki araA. Tu es Zeglebi
sacxovrebeli bazebi ar iyo, ra SeiZleboda yo-
filiyo? zogi arqeologi fiqrobs, rom am adg-
ilebze hominidebi sakvebs amuSavebdnen, magram iq
ar cxovrobdnen.
4. qvis iaraRisa da sacxovrebeli bazebis arseboba
imaze miuTiTebs, rom adreul hominidebs kul-
tura hqondaT. kultura aris naswavli, gaziare-
buli qcevebisa da warmodgenebis erTobliobaA.
5. adreul hominidebSi momxdari umniSvnelovanesi
fizikuri cvlilebebi, romlebmac Cveni, homo-s
genis evoluciamde migviyvana, moicavda tvinis
moculobis zrdas, mdedris menjis formis cv-
lilebas ufro didi moculobis tvinis mqone
bavSvebis gasaCenad; agreTve saxis, kbilebisa da
ybebis zomebis Semcirebas. es fizikuri cvlile-
bebi aRiniSneba Homo habilis-is da Homo rudolfensis-is
saxeobebSi, romlebic daaxloebiT 2,3 mln. wlis
win cxovrobdnen.
6. Homo erectus daaxloebiT 1,8-1,6 mln. wlis win ga-
moCndaA. misi tvini ufro didi moculobis iyo, vi-
dre Homo habilis-isa, xolo misi kefis Zvlebis age-
buleba Tanamedrove adamianisas uaxlovdebodAa.
Homo erectus-is ConCxi Tananmedrove adamianebis
ConCxisgan yvelaze metad Tavis qalis formiT
gansxvavdeba, romelic wagrZelebulia, dabali
da win wamoweuli warbis rkalebi aqvs.
7. Homo erectus hominidebis pirveli saxeoba iyo, ro-
melic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Zvel samyaroSi.
zogierTi adgili evropasa da aziaSi, sadac Homo
erectus-i cxovrobda, civi klimatiT gamoirCeoda,
man SeZlo aseT civ pirobebTan SeguebaA.
8. qveda paleoliTis iaraRi da sxva kulturuli
artefaqtebi 1,6-0,2 mln. wlis winandel peri-
odamde, savaraudod Homo erectus-is damzadebu-
liaA. saxeli `aSeluri~ am periodSi iaraRis damza-
debis yvelaze cnobil tradicias ewodaA. aSeluri
iaraRi moicavs rogorc mcire zomis anatkeCebs,
ise did iaraRebs, magram misTvis yvelaze metad
damaxasiaTebelia xelculebi da didi zomis sxva,
orferda iaraRebi.
9. marTalia, iTvleba, rom Homo erectus-s naswavli
hqonda, rogor unda gadarCeniliyo zamTris
siciveSi cecxlis daxmarebiT, mainc ar arsebobs
mis mier cecxlze kontrolis pirdapiri mtkice-
bulebebi. ramdenime Zeglze didi cxovelebis Wa-
mis damadasturebeli masalaa aRmoCenili, magram
sakamaToa, Homo erectus maTze nadirobda Tu araA;
aseve, mcire raodenobis masala aRmoCnda maT So-
ris ritualuri qcevebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi:
1. ratom daiwyes adreulma hominidebma qvis iara-
Ris damzadeba? ratom iyo qvis iaraRi ufro gamo-
sadegi vidre xis an Zvlisa?
2. rogor ukavSirdeba adreul hominidebSi gamov-
lenili fizikuri cvlilebebi maT qcevaSi gaCe-
nil aSkara cvlilebebs?
3. riT gansxvavdeba Homo erectus-is kultura adreu-
li hominidebis kulturisgan?
4. adreul hominidebTan SedarebiT Homo erectus-s
ufro didi moculobis tvini da ufro mcire zo-
mis kbilebi aqvs. rogor ukavSirdeba es fizikuri
cvlilebebi Homo erectus-is qcevaSi momxdar aSkara
cvlilebebs?
5. Homo erectus Zveli samyaros mraval kuTxeSi cxov-
robdaA. ram misca maT aseT did teritoriaze
gavrcelebis saSualeba?
 131

8
Homo sapiens-is warmoSoba

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 Homo ereqtus-idan H
Homo sapiens-ze gadasvla

 Sua paleoliTis kulturebi

 Tanamedrove adamianebis
warmoSoba

 ra daemarTaT
neandertalelebs?
132
paleoanTropologebi fiqrobdnen, rom Cveni
saxeoba _ homo sapiensi bolo 50000 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi Camoyalibda, amJamad CvenTvis cnobilia, rom
Cveni saxeoba bevrad ufro adre gaCnda (ix. sur. 8-1).
TariRi 50000 weli _ evropisTvis misaRebia, magram
samxreT afrikasa da sxvagan gakeTebuli bolodro-
indeli aRmoCenebis mixedviT, homo sapiensis arse-
boba daaxloebiT 100000 wlis winac dasturdebaA. Ta-
namedrove adamianis garegnobis mqone Homo sapiens
sapiens 50000 wlis win gaCndAa. paleoanTropologis
_ qristofer stringeris azriT, Homo sapiens sapi-
ens-s hqonda `TaRiseburi formis Tavis qala, nikapi,
patara warbebi, warbebis rkalebi da sakmaod susti
ConCxi~. zog Cvengans iqneb ar moewonos susts Tu
uwodeben, magram Tu arafers vityviT Cven didi moc-
ulobis tvinze, Tanamedrove adamianTa umetesoba,
HHomo erectus-Tan da ufro gviandel Homo sapiens-Tan
SedarebiTac ki, bevrad ufro susti aRnagobisA. Cven
SedarebiT sustebi ramdenime aspeqtSi varT, rogorc
Cveni ufro Txeli da msubuqi Zvlebis, ise ufro pa-
tara kbilebisa da ybebis TvalsazrisiT.
suraTi8-1 Tanamedrove adamianebis gamoCenis TariRi *
saxeobebi
H. sapiens
Sapiens
100 aww H. sapiens
200 aww H.
neanderta­­­lensis
(H. sapiens
neandertalensis?)
300 aww
400 aww
H. eide­­­lbergensis (arqa-­
500 aww uli Homo sapiens?)
am TavSi ganvixilavT gaTxrebis Sedegad napovn ma-
salas, aseve urTierTsawinaaRmdego azrebs homo erec-
tus-is Tanamedrove adamianad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb, ro-
melic daaxloebiT 50000 wlis win unda dawyebuliyo.
visaubrebT imis Sesaxeb, rac arqeologiuri Tval-
sazrisiT aris cnobili Sua paleoliTis 30000-40000
wlebis winandeli periodis kulturebis Sesaxeb.
Homo erectus-dan hH omo
sapiens-ze gadasvla
paleoanTropologTa umravlesobis saerTo az-
riT, Homo erectus-ma evolucia ganicada da Homo sa-
piens-ad Camoyalibda, magram isini ver Tanxmdebian
imaze, Tu rogor da sad moxda es gardaqmnAa. garda
amisa, maT sxvadasxva azri aqvT 500000_2000000 wlis
winandeli ganamarxebuli naSTebis klasifikaci-
aze, romelTac Homo erectus-sa da Homo sapiens-isaT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli Sereuli niSan-Tvisebebi aqvT.
romelime ganamarxebul individs zogierTi niSan-
kulturuli
Tvisebebi
Sanidaris
namarxebi
mausterinis
iaraRebi
levaloisis
iaraRebi

Tvisebis gamo, SeiZleba Homo erectus ewodos, zogis
gamo ki _ `arqauli~ Homo sapiens. rogorc davinax-
avT, zogi anTropologi imden saerTo niSans xedavs
am or saxeobas Soris, rom maT sxvadasxva saxeobad
ar miiCnevs. am anTropologTa azriT, Homo erectus da
Homo sapiens erTi da imave saxeobis adreuli da gvi-
andeli variantebia da maT saerTo saxeli _ Homo
sapiens unda ewodebodeT. (aqedan gamomdinare, Homo
erectus-s _ Homo sapiens erectus daerqmeva).
Homo Heidelbergensis
bolo xanebSi mecnierebma gamoTqves varaudi, rom
“gardamaval” ganamarxebul naSTebs bevri saerTo
niSani aqvT da SeiZleba arian kidevac calke saxeoba
_BH Homo Heidelbergensis, romelsac es saxeli 1907
wels germaniaSi, haidelbergis maxlobel sofel
mauerSi aRmoCenili ybis mixedviT daerqvaA. sxva ni-
muSebi, romlebic rogorc varaudoben, amave saxe-
obas ekuTvnis, msoflios mraval kuTxeSia aRmoCe-
nili: bodo, houpfildi, ndutu, elandsfauntini
da rabaTi _ afrikaSi; bilcingslebeni, petralona,
arago, steinheimi da svonskombi _ evropaSi; dali da
solo _ aziaSi.
Homo Heidelbergensis Homo erectus-isgan ufro patara
kbilebiT, ybebiTa da ufro didi moculobis tvin-
iT (daaxloebiT 1300 sm3) gansxvavdebaA. garda amisa,
mis Tavis qalas ar gaaCnia sagitaluri kili (wamon-
azardi) da kefis torusi, warbebis rkali iyofa
calkeul TaRebad TiToeuli Tvalis zemoT, amasTan,
maTi ConCxi ufro Zlieria (ix. sur. 8-2). Homo Heidelber-
gensis Homo sapiens-isgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom Senar-
Cunebuli aqvs didi da prognatuli saxe SedarebiT
didi kbilebiTa da ybebiT, warbebis xaziT, Tavis qa-
lis grZeli, dabali TaRiT, daqanebuli SubliTa da
ufro Zlieri ConCxiT.
mecnierebs uCndebaT kiTxva: Homo Heidelbergensis
Sua pliocenis hominidebis erT an ramdenime saxe-
obas warmoadgens, Tu marTlac calke saxeobaa? al-
baT, mravali mecnieri CaTvlis, rom Homo Heidelber-
gensis arqaul homo sapiens-ad unda iqnas aRiarebuli.
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, zogi mecnieri imasac amt-
kicebs, rom Homo erectus Homo sapiens-ebis saxeobas
unda miekuTvnos.
Homo Heidelbergensis-is Tavis qalis rekonstruqcia, romelic gakeTe-
bulia germaniaSi, haidelbergis maxlobel sofel mauerSi aRmoCe-
nili qveda ybis mixedviT. marTalia, is Homo erectus-s mogvagonebs,
magram imavdroulad, ufro patara kbilebi, ybebi da tvinis ufro
didi moculoba aqvs.
133
neandertalelebi: Homo sapiens
Tu Homo neandertalensis?
marTalia, arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu romel saxeobas miekuTvnebian 500000_
200000 wlis win mcxovrebi Sereuli niSan-Tvisebebis
mqone ganamarxebuli individebi, magram arc Tu ise
didi xnis win seriozuli kamaTi daiwyo im ganamarxe-
buli naSTebis Sesaxeb, romelTa asaki 200000 weliAa.
zogi anTropologis azriT, isini namdvilad Homo
sapiens-s ekuTvnis da Homo sapiens neandertalensis
daarqves (Cveulebriv, maT neandertalelebs uwo-
deben). mas Semdeg, rac 1856 wels am saxeobis pirveli
nimuSi aRmoCnda, neandertalelebi seriozul dab-
neulobas iwveven. wlebis ganmavlobaSi es saxeoba
multfilmebis gmirebTan gaaigives, sadac isini ada-
mianis msgavs ufro didi zomis maimunebad arian war-
modgenilni, vidre adamianebad. faqtobrivad, isini
SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCeniliyvnen msoflios Ta-
namedrove adamianTa populaciebis WrilSi. warmoad-
gendnen Tu ara isini Cveni saxeobis nawils? Tavidan
am kiTxvas SeiZleba dadebiTi pasuxi gaeces, magram
uaxlesi arqeologiuri da genetikuri monacemebis
fonze, mravali kiTxva gaCnda neandertalelebisa da
Tanamedrove adamianebis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb,
rac maT erT saxeobaSi gaerTianebas ewinaaRmdegebAa.
gadavxedoT neandertalelebis kvlevis istorias.
1856 wels, darvinis `saxeobaTa warmoSobis~
gamoqveynebamde sami wliT adre, germaniaSi,
diuseldorfTan axlos, neanderis velze (`tal~
germanulad vels niSnavs) mdebare gamoqvabulSi
ganamarxebuli Tavis qala da sxva Zvlebi aRmoCndaA.
es Zvlebi mecnierebma pirvel hominidebs miakuTvnes
(Homo erectus-is ganamarxebuli naSTebi mxolod XIX
s-is bolos, avstralopiTekebisa ki XX saukuneSi
aRmoCnda). mas Semdeg, rac darvinis revoluciuri
Sroma gamoqveynda, neandertalelebis garSemo azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba daiwyo. ramdenime evolucionistma
mecnierma, rogoric iyo Tomas haqsli, gamoTqva
azri, rom neandertaleli Tanamedrove adamianisgan
arc ise gansxvavdebodaA. sxvebi piriqiT,
neandertalelebs adamianis evoluciisgan Sors
ayenebdnen da ambobdnen, rom is paTologiuri
simaxinjis calkeuli individi iyo. mas Semdeg, rac
msgavsi Zvlebi aRmoCnda belgiaSi, iugoslaviaSi,
safrangeTsa da evropis sxva adgilebSic, gamoirkva,
rom pirvelad aRmoCenili neandertalelis
ugulebelyofa, rogorc erTaderTi, gansxvavebuli
individisa, ar SeiZlebodaA.
neandertalelTa pirvel da Semdgom aRmoCenebTan
dakavSirebiT dominirebda azri, rom isini Zalze
`cxoveluri~ da `primitiulebi~ iyvnen imisaTvis, rom
Tanamedrove adamianebis winaprebi yofiliyvnen. es
Sexeduleba mecnierebs Soris 1950-ian wlebamde iyo
gabatonebuli da misi Tavgamodebuli mxardamWeri
iyo marselin bule. 1908-1913 wlebSi is amtkicebda,
rom neandertalelebs ganviTarebuli bipedalizmi
ar axasiaTebdaT. mis mier Seswavlil ConCxs moRunuli
fexebi da xerxemali hqonda, ramac mecnieri
SecdomaSi Seiyvana: Cveulebriv, neandertalelebs
aseTi niSnebi ar aqvT. es individi ki, albaT,
daavadebuli iyo. amJamad ukve damtkicebulia, rom
neandertalelebis ConCxi sruliad Seesabameba
bipedalizmis moTxovnebs.
mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom, rodesac 1940-1950-
ian wlebSi avstralopiTekinisa da Homo erectus-is
bevrad ufro Zveli naSTebi hominidebad CaTvales,
anTropologebi mixvdnen, rom neandertalelebi arc
imdenad gansxvavdebodnen Tanamedrove adamianebis-
134

1,100-1,450 cc tvini 1,125-1,750 cc tvini 1,000-2,000 cc tvini

rkalis Txemis
Semdgomi gamieri Zvali
Seviwrovea kefis wili
Sublis kefis Zvlis mrgvali
ganieri Zvali zeda gadide- yvrimalis qala
vertika-
buli wili Zvali
warbis luri
mosazRvre Subli
mrgvali
rkali oritebi

patara
masiuri saxe saxe
cxviris didi
RruTi

nikapi
H. heidelbergensis H. neandertalensis H. sapiens

suraTi 8-2 Homo Heidelbergensis-is, Homo neandertalensis-isa da Homo sapiens-is Tavis qalebis SedarebaA. naCvenebia mniSvnelovani ­gansxvavebani.

gan, miuxedavad TavianTi daqanebuli Sublebisa, war-
bebis didi rkalisa, dabrtyevlebuli Tavis qalisa,
didi ybebisa da Zalian patara nikapisa (ix. sur. 8-2).
rac mTavaria, maTi tvinis moculoba (saSualod, 1450
sm3) adamianisaze (saSualod 1,300 sm3 aRemateba) ufro
didi iyo. zogi mecnieris azriT, neandertalelebis
didi moculobis tvini maT adamianisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli qcevebis mTeli diapazonis gamovlenis
saSualebas aZlevdaA. maTi ConCxebi ki adasturebs,
rom Tanamedrove adamianebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini
Zalian energiulebi iyvnen.
daaxloebiT 100 weli dasWirda, rom mecnierebs
eRiarebinaT azri, romlis mixedviTac, neander-
talelebi arc imdenad gansxvavdebian Tanamedrove
adamianisgan da SesaZloa, imave saxeobas miekuTvnebi-
an, romelsac Homo sapiens neandertalensis. magram ukanask-
nel wlebSi wamoiWra kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, iyvnen Tu ara
dasavleT evropaSi aRmoCenili neandertalelebi
iqve 40000 wlis Semdeg mcxovrebi adamianis winapre-
bi. dasavleT evropis garda, neandertalelebi sxva
safrangeTSi, la Sapel o sen-Tan aRmoCenili Homo neandertalensis-
is aRdgenili Tavis qalaA.
adgilebSic cxovrobdnen. ganamarxebuli naSTebis
didi raodenoba, romelic centralur evropaSi aR-
moCnda, Zalian hgavs dasavleT evropaSi aRmoCenils.
Tumca zogi niSani, magaliTad, saxis win wamoweuli
Sua nawili, naklebad aris gamokveTili. neander-
talelebi aRmoCenilia samxreT-dasavleT aziasa (is-
raeli, erayi) da centralur aziaSi (uzbekeTi). maTi
naSTebis udidesi koleqcia Crdilo-aRmosavleT
erayis mTebSi, Sanidaris gamoqvabulSia aRmoCenili,
sadac ralf soleckim cxra individis ConCxi gaTx-
ara (ix. Zegli 31, sur. 8-3).
ram Seucvala mecnierebs neandertalelebis Ses-
axeb warmodgena imdenad, rom maT homo sapiensis jgu-
fis Cveulebriv warmomadgenlebad aRar miiCneven?
1997 wels aSS-sa da germaniis mkvlevarebma ga-
moaqveynes aRmoCenebi, romelTa gamoc, saWiro gax-
da neandertalelebisa da Tanamedrove adamianebis
damokidebulebis gadasinjvaA. es mecnierebi amt-
kicebdnen, rom maT gamoikvlies 1856 wels aRmoCe-
nili pirveli neandertalelisgan aRebuli dnm. aR-
moCnda, rom maT mier aRebuli dnm ar iyo birTveuli
dnm-is masala, romlisganac aris Seqmnili adamianis
genomi; metic, mas gamoimuSavebda umciresi zomis
struqturebi, romlebic yvela eukariotul ujred-
Si aRmoCnda (anu ujredebSi, romlebsac membraniT
dakavSirebuli birTvi da dnm aqvT qromosomebSi)
da mitoqondriebi ewodebaT. mitoqondriebi gamoi-
muSavebs fermentebs, romlebic energiis warmosaqm-
nelad aris aucilebeli da maT TavianTi sakuTari
dnm aqvT, romelic replikacias ujredis replika-
ciis dros ganicdis, magram rogorc fiqroben, ar
ganicdis bunebrivi gadarCevis aranair gavlenas.
mitoqondriuli dnm-is (Cveulebriv, moixsenieben
rogorc mtDNAdnm-s) cvlilebis erTaderTi wyaroa
SemTxveviTi mutaciAa. mitoqondriuli dnm cxove-
lebSi STamomavlobiT mxolod dedisgan gadaecemaA.
is kvercxujredSi spermis saSualebiT ki ar xvdeba,
aramed spermis kudiT kvercxujredis gareT tovebs.
am unikalurma Tvisebebma SesaZlebeli gaxada mtdnm-
is gamoyeneba ara marto or saxeobas Soris kavSiris
xarisxis dasadgenad, aramed imis gamosaTvleladac,
 135

boules mier Cikagos savele muzeumis gamofenaze 1929 wels warmodgenili neandertalelis rekonstruqcia (marcxniv). bolodroindeli
rekonstruqciis mixedviT (marjvniv) neandertaleli metad hgavs Tanamedrove adamians.

Tu ramdeni xnis win moxda am saxeobebs Soris di-
vergenciaA. rac ufro did xans iyo daSorebuli ori
saxeoba, miT meti gansxvaveba iqneba maT mtDNAdnm-Si,
romelic rogorc fiqroben, mutacias Tanabari tem-
piT _ 2% milion weliwadSi ganicdis. amgvarad, ori
organizmis mtdnmDNA-Si aRmoCenil sxvaobaTa raode-
noba SeiZleba gardaiqmnas warsulis daaxloebiT
TariRad, rodesac es organizmebi aRar iyvnen erTi
da imave gvaris populaciis wevrebi. maSin, rodesac
kvlav grZeldeba winaaRmdegoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor da ratom ganicdis mutacias mtDNAdnm agreTve
divergenciis absoluturi TariRis sizusteze, mec-
nierTa umravlesoba eTanxmeba azrs, rom es Zalian
Zlieri iaraRia saxeobaTa Soris damokidebulebis
dasadgenad.
ramdenad hgavs neandertalelis mtdnmDNA Taname-
drove adamianisas? arc imdenad, rogorc amas mrava-
li mecnieri elodAa. aSS-sa da germanel mecnierebTa

neandertalels (marcxniv) warbebis ufro didi

rkalebi da ufro daqanebuli Subli aqvs, vidre
kromanionels (marjvniv). neandertalelebs
tvinis saSualo moculoba kromanionelis tvinis
moculobaze didi hqondaT.
136
17 21
18 34 48
16 19 38 49 47
20
12,13,14,15, 37 45 23
33,36,41,61 62 32
60
40 22
42
43
11
50
57
2
1 54
55 56
suraTi 8-3 homo sapiens-is aRmoCenis adgilebi
gamokvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom Tanamedrove
adamianebis individebs Soris mtdnmDNA-is Tanmimdevro-
baSi 5-dan 10-mde gansxvaveba SeiniSnebaA. Tanamedrove
adamianTa da neandertalelTa nimuSebs Soris ki _
daaxloebiT 25-mde, rac samjer da metad aRemateba
Tanamedrove adamianebs Soris arsebul gansxvave-
bebs (ix. sur. 8-2). aman mkvlevarebs ukarnaxa, rom Ta-
namedrove adamianTa winaprebi da neandertalelebi
erTmaneTs daaxloebiT 600000 wlis win daSorebian.
Tu Cveni da neandertalelebis ukanaskneli saerTo
winapari amdeni xnis win cxovrobda, neandertaleli
Cveni ufro Soreuli naTesavi gamodis, vidre adre
gvegonaA. es gamokvleva sxva neandertalelis ga-
namarxebuli naSTis mt dnmDNA-ze gaimeores.
evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi gakeTebulma ax-
alma arqeologiurma aRmoCenebmac daadastura, rom
neandertaleli da Tanamedrove adamiani sxvadasxva
saxeobs warmoadgenen. ukve ramdenime aTeuli welia,
rac cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove adamianisa da nean-
dertalelis Zvlebi levantis (aRmosavleT xmelTa-
SuazRvispireTi) sxvadasxva nawilSi erTsa da imave
adgilebSi aris aRmoCenili, magram Tanamedrove
teqnologiebma da axlad aRmoCenilma ganamarxeb-
ulma naSTebma kidev erTxel, aSkarad daamtkica, rom
hominidis es ori saxeoba TanaarsebobdaA. israelis
maunT karmelis regionis ramdenime gamoqvabulSi
30
29
27
31
35,39,
44,46,63
26
64
28
51
10
9
8
52
59
7
5
6 53
4
24,25
58
aRmoCenilia, rogorc Tanamedrove adamianis, ise ne-
andertalelis arsebobis kvali. is faqti, rom es ori
saxeoba axlo aRmosavleTSi daaxloebiT 30000 wlis
ganmavlobaSi Tanaarsebobda, magram erTmaneTSi ar
Sejvarebulan da didad ar gauziarebiaT erTmane-
Tis iaraRis damzadebis teqnologia, metyvelebs,
rom isini sxvadasxva saxeobas miekuTvneba. neander-
talelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iaraRis Semcveli
Zeglebi mTel evropaSi nel-nela qreboda da Taname-
drove adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iaraRis
Semcveli Zeglebi CndebodAa.
mniSvnelovania, rom evropis nawili (iberia),
romlis kolonizacia Tanamedrove adamianebis mier
bolos moxda, Seicavs neandertalelebis yvelaze
gviandel naSTebs, romlebis 30000 wlis winandeli
periodiT TariRdebAa.
miuxedavad amdeni mtkicebulebisa imis Sesaxeb,
rom neandertalelebi Tanamedrove adamianis saxe-
obas ar warmoadgenen, ratom grZeldeba mecnierebs
Soris gaunelebeli kamaTi? nawilobriv es SeiZleba
imis brali iyos, rom arc erTi daskvna saboloo ar
aris, meore mxriv ki, yoveli maTganis axsna alter-
natiuli gziT SeiZlebaA. arsebobs masala, romelic
gviCvenebs, rom neandertalelebi fizikurad arc im-
denad gansxvavdebodnen Tanamedrove adamianebisgan
(ix. CarCo: “neandertalelis zrda da ganviTareba”).

25
20
procentuli xvedriTi wili
adamiani-adamiani
15
10
0
0 5
suraTi 8-4 adamianebs, neandertalelebsa da Simpanzeebs Soris arsebuli gan-
sxvaveba ­mtDNAdnm-is­ TanmimdevrobaSi.
X-RerZi uCvenebs gansxvavebaTa raodenobas TanmimdevrobaSi; Y-RerZi uCvenebs im individ-
Ta procentul raodenobas, romelTac Tanmimdevrobis gansxvavebaTa saerTo ricxvi aqvT.
SeiZleba, ufro didi mniSvneloba neandertalelebis
kulturas hqonda, romelsac qvis iaraRis domini-
rebis gamo, “Sua paleoliTis” kulturas uwodeben
da romelic zogierTi niSnis mixedviT adreuli Ta-
namedrove adamianis kulturas emsgavsebAa.
Sua paleoliTis kulturebi
kulturis istoriis im periods, romelic nean-
dertalelebs ukavSirdeba, Cveulebriv, evropasa
da axlo aRmosavleTSi Sua paleoliTi ewodeba da
daaxloebiT 300000-40000 wlis winandel periods
moicavs. afrikisTvis `Sua paleoliTis~ nacvlad,
termini `Sua qvis xana~ gamoiyenebaA. am periodis
iaraRs evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi Mmustieruli,
xolo afrikaSi post-aSeluri ewodebaA.
iaraRi
mustieruli tipis iaraRi. mustieruli iaraRi
pirve­lad samxreT-aRmosavleT safra­ngeTSi, dord-
nis regionSi, adgil le moustier sTan mdebare kldis
safarSi aRmoCndAa. aSeluri tipis iaraRTan Sedar-
ebiT, mustieruli tipis iaraRi gamoirCeva didi nuk-
leusebis, rogoricaa xelculebi da danebi, ufro
mcire proporciebiT, xolo mcire zomis anatkeCebis,
magaliTad, saxokebi, SedarebiT didi proporciebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri anatkeCi, romelic nuk-
leuss Camoamtvries, daumuSaveblad iyo gamoyenebu-
li, mustierul iaraRSi bevria damuSavebuli da re-
tuSirebuli. (ix. sur. 8-5). safxekebze cveTis kvalis
Seswavlam gamoavlina, rom mravali maTganiT tyavs an
137
adamiani-neandertaneli
adamiani-SimpanZe
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
gansxvavebeis raodenoba
xes amuSavebdnen. faqti, rom zogi iaraRi, kerZod ki
isrebi, cali mxridan iyo gaTxelebuli da wawvete-
buli, gvafiqrebinebs, rom maT tarebi an saxelurebi
unda hqonodaT.
aSelis periodis bolosken iseTi teqnologia gan-
viTarda, romelic iaraRis xelosans saSualebas mis-
cemda, nukleusidan ubralod Camomtvreuli aras-
wori anatkeCebis nacvlad, winaswar gansazRvruli
zomisa da formis anatkeCebi daemzadebinaA. amgvari,
levaluaziuri meTodiT muSaobisas xelosani jer
(gulgulas) winaswar gansazRvruli da standar-
tuli zomis nukleuss aZlevs formas da mis erT bo-
loSi “dartymis moedans” amzadebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi
ukve SesaZlebelia winaswar gansazRvruli da stand-
artuli zomis anatkeCebis CamomsxvrevaA. marTalia,
levalualuri periodis zogierTi anatkeCi TiTqmis
400000 wlis winandeli periodiT TariRdeba, magram
ufro xSirad aseTi iaraRi mustierul nakrebebSi
gvxvdebaA.
calkeul Zeglze aRmoCenili iaraRis ansamblebi
(nakrebebi) SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc mustieru-
li. zog Zeglze SeiZleba meti an naklebi raodenobis
saxoki, safxeki, isaria da aA.S. aris aRmoCenili, vidre
sxvaze. zogma arqeologma ivarauda is SesaZlo mize-
zebi, romelsac amgvari sxvadasxvaobis gamowveva
SeeZlo. sali binfordi da liuis binfordi Tvlian,
magaliTad, rom sxvadasxva Zeglze adamianebi sx-
vadasxva saqmianobas misdevdnen. zog Zeglze sayasbo
saqmis kvalia, zogi ki sabazo banakad gamoiyenebo-
daA. aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva Zeglze aRmoCe-
nili iaraRi sxvadasxvagvariaA. pol fiSis azriT, zog
Zeglze levaluazuri teqnikiT damzadebuli iaraRi
Warbobs imis gamo, rom im adgilebSi kaJis didi na-
texebi moipovebodaA.
138

2
1 3
4

6
5 7

suraTi 8-5 tipuri mustieruli iaraRi.

gansakuTrebiT bevri iyo calmxrivi saxokebi (1-4), saWrisebi (5), isris pirebi (6) da xerxiskbilebiani dentikulatebi (7). rogor gamoiyene-
boda sinamdvileSi es iaraRi, cnobili ar aris, magram, rogorc Cans, isris pirebi xis joxebze iyo mimagrebuli, xolo dentikulatebi albaT
xis dasamuSaveblad gamoiyenebodaA. suraTze gamosaxuli iaraRi dasavleT evropis mustierul ZeglebSia aRmoCenili.

post-aSeluri iaraRi afrikaSi mustieruli iar­
a­Ris msga­v­sad, post-aSeluri iaraRis didi nawilic
levaluazuri wesiT, winaswar momzadebuli gulebi-
dan iyo Camomtvreuli. iaraRi ZiriTadad sxvadasx-
va tipis anatkeCebisgan SedgebodAa. amgvari iaraRis
kargad gamoxatuli Tanmimdevroba aRmoCenilia mdi-
nare klasies SesarTavTan samxreT afrikis samxreT
sanapiroze. es adgili mdidaria kldis safarebiTa da
mcire zomis gamoqvabulebiT, romlebSic adreuli
da gviandeli Homo sapiens cxovrobdAa. erT-erT gamo-
qvabulSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi kulturuli naSTebi
120000 wlis winandeliAa. es uZvelesi iaraRi Sedgeba
paralelurgverdebiani anatkeCebis (romlebic al-
baT danebad gamoiyeneboda), wvetiani anatkeCebis
(savaraudod, isris pirebis), sakveTebisa (saWrisebis
msgavsi iaraRi) da saxokebisgan. samxreT afrikaSi,
borderis gamoqvabulSi aRmoCenili msgavsi iaraRi
albaT 200000 wlis win gamoiyenebodAa.
sadgomebi
evropasa da axlo aRosavleTSi aRmoCenili Sua
paleoliTis sadgomebis umetesoba gamoqvabulebsa
da kldis safarebSi mdebareobdaA. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas Sua qvis xanis sadgomebze, romlebic afrikis
sub-saharaSia napovni. amdenad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT,
rom neandertalelebi, iseve, rogorc mravali ad-
reuli xanis adamiani, umeteswilad gamoqvabulebsa
da kldis safarebSi cxovrobdAa. magram es daskvna
SeiZleba araswori iyos, radgan gamoqvabulebi da
kldis safarebi arqeologiur nusxebSi iqneb aseTi
didi raodenobiT imitom Cndeba, rom ukeTesad arian
Semonaxulni, vidre Ria adgilebSi mdebare sadgome-
bi, romlebic aTasobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi naleqiT,
mravali metris mtvris safariT, nagviTa da neSom-
paliT daifarAa. rodesac avejidan mtvers vwmendT
da iataks mtversasrutiT valagebT, maT swored am
naleqs vaSorebT.
magram CvenTvis cnobilia, rom neandertalelTa
didi nawili weliwadis garkveul dros gamoqvabu-
lebSi atarebdaA. ase xdeboda safrangeTSi, mdinare
dordonis napirebis gaswvriv. mdinare mimdebare
qvian teritoriaze mindvrebs tboravdaA. damreci
kldeebis qveS iyo kldis safarebi da gamoqvabule-
bi, sadac Sua paleoloTis dros adamianebi cxov-
robdnen. SeiZleba iq mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar
Cerdebodnen, magram udavoa, rom es gamoqvabulebi
wlidan wlamde dakavebuli iyo. rogorc Cans, Sua
paleoliTis adamianebi metad sargeblobdnen cecx-
liT, vidre adreuli adamianebi. kldis mraval safa-
 139

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

neandertalelTa zrda da ganviTareba
erT-erTi mTavari mizezi,
romlis gamoc neandertale-
lebs Tanamedrove adamianebi-
sgan gansxvavebul saxeobad
Tvlidnen, aris is, rom maTi ma-
terialuri kultura adreuli
adamianis kulturasTan Sedar-
ebiT primitiuli iyo. cnobi-
lia, rom Tanamedrove adamianis
qceva damokidebulia swavlaze,
swavlas ki bavSvobaSi Zalian
didi dro eTmobaA, rodesac ada-
miani sxvazea damokidebuli.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom nean-
dertalelebs momwifebis peri-
odi ufro xanmokle hqonodaT,
vidre Tanamedrove adamianebs
aqvT da amis gamo maTi kul-
turuli qcevebis Sesaswavlad
saWiro droc ufro mokle yo-
filiyo?
paleoanTropologma nensi
mainug-purvisma gadawyvita, es
mosazreba neandertalelis Ta-
vis qalisa da saxis ganviTarebis
Seswavlis safuZvelze Seemow-
mebinaA. mas gamokvlevis Catareba
ar gauWirdeboda, radgan nean-
dertalelebi TavianT micvale-
bulebs marxavdnen. damarxuli
ConCxi ki ufro dauzianeblad
iyo Semonaxuli, rac Cvilebisa
da mozardebis ConCxebze dak-
virvebis saSualebas miscemda
mecniers. marTlac, mainug-pur-
visma neandertalelTa asze meti
ConCxi aRmoaCina, romelTa asa-
kobrivi diapazoni axaldabadeb-
ulobidan zrdasrul individe-
bamde iyo. imisaTvis, rom Seeqmna
bavSvobidan zrdasrul asakamde
neandertalelebis saxisa da Ta-
vis qalis zrdis sqema, mecnierma
Zvlebi standartuli anTrop-
ometruli indeqsebis (romle-
bic fizikur anTropologiaSi
Zvlebis zomisa da formis Ses-
adareblad farTod gamoiyeneba)
Sesabamisad azoma da aRmoaCina,
rom axlad dabadebuli neander-
talelebi da axlad dabadebuli
Tanamedrove adamianebi TiTqmis
ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan,
mxolod neandertalelTa Tavis
qalis Zvlebi ufro sqelia da
albaT, maTi kunTebic ufro mZime
iqnebodaA. zrdasrul neander-
talelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mravali garegnuli niSani: didi
saxe win wamoweuli cxviriT, war-
bis rkalebi da grZeli Tavis qala,
CvilebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar
aris, Tumca gamovlenas bavSvobis
asakSi iwyebs. magaliTad, 4 wlis
neandertalels, romelic belgi-
aSi mdebare Zegl engiszea aRmoCe-
nili, warbis rkalebi ukve hqondaA.
safrangeTSi, Zegl La Qvinta-ze aR-
moCenil 7 wlis bavSvs ki warbis
rkalebTan erTad win wamoweuli
didi cxviri, saxe da didi zomis
Tavis qala aRmoaCndaA. bolos, uz-
bekeTSi, teSik-taSis gamoqvabul-
Si aRmoCenil 10 wlis biWis ConCxs
zrdasruli neandertalelisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSani
honda (zomis garda).
mokled rom vTqvaT, neander-
talelebi dabadebisas Taname-
drove adamianis msgavsni arian
da mxolod 10 wlis asakisaTvis
uviTardebaT is mkveTri ganmasx-
vavebeli niSnebi, romlebic Ta-
namedrove adamianebisgan ganasx-
vavebT. ras gveubneba es faqti
neandertalelebis zrdisa da
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb? mainug-
purvisis azriT, neandertale-
lis zrda da ganviTareba Zalian
hgavs adamianisas. mecnieri amt-
kicebs, rom neandertalelisa
da adamianis saxeebsa da Tavis
qalebs Soris arsebuli fizi-
kuri gansxvaveba genetikuri ar
aris, is qcevebis sxvadasxvao-
bam gamoiwviAa. neandertalelTa
kbilebze arsebuli cveTis kvali
gviCvenebs, rom kbilebiT igi
ikavebda sagans, roca xelebi da-
kavebuli hqondaA. es kbilebsa da
ybebs Zalian tvirTavdaA. mainug-
purvisis azriT, prognatuli
saxe (win wamoweuli ybiT) da Zl-
ieri kunTebi kbilebisa da ybebis
bavSvobis asakidanve amgvari gam-
oyenebam gamoiwvia da ara nean-
dertalelebisa da Tanamedrove
adamianebis ganviTarebaSi arseb-
ulma gansxvavebebmaA.
Tumca, neandertalelebsa da
Tanamedrove adamianebs Soris
iseTi gansxvavebebic arsebobs,
romelTa axsna mxolod qceviT
SeuZlebeliAa. mainug-purvisis
mier Seqmnili mTliani suraTis
mixedviT irkveva, rom neander-
talelebi marTlac odnav ufro
swrafad gadian momwifebis pe-
riods, vidre Tanamedrove ada-
mianebi. magram nuTu zrdis pro-
cesi imdenad swrafi iyo, rom
neandertalelebis kulturuli
CamorCeniloba aexsna? mainug-
purvisis azriT, momwifebis pe-
riodi raimes dasamtkiceblad
ar gamodgebaA. unda moiZebnos
sxva faqtorebi, romlebiTac
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba neander-
talelebisa da Tanamedrove ada-
mianebis kulturul doneebs So-
ris gansxvavebis axsna.

rsa da gamoqvabulSi nacris sqeli fenaa aRmoCenili.
garda amisa, aRmoCnda kerac, romelzec cecxls an-
Tebdnen.
Ria adgilebSi neandertalebis sadgomebis Zalze
mcire raodenobaa aRmoCenili. afrikaSi aseTi sad-
gomebi mdinaris auzebSi, tbebis an wyaroebis piras
iyo. Ria adgilebSi mdebare ramdenime sadgomi evro-
paSic, gansakuTrebiT ki samxreT evropaSi aris aR-
moCenili. moldovaSi mdebare kargad cnobili Zeg-
lis binadarni dasavleT ruseTSi mdinaris dablobze
cxovrobdnen qoxebSi, romlebic xis CarCoebze gadak-
ruli tyaviT iyo agebuli. keris nangrevebis irgvliv
mamontebis, amJamad gadaSenebuli didi spiloebis
Zvlebi hqondaT dawyobili. Aam Zvlebs, rogorc Cans,
cxovelTa tyavebis dasamagreblad iyenebdnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom myinvaris maxlobeli adg-
ilebi im droisaTvis sakmaod civi iyo, mainc iyvnen
cxovelebi, romlebze nadirobac SeiZlebodAa. maT-
Tvis sakvebad gamosadeg mcenareebs Tovlis sqeli
fena faravdaA.
zafxulSi monadireebi albaT mdinaris mimdebare
ufro maRal adgilebSi gadadiodnen. rogorc Cans,
es adgilebi saZovrebi iyo cxovelTa didi jogebi-
sTvis, romlebzec nadirobdnen iqaurebi. zamTris
Zeglebze arqeologebma aRmoaCines mglis, arqtiku-
li melasa da kurdRlis ConCxebi, romelTac TaTebi
akldaT. rogorc Cans, es cxovelebi gautyavebiaT da
maTi tyavisgan tansacmeli daumzadebiaT.
140

sakvebis mopoveba nadirobac imaze Zveli dargia, vidre arqeologebi

erT dros fiqrobdnen.
neandertalelebis mier sakvebis mopoveba gare-
momcvel pirobebze iyo damokidebuli. afrikaSi, mag- dakrZalva da sxva ritualebi?
aliTad, isini savanasa da naxevradgvalvian udabnoe-
bSi cxovrobdnen, dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropaSi rogorc Cans, zogi neandertaleli Segnebulad
ki sicivesTan Segueba uxdebodaT. Zlieri gamyinva- aris dakrZaluli. adgil le mustieSi aRmoCenili
rebis dros maTi garemos udidesi nawili balaxovani 15 wlis biWis ConCxis gverdiT, xelis gverdiT mSve-
stepi da tundra iyo. nieri xelculi ido. la ferasisTan aRmoCnda 5 bavS-
im droisaTvis evropis buneba bevrad ufro mdi- visa da ori mozrdilis saojaxo samarxi. aRniSnuli
dari iyo cxovelebiT, vidre dRevandeli Crdiloe- aRmoCenebi da eraySi, gamoqvabul SanidarSi aRmoCe-
Tis qveynebis tundraA. marTlac, neandertalelebiT nili samarxebi gvafiqrebineben, rom im droisaTvis
dasaxlebul evropaSi bevri iyo rogorc didi, ise pa- dakrZalvis rituali ukve arsebobdaA.
tara cxovelebi. tundrisa da alpuri zonis cxove- Sanidaris yvelaze mniSvnelovani aRmoCenaa ada-
lebSi Warbobdnen CrdiloeTis iremi, bizoni, ga- mianis sxeulze da mis irgvliv dayrili yvavilis
reuli rqosani pirutyvi, cxeni, mamonti, martorqa, mtveri, romlis eqspertizamac uCvena, rom is Taname-
iremi, daTvi, mgeli da melaA. zogierT evropul Zegl- drove grape hyacinth-is, gvimris (bachelor’s buttons),
ze frinvelebisa da Tevzis naSTebic aRmoCndaA. maga­ alTes (hollyhock) da yviTeli groundsel-is winapar
liTad, CrdiloeT germaniaSi zafxulis banakebSi mcenareebs ekuTvnodAa. am aRmoCenasTan dakavSire-
adamianebi namdvilad nadirobdnen gedebsa da ixve- biT, jon pfaiferma maSindeli movlenebi ase aRad-
bze, Tevzaobdnen qorWilasa da qariylapiaze. cota gina:
ram aris cnobili im mcenareul sakvebze, romliTac sasikvdilod Tavgatexili kaci gamoqvabulSi
neandertalelebi ikvebebodnen, radgan mcenareTa gansakuTrebuli ceremoniebis dacviT dakrZales.
naSTebi tenian pirobebSi aTaswleulebis manZilze 60000 wlis win, gazafxulis erT dRes misi ojaxis
ver SemoinaxebodAa. wevrebi gavidnen mindorSi, dakrifes uamravi veluri
aseve afrikis sxvadasxva nawilSi mcxovrebi homo yvavili, miwaze daafines da TavianT micvalebuls
sapiens sakvebs sxvadasxvanairad moipovebdaA. magali- mosasvenebeli gaukeTes. danarCeni yvavilebi albaT
Tad, CvenTvis cnobilia, rom adamianebi, romlebic saflavze daalages, zogi maTgani ki naZvis msgavsi
samxreT afrikaSi, mdinare klasies SesarTavTan buCqebis totebTan erTad gvirgvinebad dawnes”.
cxovrobdnen, ikvebebodnen rogorc moluskebiT, SeiZleboda ase yofiliyo? SesaZloAa. darw-
ise didi, balaxisWameli cxovelebiT, rogorebicaa: munebiT mxolod is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvavilis
antilopa kana da kameCebi. magram mecnierebi ver mtveri eyara rogorc Tavad micvalebulze, aseve
Tanxmdebian imaze, Tu rogor moipovebdnen adamiane- mis irgvliv. mtveri iq SeiZleba imitom moxvedrili-
bi xorcs im periodSi, rodesac mdinare klasies max-
loblad mdebare gamoqvabulebSi dasaxleba daiwyes.
riCard klainis azriT, isini nadirobdnen rogorc
did, ise mcire zomis cxovelebze, radgan mdinare
klasies maxloblad mdebare pirvel gamoqvabulSi
sxvadasxva asakis antilopa kanas naSTebi aRmoCndaA.
rogorc Cans, adamianebi maT bakebSi an sxva amgvar
adgilebSi amwyvdevdnen, sadac yvela asakis cxove-
lis mokvla iqneboda SesaZlebeli. klainis azriT,
kameCebze sxvadasxva xerxiT nadirobdnen. kameCebi
Tavs esxmodnen monadireebs, rac maT bakebSi Serek-
vas arTulebdaA. klainis azriT, radgan gamoqvabul-
Si napovni Zvlebi ZiriTadad an Zalian axalgazrda
an Zalian bebr kameCebs ekuTvnoda, unda vifiqroT,
rom monadireebs mxolod yvelaze susti cxovelebis
daxocva SeeZloT.
liuis binfordis azriT, mdinare klasies midam-
oebSi mcxovrebi xalxi mxolod mcire zomis cxovele-
bze nadirobda da didi zomis mtaceblebis mier
daxocili antilopisa da kameCis leSs agrovebdaA.
mecnieri fiqrobs, rom es Zeglebi nadirobisas daxo-
cili cxovelebis yvela an TiTqmis yvela Zvals unda
Seicavdes, xolo radgan aRmoCenili met-naklebad
sruli ConCxebi ZiriTadad mcire zomis cxovelebs
ekuTvnis, amitom, savaraudod, klasies mdinaris
mkvidrni yvela im cxovelze ar nadirobdnen, romli-
Tac ikvebebodnen.
magram axalma aRmoCenebma cxadyves, rom adami-
anebi didi zomis cxovelebze jer kidev 400000 wlis
win nadirobdnen. swored am periodiT daTariRe- yo, rom saflavze yvavilebi dades, Tumca SemTxvevi-
buli xis isrebi aRmoCnda germaniaSi qvis iaraRsa Tobasac ver gamovricxavT. zogierTi mencieri amt-
da 10-ze meti dakluli gareuli cxenis naSTTan er- kicebda, rom Sanidaris sxva samarxebSi is adamianebi
Tad. mZime isrebi Tanamedrove aerodinamikul Subs arian daflulni, romlebic gamoqvabulis Camongre-
mogvagonebs, romlebsac albaT iseT did cxovelebs vis dros kldis qveS moyvnen da daiRupnen. anu isini
esrodnen, rogoric cxeniaA. am masalis mixedviT, sa- Segnebulad dakrZalulni ki ar iyvnen, aramed SemTx-
varaudoa, rom ara mxolod leSis Segroveba, aramed, veviT daimarxnen.

gamoricxuli ar aris, rom neandertalelebi sxva
ritualebSic monawileobdnen, magram dakrZalvis
ritualebis msgavsad, masala orazrovaniaA. Svei-
cariis alpebSi mdebare draxenloxis gamoqvabulSi
aRmoCnda neandertalelTa sacxovrebelTan daka-
vSirebuli qviT mopirkeTebuli ormo, romelSic
gamoqvabulis daTvis Svidi Tavis qala eyaraA. risT-
vis inaxavdnen am Tavis qalebs? pasuxi SeiZleba erTi
iyos: daTvebis dasamorCileblad. gamoqvabulis
daTvebi Zalze didi zomis iyvnen _ zogierTi maT-
ganis simaRle cxra futsac ki aRwevdAa. isini gamo-
qvabulebis dapatronebaSi konkurencias uwevdnen
neandertalelebs. iqneb neandertalelebi imitom
inaxavdnen daxocili daTvebis Tavis qalebs, rom pa-
tivi ecaT an daTvebisaTvis an maTi sulebisaTvis. Mma-
gram, rac Seexeba dakrZalvis rituals, masala didad
sarwmuno ar aris. Cvens Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
SeiZleba vinmem kedelze irmis an cxen-iremis Tavi
masTan dakavSirebuli raime garkveuli ritualis
gareSe Camokidos. dResdReobiT Zneli saTqmelia,
asrulebdnen Tu ara neandertalelebi ritualebs.
Tanamedrove adamianis warmoSoba
kromanioneli adamiani, romelic dasavleT ev-
ropaSi daaxloebiT 35000 wlis win gamoCnda, winaT
adreuli adamianis pirveli saxoba anu Homo sapiens sa-
piens egonaT. (kromanionelebma saxeli safrangeTSi
mdebare kldis safaris mixedviT miiRes, sadac 1868
wels pirvelad aRmoCndnen). magram amJamad ukve
cnobili gaxda, rom Tanamedrove adamianebi didi
xniT adre aRmosavleT evropis gareT gaCndnen. cno-
bilia agreTve, rom homo sapiens afrikidan gamovidaA.
am ganamarxebuli masalis nawili, romelic klasies
mdinaris SesarTavTan mdebare gamoqvabulbSi ip-
oves, 100000 wlis winandeli periodiT TariRdebaA.
homo sapiens-is sxva, daaxloebiT imave periodiT da-
TariRebuli naSTebi samxreT afrikaSi, borderis
gamoqvabulSi aRmoCndaA. xolo eTiopiaSi, omoSi aR-
moCenili naSTebi, albaT, homo sapiens-viT adreuliaA.
Tanamedrove adamianebis Homo sapiens sapiens-is naS-
Tebi aRmoCenilia israelis or Zeglze sxulsa da qa-
fzehSi, romlebic, rogorc adre fiqrobdnen, 40-50
aTasi wlis winandeli iyo, axla fiqroben, rom 90000
wlis winandeli periodiT TariRdebaA. anatomiurad
Tanamedrove adamianebis aRmoCena moxda borneoSi,
niahSi, romlebic 40000 wlis winandeli periodiT
TariRdebian da avstraliaSi, mungos tbasTan, ro-
melic 30000 wlis asakis unda iyos.
es Tanamedrove garegnobis adamianebi neander-
talelebisa da sxva, adreuli homo sapiens-ebisgan
imiT gansxvavdebodnen, rom hqondaT ufro maRali
da gamoburculi Subli, ufro Txeli da msubuqi Zv-
lebi, patara saxeebi da ybebi, agreTve nikapebi (Zv-
lovani wamonazardebi, romlebic win wamoweuli sax-
eebis gaqrobis Semdeg darCa) da odnav gamoburculi
warbebis rkali.
Tanamedrove adamianis
warmoSobis Teoriebi
adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebuli ori Teo-
ria anTropologebs Soris kvlav sakamaTod rCebaA.
erTi Teoria, romelsac SeiZleba `erTgan warmoSo-
bis Teoria~ ewodos, amtkicebs, rom Tanamedrove
adamianebi samyaros mxolod erT nawilSi warmoiS-
vnen da iqidan sxva nawilebSi gavrceldnen da nean-
dertalelebi Caanacvles. (fiqroben, rom Taname-
141
drove adamianebis warmoSobis adgili afrikaa).
meore Teoriis Tanaxmad, romelsac `multiregion-
uli Teoria ewodeba~, Tanamedrove adamianebi Zveli
samyaros sxvadasxva nawilSi warmoiSvnen mas Semdeg,
rac Homo erectus afrikidan gamovidaA.
erTgan warmoSobis Teoria am Teoriis mixed-
viT, Tanamedrove adamianebi neandertalelebisgan
ar ganviTarebulan; metic, neandertalelebi 35000
wlis win imis gamo gadaSendnen, rom Tanamedrove ada-
mianebi Caenacvlnen. pirveli Tanamedrove adamianis
warmoSobis adgili axal aRmoCenebTan erTad icv-
lebodAa. 1950-ian wlebSi egonaT, rom axlo aRmosav-
leTSi populaciis pirvelwyaro neandertalelebi
iyvnen. maT moixseniebdnen “ganzogadoebul” anu
“progresul” neandertalelebad. mogvianebiT,
rodesac afrikaSi gviandeli homo sapiens aRmoCnda,
paleoanTropologebma daadgines, rom Tanamedrove
adamiani pirvelad afrikaSi gaCnda da Semdeg gadain-
acvla axlo aRmosavleTSi, iqidan ki _ evropasa
da aziaSi. erTgan warmoSobis Teoriis mimdevarni
fiqroben, rom homo sapiens-is pirvel mcire popula-
cias hqonda raRac biologiuri da kulturuli upi-
ratesoba an orive erTad, ramac saSualeba misca,
farTod gavrcelebuliyvnen da neandertalelebi
CaenacvlebinaT.
erTgan warmoSobis Teoriis yvelaze utyuari mt-
kicebuleba Tanamedrove adamianebis mtDNAdnm-s uka-
vSirdeba. 1987 wels rebeka kanma da misma kolegebma
daamtkices, rom aSS-Si, axal gvineaSi, afrikasa da
aRmosavleT aziaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis mtDNAdnm gan-
sxvavebulia, radgan maTi saerTo winapari mxolod
200000 wlis win cxovrobdaA. keni da misi kolegebi
Semdgom amtkicebdnen, rom, radgan individTa Soris
sxvadasxvaoba afrikis populaciebs Soris yvelaze
maRali iyo, yvela maTganis saerTo winapars afri-
kaSi unda ecxovraA. (swored amis gamoa, rom Tavis sam-
SobloSi mcxovrebi adamianebi metad gansxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan, vidre emigrantebis STamomavali
populaciebi). ase daibada, rogorc mediam daarqva,
“mitoqondriuli eva” da “evas hipoTeza” Taname-
drove adamianebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda,
arsebobda ramdenime eva erT TaobaSi, romelTac
erTnairi dnm unda hqonodaT.
mtdnm-is Seswavlis adreul safexurze mravali
problema warmoiSva, magram wlebis ganmavlobaSi isi-
ni daregulirda da Catarda mtdnm-is axali da ufro
ukeTesi analizi. amJamad mravali mecnieri mivida
daskvnamde, rom Tanamedrove adamianis mtdnm-s gan-
sxvavebulobis Zalian dabali maCvenebeli aqvs (Sim-
panzeebis populaciaTa umetesobaSi aRmoCenili gan-
sxvavebebis naxevarze naklebi), rac gvafiqrebinebs,
rom Cven yvelas arc Tu ise didi xnis win saerTo
winapari gvyavdaA. Tanamedrove adamianebSi Catareb-
ulma mtdnmDNA-is sxvadasxvaobis detalurma analizma
mecnierebs saSualeba misca, rom msoflios Taname-
drove populaciebis saerTo winaparTa fesvebi dae-
dginaT. es analizi miuTiTebs, agreTve Tanamedrove
adamianebis afrikul warmoSobasa da am regionidan
maT Semdgom gavrcelebaze.
Tanamedrove adamianTa aRmosavlur afrikul
warmoSobisa da iqidan maTi Semdgomi gavrcelebis
mtkicebuleba Y qromosomis variaciebis Seswavlis
Sedegad miiRes. Y qromosoma gansazRvravs individis
mamrobiT sqess. mdedrobiTi sqesis individi X qro-
mosomas iRebs, rogorc dedisgan, ise mamrisgan maSin,
rodesac mamri Y qromosomas mxolod mamisgan iRebs.
Y qromosoma mxolod mamrebs aqvT da imis gamo, rom
erT mocemul kacs mxolod erTi asli aqvs, Y qro-
mosoma aris erTaderTi birTvuli qromosoma, ro-
142

melic, mtDNAdnm-s msgavsad, ar ganicdis rekombinacias.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Y qromosomaze SeiZleba bune-
brivma gadarCevam imoqmedos, iTvleba, rom Y qro-
mosomis cvalebadobaTa umetesoba, iseve, rogorc
mtDNdnm-Si, SemTxveviTi mutaciebiT aris gamowveuli.
Y Yqromosomis cvalebadobis kvlevis Sedegebi
TiTqmis zustad imeoreben mtdnmDNA-s cvalebadobis
suraTs. es Sedegebi miuTiTebs afrikisken, rogorc
Tanamedrove adamianis warmoSobis adgilisken da maT
a
iqidan gamosvlaze metyvelebs. mtDNAdnm-sa da Y qromo-
somis Seswavlas Soris mTavari gansxvaveba saerTo,
yvelaze gviandeli winapris daTariRebaSiaA. rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, mtdnmDNA-is Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs,
rom yvelaze gviandeli saerTi winapari daaxloebiT
200000 wlis win cxovrobda, Y qromosomis Seswavla
ki gveubneba, rom es 100000 wlis win iyo. damatebiTi
gamokvleva, romelic birTvuli dnm-s kvlevis axal
meTodebs iyenebs, albaT, am gansxvavebis mizezis
dadgenaSi dagvexmarebA. am droisaTvis aSkaraa, rom
Tanamedrove adamianebis genofondi arc ise didi b c
xnis win afrikaSi warmoiSvaA.
neandertalelebze Catarebuli mtDNAdnm-s anal-
izi da arqeologiuri masala, romelTa Sedegadac
varaudoben, rom neandertalelebi da YTanamedrove
adamianebi evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi urT-
ierTSexebis gareSe cxovrobdnen, aseve mxars uWeren
erTgan warmoSobis Teoris. Tumca homo sapiens-is (ro-
melic 150000-200000 wlis win cxovrobda) ConCxebis d
uqonloba SeuZlebels xdis am Teoriis ganamarxebu-
li masalis safuZvelze dasabuTebas. aseTi mtkice-
bulebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki, aucilebeli ar
iqneboda, eWvi Segvetana adamianis warmoSobis mul-
suraTi 8-6 regionuli uwyvetobis damamt-
tiregionuli Teoriis marTebulebaSi.
kicebeli masalaA.
multiregionuli Teoria multiregionuli Teo­
riis Tanaxmad, Zveli samyaros Homo erectus-is popu- uwyvetoba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziisa da avstraliis populaciebSi.
laciebi TandaTanobiTi evoluciis procesSi anato- Tavis qalebi: (a) homo ereqtusi, (b) adreuli homo sapiensi, (d) Ta-
miurad Tanamedrove adamianebad Camoyalibdnen. am namedrove homo sapiensi. yvela qala samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziidan
Teoriis mimdevrebi fiqroben, rom `gardamavali~ an da avstraliidanaa, aqvT erTnairi Sublis, warbebis Zgidis, kefisa
da saxis forma gansxvavebiT aqve gamosaxuli (c) adreuli homo
`arqauli~ homo sapiens da neandertalelebi Sedar-
sapiensis afrikuli Tavis qalebisgan, romelTac gansxvavebuli
ebiT ufro Tanamedrove anatomiuri niSnebis ganvi- formebi axasiaTebT. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziisa da avstraliis
Tarebis etapebs warmoadgenen. marTlac, rogorc populaciebis erTgvaroba 500000 wlis manZilze regionul uwyve-
ukve aRvniSneT, zogierTi Teoretikosi Homo erectus- tobas ufro adasturebs, vidre Canacvlebas.
sa da Tanamedrove adamians Soris iseT msgavsebasa da
uwyvet kavSirs xedavs, rom HHomo erectus-s HHomo sapiens
erectus-sac ki uwodebs. gavsebaa, rogorc multiregionaluri Teoriis mim-
uwyvetoba, multiregionuli Teoretikosebis devarni amtkiceben.
mTavari mtkicebulebaa Tavisi poziciebis gansam- Tavisi poziciis gansamtkiceblad multiregio-
tkiceblad. dedamiwis ramdenime adgilas es uwyve- nuli Teoriis momxreebi amtkicebebn, rom mtDNMdnm-sa
toba aSkarad Cans Homo erectus-isa da Homo sapiens-is da Y qromosomis Semcveli masala multiregionul
ConCxebis zogierT maxasiaTebelSi. CineTSi aR- Teorias ufor metad uWers mxars, vidre erTgan-war-
moCenili HHomo erectus-is ganamarxebuli naSTebisT- moSobis Teorias. garda amisa, Tanamedrove adamian-
vis, magaliTad, ufro ganieri saxe da ufro hori- Ta genetikuri cvalebadoba HHomo erectus-is afriki-
zontaluri Rawvis Zvlebia damaxasiaTebeli, vidre dan emigracias ufro asaxavs, vidre HHomo sapiens-sas.
msoflios sxva romelime kuTxis populaciebisTvis. amgvari interpretacia imas niSnavs, rom mutaciiT
es damaxasiaTebeli Strixi Tanamedrove Cinelebsac miRebuli sixSire, rogorc mtdnmDNA-Si ise Y qromo-
axasiaTebT. samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi multire- somebSi, mcdaria da rom orive SemTxvevaSi mutacia
gionuli Teoriis mxardamWeri kidev ufro dama- ufro nela mimdinareobs, vidre amJamad miaCniaT.
jerebeli masala aRmoCndaA. am adgilebSi aRmoCenil Tumca, amgvar interpretacias ewinaaRmdegeba ar-
Tavis qalebs HHomo erectus-idan moyolebuli Taname- sebuli adre dadgenili mtdnmDNA-is gansxvavebani ada-
drove adamianamde, erTi da igive niSnebi gasdevT: mianTa im jgufebs Soris, romlebic drois gansaz-
Tavis qalis SedarebiT sqeli Zvlebi, damreci Subli, Rvrul monakveTSi axal gvineasa da avstraliaSi
warbebis erTiani Zgide, mogrZo saxe, SedarebiT didi dasaxldnen da mutaciis miRebul sixSires moergnen.
zomis Rawvis Zvlebi da didi saReWi kbilebi (is. sur. am azrs ewinaaRmdegeba agreTve adamianebsa da ada-
8-6). sxva mecnierebi Tvlian, rom es Strixebi sakma- mianis msgavs maimunebs Soris arsebuli divergencia,
risi ar aris uwyvetobis dasadgenad samxreT-aR- romlis TariRi SesabamisobaSi unda movides mtDNAdnm-s
mosavleT aziaSi, radgan igive Strixebi Tanamedrove mutaciis miRebul, gazrdil sixSiresTan.
adamianebSi mTeli msoflios masStabiT aris aRmoCe- imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom mimdinareobs adamia-
nili. mecnierebis kidev erTi jgufi ki amtkicebs, nis evolucia etapobrivad, Tanac Zveli samyaros
rom damaxasiaTebel Strixebs Soris arc imdeni ms- yvela adgilas erTi da imave mimarTulebiT, mul-
 143

tiregionuli Teoriis mimdevrebi miuTiTeben kul-
turul winsvlaze iaraRis damzadebasa da sakvebis
momzadebaSi, romelic mTel dedamiwaze moxdAa. am
kulturulma winsvlam albaT Seamsubuqa bunebrivi
gadarCevis Tavdapirveli moTxovnileba Tavis qalis
sqel Zvlebsa da Zlier kunTebze. argumenti is aris,
rom Tu bevri mcenareuli da cxoveluri sakvebi wvr-
ilad ar daiWreboda da Termulad ar damuSavdeboda,
misi daReWva da moneleba Zneli iqnebodaA. amis gamo,
adamianebs albaT didi da Zlieri ybebi da magari
Tavis qala dasWirdeboda saReWi aparatis Zlieri
kunTebis sayrdenad. magram aseTi Zlieri Zvlebi da
kunTebi ukve aRar iyo saWiro sakvebis daWrisa da
momzadebis SesaZleblobis gaCenasTan erTad.
Sualeduri Teoriebi arsebuli ganamarxebuli
masalis interpretacia mxolod “erTgan warmoSobi-
sa” da “multiregionuli” TeoriebiT ar amoiwurebaA.
arsebobs Sualeduri Teoriebic, romelTa mixedviT
varaudoben, rom SeiZleboda momxdariyo: erTi kul-
turis meoreTi Canacvleba; raime lokaluri, xan-
grZlivi evolucia an Sejvareba im adreul, Taname-
drove adamianebsa, romlebic afrikidan wamovidnen,
da maT Soris, vinc maT Crd. afrikaSi, evropasa da
aziaSi daxvdAa. rogorc biologma alan templtonma
aRniSna, debatebi erTgan warmoSobisa da multi-
regionul Teoriebs Soris emyareba miTs, TiTqos
erTi damaxasiaTebeli fizikuri niSnis meoreTi
Secvla mxolod erTi populaciis meoreTi Canacv-
lebis (ganadgurebis saSualebiT) Sedegi SeiZleba
iyos. magram amgvari ganamarxebuli nimuSebi, Sesa-
Zloa, genotipSi momxdar cvlilebebsac asaxavdnen,
rodesac erTi genotipis meoreTi Canacvleba xdeba
genebis nakadis an bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad.
rodesac saqme uerTierTSejvarebis unaris mqone
populaciebTan gvaqvs, morfologiuri Canacvleba
populaciis Canacvlebas ar unda gauTanabrdes.

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi
Teoriebisa da hipoTezebis Semowmeba Tanamedrove adamianis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb
ratom aris adamianis evo- evoluciuri procesis Seasabam- paleoanTropologebs kidec
luciis Seswavla aseTi saka- isobasTan dakavSirebul kamaTs rom moendomebinaT, rom zo-
maTo? nawilobriv SeiZleba didi xnis istoria aqvs. zogi- gierT sakiTxSi TanxmobisTvis
imitom, rom mopovebuli masala erTi aspeqtiT paleoanTro- mieRwiaT, arasruli ganamarxe-
fragmentuliaA. magram devid pologiasTan dakavSirebuli buli masala mainc sxvadasxva-
freieris azriT, am kiTxvaze sakiTxebi ara naklebi simwvaviT nairad ganimarteboda, amitom
pasuxi nawilobriv imaSi mdgo- xasiaTdeba, vidre gamokvleva azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gardaua-
mareobs, rom mkvlevarebs jer WriWinebze an Sav xvrelebze. ma- li iqnebodAa. uTanxmoebis kidev
sabolood ar aqvT Camoyalibe- gram paleoanTropologiasTan erTi mizezia is, rom SeuZlebe-
buli hipoTezebi, rom alterna- dakavSirebuli samecniero de- lia hipoTezebis imgvarad Camo-
tiuli Teoriebis erTmaneTTan batebi popularul literatur- yalibeba, rom cdebis Catarebis
Seadareba moxerxdes. aSi ufro xSirad Suqdeba da ise Sedegad erTmniSvnelovani pa-
adamianis evoluciis Seswav- Cans, TiTqos ideebsa da Teor- suxebi miiRon da mcdari mosaz-
la yovelTvis sakamaTo sagnad iebs Soris gauTavebeli brZola rebebi uaryon. amas didi mniSvn-
iTvlebodAa. adamianis evoluci- mimdinareobs. meore mxriv, “Zv- eloba aqvs, radgan mecnieruli
is zogad kursTan, evoluciis lebis omi”, rogorc erTma Jur- uTanxmoebebis gadawyvetis up-
procesTan, ganamarxebuli naS- nalistma daarqva, xSirad ufro irvelesi meqanizmi arsebuli
Tebis utyuarobasTan, daTari- xangZlivia, radgan ar arsebobs monacemebis safuZvelze mcdari
Rebis WeSmaritebasa da masalis sakmarisi informaciAa. amitom hipoTezebis uaryofaaA.

ra daemarTaT neandertalelebs? anebi da neandertalelebi erTmaneTTan jvardebod-

miuxedavad imisa, Tu romeli Teoria Seesabameba
simarTles (erTgan warmoSobis, multiregionaluri
Tu Sualeduri), aSkaraa, rom neandertalelebi da Ta-
namedrove adamianebi (Homo sapiens) evropasa da axlo
aRmosavleTSi daaxloebiT 20000 wlis ganmavlobaSi
an iqneb 60000 wlis ganmavlobaSic, Tanaarsebobdnen.
ra daemarTaT neandertalelebs? am sakiTxze sami
mosazreba arsebobs, pirveli: Tanamedrove adami-
anebTan jvardebodnen da amis gamo neandertalel-
TaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi TandaTanobiT gau-
qraT; meore: Tanamedrove adamianebma daxoces; da
mesame: Tanamedrove adamianebTan konkurencias ver
gauZles. ganvixiloT ToToeuli mosazreba cal-
calke:
SejvarebaA. Sejvarebis Teoria ufro damajerebe-
li Cans, Tumca damamtkicebeli masala Zalian mcire
raodenobiT aris aRmoCenili. Tu Tanamedrove adami-
nen, aucileblad unda aRmoeCinaT “hibriduli” indi-
videbis naSTebi. mecnierTa erTi jgufi amtkicebda,
rom portugaliaSi aRmoCenili zeda paleoliTis
xanis ConCxs, Tanamedrove adamianisa da neander-
talelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi kombinire-
bulad aqvsA. es aRmoCena kvlav kamaTs iwvevs, ConCxi 4
wlis bavSvs ekuTvnis, zogierTi mecnieri masSi nean-
dertalelisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs ver xedavs.
ufro mniSvnelovania faqti, rom Tu Sejvarebis
hipoTeza sinamdviles Seesabameba, maSin gamodis, rom
mtdnmDNA-is analizi, romelic am TavSi ramdenjerme
ganvixileT, mcdari unda yofiliyo. meore mxriv, ne-
andertalelTa iaraRis bolodroindelma gamokvl-
evam gamoavlina, rom neandertalelTa zogma jgufma
iaraRis damzadebis is axali teqnologiebi SeiTvisa,
romlebic mecnierTa azriT, mxolod Tanamedrove
adamianebs ukavSirdeba (am sakiTxs ufro detalu-
rad Semedeg TavSi ganvixilavT). Tu neandertalele-
144
bi Tanamedrove adamianebisgan swavlobdnen, maSin
maTi urTierTSejvarebis azric ufro sarwmunoa da
maTi Tanamedrove adamianTa populaciaSi gaTqvefac
ufro damajerebeli iqnebAa.
genocidi. genocidis Teoria, romlis mixedvi-
Tac, neandertalelebi Tanamedrove adamianebma
daxoces, sensaciur moTxrobas hgavs, magram amis Za-
lze mcire damadasturebeli faqti arsebobs. aqamde
arc erTi “mokluli” neandertaleli ar aris aRmoCe-
nili, isic gasarkvevia, Zlier neandertalelebsa da
ufro sust Tanamedrove adamianebs Soris omSi vin
vis ajobebdaA.
gadaSenebaA. bolo, gadaSenebis Teorias, rom-
lis mixedviTac, neandertalelebma ubralod ver
gauZles Tanamedrove adamianebTan konkurencias,
yvelaze meti arqeologiuri mtkicebuleba aqvs.
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, iberiaSi daaxloebiT 30000
wlis win “ltolvilebis” saxiT neandertalelTa
populaciebi ukve arsebobdnen. axlo aRmosavleTi-
dan, aRmosavleT evropidan da dasavleT evropidan
neandertalelTa “ukan daxeva” Tanamedrove adamian-
Ta mier am adgilebis dakavebasTan erTad “ltolvi-
lobis” Teorias amtkicebs. mniSvnelovania fizikuri
anTropologis _ erik trinkausis azri, romelic
rogorc neandertalelTa fizikur agebulebas, ise
maT qceviT kanonzomierebebs eyrdnoboda da ambob-
da, rom neandertalelebi naklebad daxelovnebuli
monadireebi da Semgroveblebi iyvnen, vidre Taname-
drove adamianebi. Tu es simarTles Seesabameba, Ta-
namedrove adamianebi ukeT SeZlebdnen, ecxovraT da
gamravlebuliyvnen imave teritoriaze, sadac nean-
dertalelebi cxovrobdnen, es ki neandertalelTa
wasvlas gamoiwvevdaA. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu sxvagan
wasasvleli teritoria ar iqneboda, neandertalele-
bi unda gadaSenebuliyvnen, rasac arqeologiuri ma-
sala adasturebs.
magram iyo Tu ara es namdvilad ase? hHqondaT
Tu ara im droisaTvis adamianebs marTlac maRali
kultura? rogorc Semdeg TavSi davinaxavT, zeda
paleoliTi wyalgamyofs qmnis adamianis kulturis
evoluciaSi da saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs Tavisi
fizikuri horizonti msoflios masStabiT gaafar-
Tovon, xolo inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi xe-
lovnebasa da ritualebSi gaSalon.
Sejameba
1. anTropologTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom Homo
erectus-is evolucia Homo sapiens-ad daaxloebiT
500000 wlis win daiwyo. magram ver SeTanxmdnen
erT sakiTxSi, Tu sad da rodis moxda gardaqmnaA.
Sualeduri ganamarxebuli naSTebi xasiaTdebian
Tavis qalis didi moculobiT (TiTqmis Taname-
drove adamianis Tavis qalis moculobis toli),
dabali SubliTa da warbis didi rkalebiT, rom-
lebic Homo erectus-is nimuSebisTvis aris damaxa-
siaTebeli. aSkarad gamoxatuli uadresi nimuSi,
romelic Tanamedrove adamians bolomde ar hgav-
da, daaxloebiT 100000 wlis win gaCndAa.
2. Homo sapiens-is naSTebi Zveli samyaros mraval
nawilSi: aziaSi, afrikasa da evropaSia aRmoCe-
nili. maTi nawili SeiZleba evropaSi mcxovreb
neandertalelebze adre cxovrobda. jer kidev
kamaToben imaze, dasavleT evropaSi mcxovrebi
neandertalelebi gadaSendnen Tu gadarCnen da im
Tanamedrove adamianebis winaprebad iqcnen, rom-
lebic dasavleT evropaSi 40000 wlis win cxov-
robdnen.
3. kulturis istoriis im nawils, romelic neander-
talelebTan aris dakavSirebuli, evropasa da
axlo aRmosavleTSi Sua paleoliTi ewodeba da
daaxloebiT 300000-40000 wlis winandeli peri-
odiT TariRdebAa. afrikisTvis termini “Sua qvis
xana” gamoiyenebaA. evropasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi
aRmoCenil anatkeCebis kompleqtebs, romelic am
periodis iaraRi iyo, mustieruls, xolo afri-
kaSi aRmoCenils _ post aSelurs uwodeben. aSe-
lur iaraRTan SedarebiT, mustieruli iaraRis
kompleqtebSi Semavali qvis didi xelculebi da
danebi ufro mcire zomisaa, xolo patara saxoke-
bi ufro didi zomis. zogierT mustierul Zeglze
micvalebulTa Segnebuli dakrZalvis niSnebia
aRmoCenili.
4. afrikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, aziaSi, avstralia-
sa da evropaSi Tanamedrove garegnobis adamianis
_ Homo sapiens sapiens-is ganamarxebuli naSTebi aR-
moCndAa. am naSTebidan uZvelesi samxreT afrikaSia
aRmoCenili da daaxloebiT 50000-100000 wlis wi-
nandel periods miekuTvnebaA.
5. anTropologTa Soris grZeldeba dava Taname-
drove adamianis warmoSobis ori ZiriTadi
Teoriis irgvliv. pirveli, “erTgan warmoSobis”
Teoriis mixedviT, Tanamedrove adamianebi Zveli
samyaros mxolod erT adgilas _ axlo aRmosav-
leTSi, ufro gviandeli Teoriis mixedviT ki, _
afrikaSi warmoiSvnen, saidanac Zveli samyaros
sxvadasxva nawilSi gavrceldnen da neander-
talelebi Caanacvles; meore, “multiregionuli”
Teoriis mixedviT, Tanamedrove adamianebi Zve-
li samyaros sxvadasxva nawilSi warmoiSvnen da
dedamiwis dRevandel mravalferovan mosaxleo-
bas daudes saTave.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. Tu “erTgan warmoSobis” Teoria sworia, rogor
SeZlebda Homo sapiens Homo erectus-isa da Homo ne-
andertalensis-is populaciebis Canacvleba?
2. Tu Tanamedrove adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li niSnebi Homo erectus-is populaciebSi sxvadasx-
va adgilas da TiTqmis erTdroulad gaCnda, ra
meqanizmebs SeiZleboda gamoewvia sxvadasxva re-
gionSi erTi da imave niSnebis Camoyalibeba?
3. riT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan Sua da qveda
paleoliTis kulturebi?
 145

9
zeda paleoliTis
samyaro

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 bolo gamyinvarebis xana

 zeda paleoliTis evropa

 afrikisa da aziis zeda

paleoliTis kulturebi

 uadresi adamianebi da
maTi kulturebi axal
samyaroSi

 zeda paleoliTis
dasasruli
146
evropis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da aziis kultu-
ris istoria, romelic 40000 wlis winandeli peri-
odidan neoliTur periodamde (daiwyo daaxloebiT
10000 wlis win) grZeldeba, zeda paleoliTis sax-
eliT aris cnobili (ix. sur. 9-1). afrikaSi, kulturis
TvalsazrisiT, imave periods gviani qvis xana ewode-
ba da bevrad ufro adrea dawyebuli. CrdiloeT da
samxreT amerikaSi es periodi adamianebis axal sa-
myaroSi pirveli SesvliT iwyeba, (daaxloebiT 12000
wlis win), (es kolonizatorebi paleo-indielebis
saxelwodebiT arian cnobilni) da grZeldeba e.w. ar-
qauli tradiciebis warmoSobiT, (daaxloebiT 10000
wlis win). terminologiis gasamartiveblad, am peri-
odis Zveli samyaros kulturaze saubrisas viyenebT
termins zeda paleoliTi.
mravali aspeqtiT zeda paleoliTis adamian-
Ta cxovrebis wesi Zvelis msgavsi iyo. adamianebi
ZiriTadad kvlav monadiroebas, Semgroveblobasa
da meTevzeobas misdevdnen da mcire zomis mobilur
jgufebad cxovrobdnen. isini an Ria adgilas mow-
yobil banakebSi, tyaviT gadaxurul qoxebSi cxov-
robdnen an gamoqvabulebsa da kldis safarebSi. maT
mier damzadebuli qvis iaraRi sul ufro da ufro
mcire zomisa da daxvewil formas iRebdaA.
zeda paleoliTi axali, mravalferovani movle-
nebiTac xasiaTdebaA. maTgan erT-erTi, yvelaze mniS-
vnelovania xelovnebis ganviTareba, rac gamoqveb-
ulebis kedlebisa da qvis didi lodebis moxatvaSi,
iaraRis mopirkeTebaSi, Zvlisgan, irmis rqisgan, ni-
Jarebisa da qvisgan dekoratiuli sagnebis damzade-
baSi gamoixateboda (iqneb swored am an sxva mizniT,
adamianebma saWiro masalis Soridan motana daiwyes).
imis gamo, rom zeda paleoliTiT daTariRebuli
Zeglebi sxva, ufro adreul ZeglebTan SedarebiT
aTasi adgilebi
wlis
win
10 monte verde, Cile
midoukroftis klde,
pensilvania
20
dolni vestonisi,
CexeTis respublika
30
40
suraTi 9-1 zeda paleoliTis Zeglebi da movlenebi
didi zomisa iyo, arqeologebi fiqroben, rom zeda
paleoliTis periodSi adamianTa populacia mniS-
vnelovnad gaizardAa. axali gamogonebebi, rogoric
aris mSvild-isari, isris satyorcni da tarze mo-
sargebi patara, mWreli pirebi, pirvelad am drois-
aTvis CndebaA.
bolo gamyinvarebis xana
zeda paleoliTis buneba dRevandelisgan Za-
lian gansxvavdebodaA. dedamiwas jer kidev bolo
gamyinvarebis Sedegebi etyoboda: evropa, TiTqmis
berlinamde da varSavamde, xolo amerika Cikagomde,
yinuliT iyo dafaruli. gamyinvarebuli teritorie-
bi samxreTiT evropaSi alpebamde, xolo CrdiloeT
amerikaSi ozarkamde, apalaCis mTebsa da did vele-
bamde vrceldeboda (ix. sur. 9-2). bunebrivi piro-
bebis TvalsazrisiT, evropa da CrdiloeT amerika
dRevandel cimbirsa da CrdiloeT kanadas mogva-
gonebdaA. msoflios sxva nawilebSi bunebrivi pirobe-
bi amdenad eqstremaluri ar iyo, magram dRevandel-
isgan gansxvavdebodaA.
erTi mxriv, hava gansxvavebuli iyo. saSualo
wliuri temperatura dRevandelze 100 celsiusiT
ufro dabali iyo, xolo okeanis dinebebis gamo, al-
baT, temperaturuli kontrastebi (gansxvaveba za-
mTrisa da zafxulis Tveebs Soris) ufro sagrZnobi
iqnebodAa. okeanis dinebebis cvalebadoba albaT amin-
dis kanonzomierebaTa cvalebadobas iwvevda, rasac
evropaSi yovel wels didTovlianoba mohyvebodaA.
sicive mTels msoflioSi ar aRiniSneboda, miuxe-
davad amisa, CrdiloeTSi arsebuli yinulis Zlieri
safari msoflios havaze did zemoqmedebas axdendAa.
CrdiloeT afrikaSi, magaliTad, hava ufro teniani
kulturuli Tvisebebi
adamianebis mier
amerikis kolonizacia
`veneras~ Zegli
GAMOQgamoqvabulis pirveli
ferweruli namuSevrebi
bolo cnobili
neandertalebi
adamianebis mier
avstraliis kolonizacia
 147
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mkvrivi yinulis saboloo gareTa

ZiriTadi are dafarulia gletCeris sazRvari wliuri maqsimumiT.
yinuliT. (Zalian mcire are naCvenebi
ar aris. centraluri da CrdiloeT
azia moicavs adreuli gamyinvarebis farTo areebs)
saboloo didi Stormis kvali 100 metris izobata
(wliuri maCvenebeli)

suraTi 9-2 gamyinvareba zeda paleoliTSi

iyo, vidre amJamad aris, samxreT aziaSi ki _ Sedar-
ebiT mSrali. zogadad, hava mTel msoflioSi Zalian
cvalebadi iyo.
zeda paleoliTis mcenareebi da cxovelebi am
eqstremalur pirobebs Seguebulni iyvnen. maT So-
ris iyvnen iseTi didi da mniSvnelovani sanadiro
cxovelebi, romelTa koleqtiuri saxelia pleisto-
cenuri megafaunaA. es cxovelebi, rogorc maTi sax-
elidan Cans, zomiT bevrad aRematebodnen TavianT
amJamindel STamomavlebs. magaliTad, CrdiloeT
amerikaSi miwaze mcxovrebi giganturi zarmacebis
simaRle 8-10 futi iyo, maTi wona ki ramdenime aTas
girvanqas udridaA. cimbiruli mamontebi odesme ar-
sebuli yvelaze didi zomis cxovelebi iyvnen da
zogi maTganis simaRle 14 futsac aRwevdaA. aRmosav-
leT aziaSi iseTi saxeobebi cxovrobdnen, rogoric
iyo balniani martorqa da giganturi iremi.
zeda paleoliTis evropa
megafaunis warmomadgenelTa wyalobiT didi ra-
odenobis xorcis mopoveba advili iyo, ris gamoc,
sakvirveli ar aris, rom zogadad, zeda paleoliTis
kulturaSi, kerZod ki, evropaSi, nadirobas mniS-
vnelovani adgili ekavaA. evropelebis cxovrebis wesi
Zveli samyaros cxovrebis wesis msgavsi iyo. mas Sem-
deg, rac adamianebma TavianTi garemomcveli mraval-
ferovani bunebrivi pirobebis gamoyeneba daiwyes,
148

zeda paleoliTis adamianTa jgufebis umeteso- zeda paleoliTi xasiaTdeba agreTve Zvlis, irmis
bam, Zveli msoflios masStabiT, Tavis winaprebTan rqisa da spilos Zvlis iaraRis simravliT. pirvelad
SedarebiT, ufro binadari cxovreba daiwyes. maT Cndeba Zvlisgan damzadebuli iseTi iaraRebi, ro-
xeli mihyves aseve, mezobel jgufebTan vaWroba- gorebicaa nemsebi, maxaTebi da barjebi. amgvari sa-
sac, raTa is resursebi moepovebinaT, romlebic maT gnebis damzadeba bevrad gaaadvila saWrisebis Seqm-
sacxovrebel adgilTan axlos ar moiZebnebodaA. nam. saWrisebi Sua paleoliTSic gvxvdeboda, magram
iseve, rogorc Sua paleoliTis Zeglebi vnaxeT, zeda paleoliTis Zeglebze isini Zalian didi raode-
zeda paleoliTis Zeglebic umetesad gamoqvabu- nobiTa da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCevian.
lebsa da kldis safarebSi mdebareobdnen. samxreT- wneviT atkeCebis meTodic zeda paleoliTSi gan-
dasavleT safrangeTSi aRmoCenil Zeglebze zogi viTardaA. arapirdapiri dartymis meTodisgan gansx-
gamoqvabulis iatakis nawilze qva iyo dagebuli. zog vavebiT, wneviT atkeCebis meTodi gulisxmobs Zvlis,
gamoqvabulSi, rogorc Cans, siTbos Sesakaveblad xis an irmis rqis iaraRze wnevis zemoqmedebiT (da-
karvebi iyo mowyobili. gaiTxara agreTve Ria adg- woliT) dasamuSavebeli iaraRidan mcire anatkeCebis
ilze moTavsebuli Zeglebic. Camomtvrevas. wneviT atkeCva Cveulebriv iaraRis
Zegli dolni vestoniCe, romelic amJamind- retuSirebis saboloo stadiaze gamoiyenebodAa.
eli CexeTis teritoriaze mdebareobs, daaxloe- droTa ganmavlobaSi basrpiriani iaraRi ixvewe-
biT 25000 wlis winandeli pweriodiT TariRdebaA. is bodaA. yvelaze patara pirebs, romelTac mikroliTe-
erTi pirvelTagania, romelsac erTiani gegma aqvsA. bi ewodeba, xSirad saxelurebi ukeTdebodAa. erT
rogorc Cans, samosaxlo Sedgeboda oTxi karvis- saxelurSi erTi an ramdenime basri piri iyo Casmuli
magvari nagebobisgan, romlebic cxovelTa tyavebi- da Subad, xis saTlelad, danad an namglad gamoiyene-
sgan iyo gakeTebuli da romelTa centrSi didi, Ria
kera mdebareobdaA. gareTa mxridan, qoxebis irgvliv,
mamontebis Zvlebi eyara, romelTagan zogi miwaSi
iyo CarWobili, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom qoxebi
kedliT iyo garSemortymuli. mTlianobaSi iq albaT
asamde mamontis Zvali eyarAa. savaraudod, TiToeul
qoxSi monaTesave ojaxebis jgufebi cxovrobdnen,
romlebic daaxloebiT 20-25 adamianisgan Sedgebo-
daA. (TiToeuli qoxis zoma 27 X 45 futi iyo. TiToeul
maTganSi xuTi kera Tavsdeboda _ TiTo kera TiTo
ojaxisaTvis). Tu TiToeul qoxSi 20-25 adamians vian-
gariSebT, samosaxloSi, mTlianobaSi albaT 100-125
adamians unda ecxovrAa.
samosaxlos zemoT, gorakze kidev erTi gansx-
vavebuli qoxi idgaA. miwaSi amoTxrili, romelSic mo-
Tavsebuli iyo Rumeli, masSi cxovelTa mcire zomis
gamosaxulebis 2300 cali gamomwvari fragmenti aR-
moCndaA. aqve aRmoCnda ramdenime gamofuRruli Zva-
li, romlebic rogorc fiqroben, SeiZleboda musi-
kaluri instrumentebi yofiliyo. am samosaxlos
kidev erTi saintereso Strixia samarxi, romelSi
dakrZalul qals saxe ganadgurebuli hqonda da ro-
melic, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovani pirovneba iyo,
radgan misi saxe samosaxlos centralur kerasTan
aRmoCenil spilos Zvlis firfitazea amokveTili.

zeda paleoliTis iaraRi

zeda paleoliTis iaraRis damzadebis teqnikis
fesvebi, rogorc Cans, mustieruli da post-aSeluri
periodebidan modis. amaze is anatkeCebic metyvelebs,
romlebic zeda paleoliTur Zeglebzea aRmoCenili.
magram zeda paleoliTis Zeglebze meti raodenobiT
basri pirebia aRmoCenili, gvxvdeba saWrisebic, Zv-
lisa da irmis rqis iaraRebic, mikroliTebic. gaCnda
iaraRis damuSavebis ori axali meTodi: arapirdapiri
dartyma (perkusia) da wneviT atkeCvaA. basri pirebi
Sua paleoliTis periodis Zeglebzec Cndeboda, ma-
gram zeda paleoliTamde ase farTod ar gamoiyene-
bodaA. miuxedavad imisa, rom basri pirebis damzadeba
sxvadasxva meTodiT SeiZleboda, zeda paleoliTSi
CaquCis arapirdapiri dartymis meTodi ufro miRe-
buli iyo. nukleusisaTvis cilindruli an piramid-
uli formis micemis Semdeg xelosani irmis rqas, xes
an raime myari masalis “komposters” saWiro mdgo-
mareobaSi iWerda da CaquCs urtyamdaA. imis gamo, rom suraTi 9-3 nukleusidan anatkeCebis Camomtvrevis erT-
Zala sworad iyo mimarTuli, xelosani amzadebda sa- erTi meTodia arapirdapiri dartyma (perkusia), xolo
obieqti, romelsac urtyamen aris Zvlisgan an rqisgan
surveli formis basr pirebs, romelTa sigrZe siga-
damzadebuli “komposteri”.
nes orjer aRemateboda (ix. sur. 9-3).

zeda paleoliTis iaraRi. am xanis adamianebi bevrad ufro mraval-
ferovan iaraRs amzadebdnen, vidre maTi winamorbedebi.
bodaA. saxelurSi Casasmelad mWreli piri ise unda
damuSavebuliyo, rom misi meore bolo blagvi yo-
filiyo, raTa saxeluri ar daezianebinaA. garda amisa,
iaraRis blagvi meore bolo utaro iaraRis gamoy-
enebisas adamiansac ar daazianebdaA.
zogi arqeologis azriT, basri pirebis damza-
debis teqnika imitom ganviTarda, rom kaJi ufro
ekonomiurad gamoeyenebinaT. andre lerua-guranis
(parizis adamianis muzeumi) gamoTvliT, Zveli aSe-
luri teqnikis gamoyenebiT ori xelculis dasamza-
deblad, romelTa piris sigrZe 16 duimi iqneboda,
2 girvanqa kaJis nedleuli unda daexarjaT. ufro
ganviTarebuli, mustieruli teqnikis gamoyenebiT,
imave raodenobis nedleulidan 2 iardis sigrZis piri
gamovidoda, xolo zeda paleoliTis arapirdapiri
dartymis meTodiT _ 25 iardi. masalis imave raode-
nobidan bevrad ufro didi raodenobis iaraRis miRe-
ba SeiZlebodaA. Zvirfasi masalidan rac SeiZleba meti
sargeblobis miReba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo iseT
adgilebSi, sadac kaJis didi maragi ar aRiniSnebodaA.
mosaxleobis zrdis pirobebSi ki, TavisTavad cxadia,
rom bevrad meti raodenobis iaraRi iqneboda saWiro.
Jak bordas azriT, iaraRis damzadebis teqno­
logiis mniSvnelovan ganviTarebas, romelic kaJis
149
erTi natexidan basri pirebis maqsimaluri raode-
nobiT damzadebaSi mdgomareobda, didi mniSvneloba
hqonda, radgan adamianTa umravlesoba iseT adgi-
lebSi cxovrobda, sadac kaJi ar moipovebodaA. bas-
rpiriani iaraRis damzadebis teqnikis ganviTarebis
kidev erTi mizezi is iyo, rom is aadvilebda iaraRis
msubuq SekeTebas. magaliTad, Tu romelime iaraRis
saWreli piri samarTeblis msgavsi ramdenime piris-
gan Sedgeboda, romlebic xis erT naWerSi iyo Cas-
muli, xolo erT-erTi am pirTagani gatydeboda,
iaraRis gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli xdebodAa. magram Tu
iaraRis patrons Tan eqneboda kaJis naWeri, romlis-
ganac identuri zomis iseTive piris damzadeba Sei-
Zleboda, dazianebuli piris gamocvlas da iaraRis
SekeTebas advilad SeZlebdaA. aseve advilad SeiZle-
boda Subispiris gamocvla an SekeTebac. amgvarad,
basri pirebis damzadebis teqnikis adaptaciis mizezi
SeiZleba ara marto kaJis ekonomiuri gamoyeneba, ar-
amed dazianebuli pirebis gamocvlac yofiliyo.
rogor gamoiyeneboda iaraRi? idealur SemTx-
vevaSi, iaraRis Seswavlam ara marto misi damzadebis
teqnologia, aramed misi daniSnulebac unda gamoav-
linos. iaraRis daniSnulebis dadgenis erT-erTi
saSualebaa imis gageba, Tu rogor gamoiyeneboda da
gamoiyeneba amgvari iaraRi axlo warsulSi an Taname-
drove adamianebis mier, romlebic msgavs saqmianobas
ewevian da iseTive bunebriv pirobebSi cxovroben.
Seswavlis am meTods eTnografiuli analogiebis
saSualebiT dasabuTeba ewodebaA. aseTi dasab-
uTebis problema aSkaraa: darwmunebiT veravin ity-
vis, rom amgvari iaraRi warsulSic imave daniSnule-
biT gamoiyeneboda, rogorc, awmyoSi. axlo warsulis
an Tanamedrove iseTi kulturebis SerCevisas, rom-
lebic saSualebas mogvcemen, informaciuli da zus-
ti Sedarebebi gavakeToT, unda vecadoT amovarCioT
is kulturebi, romlebic CvenTvis saintereso uZve-
lesi kulturidan warmoiSvnen. Tu Sesadarebeli
kulturebi istoriulad erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian,
magaliTad, samxreT-dasavleT aSS-Si mdebare pueb-
los preistoriuli da axali kulturebi, ufro dar-
wmunebiT SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom es ori jgufi
iaraRis garkveul saxeobas erTi da imave daniSnule-
biT iyenebdaA.
meore gza imis dasadgenad, Tu risTvis gamoiy-
eneboda esa Tu is iaraRi, aris uZveles iaraRze ar-
sebuli cveTis, rogorc TvaliT SesamCnevi, ise mik-
roskopuli kvalis Sedareba Tanamedrove iaraRze
gaCenil iseTive kvalTan, romelic Tanamedrove
mecnierebis mier Catarebuli eqsperimentis Sede-
gad darCAa. amgvari gamokvlevis mTavari azri isaa,
rom sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoyeneba iaraRze
sxvadasxvanair kvals tovebs. amgvari kvlevebis Cat-
areba pirvelad am saqmis pioners. sA. semionovs mou-
vida azrad, romelmac preistoriuli iaraRi Seqmna
da sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT iyenebda, raTa maTze
cveTis kvali SeeswavlAa. magaliTad, qvis iaraRiT
xorcis daWrisas iaraRi iseve gaprialda, rogorc
cimbirSi napovni preistoriuli “samarTeblebi”
prialebdaA. am aRmoCenam semionovi miiyvana daskv-
namde, rom aRmoCenili pirebic xorcis dasaWrelad
gamoiyenebodaA.
zeda paleoliTis adamianebis mier damzadebuli
iaraRi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini bevrad ufro uke-
Tesi monadireebi da meTevzeebi iyvnen, vidre maTi
winamorbedebi. zeda paleoliTis ganmavlobaSi, ro-
gorc Cans, Subs xelis magivrad Subis satyorcniT
isrodnen. Ees imiT mtkicdeba, rom zogierT Zeglze
Zvlisa da irmis rqisgan damzadebuli atlatlebi
(actekur enaze “Subis satyorcns” niSnavs) aRmoCndAa.
150

gofrirebuli ficridan gasrolili Subi haerSi
meti ZaliT da ufro Sors mifrinavda da samiznesac
ufro Zlierad erWoboda, Tanac msrolelis Zala ar
iyo saWiro. zeda paleoliTSi mSvild-isaric bevr
adgilas gamoiyenebodaA. im droisaTvis saTevzaod da
CrdiloeTis iremze sanadirod ukve barjebis gamoy-
enebac daiwyes.
axali sanadiro da saTevzao iaraRis gamogoneba
leSis Segrovebas ar gamoricxavdAa. olga soferis az-
riT, zeda paleoliTis adamianebi TavianT sacxovre-
blebs iseT adgilebis maxloblad awyobdnen, sadac
bevri mamonti bunebrivi sikvdiliT ixoceboda, raTa
maTi Zvlebi samSeneblo masalad gamoeyenebinaT (ix.
sur. 9-4). magaliTad, moraviaSi mamontebi kalci-
tis, magniumisa da kalciumis sabadosTan asalokad
gansakuTrebiT xSirad gvian gazafxulze da adre
zafxulSi midiodnen, rodesac resursebi cota iyo
da sikvdilianoba maRali. im azrs, rom adamianebi am-
den uzarmazar mamonts ver daxocavda, Seesabameba
faqtic, rom zog adgilas aRmoCenilia mamontebis
Zalian mcire raodenobis Zvlebi, romelsac adamian-
ebisgan miyenebuli Wrilobebi emCnevaT. magaliTad,
Zegl dolni vestoniCeSi, sadac 100 mamontis Zvalia
aRmoCenili, mxolod ramdenime Zvals etyoba adamia-
nis mier sayasbo mizniT damuSavebis kvali, ramdenime
Zvali ki qoxebSi aRmoCndAa. mamontebis Zvlebisgan
gansxvavebiT, Zegli savsea bizonebis, cxenebisa da
CrdiloeTis irmebis ZvlebiT, rac imaze miuTiTebs,
rom es cxovelebi adamianebma Segnebulad daxoces.
Tu adamianebs amdeni mamontis daxocva da SeWma See-
ZloT, risTvis daxocavdnen kidev sxva cxovelebs?

anTropologiuri pirvelwyaroebi
qvis iaraRis (liTosebis) analizi
zeda paleoliTis adami-
anebiTa da kult­uriT paleo-
anTropologebze metad arqeo­
logebi arian dainteresebulni.
amis mizezi aris ara mxolod is,
rom zeda paleoliTis adamian-
ebi ukve Tanamedrove adamian-
ebs warmoadgenen, aramed isic,
rom uamravi nivTieri masala
datoves maTi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis Sesaswavlad. zeda
paleoliTis adamianebis mate-
rialuri kulturis erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes nawils qvis
iaraRi warmoadgens. robert
keli mokled ganmartavs, Tu ra
informaciis mocema SeuZlia
qvis iaraRis Seswavlas.
“warmoidgineT mona-
dire-SemgrovebelTa ojaxi,
romelmac zafxulis nawili
kldis safarSi gaataraA. maT
moitanes isris pirebi, romle-
bic gansakuTrebuli, wiTeli
kaJiseburi kirqvisgan iyo
damzadebuli. am isris pirebs
sanadirod iyenebdnen, Tum-
ca maTi saSualebiT xorcsac
Wridnen. gatexili isris pire-
biT ki tyavebs amuSavebdnen. Tu
kalaTebis dasawnavad tirifis
totebis motana iyo saWiro,
qals axlomdebare nakaduli-
dan kvarcitis patara kenWebi
mohqonda da arapirdapiri dar-
tymiT anatkeCebs amzadebdAa.
zogi kenWi patara iyo da qali
maT orive polusidan amci-
rebdaA. am anatkeCebs qali erTi
dRis ganmavlobaSi inaxavda,
Semdeg yridAa. amasobaSi kacebis
sxva adgilze sanadirod ga-
dasasvlelad Subis pirebi
SemoeleodaT da qvis karierze
midiodnen, romelic ori dRis
savalze mdebareobdaA. adgilze
misvlis Semdeg, yavisferi ka-
Jiseburi kirqvis did natexebs
amsxvrevdnen, minarevebisgan
asufTavebdnen (Sin rom nagavi
ar mietanaT) da ukan, sadgomSi
brundebodnen, sadac motanili
masala unda daemuSavebinaT.
zog motanil natexs keris ce-
cxlSi agdebdnen, radgan icod-
nen, rom gacxelebis Semdeg
anatkeCebis Camomtvreva ufro
advili iqnebodaA. erTi Tvis Sem-
deg ojaxi sacxovrebels icvl-
idaA. qari kldis safars avsebda
mtvriT, romelic mitovebul
iaraRsa da namtvrevebs fara-
vdaA. aseT adgilebs ikvleven ar-
qeologebi.

zeda paleoliTis xelovneba piter ukom da andre rozenfildma dasavleT ev-

zeda paleoliTis xanis xelovnebis pirveli aR-
moCenili nimuSebi iyo mZivebi da amoWrili orna-
mentebi, Semdeg ki naxatebi. mosalodneli iyo, rom
adreuli xelovnebis nimuSebi uxeSi iqneboda, magram
espaneTisa da safrangeTis gamoqvabulis mxatvroba-
Si daxelovnebis garkveuli xarisxi aRiniSnebaA. igive
SeiZleba iTqvas lodebze daxatul naturalistur
gamosaxulebebze, romlebic samxreT afrikaSia aR-
moCenili. rogorc Cans, zogierTi aseTi lodi daax-
loebiT 28000 wlis winandelia, rac gvafiqrebinebs,
rom afrikuli mxatvroba evropulis toliAa. magram
mxatvrobis amaze Zveli nimuSebic arsebobs. adreu-
li avstralielebi kldis safarebis kedlebze da
kldeebze, sul cota, 30000 wlis da iqneb 60000 wlis
winac xatavdnen. samxreT afrikaSi, blombosis gamo-
qvabulSi wiTeli saRebaviT Sesrulebuli naxatebi
77000 wlis winandel periods miekuTvnebAa.
ropaSi gamoqvabulis mxatvrobis nimuSebi sam kat-
egriad dayves. (1) dasaxlebuli kldis safarebsa da
gamoqvabulebis SesasvlelebSi _ xelovneba, ro-
gorc dekori anu “xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis”; (2)
“galereebi”, dasaxlebuli adgilebisa da gamoqvab-
ulebis axlos, da (3) gamoqvabulebis siRrmeSi, miu-
wvdomel adgilebSi, rac zogierTi mecnieris azriT,
maT magiur-ritualur daniSnulebaze metyvelebdAa.
gamosaxulebaTa ZiriTadi personaJebi cxovele-
bi arian. naxatebi yovelgvari fonis gareSe, SiSvel
kedlebzea Sesrulebuli. SesaZloa, zogierTi Ta-
namedrove xalxebis msgavsad, zeda paleoliTis ada-
mianebs swamdaT, rom adamianis gamosaxvas misTvis
zianis miyeneba SeeZlo. Tu maT marTla ase swamdaT,
maSin SesaZloa, amiT aixsnas is, rom gamoqvabulebis
kedlebze adamianebs Zalian iSviaTad xatavdnen. amis
axsna sxvagvaradac SeiZleba: imis gamo, rom imdroin-
deli adamiani ZiriTadad nadirobiT iyo dakavebuli,

suraTi 9-4 suraTze gamosaxulia daaxloebiT 15000 wlis win aRmosavleT evropis dablobze aRmoCenili mamontis Zvlebisgan
agebuli qoxebi. mamontis Tavis qalebi xSirad maTive eSvebisa da grZeli Zvlebis an xis CarCoebis sayrdenis nawilad gamoiyenebodaA.
qoxi cxovelTa tyavebiT iyo gadaxuruli. kedlebis naZviseburi wyobisTvis daaxloebiT 95 mamontis qveda yba iyo gamoyenebuli.
amgvari qoxis ageba, romlis farTobi 258 kvadratuli futi iyo da 46000 girvanqa Zvali sWirdeboda, 10 kacsa da qals 6 dRis ganmav-
lobaSi SeeZloT.
iqneb naxatebiT iRblis gamosworebas cdilobdnen.
am Teorias amyarebs naxatebze aRmoCenili isris na-
kvalevebi. magram Tu naxatebi magiuri daniSnulebis
matarebeli iyo, Zneli asaxsnelia, ratom aris isris
kvali mxolod zogierTze. savaraudoa, naxatebs
imisTvis akeTebdnen, rom maTi warmodgeniT, es mx-
ecebis raodenobas gazrdidAa. faqtia, rom gamoqvab-
ulis mxatvrobam umaRles mwvervals zeda paleoli-
Tis bolos miaRwia, rodesac cxovelebis raodenobam
Semcireba daiwyo.
samxreT-dasavleT safrangeTis gamoqvabulebis
mxatvrobis gansakuTrebuli simboluri mniSvnelo-
ba patrisia raisisa da en petersonis statistikuri
gamokvlevis SedegebiT gamoikveTaA. gamokvlevis mo-
nacemebis mixedviT gairkva, rom kedlebze ZiriTa-
dad is cxovelebi iyvnen gamosaxulni, romlebic
xorcisa da tyavisTvis gamoiyenebodnen. magaliTad,
gareuli msxvili rqosani pirutyvisa da cxenebis ga-
mosaxulebebi ufro xSiria albaT imitom, rom ufro
didi zomisani iyvnen da met xorcs iZleodnen, vi-
dre iq mcxovrebi sxva cxovelebi. garda amisa, xSir-
ad xatavdnen iseT cxovelebs, romlisac eSinodaT
maTi zomis, siswrafis, bunebrivi iaraRisa (eSvebis,
rqebis) da gauTvaliswinebeli qcevebis gamo: magali-
Tad, mamontebs, xarebsa da cxenebs ufro xSirad xat-
avdnen, vidre iremsa da Svels. amgvarad, es naxatebi
adasturebs azrs, rom “xelovneba dakavSirebulia
nadirobis mniSvnelobasTan zeda paleoliTis ada-
mianebis ekonomikaSi”. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom zeda
paleoliTis Semdgom periodSi xelovneba asaxavda
adamianis mier sakvebis mopovebis process, magram
im periodSi, rodesac didi zomis cxovelebis Sem-
cirebis gamo, adamianebi sakvebad maT naklebad iy-
enebdnen da Sesabamisad naklebad xatavdnen.
zeda paleoliTis xelovneba mxolod gamoqv-
abulis mxatvrobiT ar SemoifarglebodAa. mravali
Subis tari da msgavsi sagani cxovelTa gamosaxule-
bebiT iyo damSvenebuli. aleqsandr marSakma zeda pa-
leoliTis zogierTi nimuSis Sesaxeb saintereso mo-
sazreba gamoTqva: misi azriT, daaxloebiT 30000 wlis
win monadireebi mTvaris fazebis aRsaniSnavad qvaze
151
an Zvalze gamosaxul pirobiT niSnebs iyenebdnen. Tu
es simarTlea, gamodis, rom zeda paleoliTis ada-
mianebi sakmaod rTulad azrovnebdnen da garemom-
cvel samyaros kargad icnobdnen. garda amisa, zeda
paleoliTis Zeglebze aRmoCenilia qalis stilizeb-
uli gamosaxulebani hipertrofirebuli formebiT,
romelTac “venerebs” uwodeben. am gamosaxulebebs
didi mkerdi, TeZoebi da muclebi aqvT. ris simbo-
loebs warmoadgendnen es venerebi, jer kidev saka-
maToAa. zogi mecnieris azriT, isini nayofierebis
qalRmerTis simboloebi iyvnen, magram maT bevri ar
eTanxmebaA. magaliTad, lerua makdermoti amtkicebs,
rom veneras gamosaxulebebs simboluri daniSnuleba
ar gaaCniaT da fexmZime qalebis avtoportretebad
unda CavTvaloT. maTi gadidebuli mkerdi, TeZoebi
da muclebi iseTi kuTxiT aris danaxuli, rogori-
Tac fexmZime qali zemodan dainaxavda Tavis Tavs da
ris gamoc bevr gamosaxulebas saxis nakvTebi ar gaaC-
niaA. sxva TvalsazrisiT, figurebi adreuli erotikis
nimuSebia da mamakacebis mier TavianTi seqsualuri
siamovnebisTvis an ganaTlebisTvis aris damzadebu-
li. arsebobs kidev erTi mosazreba, romlis mixedvi-
Tac, es qandakebebi qalebis mier aris damzadebuli
axalgazrda qalebisTvis fexmZimobisa da mSobiaro-
bis Sesaxeb informaciis misacemad.
arqeologebs Soris veneras figurebTan dakav-
Sirebuli azrTa sxavdasxvaoba, arqeologiis mTa-
var problemaze metyvelebs: masalis simcire an
ararseboba xSirad arqeologebs ar aZlevs daskvnis
an raimes uaryofis saSualebas. (ix. CarCo “qalTa ga-
mosaxuleba zeda paleoliTis xelovnebaSi”); metic,
xSirad saWiroa monacemebisa da maTi interpreta-
ciis dabalanseba, magram amave dros gasaTvaliswina-
belia, rom miRebuli daskvna axali monacemebis aR-
moCenam SeiZleba Secvalos.
afrikisa da aziis zeda
paleoliTis kulturebi
evropa ar iyo erTaderTi adgili, sadac zeda
paleoliTis adamianebi cxovrobdnen. isini cxov-
152
samganzomilebiani xelovnebis nimuSi safrangeTidan. bizonis
gamosaxuleba, romelic sxeuls ilokavs, Sesrulebis sizustiTa da
sinatifiT gamoirCeva da zeda paleoliTis mxatvarTa daxelovne-
baze metyvelebs.
robdnen CrdiloeT afrikaSic, aq im periodSi uamra-
vi cxoveli binadrobda, romlebzec nadirobdnen
aqaurebi. isini ZiriTadad patara jgufebad cxov-
robdnen iseT adgilebSi, romlebic wyalTan da sxva
aucilebel resursebTan axlos mdebareobda da
mudmivad icvlidnen adgils, rogorc Cans, cxovel-
Ta jogebis gadaadgilebis mixedviT. adgilobrivi
jgufebi vaWrobdnen iaraRis dasamzadebel saukeTe-
so masalaze. aRmosavleT da samxreT afrikaSi Camo-
yalibda cxovrebis wesi, romelsac gviani qvis xana
ewodeba da romelic zogierT adgilas bolo drom-
venera vilendorfidan. veneras erT-erTi yvelaze
ganTqmuli gamosaxuleba
de iyo SemorCenili. adamianTa patara, jgufebi aq
nadirobasTan erTad mravalferovan mcenareebsac
agrovebdnen. maT erTmaneTTan urTierToba hqon-
daT. Mmetic, xSirad maTi STamomavlebi erTi jgufi-
dan meoreSi gadadiodnen.
samxreT afrikaSi wyaluxvi mdinareebis napirze
zeda paleoliTis mosaxleoba ufro da ufro ga-
dadioda cxovrebis damkvidrebul wesze. isini se-
zonurad nadirobdnen, Tevzaobdnen da agrovebdnen
mcenareul sakvebs, adgils icvlidnen imis mixed-
viT, sadac maTTvis aucilebeli resursebi iyo. aR-
mosavleTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi okeanis
resursebs sanapiroze mcxovrebi xalxebisTvis sa-
sicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeboda maSin, rodesac
sanapirodan moSorebul regionebSi adamianebi gamo-
qvabulebSi cxovrobdnen da nadirobasa da Semgrove-
blobas eweodnen. am ZeglTagan mravalze adamianebi
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen, ami-
tom aq binadari cxovrebis kvali SeimCnevAa. zeda pa-
leoliTSi aziidan gamosulma adamianebma avstrali-
is, axali gvineisa da dasavleT malaiziis zogierTi
sxva kunZulis populacia Seqmnes, es ki maTi sazR-
vao gziT gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobaze da zRvis
resursebis gamoyenebaze metyvelebs.
uadresi adamianebi da maTi
kulturebi axal samyaroSi
am TavSi aqamde Zvel samyaroze – afrikaze, evro-
pasa da aziaze vmsjelobdiT, magram ra aris cnobili
axal samyaroze _ CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaze?
ramdeni xania, rac iq adamianebi cxovroben da rogo-
ria maTi kultura?
imis gamo, rom CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikaSi mx-
olod Homo sapiens sapiens-is ganamarxebuli naSTebia
aRmoCenili, aSkaraa, rom axal samyaroSi adamianTa
migracia maTi warmoSobis Semdeg moxdAa. magram zus-
tad ra dros moxda maTi gadasvla, kerZod ki ada-
mianTa aliaskis samxreTiT mdebare teritoriaze
dasaxleba, jer kidev sakamaToaA. biologiuri damaxa-
siaTebeli Strixebis, rogoricaa kbilebis forma da
sisxli, agreTve, lingvisturi msgavsebis mixedviT,
anTropologebi askvnian, rom Zireul amerikelebs
aziuri fesvebi aqvT. t radiciulad iTvleba, rom
isini amerikaSi cimbiridan moxvdnen saxmeleTo xi-
dis gavliT (beringia), romelic amJamad wyliT aris
dafaruli (beringis srute) da cimbirsa da aliaskas
Soris mdebareobs. yinulis perangi da yinulis mTebi,
romliTac msoflios maRali wertilebi periodulad
ifareboda, imden wyals Seicavda (maTi sisqe zogi-
erT adgilas aTasobiT futs aRwevda), rom beringia
wlis sxvadasxva monakveTSi xmeleTs warmoadgenda
(ix. sur. 9-5). magaliTad, daaxloebiT 10000 wlis win
iq saxmeleTo xidi iyo. mas Semdeg yinuli metwilad
dadna da beringis “xidi” zRvis donemde wyliT dai-
farAa.
 153

sqesis kvlevis axali perspeqtivebi

qalTa gamosaxulebeni zeda paleoliTis xelovnebaSi

gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba,
rom zeda paleoliTSi qalTa ga-
mosaxulebani mxolod veneras
qandakebebiT Semoifargleba,
mcdariaA. piriqiT, arsebobs ada-
mianTa, rogorc qalebis, ise
kacebis mravali gamosaxule-
ba, romlebzec isini bavSvobis
asakidan siberemde arian asax-
ulni. rac Seexeba qalebs, is-
eTi gamosaxulebani, sadac isini
msuqan an fexmZime mdgomareo-
baSi arian, saerTo suraTis
mxolod nawils warmoadgens.
mTeli rigi gamosaxulebebi ki
maT naturalisturad da ara
stilizebulad asaxavs.
Jan-pier diuarma zeda pa-
leoliTis xanis xelovnebis oTxi qalis gamosaxuleba gonersdorfis
gamokvlevisas aRmoaCina, rom gamoqvabulidan.
warmodgenili iyo yvela zomis,
formisa da asakis qalis gamo-
saxulebaA. erT amokawrul figu- bebze naklebi iyo. mecnieri fiqrobs, asakisa da sxeulis formis qa-
raze gonersdorfis gamoqvabu- rom es zeda paleoliTSi qalebis so- lis gamosaxva imaze miuTiTebs,
lidan (mdinare reinTan), oTxi cialuri statusiT aris gamowveuli. rom zeda paleoliTis xanis
qalia gamosaxuli, romelTa- gamosaxulebaTa umetesoba qals de- sazogadoebaSi udidesi mniSvn-
gan sami erTi zomisaa, erTi ki dobasTan dakavSirebul: fexmZimobis, eloba eniWeboda Tavad “qalis”,
ufro pataraa da ufro patara mSobiarobis an bavSvis tarebis (an da ara “fexmZime qalis” rols.
mkerdi aqvs (albaT, mozardia). mozrdil bavSvTan erTad seirnobis) olga soferma Seiswavla ven-
sami ufro didi qalidan erTs, momentebSi warmoaCens. eras zogierTi gamosaxulebis
rogorc Cans, zurgze bavSvi hy- diuaris azriT, qalebs dedobis tansacmeli da daaskvna, rom
avs mibmuli da didi mkerdi aqvs, rolma zeda paleoliTis periodSi gansakuTrebiT xSirad naqsovi
danarCeni oris mkerdi ki ufro privilegirebuli mdgomareoba daum- tansacmelia gamosaxuli. imis
mcire zomisAaa. diuaris azriT, kvidra, ris gamoc, am periodSi maT gamo, rom zeda paleoliTis
es oTxi qali naturalisturi swored dedobis amsaxvel mdgomareo- periodSi naqsovi tansacmeli,
gamosaxulebaa, romelTagan baSi gamosaxavdnen. aseve fiqrobs par- albaT, didad fasobda. maTi
erTs Cvili bavSvi hyavdaA. tisia raisi, romelic amtkicebs, rom arseboba zogierTi veneras
diuaris varaudiT, zeda pa- veneras figurebi zustad asaxaven qa- tanze albaT maT gamorCeul
leoliTis xanis xelovnebaSi lTa mniSvnelobas zeda paleoliTis socialur mdgomareobaze
mamakacebisa da bavSvebis gamo- periodis sazogadoebaSi. mecnieris miuTiTebda.A
saxuleba qalebis gamosaxule- azriT, veneras figurebSi yvela

ukanasknel periodamde gavrcelebuli iyo azri,
rom samxreT aliaskaSi adamianebi mxolod 11500 wlis
win gaCndnen. magram, rogorc monte-verdes Zeglidan
(Cile) aRmoCnda, Tanamedrove adamianebi samxreT af-
rikaSi, sul cota, 12500 wlis win, an SeiZleba 33000
wlis win Casulan. monte-verdes Zegli 700-mde qvis
iaraRs, tyaviT gadaxuruli qoxebis naSTebsa da ker-
asTan aRmoCenil bavSvis fexis anabeWds SeicavdaA.
Zeglis masalis mixedviT, safiqrebelia, rom aq axal
samyaroSi 11500 wlis winandel periodamde fexiT an
navebiT Camosul adamianTa erTi talRa mainc mox-
vdaA. maSinac ki, rodesac yinulis bolo fenebi jer
kidev damdnari ar iyo, arsebobda viwro, yinulisgan
Tavisufali derefani, romliTac adamianebs gasvla
SeeZloT. aseTi derefnebi ufro adrec arsebobdaA.
geologiuri TvalsazrisiT, sxvadsxva dros axal
samyaroSi, rogorc saxmeleTo, ise sazRvao gziT ga-
dasvla SesaZlebeli iyo (ix. CarCo “axal samyaroSi
Casvlis alternatiuli gzebi”). beringis saxmeleTo
xidis nawilebi ukve 60000-25000 wlebis win Canda
zedapirze. 20000-18000 wlebis win ki saxmeleTo xidi
kargad CandaA. rodis gaqra is sabolood? sayovelTa-
od gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, saxmeleTo xidi
daaxloebiT 14000 wlis win daitbora, magram bolo-
droindeli gamokvlevebis Tanxmad, 10000 wlis win
masze gadasvla jer kidev SesaZlebeli iyo. yinulis-
gan Tavisufali derefani lorentaidisa da kordil-
eris yinulis safarebs Soris 25000 wlis winandel
periodSi jer kidev arsebobda, magram is didi ma-
sis cxovelebs ver gauZlebda, rac adamianebs maTze
154

nadirobis saSualebas aZlevda 14000 wlis winadel

periodamde. amgvarad, zogierTi mecnieris azriT,
yinulisgan Tavisufali derefnis gavliT amJamind-
eli samxreT kanadis teritoriaze moxvedra manamde
SeuZlebeli unda yofiliyo.
im teritoriaze adamianebi SeiZleba nadirobdnen
did cxovelebze, SeiZleba ara, magram faqtia, rom
arcTu ise didi xnis Semdeg amJamindeli braziliis
teritoriaze mdebare amazonis junglebis binadar-
ni namdvilad ar nadirobdnen mamontebsa da sxva
did cxovelebze, rogorc amas CrdiloeT amerikaSi
mcxovrebi maTi Tanamedrove qlovisis tomis war-
momadgenlebi akeTebdnen. sxva sityvebiT rom vTq-
vaT, rogorc Cans, axali samyaros iseTi qveynebis
adreuli xalxebis kulturebi, rogoricaa Cile,
brazilia da CrdiloeT amerika, erTmaneTisgan gan-
sxvavdebodnen. mdinare amazonze mcxovrebi adami-
anebi agrovebdnen xilsa da Txils, Tevzaobdnen da
mcire zomis cxovelebze nadirobdnen. isini moxat-
ulkedlebian gamoqvabulebSi cxovrobdnen da iara-
Ris: Subebis, barjebisa da isrebis damzadebis Semdeg
30000-mde qvis namtvrevi datoves.
imis Taobaze, rom adamianebi kanadis samxreTiT
11000 wlis win cxovrobdnen, sawinaaRmdego mosaz-
reba ar arsebobs. qlovisis adamianebma (daerqvaT
niu-meqsikosTan, adgil qlovisTan axlomdebare
Zeglis mixedviT) CrdiloeT amerikis bevr adgilas
SesaniSnavi formis Subispirebi datoves. garda ami-
sa, aRmoCenilia daaxloebiT 11000 wlis winandeli
periodis ConCxebi. mas Semdeg, rac zustad daaTari-
Res monte-verdes Zegli, ukve viciT, rom kanadis
samxreTiT adamianebi manamdec cxovrobdnen, sanam
qlovisis adamianebi niu-meqsikoSi dasaxldebodnen. arqeologiurma komisiam CileSi, maunt-verdes Zeglis monaxulebi-
marTalia, gamovlenilia qlovisamdel dasaxlebaze sas daadastura, rom Tanamedrove adamianebi samxreT amerikaSi,
ufro adreuli Zeglebi, bevri arqeologi mainc ar sul cota, 12000 wlis win Cavidnen.
eTanxmeba imas, rom am Zeglebze aRmoCenili iaraRe-
bi adamianTa mier aris damzadebuli (maTi azriT es qlovisur Zeglad CaiTvalos, aris medoukroftis
iaraRebi SeiZleboda bunebrivi pirobebiT yofili- kldis safari dasavleT pensilvaniaSi.
yo Seqmnili) da rom am Zeglebis daTariReba zustiaA. medoukroftis Zeglis mesame fenis Zirze, ro-
erT-erTi Zegli, romelic SeiZleba kidev erT pre- melic daaxloebiT 19600-8000 wlis winandeli pe-
riodiT aris daTariRebuli, adamianis arsebobis
aSkara kvali aRiniSneba: aRmoCenilia adamianis Zv-
lis patara natexi, Subispiri, damtvreuli danebi da
saxokebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu daTariReba zustia, es
iaraRi 12800 wlis winandeli unda iyos. uiliam peris
grenlandiis azriT, saWiroa Zeglze aRmoCenili Zvlis daTari-
GREENLAND Rebac. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom is 12000 wlis winande-
beringia yinulis
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grinisa da meriT rulenis mosazrebis Tanaxmad, axal
samyaroSi migraciis sami talRa aRiniSnebodaA. mec-
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sxva enobriv ojaxebTan, aRmoCnda, rom aziidan sami
sxvadasxva jgufi SemosulaA. pirveli nakadi im enaze
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centralur amerikaSi da agreTve CrdiloeT amerikis
udides nawilSi. Semdeg im adamianTa winaprebi Camov-
Clovis
qlovisi idnen, romlebic na-denes enobrivi ojaxis enebze
laparakobdnen. maT ricxvs miekuTvnebian navaxosa
da apaCebis enebi samxreT-dasavleT aSS-Si da aTa-
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 155

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

axal samyaroSi Casvlis alternatiuli gzebi
winamdebare wignSi axal
samyaroSi Tanamedrove adami-
anTa Casvlis sayovelTaod aRi-
arebuli modelia ganxiluli:
ukanaskneli gamyinvarebis pe-
riodSi, rodesac zRvis done
dRevandelze dabali iyo, maT
fexiT gadakveTes beringia, ro-
melic CrdiloeT amerikasa da
azias akavSirebdaA. arsebobs am
modelis mxardamWeri rogorc
arqeologiuri, ise geologiuri
masala, magram arsebobs agreTve
zogierTi problemac.
erT-erTi yvelaze serio-
zuli problema isaa, rom ro-
gorc CrdiloeT, ise samxreT
amerikaSi aRmoCenilia Zeglebi,
romlebic ufro adreuli pe-
riodiT aris daTariRebuli,
vidre yinuli ukan daixevda da
adamianebs CrdiloeT amerikaSi
gadasvlis saSualebas miscem-
daA. garda amisa, samxreT ameri-
kaSi aRmoCenili ramdenime Zeg-
li Crdilo amerikis uZveles
Zeglebze ufro Zvelia, rac
aseve ewinaaRmdegeba azrs, rom
adamianebi amerikaSi Casvlis
Semdeg CrdiloeTidan samxre-
Tisken moZraobdnen. arsebobs
ramdenime alternatiuli mod-
eli, romlebic beringis gziT
Semosvlis hipoTeziT wamoWril
problemebs wyveten.
erTi maTgani, romelsac
meti mxardamWeri hyavs, isaa,
rom axal samyaroSi adamian-
ebi aziidan navebiT Sevidnen.
am adamianebs yinulis gaswvriv,
zRvis napirze unda emoZra-
vaT da TevziTa da zRvis ZuZum-
wovrebiT unda gamokvebiliyvnen.
mas Semdeg, rac yinulis safars
gascdebodnen, moZraoba an kv-
lav napiris gaswvriv, samxreT
amerikis TiTqmis bolomde unda
gaegrZelebinaT, an CrdiloeT
amerikis materikis siRrmeSi
unda Sesuliyvnen. adamianTa mc-
ire jgufebi amgvarad iqneb mog-
zaurobdnen kidec, magram arc
erT maTgans ar Seuqmnia iseTi
dasaxleba, romelic ramdenime
Taobaze met xans iarsebebdAa.
zogi mecnieri amtkicebs,
rom ramdenime Zalian adreuli
arqeologiuri Zegli SeiZleba
swored am adreuli vizitebis
Sedegad darCAa. adamianTa mcire
raodenoba aseve mcire raodeno-
bis Zeglebs datovebda, amdenad,
sakvirveli ar aris, rom meti ma-
sala ver aRmoaCines. is faqtic,
rom adrindeli samosaxloebi
Semdgomebisgan miwis iseTi fe-
niT aris gamoyofili, romelic
adamianis arsebobis niSnebs ar
Seicavs, adasturebs, rom adre
Casul adamianebs iq ucxovriaT,
magram amomwydaran. migraciis am
modelis kidev erTi mtkicebule-
baa arqeologebis mier sanapiro
raionebSi, romlebic ukanaskne-
li gamyinvarebis periodSi sana-
piro zols warmoadgendnen da
romlebic amJamad beringis zRvis
fskerzea moqceuli, qvis iaraRis
aRmoCenaA.
meore, ufro sakamaTo mod-
elia is, rom adamianebma axal
samyaroSi evropidan navebiT
CaaRwies. maT msgavsad, vinc axal sa-
myaroSi aziidan Cavida, evropeleb-
sac zRva ki ar unda gadaekveTaT,
aramed yinulis frontis gaswvriv
unda emoZravaT. mogzaurobis pe-
riodSi, romelic albaT ramdenime
Taobis ganmavlobaSi grZelde-
boda, isini savaraudod TevziT da
zRvis ZuZumwovrebiT ikvebebod-
nen. am modelis pirdapiri mtkice-
bulebaa qlovisis tipis qvis iara-
Ri, romelsac paleo-indielebi
amzadebdnen. arqeologebi da qvis
iaraRis eqspertebi: brius bredli
da denis stenfordi amtkiceben,
rom qlovisis iaraRis damzadebis
teqnologia Zalian naklebad hgavs
aRmosavleT aziis mcxovrebTa
mier damzadebul nakeTobebs da
evropaSi mcxovrebi solutruli
xalxebis nakeTobaTa identuriaA. am
modelTan dakavSirebuli mTavari
problema isaa, rom solutruli
periodi daaxloebiT 17000 wlis
win dasrulda, xolo solutrulis
msgavsi iaraRi CrdiloeT amerikis
teritoriaze mxolod 12000 wlis
winandeli periodiT TariRdebaA.
adamianTa axal samyaroSi Ses-
vlis orive models Zalian cota
arqeologiuri masala adasturebs
da Zalian adreuli Zeglebis arse-
bobis axsnas saWiroebs. sabolood,
rogorc fiqroben, adamianTa did-
masStabiani migracia aziidan daax-
loebiT 12,500 wlis win daiwyo da
es swored is adamianebi iyvnen,
romelTac axali samyaros warmate-
buli kolonizacia SeZles.

bolos, daaxloebiT 40000 wlis win, Cavidnen inu- paleo-indielebi

itebi (eskimosebi) da aleutebi (romlebmac aliaskis
samxreT-dasavleT mdebare kunZulebi da axlomde-
bare teritoria daikaves), romlebic inuitur-aleu-
tur enobriv jgufs miekuTvnebian.
qristi ternerma Seiswavla axali samyaros dro-
indeli ConCxis kbilebi, ramac kidev ufro gaamyara
grinbergisa da rulenis azri migraciis sami sxvadasx-
va talRis arsebobis Sesaxeb. ternerma axali samyaros
populaciebSi niCbiseburi formis kbilebis (tipiuri
aziuri Strixi) SeiswavlaA. cvalebadi proporciebi sam
ZiriTad jgufad Camoyalibda, anu imave jgufebad, rac
lingvistebma gamoyves (ix. sur. 9-6). magram bolodro-
indelma genetikurma analizma gamoavlina, rom inui-
tur-aleuturi jgufi albaT na-denes jgufs gamoeyo
ukve axal samyaroSi cxovrebis periodSi. axali sa-
myaros mosaxleoba SeiZleba kidev ufro rTuli iyos.
SeiZleba, Zveli samyaros, aziis sxvadasxva regionidan
migraciis oTxi sxvadasxva talRac ki arsebobdAa.
axali samyaros monadireebis _ paleo-indielebis
arqeologiuri naSTebi aRmoCenilia aSS-Si, meqsi-
kasa da kanadaSi. ukanaskneli gamyinvarebis yvelaze
Soreuli adgilebis samxreTiT, roqis aRmosavleTiT,
mdebareobda hai fleinis saxeliT cnobili adgili,
sadac mravlad iyvnen mamontebi, bizonebi, gareuli
aqlemebi da gareuli cxenebi. daxocil mamontebTan
axlos aRmoCenili iaraRi qolvisis kompleqsis sax-
eliT aris cnobili da Seicavs qolvisis Subispirebs,
qvis saxokebs, danebsa da Zvlis iaraRs. qlovisis
Subispirebi didi zomisaa da foTlis forma aqvs, da-
muSavebulia orive mxridan. maT SuaSi naxvreti aqvT
gakeTebuli, rogorc Cans, taris CasarWobad. imis
gamo, rom aRmoCenilia mamonti, romelsac qolvisis
Subispiri hqonda CarWobili, aSkaraa, rom qolvisis
xalxi did cxovelebze nadirobdaA. bolodroindeli
daTariRebis mixedviT, qolvisis Zeglebis umeteso-
156
vin visTan aris kavSirSi:
baris formis saWrisis
populaciis sixSire
Crdilo azielebi
evropelebi
afrikelebi
samxreT
azielebi
Zlieri gaTxrebis procenti
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Aarasruli monacemebi
suraTi 9-6 inuitebi (eskimosebi) da aleutebi, na-denes enaze molaparake xalxebi da amerikeli xalxebis sxva adgilobrivi
enobrivi jgufebi erTmaneTisgan niCbiseburi formis saWreli kbilebis sixSiriT gansxvavdebian. es genetikuri sxvadasx-
vaoba, rogorc Cans, naTels fens axal samyaroSi migraciis sami nakadis arsebobas.
ba 11200-10900 wlis winandel periods miekuTvnebAa.
mamontebi daaxloebiT 10000 wlis win gadaSend-
nen da yvelaze didi cxoveli amis Semdeg amJamad
gadaSenebuli, didi sworrqiani bizoni gaxdAa. mona-
direebi mis mosaklavad iyenebdnen sasrol Subs,
romelsac folsomur Subs uwodeben, is qolvisis
Subze bevrad patara iyo. sxvadasxva iaraRi aRmoCnda
mravalferovani cxovelebis: mglebis, meliebis,
irmebis, aqlemebis da aA.S naSTebTan, rac imaze metyve-
lebs, rom bizonze monadireebi am iaraRzec iyvnen
damokidebulni.
rio grandes velze folsomel iaraRis xelosnebi
sabazo sadgomebs dabali diunebis Tavze awyobdnen,
saidanac, rogorc did tbas, ise farTo saZovrebs uy-
urebdnen. Tu CavTvliT, rom tba cxovelTa jogebi-
sTvis sasmeli wylis wyaros warmoadgenda, gamodis,
rom sadgomSi mcxovreb adamianebs kargad SeeZloT
cxovelTa jogebisaTvis eTvalTvalaT.
mas Semdeg, rac Tanamedrove amerikis samxreT-
dasavleTiT hava ufro mSrali gaxda, cxovelebi
da kulturuli adaptacia ramdenadme SeicvalaA.
daaxloebiT 9900 wlis win didi, sworrqiani bizoni
Caanacvla ufro patara zomis, Tanamedrove bizonmaA.
sabazo sadgomebi tbebidan da saZovrebidan ufro
moSorebiT da wyaroebTan ufro axlos imarTebodaA.
imis gamo, rom mSrali havis pirobebSi tbebi wylis
saimedo wyaros ukve aRar warmoadgenda, cxovele-
bic naklebad akiTxavdnen maT, riTac aixsneba al-
baT maTi sabazo sadgomebis mdebareobis SecvlaA.
Zalian mcire informacia arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ra mcenareebs iyenebdnen sakvebad paleo-indielebi,
magram udabnos mimdebare teritoriaze mcenareTa
Semgroveblobas albaT didi mniSvneloba eqnebodaA.
arqeologebma nevadasa da iutaSi aRmoaCines safqva-
vi qvebi da sxva artefaqtebi, romlebic mcenareuli
sakvebis damuSavebisTvis gamoiyenebodAa.
olsen-Cubukis Zeglze, koloradoSi aRmoCenili
inuitebi
aleutebi
Crdilo-dasavleT
sanapiros da Sua
alaskis indielebi
Crdilo da
samxreT amerikis
indielebi
samarxi TvalsaCinos xdis bizonze nadirobis samza-
diss. Rrma xevSi, romelic Zv. w. 6500 wliT TariRdeba,
200 bizonis naSTi aRmoCndAa. mis Zirze mTliani ConCxe-
bi eyara, mis Tavze ki _ danawevrebuli cxovelebi. es
aRmoCena gviCvenebs, rom paleo-indieli monadiree-
bi cxovelebs Segnebulad mierekebodnen bunebrivi
xafangisken – damSrali xevisken anu damrecferdebi-
ani Txrilisken. wina cxovelebi ukan momavalTa da-
wolas ver uZlebdnen da xevSi cvivdebodnen. jo ben
uitma gamoiTvala, rom monadireebi mxolod am erTi
nadirobis dros 55000 girvanqa xorcs moipovebdnen.
Tu XIX saukunis dablobze mcxovrebi indielebis
mixedviT vimsjelebT, romelTac ise SeeZloT bi-
zonis xorcis damuSaveba, rom erTi Tve gaeZlo da
TiToeul adamianze dReSi erT girvanqa xorcs vi-
varaudebT, olsen-Cubukze aRmoCenili bizonebis
raodenoba daaxloebiT 1800 adamians erTi Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi unda yofnoda (albaT mTeli wlis ganmav-
lobaSi yvelani erTad ar cxovrobdnen). monadireebi
zedmiwevniT organizebulebi unda yofiliyvnen ara
mxolod garekvis, aramed xorcis danawevrebis (yas-
bobis) TvalsazrisiTac. albaT saWiro iqneboda
cxovelTa uzarmazari sxeulebis swor adgilze ga-
datana dasamuSaveblad. garda amisa, banakSi unda
waeRoT 55000 girvanqa xorci da tyavi.
marTalia, did cxovelebs maRal velebze didi
mniSvneloba eniWebodaT, magram sxva adgilebSi sx-
vagvari adaptaciebi aRiniSneboda, paleo-indielebi,
romlebic tyian adgilebSi _ anu Tanamedrove aSS-s
teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, ufro metad mcenareul
sakvebsa da SedarebiT mcire cxovelebze iyvnen
damokidebulni. zogierT tyian regionSi Tevzi da
moluskebi kvebis racionis umniSvnelovanes nawils
warmoadgendaA. magaliTad, wynari okeanis sanapir-
oze, mdinare ilinoisis vakeze, paleo-indielebi
cxovelebiTa da gareuli bostneuliT ikvebebod-
nen da imdenad didi raodenobiT moipovebdnen am

qlovisis saWrelebi.
produqtebs, rom mudmivad ecxovraT soflebSi,
romelTa mosaxleobis raodenoba 100-150 adamians
SeadgendaA.
mas Semdeg, rac adamianebma amerikis kontinen-
tebis kolonizacia daamTavres, maT aq zeda pa-
leoliTSi mcxovrebi naTesavebis msgavsad daiwyes
cxovrebaA. isini ZiriTadad did cxovelebze nadi-
robdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi ki binadari cxovrebis
wesi yalibdeboda, jgufebad mcxovreb adamianebs
Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba izrdebodAa.
zeda paleoliTis dasasruli
daaxloebiT 10000 wlis winandeli periodis Sem-
deg yinulis fenam gaqroba daiwyo, rasac bunebrivi
pirobebis Secvla mohyvaA. yinulis dnobam okeanee-
bis donis aweva gamoiwviaA. mas Semdeg, rac zRvebma
xmeleTis Suagulisaken gadainacvles, sanapiroe-
bTan saukeTeso mdebare saZovrebis nawili wyliT
daifara da warmoiqmna kunZulebi, yureebi da ubeebi.
samagierod yinulis ukan daxevisa da temperaturis
awevis Semdeg sxva adgilebi gaTavisuflda, sadac
civi, SiSveli teritoriebi xSirma Sereulma tyeebma
daikava (sadac izrdeboda: alvis xe, muxa da fiWvi),
pleistocenuri megafauna ki gadaSendaA. Tbili dine-
bebi TevziTa da wylis sxva resursebiT ivsebodaA.
arqeologebi Tvlian, rom bunebrivi garemos
amgvarma cvlilebebma zogierT populacias sakvebis
mopovebis strategiis Secvlisken ubiZgaA. tundrebi-
sa da balaxovani velebis gaqrobis Semdeg monadi-
reebs ukve aRar SeeZloT didi raodenobiT xorcis
mopoveba cxovelTa did jogebTan axlos yofniT,
rogorc amas zeda paleoliTis dros akeTebdnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom iremi da sxva cxovelebi bevri
iyo, maTi ricxvi kvadratul milze (simWidrove) Sem-
cirda, amasTanave garTulda xSir tyeSi damalul
cxovelebTan miparva da maTi daxocva. amgvarad, bev-
rgan adamiani iZulebuli gaxda, Seemcirebina did
cxovelebze nadiroba da gadasuliyo gareuli mcena-
reebis, moluskebis, Tevzisa da patara cxovelebis
Wamaze, raTa didi cxovelebis naklebobis kompensa-
cia moexdinaT.
CrdiloeT evropis
maglemozuri kultura
Secvlili garemo pirobebisadmi Segueba SeiniS-
neba CrdiloeT evropis mosaxleobis kulturul
memkvidreobaSi, maT arqeologebma maglemozelebi
daarqves. es saxeli warmoiSva torfis Waobebidan
(`magle moze~ daniurad did Waobs niSnavs), sadac am
xalxis nakvalevia aRmoCenili.
imisaTvis, rom Seguebodnen ucxo, tyian garemos,
maglemozelebma xeebis saCexad da maTgan sxvadasxva
sagnis dasamzadeblad qvis culebisa da saCexebis
damzadeba daiwyes. didi xeebi iCexeboda da iWre-
157
“Zvlebis mdinare” olsen-Cubukis Zeglze, gamosaxulia paleo-in-
dielebis mier xevisken garekili da gadaCexli bizonebis Zvlebi.
boda saxlebis asaSeneblad; xis gulisagan kanoeebs,
xolo xis ufro mcire zomis naWrebisgan niCbebs
akeTebdnen. kanoeebi, savaraudod, samogzaurod da
iqneb mdinareebsa da tbebze saTevzaodac gamoiyene-
bodaA. aseTi adgilebi ki gamyinvarebis Semdgom peri-
odSi bevri iyo.
CvenTvis zustad ar aris cnobili, Tu ra raodeno-
bis mcenareul sakvebs moixmardnen maglemozelebi,
magram es sakvebi mravalferovani iyo. samagierod,
CvenTvis bevri ram aris cnobili maTi cxovrebis we-
sis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tevzaoba maTTvis
Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo, rac kargad Cans qariyla-
piisa da sxva Tevzebis didi raodenobiT aRmoCenili
Zvlebis da ankesebis mixedviT, es adamianebi, rogorc
Cans, ZiriTadad mainc nadirobiT irCendnen Tavs.
nadirobdnen cxen-iremze, gareul xarze, Svelsa da
gareul Rorze. garda uamravi saTevzao mowyobi-
lobisa, xelculebisa da saCexebisa, maglemozelebis
iaraRSi mSvild-isaric SediodaA. zogierTi iaraRi
amotvifruli ornamentebiT iyo damSvenebuli. or-
namentebi aRmoCenilia qarvisa da qvis gulsakide-
bzec da patara figurebzec, magaliTad, cxen-iremis
Tavze.
maglemozuris msgavsad, zeda paleoliTis Sem-
dgomi periodis mravali evropuli dasaxleba mdi-
naris, tbis an okenis piras mdebareobdAa. magram ro-
gorc Cans, am adgilebSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi ar
cxovrobdnen. zogierTi jgufi sezonurad gadadio-
da erTi adgilidan meoreze, rogorc Cans, sanapir-
osa da Sida teritoriebze. samzareulos narCenebi
(niJarebis grovebi), sadac post-zeda paleoliTuri
periodis adamianebi nagavs yridnen, s aTevzao mowy-
obilobebi, kanoeebi da navebi gviCvenebs, rom es ada-
158
qvis arqauli iaraRis zogierTi nimuSi. CrdiloeT amerikis
aRmosavleTidan. esenia culebi (zemoT marcxniv), saCexi (qvemoT
marcxniv), atlatli (qvemoT marjvniv), CaquCi da Txilis satexi qva
(zemoT marjvniv).
mianebi ufro metad iyvnen damokidebulni Tevzao-
baze, vidre maTi winaprebi zeda paleoliTidan.
Crdilo amerikis aRmosavleTis
arqauli kulturebi
Secvlil garemo pirobebTan adaptaciis daaxloe-
biT iseTive formas ganicdidnen gamyinvarebis dada-
sruls Crdilo amerikis aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi
adamianebi. havis daTbobasa da simSralis zrdasTan
erTad CrdiloeT amerikis flora da faunac Seicv-
alaA. rogorc msoflios sxva nawilebSi, megafauna
gadaSenda da maTi adgili SedarebiT mcire zomis
ZuZumwovrebma, kerZod ki irmebma daikaves. xorcis
mopoveba Zalian gaZnelda _ saxlSi dabrunebuli
monadireebis nadavli ukve ara tonas, aramed girvan-
qebs SeadgendAa. sicives Seguebuli mcenareebis ad-
gili daikaves siTbos Seguebulma mcenareebma, rom-
lebsac sakvebad iyenebdnen. rogorc sakvebs, siTbos
Seguebul mcenareebs upiratesoba hqondaT, vidre
sicives Seguebul mcenareebs, radgan isini meti ra-
odenobiT moipovebodaA. amgvarad, Zveli drois ada-
mianma mravali mcenarisa da cxovelis sakvebad gam-
oyeneba daiwyo.
iseve, rogorc evropuli maglemozuri xalxebi,
CrdiloeT amerikis adamianebic cxovrebis damkvi-
drebul wesze gadadiodnen. im droisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli iyo samosaxlos ori ZiriTadi formAa. erTi
iyo sacxovrebeli banaki, sadac sezonurad cxovrob-
da ramdenime, savaraudod, monaTesave ojaxi; meore
ki specialuri daniSnulebis banaki, romelic raime
resursis arsebobis adgilas mdebareobda da sadac
albaT monadireTa jgufebi Cerdebodnen xolme. mag-
aliTad, atlantikis sanapiroze calkeuli jgufebi
gadaadgildebodnen mTavari mdinareebis gaswvriv,
sadac mTis Ziras zafxulis banakebs aSenebdnen,
xolo sanapiroze _ zamTrisas. gansakuTrebuli dan-
iSnulebis banakebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi iqmne-
boda, radgan jgufebi mTavari banakidan sanadirod
an ramis, magaliTad, iaraRisTvis saWiro qvis Sesa-
groveblad mudmivad gadiodnen xolme.
aRniSnuli xanis adamianebis erT-erTi gamo-
goneba iyo safqvavi, Txilis samtvrevi da saCexi qvis
iaraRi. culebi, saCexebi da marcvleulis safqvavi
iaraRi sul ufro metad vrceldebodAa. Ees albaT ty-
iani zonebis zrdiT iyo gamowveuli. mas Semdeg, rac
yinulma CrdiloeT amerikidan ukan daixia, gaizarda
tyis produqtebsa da xe-tyis masalaze damokideb-
ulebaA. amasTanave, am teritoriaze didi mniSvneloba
eniWeboda Tevzsa da zRvis produqtebs, rac aseve im
cvlilebas asaxavda, romelic adamianebma ganicades
gamyinvarebis bolo periodSi.
yvelaze didi mniSvneloba, rogorc Zveli, ise ax-
ali samyaros binadarTaTvis, mcenareebis moSenebasa
da cxovelebis moSinaurebas eniWebodAa. msoflios
orive nawilSi gamyinvarebis bolo periodis dasas-
ruls adamianebma mcenareebze cdebis Catareba dai-
wyes. daaxloebiT 14000 wlis win Zvel samyaroSi,
xolo 10000 wlis win axal samyaroSi zogierTi kul-
turis moyvana daiwyes. sakvebis mopovebaSi funda-
menturi cvlileba _ miwaTmoqmedeba, swored is
sakiTxia, romelsac Semdeg TavSi ganvixilavT.
Sejameba
1. kulturis istoriis periodi, romelic evro-
pasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi _ zeda paleoliTis
saxeliT, xolo afrikaSi gviani qvis xaniT aris
cnobili, TariRdeba 40000 wlis winandeli peri-
odidan 14000-10000 wlis winandel periodamde.
am drois ganmavlovbaSi msoflio yinuliT iyo
dafaruli, yinuli faravda CrdiloeT evropisa
da CrdiloeT amerikis udides nawils da saSua-
lo wliuri temperatura dRevandelze 100 cel-
siusiT naklebi iyo.
2. zeda paleoliTis iaraRisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iyo basri pirebis simravle. mravlad iyo sakveTe-
bi, Zvlisa da irmis rqis iaraRi da mikroliTebi
(mogvianebiT). cxovrebis wesi mravali aspeqtiT
adrindelis msgavsi iyo. xalxebis umetesoba uaR-
resad mobilur jgufebad cxovrobda da nadiro-
basa da Semgroveblobas misdevdaA. isini sadgomebs
aSenebdnen rogorc Ria adgilebSi, ise gamoqvabu-
lebsa da kldis safarebSi.
3. zeda paleoliTSi mravali axali movlena aRin-
iSneba: iaraRis damzadebis axali teqnologia,
xelovnebis warmoSoba, mosaxleobis zrda, axali
gamogonebebi, rogoric iyo mSvild-isari, Subis
satyorcni (atlatli) da barji.
4. axal samyaroSi mxolod Homo sapiens sapiens-is naS-
Tebia aRmoCenili. gabatonebuli azris mixedviT,
adamianebi axal samyaroSi saxmeleTo xidiT ga-
davidnen, romelic cimbirsa da aliaskas Soris
im adgilas mdebareobda, sadac amJamad beringis
sruteaA. bolo dromde iTvleboda, rom adamian-
ebi aliaskas samxreT teritoriebze 11500 wlis
winandel periodamde ar misulan. arqeologi-
uri Zeglis - monte-verdes (Cile) gaTxrebis Sem-
deg cnobili gaxda, rom Tanamedrove adamianebi
samxreT amerikis samxreTSi, sul cota, 12000 da
iqneb 33000 wlis win misulan.
5. gamyinvarebis periodis bolos, daaxloebiT 14000
wlis win, havam daTboba daiwyo. mravali didi
cxoveli, romelzec zeda paleoliTis adamian-
ebi iyvnen damokidebulni, gadaSendaA. amave dros
gaCnda axali, siTbos ukeT Seguebuli mcenareebi,
romlebic sakvebis axal, mdidar wyarod iqcnen.
mTel msoflioSi adamianebma meti mcenareuli
sakvebisa da sxva resursebis gamoyeneba daiwyes.
msoflios mraval adgilas adamianebma mcenaree-
bis moSenebasa da cxovelebis moSinaurebas mi-
hyves xeli.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. riT gansxvavdeba zeda paleoliTis iaraRi Sua pa-
leoliTis iaraRisgan? rogoria am gansxvavebaTa
mniSvneloba adamianis kulturisTvis?
2. zeda paleoliTis gamoqvabulebis mxatvrobam
Cveni cnobismoyvareoba gaaRvivaA. wignSi aRwer-
ilia zogierTi gamokvleva am naxatebis Sinaarsis
Sesaxeb. SegiZliaT Tu ara, moZebnoT sxva gzebi
gamoqvabulis xelovnebis mniSvnelobis gas-
agebad?
3. ra faqtorebma aiZules adamianebi, rom sacxovre-
blad axal samyaroSi gadasuliyvnen?
 159

sakvebis warmoebisa da
dasaxlebuli cxovrebis
dasawyisi 10

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 winasameurneo ganviTareba

 mcenareTa da cxovelTa
moSinaureba

ratom ganviTarda saWmlis

warmoeba

 sakvebis warmoebis
Sedegebi
160
zeda paleoliTis dasasrulisTvis adamianebi
sakvebs ukve gareul saqonelze, antilopaze, bizon-
sa da mamontze nadirobiT moipovebdnen. monadire-
Semgroveblebi, savaraudod, momTabare cxovrebas
eweodnen am cxovelTa migraciis gamo. daaxloebiT
14 aTasi wlis win zogierT regionSi mosaxleoba sul
ufro naklebad xdeboda nadirobaze damokidebuli
da metad _ uZrav sakvebze (Tevzi, moluski, wvril-
fexa saqoneli da veluri mcenareebi) (ix. sur. 10-1).
zogierT teritoriaze, ZiriTadad evropasa da axlo
aRmosavleTSi, adgilobrivi, SedarebiT stabiluri
sakvebis gamoyenebam damkvidrebuli cxovrebis
Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. kulturul periods,
romelSic es cvlilebebi moxda, axlo aRmosavleT-
Si epipaleoliTs, evropaSi ki mezoliTs uwodeben.
msoflios sxva kuTxeebSic moxda farTo speqtris
sakvebis Semgroveblobaze gadasvla, magram mzardi
dasaxlebebi ar SeiniSneboda, rogorc magaliTad,
mezoamerikaSi, sadac es periodi arqaulad iwodebaA.
axlo aRmosavleTSi Zv.w. 8000 wels Cven vxedavT
sakvebis mopovebaze gadasvlis naTel magaliTebs
_ mcenareebisa da cxovelebis moSeneba da moSinau-
rebAa. es cvlileba, romelsac arqeologi v. gordoni
neoliTur revolucias uwodebs, ganxorcielda da-
moukideblad Zveli da axali samyaros sxva regioneb-
Si momdevno ramdenime aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi.
Zveli samyaro
1000
0
wiwila (s. azia)
2000 Cv. w. aR.
{
(4000 Cv. w.) aqlemi (arabeTi da
centraluri azia)
kata (axlo aRmosavleTi)
4000 Cv. w. aR. cxeni (centraluri azia);
(6000 Cv. w.) viri (Cr. afrika)
mcenareebi (CineTi _ fetvi, brinji, gogra; sa azia _
6000 Cv. w. aR. gogra, wylis Txili; afrika _ sorgo, fetvi,
(8000 Cv. w.)
brinji, miwis Txili, batati)
saqoneli da Rorebi (axlo aRmosavleTi)
8000 Cv. w. aR. cxvrebi da Txebi (axlo aRmosavleTi)
(10,000 Cv. w.) mcenareeebi (axlo aRmosavleTi _ xorbali, Svria,
Wvavi, qeri, ospi, barda)
10,000 Cv. w. aR. ZaRlebi (axlo aRmosavleTi)
(12,000 Cv. w.)
farTo speqtris Segroveba;
12,000 Cv. w. aR. gazrdili sedentizmi;
(14,000 Cv. w.) mikroliTebis meti gamoyeneba
suraTi 10 -1 cxovelTa moSinaurebis TariRebi, juliet klaton-brokis `cxovelTaA moSinaureba~, stiven jonsis, robert martinisa da devid
pilbimis redaqtorobiT, adamianis evoluciis kembrijis enciklopedia (niu-iorki: kembrijis universitetis gamocema, 1992), gv. 384. saav-
toro uflebebi daculiAa. 1992. dabeWdilia kembrijis universitetis gamomcemlobis nebarTviT.
Zvel samyaroSi moSinaurebis damoukidebeli cen-
trebi iyo CineTSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziasa (dRe-
vandeli malaizia, tailandi, kamboja da vietnami) da
afrikaSi Zv.w. 6000.2 axal samyaroSi kultivizaciis
centrebi ganlagebuli iyo mezoamerikis maRlobeb-
Si (Zv.w. 7000), centralur andebSi perus maxloblad
(Zv.w. 7000) da Crdilo amerikis aRmosavleT tyeebSi
(Zv.w. 2000 da ufro adrec).3 mcenareTa da cxovelTa
umetesoba moSinaurebuli gaxldaT Zv.w. 2000 wels.
am droisaTvis ukve ganviTarebuli iyo xvna, Tesva,
miwis damuSaveba da irigaciaA. sur. 10-2 gviCvenebs
im regionebs, sadac mosavlis ZiriTadi nawili iyo
moSenebuli.
am TavSi ganvixilavT sakvebis mopovebisa da dam-
kvidrebuli cxovrebis savaraudo dasawyiss _ sed-
entarizms, mcenareTa da cxovelTa moSinaurebis,
permanentuli dasaxlebebis warmoqmnis mizezebs.
meurneoba (aq: mesaqonleoba) da mobinadreoba er-
Tad ar CamoyalibebulaA. zogierT regionSi adamian-
ebi mcenareebis daTesvamde da cxovelebis moSene-
bamde dasaxldnen, zogSi ki, piriqiT _ dasaxlebas
win uZRoda mosavlis daTesvAa. Cven ZiriTadad
ganvixilavT axlo aRmosavleTsa da mezoamerikas
_ teritoriebs, romlebSic amgvari ganviTareba
arqeologiurad ukeT aris Seswavlili. SeZlebis-
dagvarad, sxva regionis Sesaxeb monacemebsac mivu-
TiTebT SedarebisTvis.
axali samyaro
TurqeTi (Cr. Amerika)
Ggvineis Rori (s. amerika)
Pmudmivi soflebi (mezoamerika)
Mmcenareebi (Cr. Amerika _ mzesumzira)
Pmudmivi soflebi (peru)
xorbleuli? (mexiko)
lama da alpaka (s. amerika)
{
mcenareebi (andebi _ mware wiwaka)
mcenareebi (mezoamerika _ gogra,
yabayi; arc ise didi sedentizmi)
 161

qeri, xorbali, barda, ospi da Turquli barda

fetvi, sorgo, miwis Txili, batati, finiki, yava da nesvi
fetvi da brinji
brinji, banana, Saqris lerwami, citrusovani xili,
qoqosi, taro da batati
simindi an xorbleuli, cercvi da gogra
limas cercvi, kartofili, tkbili kartofili da araqisi

suraTi 10 -2 msoflios ZiriTadi mosavlis Tavdapirveli adgilmdebareobaA.

msoflios marcvleulis ZiriTadi nawili sxvadasxva regionSi iyo moSinaurebuli

frenk houli, ~meurneobis saTaveebi~, stiven jonsis, robert martinisa da devid pilbimis gamocema, adamianis evoluciis kembrijis en-
ciklopedia (niu-iorki: kembrijis universitetis gamocema, 1992), gv. 376. saavtoro uflebebi daculiA. kembrijis universitetis gamocemAa.
adaptirebuli da gamoyenebulia kembrijis universitetis gamomcemlobis nebarTviT.

winasameurneo ganviTareba xorbliT gadaadgileba gaZneldebodaA.~9 amasTan,

axlo aRmosavleTi
axlo aRmosavleTSi msxvili nadirobidan bune-
brivi resursebis farTo speqtrze gadasvla evro-
paSi ganviTarebuli imave procesis identuri iyo.5
damowmebulia, rom adamianebi Tavs irCendnen sx-
vadasxva resursiT, maT Soris, TevziT, moluskebiT
da wylis sxva cxovelebiT, gareuli irmebiT, cx-
vrebiT, TxebiT, gareuli marcvleuliT, TxiliT da
Teslovani mcenareebiT.6 iseTi stabiluri sakvebis
mzardi gamoyeneba, rogoricaa veluri marcvleuli,
xsnis adamianebis mier dasaxlebul cxovrebaze ga-
dasvlas epipaleoliTis xanaSi.
dResac anatoliis zeganze SeniSnavT gareuli
xorblisa da qeris yanebs, romlebic ise xSiria,
TiTqos viRacas moeSenebinos.7 epipaleoliTis
adamianebi flobdnen primitiul namglebs da See-
ZloT aseTi yanidan sakmaod uxvi mosavali aeRoT.
am resursebis nayofierebis saCveneblad Catarda
savele eqsperimenti preistoriuli pirobebis dac-
viT. epipaleoliTuri primitiulpiriani namglis
gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma 1 sT-Si 1 girvanqa veluri
marcvleulis mopoveba SeZles. oTxsuliani ojaxi
ramdenime kviraSi weliwadze meti xnis samyof mo-
savals aiRebdaA.8
eqsperimentisas mopovebulma xorbalma kent
fleneri Semdeg daskvnamde miiyvana: `mosavlis ase-
Ti raodenoba aucileblad ganapirobebda sedanta-
rizms. Tundac imitom, rom ramdenime tona sufTa
qvisgan damzadebuli safqvavi mowyobiloba metisme-
tad mouxerxebeli iqneboda satareblad. mosavlis
nawils, savaraudod, dauyovnebeli moxmarebisTvis,
dasaflvelad an SemdegSi Sesawvavad da mosaxarSad
gadadebdnen, danarCens ki momdevno wlisTvis inax-
avdnen. marcvleulis masobrivi moxmareba gaxda
albaT erTgvari qurebis, safqvavebisa da Sesanaxi
WurWlis Seqmnis safuZveli. warmoiqmna myari, per-
manentuli samosaxloebi. soflis aSenebis Semdeg,
xalxs, savaraudod, misi mitoveba arc undodaA. Segvi-
Zlia warmovidginoT bunebrivad mdidar regionebSi
is adreuli winasameurneo dasaxlebebi, romelTa
Sesaxeb arqeologiuri kvlevebic mowmobs.
axlo aRmosavleTis natufianebi. 11 aTasi wlis
win aq mcxovrebi natufianebi binadrobdnen gamoqv-
abulebsa da kldis TavSesafrebSi da soflebs is-
raelis teritoriaze, karmelis mTis ferdobebze
aSenebdnen. maT kldeSi amokveTes auzis formis Ses-
anaxi qvabebi, savaraudod, maragis Sesanaxad. natu-
fianebis soflebis magaliTebi SeiniSneba einanis
mxaresac.
einanis teritoriaze ganlagebulia zedized sami
istoriuli soflis narCenebi. TiToeuli maTgani
Sedgeba 50 wriuli ormosebri saxlisgan. saxlis iat-
aki ramdenime futiT miwaSi iyo. ase rom, kedlis erTi
nawili miwis, xolo meore, miwiszeda, qvis hqondAa. am
saxlebs, miwiszeda saxlebisgan gansxvavebiT, siTbos
didi xniT SenarCunebis unari hqonda. rogorc Cans,
soflebSi qviT mokirwyluli bilikebi iyo gayvanili
da hqondaT aseve qvis wriuli keriebi, xolo gar-
162
dacvlilebs soflis sasaflaoze krZalavdnen.
aRmoCenili xelsawyoebi mowmobs, rom natufi-
anebi veluri marcvleulis intensiur Segrove-
bas eweodnen. maTi soflebidan aRdgenil namglebs
specifikuri bzinvareba axasiaTebT, rac balaxis
Reroebis momkiT unda iyos gamowveuli. natufi-
anebma epipaleoliTis periodSi pirvelebma daiwyes
Warbi mosavlis SenaxvAa. qvis saxlebis iatakze maT
gamoiyvanes Selesili ormoebi maragisTvis. veluri
marcvleulis garda, isini uamrav sxva resurssac
iyenebdnen.10 maT namosaxlarze napovnia gareuli
cxovelebis naSTebi. rogorc Cans, natufianebi
ZiriTadad nadirobdnen qurcikze, mTeli jogis
garSemotymis Semdeg.11
natufianebi im dros sxva regionebSi mcxovrebi
Semgroveblebisagan sakmaod gansxvavdebian. isini
ara mxolod bunebrivi resursebiT ikvebebodnen,
aramed mzardi socialuri sirTulisac iyvnen. natu-
fianTa samosaxloebi, saSualod, 5-jer aRemateboda
winaprebisas. Temebi axla ukve daaxloebiT 1 weli-
wads arsebobdAa. saflavis nimuSebi adamianTa Soris
socialur gansxvavebebzec migviTiTeben. miuxedavad
imisa, rom xorbleulis mopovebam saSualeba misca
natufianebs permanentul soflebSi ecxovraT, maTi
kvebis reJimi sakmaod cudi iyo, radgan maTi kbilis
emali sakvebis ukmarisobaze migviTiTebs, xolo
struqtura dRiTi-dRe uaresdebaA.13
mezoamerika
farTomasStabian nadirobasa da Semgrovebloba-
ze gadasvla moxda agreTve axal samyaroSi paleo-
indiuri periodis dasasruls, daaxloebiT 10 aTasi
wlis win. klimaturi cvlilebebi, iseve rogorc Zvel
samyaroSi, aqac sasicocxlo iyo. polaruli yinulis
ukan daxeva CrdiloeT amerikidan da zogadad ufro
Tbilma da notio klimatma ganapiroba dramatuli
cvlilebebi mcenareebsa da cxovelebSi Crdilo
amerikisa da mezoamerikis masStabiT. Pleistocene
megafauna _ mamontebi, mastodonebi, martorqebi,
giganturi zarmacebi da sxva SedarebiT wvrilfexa
heionimi, erT-erTi gamoqvabuli,
sadac natufianebis SedarebT per-
manentuli dasaxleba mdebareobdaA.
am teritorias arqeologebi jerac
ikvleven.
saqoneli, magaliTad cxeni, mokle droSi gadaS-
endaA.14 nadirobdnen ukve iseT cxovelebze, rogori-
caa iremi, antilopa, bizoni da mcire ZuZumwovrebi.
amave dros foTlovani tyiT dafaruli adgilebi da
mindvrebi gafarTovda da gaizarda axal mcenareTa
raodenobAa. gamoCnda xeze samuSo iaraRebi. zogierT
regionSi aqtiurad daiwyes moluskebis gamoyenebaA.
CrdiloeT amerikasa da mezoamerikaSi moaSenes is
mcenareebi da cxovelebi, romlebzec ukve damokide-
bulni iyvnen.15
mezoamerikis zegnis arqauli xalxebi msx-
vilfexa saqonelze nadirobidan resursebis ufro
farTo gamoyenebaze gadasvla aRiniSna mezoameri-
kis zeganze, centraluri da samxreT meqsikis mTian
regionebSi, rac nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo dRe-
vandelis msgavsi klimaturi cvlilebebiT. simaRle
mniSvnelovani faqtori aRmoCnda nadirobasa da Sem-
groveblobaSi, radgan simaRlesTan erTad icvleba
mcenareTa da cxovelTa resursebic. velebs axa-
siaTebs meCxeri, balaxovani mcenareebi, xolo mTis
Zirebsa da mTebs _ kaqtusis ~eklovani~ tyeebi, rom-
lebic simaRlisa da Sesabamisad, tenis matebasTan
erTad icvleba muxisa da fiWvis tyeebiT. zonebis
vertikaluri warmodgenisas naTeli xdeba, rom mc-
ire teritoriaze gavrcelebuli iyo mcenareTa da
cxovelTa farTo speqtri da arqaul xalxebs Sesa-
Zlebloba hqondaT, meti resursiT esargeblaT.16
8 aTasi wlis win mezoamerikis arqaul mosaxleo-
baSi SeiniSneboda Temebs Soris sezonuri migracia
ori sxvadasxva masStabiT: 15-30 kaciani banakebi (mak-
rojgufebi) da 2-5-kaciani banakebi (mikrojgufe-
bi). makro jgufebi dabanakebuli iyvnen sezonuri
resursebis maxloblad, magaliTad, rkos an meskitis
sezonze ramdenime ojaxi iyrida Tavs, rom misiT es-
argeblaT da mosavali erTad aeRoT, sanam nayofi
blomad iyo, CaetarebinaT sxvadasxva rituali an
ubralod dasaxlebuliyvnen. mikro jgufebic sezon-
urad saxldebodnen, roca jgufebi ar erTiandebod-
nen makrojgufebad. aseTi mikrojgufebis narCenebi
napovnia mRvimeebsa da kldis gamoqvabulebSi, sadac
banakis zemoT an qvemoT sxvadasxva saxis garemos gam-
oyeneba iyo SesaZlebeli.17

axlo aRmosavleTis natufianebisgan gansxvave-
biT, arqaul mosaxleobaSi socialuri gansxvavebebi
ar SeiniSnebaA. yvelaze didi socialuri erTeuli,
makrojgufis banaki naTesaurad dakavSirebuli
ojaxebisgan Sedgeboda da lideroba am jgufebSi sa-
varaudod araformaluri iyo. arc ritualis niSnebi
SeiniSneba, garda ceremoniuli sacekvao moednisa
erT-erTi makrojgufis banakSi, geo-SihSi, oqsakas
xeobaSi. amrigad, cxovrebis stili paleoindoelebis
stiliviT martivi da sada iyo, miuxedavad sakvebis
Segrovebis farTo strategiaze gadasvlisAa.
sxva teritoriebi
sxva teritoriaze mosaxle adamianebic msxvil-
fexa saqonelze nadirobidan meurneobis dawyebamde
sxvadasxvagvari sakvebis Segrovebaze gadavidnen. iS-
viaTi arqeologiuri Canaweri amtkicebs, rom aseTi
cvlileba moxda samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, sadac
savaraudod, ganlagebuli iyo mcenareTa da cxov-
elTa moSinaurebis mniSvnelovani centrebi. Sida
teritoriebSi aRmoCenili sakvebis naSTi mowmobs,
rom erTi da imave banakebis mier gamoyenebuli iyo
sakvebis uamravi gansxvavebuli saxeobAa. magali-
Tad, yofil banakebSi Cven vpoulobT maRalmTiani
raionebis, dablobis mdinareebis, cxovelebis, fr-
invelebisa da tyis primitivebis, gamoqvabulis Ra-
murebisa da Tevzebis narCenebs. ramdenime sanapiro
gviCvenebs, rom aq agrovebdnen sxvadasxva saxis Te-
vzsa da moluskebs da nadirobdnen iseT cxovelebze,
rogoricaa iremi, veluri saqoneli da martorqAa.18
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi winasameurneo ganviTa-
reba, savaraudod, ganpirobebuli iyo klimatisa da
garemos cvlilebebiT _ daTbobiT, tenianobis mo-
matebiTa da zRvis doniT aweviT.19
afrikaSic winasameurneo periodi xasiaTde-
boda ufro Tbili da sveli klimatiT. momravle-
buli tbebi, mdinareebi da sxva wyalsacavebi Tevz-
iT, moluskebiTa da sxva resursebiT iyo mdidari,
rac xalxs saSualebas aZlevda, ufro kompaqturad
dasaxlebuliyo. magaliTad, dRevandeli samxreT da
centraluri saharis teritoriaze mravlad iyo tbe-
bi, sadac Tevzaobdnen da hipopotamebsa da niange-
bze nadirobdnen.20 erT-erTi regioni, romelic
gazrdil sedentizmze migviTiTebs, aris daklehos
oazisi egviptis dasavleT udabnoSi. daaxloebiT 8-9
aTasi wlis win xalxi mdinareebisa da tbebis maxlo-
blad qvis wriul qoxebSi cxovrobdaA. nilosis xeobi-
dan dasavleTiT dRevandel malimde napovnia Zvlis
harpunebi da Tixis WurWeli. samxreT da centralur
saharaSi Tevzaoba xalxs SesaZleblobas aZlevda,
wlis umetesi drois manZilze tbebsa da mdinaree-
bTan darCeniliyvnen.21
ratom Camoyalibda farTo
speqtris Semgrovebloba?
naTelia, rom winasameurneo gadarTva farTo
speqtris Semgroveblobaze msoflio masStabis iyo.
klimaturi cvlilebebi, sul mcire, nawilobriv
gansazRvravda sakvebis axali resursebis aTvisebas.
yinulis galRobiT gamowveuli wylis donis mateba,
Tavis mxriv, aiolebda Tevzisa da moluskebis mop-
ovebas. klimatur cvlilebebs garkveulwilad unda
gamoewvia msxvilfexa saqonlis Semcirebac. savarau-
doa, agreTve, rom es Semcireba ganpirobebuli yo-
filiyo adamianebis mier am cxovelebis amoxocviT.22
amiT aixsneba, rom swored am periodSi (gadasaxleba
163
beringis yuridan samxreT amerikisken) gadaSendnen
iseTi didi cxovelebi, rogoricaa mamonti.23
amoxocva saxeldeba rogorc ZuZumwovarTa, ise
frinvelTa gadaSenebis mizezad axal samyaroSi. fr-
invelTa uamravi saxeoba gadaSenda Crdilo amerikis
pleitoscenis ukanasknel aTaswleulebSi da Zneli
dasajerebelia, rom nadiroba amis umTavresi mizezi
iyo. imis gamo, rom frinvelTa da ZuZumwovarTa
saxeobebis gadaSeneba TiTqmis erTdroulad moxda,
ufro savaraudoa, es ganpirobebuli yofiliyo kli-
maturi da garemo cvlilebebiT.24 TvalsaCinoa erT-
gvari axalzelandiuri cxoveli, romelic gadaSen-
da, rogorc ki adamianebma daipyres kunZulebi. isini
Znelad mravldebian, amitom dasaSvebia, rom nadiro-
bam maTi gadaSeneba gamoiwviaA.25
msxvilfexa saqonlis raodenobis Semcirebam ada-
mianebi aiZula sakvebis axali resursebi aeTvisebi-
naT, magram farTo speqtris resursebis gamoyene-
bas sxva mizezi unda hqonoda _ mosaxleobis zrda
(sur. 10-3). rogorc mark koeni aRniSnavs, uamravi
iyo ~monadire-Semgrovebeli~ da maT unda moeZiebi-
naT sakvebis axali, nakleb sasurveli wyaro.26 (Cven
molusks mamontze ufro sasurvelad mxolod imi-
tom miviCnevT, rom mis mosapoveblad ar gviSromiaA.
saWiro iyo uamrvi moluskis Segroveba, damuSaveba
da momzadeba, rom erTi mozrdili cxovelis cilebi
mieRoT). swored msoflios ~gadavseba~ iyo albaT
umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom 30 aTasi wlis win mona-
dire-Semgroveblebma iseTi dausaxlebeli adg-
ilebis aTviseba daiwyes, rogoricaa avstralia da
axali msoflio.27
farTo speqtris Semgrovebloba iqneb gulisx-
mobda kidec sakvebis axali wyaroebis eqspluata-
cias, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom xalxi ukeT
ikvebebodaA. simaRlis Semcireba kvebis cud reJimze
migviTiTebs. winasameurneo periodSi Zveli msofli-
os umetes nawilSi saSualo simaRle daaxloebiT
2 diumiT Semcirda (saberZneTi, israeli, indoeTi,
CrdiloeT da dasavleT evropa)28. es, SesaZlebelia,
ganpirobebuli yofiliyo cudi kvebiT an bunebrivi
gadarCeviT _ msxvilfexa saqonlis Semcirebis gamo,
arcTu xSirad uwevdaT Subebis srola (kiduris Zv-
lis sigrZe da simaRle xels uwyobda monadires
Subi ufro Zlier da Sors esrola).29 msoflios
sxva regionebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, avstralia
da dRevandeli SeerTebuli Statebis centraluri
dasavleTi nawili, Zvlebis analizi janmrTelobis
gauaresebaze migviTiTebs.30
farTo speqtris Semgrovebloba
da sedentarizmi
SeiZleba Tu ara winasameurneo adamianebis damkvi-
drebuli cxovrebis wesi farTo speqtris Semgrove-
blobiT aixsnas? pasuxi dadebiTicaa da uaryofiT-
ic. msoflios zogierT regionSi _ evropis zogierT
nawilSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, afrikasa da peruSi _
dasaxlebebma permanentuli xasiaTi miiRo, magram
sxvagan, magaliTad, mezoamerikis naxevrad mSral
maRlobebze, farTo speqtris Semgroveblobaze ga-
dasvla ar iyo dakavSirebuli sedentarizmis gaz-
rdasTan. aq mcenareTa moSinaurebis Semdegac ki ar
warmoqmnila permanentuli soflebi.31 _ ratom?
rogorc Cans, farTo speqtris Semgroveblobaze
gadasvla sulac ar aris gadamwyveti faqtori seden-
tarizmisTvis; piriqiT, perus sanapiros dasaxleba-
Ta urTierTSedareba gviCvenebs, rom permanentuli
dasaxlebebi ufro axlos (3,5 mili) iyo ganlagebuli
sakveb resursebTan, vidre droebiTi dasaxlebebi.
164

Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi da problemebi

is xar, rasac Wam: Zvlebisa da kbilebis qimiuri analizi
arqeologebi uZveles kvebis
reJims uamravi, metwilad ara-
pirdapiri gziT swavloben. saWm-
lis aRdgenili narCenebidan
maT SeuZliaT gaigon, riT ikve-
bebodnen uZvelesi adamianebi.
magaliTad, aRmoCenili simind-
is marcvali migviTiTebs imaze,
rom xalxi mas didi raodeno-
biT miirTmevdaA. mcenareuli da
cxoveluri sakvebi amoicnoba
qvebze aRmoCenili namwvaviTa da
(Tuki Semonaxulia) fekaliebiT.
amgvari daskvnebi umetesad
ixreba Tesleulis, Txilisa da
marcvlis sasargeblod (radgan
swored isini inaxeba ukeT), iS-
viaTad pouloben iseTi nazi
mcenareebis narCenebs, ro-
goricaa banani an bolqvianebi.
arqeologebi kvebis racionis
Sesaxeb daskvnebs im nakeTobis
mixedviTac akeTeben, romlebic
sakvebis Sesanaxad an gadasa-
muSaveblad gamoiyenebodAa. mag-
aliTad, Tu vipoviT brtyeli
an Cazneqili zedapiris qvas,
romelsac marcvleulis dasa-
fqvavad iyenebdnen, savaraudoa,
rom adamianebi sakvebad dafqul
marcvals (an Tesleuls) iy-
enebdnen, magram mcenaris
narCenebi da gadasamuSavebe-
li instrumentebi verafers
gvetyvian imaze, Tu ramdenad
iyvnen adamianebi damokidebuli
ama Tu im sakvebze.
arsebobs kvebis reJimis Ses-
wavlis pirdapiri gzac. anTro-
pologebma aRmoaCines, rom
~is xar, rasac Wam.~ ZiriTadad,
gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili Zvlebi-
sa da kbilebis analizs mivyavarT
im sakvebis kvalTan, romelic me-
tabolurad midioda Zvlebsa da
kbilebSi.
erTi saxis qimiuri analizi
gvaZlevs ZvalSi stronciumisa
da kalciumis Tanafardobas
da gviCvenebs mcenareuli da
cxoveluri sakvebis Tanafar-
dobas. magaliTad, stronciumis
analizidan vigebT, rom axlo aR-
mosavleTSi burRulis meurneo-
bis ganviTarebamde adamianebi
ZiriTadad mcenareuli sakvebiT,
veluri burRuleuliT ikvebe-
bodnen. iyo periodi, roca misi
mopoveba SeferxdaA. problema
aRniSnuli mcenaris moSenebiTa
da moSinaurebiT gadaiWrAa.
naxSirbadis izotopis Tana-
fardoba gviCvenebs, ra saxis
mcenareebiT ikvebebodnen ada-
mianebi. xeebis, buCqebisa da sa-
Sualo simaRlis balaxebis (mag-
aliTad, brinji) naxSirbadis
izotopis Tanafardoba gansx-
vavdeba tropikuli da subtrop-
ikuli balaxebisgan (magaliTad,
fetvi da marcvleuli). CineTSi 7-
8 aTasi wlis win ZiriTadad bur-
RuleuliT ikvebebodnen, magram
igive ar xdeboda CrdiloeTsa da
samxreTSi. Cveni molodinis sa-
pirispirod, naxSirbadis izoto-
pebi migviTiTeben saSualo zonis
burRuleulze (brinji), rogorc
ZiriTad sakvebze samxreT CineT-
Si, xolo CrdiloeTSi dominireb-
da tropikuli da subtropikuli
mcenareebi. CrdiloeTSi mniS-
vnelovani adgili ekava fetvs.
dadgenilia, rom Zv.w. 5000-500ww
sakvebis 50-80% fetvze modio-
dAa.
axal samyaroSi Teslovani
mcenareebi, rogoricaa mze-
sumzira da boloti, ufro adre
moiSinaures CrdiloeT ameri-
kaSi, vidre marcvleuli Semovi-
doda meqsikidan. es cnobilia
nawilobriv arqeologiidanac:
Teslovan mcenareTa narCenebi
ufro Zvelia, vidre marcvleu-
lisA. marcvlis SemadgenlobaSi
Semavali karbonis izotopis
fardoba gansxvavdeba ufro
adreuli, saSualo zonis Tes-
lovani mcenareebisagan. amrigad,
Aax.w. 800-900 ww karbonis izoto-
pis fardobaSi momxdari cvli-
lebebi migviTiTebs imaze, rom aq
marcvleuli ZiriTadi gaxdaA.
Zvlebisa da kbilebis araqi-
miuri analizi gamoiyeneboda
fizikosi arqeologebis mier, sx-
vadasxva geografiul regioneb-
Si mcxovreb xalxs, axlandel
mosaxleobasa da maT winaprebs,
adamianebsa da primitivebs So-
ris arsebuli msgavsebebisa da
gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad. kv-
levisas gamoiyeneboda zeda-
piris ZiriTadad, Tavis qalis
gazomvebi (Signidan da garedan).
ukanasknel wlebSi anTropolo-
gebma da arqeologebma daiwyes
Zvlebisa da kbilebis `Sinagani~
SeswavlaA. aq moyvanili axali qi-
miuri analizi swored aseTi kv-
levis nawiliA. n.j. van der mervis
sityvebiT, `adamianis evoluciis
kvlevam muclis Seswavlaze ga-
dainacvlAa.~

Temi, romelsac mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili ar
hqonda, metad iyo damokidebuli farTod gavrcele-
bul resursebze. sedentarizms ki, savaraudod, xels
unda uwyobdes ufro farTo speqtris resursebis
siaxlove32 da xelmisawvdomoba33, vidre TviTon es
resursebi.
sedentarizmi da mosaxleobis zrda
miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflio istoriis im fa-
zaSi, romelic xasiaTdeba nadirobiTa da Semgrove-
blobiT, aRiniSneboda mosaxleobis mateba, anTro-
pologTa mtkicebiT, mniSvnelovani zrda moxda
damkvidrebuli cxovrebis stilis SemoRebis Sem-
deg. es daskvna momdinareobs kungis momTabare da
dasaxlebuli tomebis Sedarebidan.
momTabare jgufis dasaxlebam, savaraudod, Seam-
cira Sobadobis intervali.34 momTabare kungebis
Svilebis asakSi, saSualod, 4 weli iyo Sualedi, xolo
axlad dasaxlebul kungebSi _ 3 weli. arsebobs ram-
denime versiaA.
bavSvebs Soris asakobriv sxvaobas, SesaZloa
sxvadasxva mizezi hqondes. pirvel rigSi, es aris
(efeqturi kontracefciis ararsebobis pirobebSi)
xangrZlivi seqsualuri TavSekaveba bavSvis gaCenis
Semdeg, rac sazogadoebaSi sakmaod gavrcelebuliaA.
meorec, es SeiZleba iyos orsulobis Sewyveta anu
aborti.35 momTabare jgufebs meti motivacia hqon-
daT bavSvebs Soris asakobrivi intervalis zrdisT-
vis, radgan Cvili bavSviT gadaadgileba did prob-
lemas SeqmnidAa. erTi Cvilis tareba sakmaod rTuli
iyo, orisa ki _ metismetad mZime. amrigad, dasaxle-
bul jgufebs SeeZloT asakobrivi intervali Seem-
cirebinaT, radgan ar iyo bavSvebis xeliT tarebis
aucileblobaA.
aRniSnuli mizezebi bolomde mainc ver xsnis So-
badobis intervals momTabare kungebSi. sxvagvari

moluskebis Segroveba farTo speqtris Semgroveblobis nawili iyo. samxreT afrikelebi napirze gamoriyul moluskebs agroveben.
axsna SesaZlebelia dakavSirebuli iyos bavSvTa
kvebis problemasTan. nensi hauelisa da riCard lis
azriT, dasaxlebul kungebSi intervalis Semcireba
gamowveuli iyo dedis rZesTan erTad bavSvTa sxva
sakvebis gavrcelebiT. cnobilia, rac ufro didxans
kvebavs deda bavSvs damatebiTi sakvebis gareSe, miT
ufro didi xnis Semdeg gaxdeba SesaZlebeli dafex-
mZimebAa. momTabare kungebs ar hqondaT saSualeba,
bavSvebi iolad mosanelebeli sakvebiT gamoekvebaT,
amitom patarebi 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi dedis rZeze
iyvnen damokidebulni. maTgan gansxvavebiT, dasaxle-
bul kungebs SeeZloT bavSvebi burRuliTa (moSeneb-
uli marcvliT) da moSinaurebuli cxovelebis rZiT
gamoekvebaT. aseTi clilebebi ki sabolooo jamSi
iwvevs Sobadobis intervalis Semcirebas. winasameur-
neo TemebSi SesaZlebelia igive Sedegi hqondes mar-
cvleulisgan damzadebul bavSvTa sakvebs. mxolod
am mizeziT SeiZleboda mosaxleobis zrda aRniSnu-
liyo manam, sanam Temebma fermeroba da menaxireoba
daiwyes.
kidev erTi mizezi imisa, rom dasaxlebul kungebs
meti Svili hyavT, vidre momTabareebs, aris sxeulis
cximisa da wonis fardobaA. zogierTi mkvlevari mi-
iCnevs, rom ganayofierebisTvis saWiroa sxeulSi
cximis garkveuli minimumis arsebobaA. dasaxlebuli
(anu binadari) kungi qalis qsovili ufro cximi-
ania, vidre momTabarisa, romelic veluri mcenaris
sakvebis saSovnelad yoveldRe ramdenime mils ga-
dis, xSirad bavSviT xelSi. amrigad, dasaxlebuli
kungebis bavSvebs Soris asakobrivi sxvaoba nakle-
165
biAa. ovulaciisaTvis saWiro kritikuli raodenobis
cximis faqtoriT aixsneba is, rom iseTi qalebis, ro-
goricaa maraTonis morbenalebi, tanmovarjiSeebi
da balerinebi, ovulacia regularuli arAaa.
mikroliTuri teqnologia
wina sameurneo kultura, teqnologiurad, ra-
dikalurad ar gansxvavdeba zeda paleoliTis
kulturebisgan.38 zomiT ufro mcire da msubuqi
xelsawyoebis gamoyenebis tendencia grZeldebaA. mi-
kroliTebi, gvian zeda paleoliTSi Seqmnili 1-dan 2
diuimamde sigrZis mWreli pirebi axla ukve farTod
gamoiyenebodaA. erTi masalisgan damzadebuli uxeSi
xelsawyoebis nacvlad, evropis, aziisa da afrikis
xalxebi ukve Sereuli masalisgan damzadebul xel-
sawyoebs iyenebdnen. mikroliTebs, romlebic calke
gamosayeneblad metismetad patara iyo, aTavsebdnen
Zvlis WdeSi da amgvarad amzadebdnen isrebs, har-
punebs, satevrebsa da namglebs. magaliTad, namglis
gasakeTeblad ramdenime mikroliTs aTavsebdnen xis
an qvis xelsakidis WdeSi, pirebs ki fisiT amagrebdnen.
SesaZlebeli iyo gatexili mikroliTis gamocvlac,
rogorc Tanamedrove samarTeblis pirisAa. garda sx-
vadasxva daniSnulebisa, mikroliTs is upiratesobac
hqonda, rom misi damzadeba SesaZlebeli iyo TiTqmis
yovelgvari qvisgan, ramdenadac ukve aRar iyo msxvi-
li kvanZebis gamoyeneba saWiro didi da msubuqi xel-
sawyoebis dasamzadeblad. adamianebi mikroliTis sa-
SualebiT mcire kvanZebTan muSaobdnen ufro mcire
166
10
9 gadamtani moculoba
8
populaciebi (milionebSi)
7 geografiuli gafarToveba metad ganapira areebSi
6
5
4
2
1
1 milioni
dro (wlebi awmyomde)
suraTi 10-3 msoflio mosaxleobis zrdisa da moZraobis rekonstruqcia pleistocinis peri-
odSi. mosaxleobis zrdam adamianebis sazRvrispira teritoriebze gadasaxleba aiZula, kidev
ufro gazrdam ki farTo speqtris Semgroveblobisaken ubiZgaA.
suraTi adaptirebulia f.A. hasanis demografiuli arqeologiidan. saavtoro uflebebi daculiA. 1981 w. akademiuri presA. vrceldeba gamomcem-
lis nebarTviT.
mcenareTa da cxovelTa moSinaureba
`neoliTi~ niSnavs `axal qvis xanas~ da dakavSire-
bulia kulturuli ganviTarebis im etapTan, roca
adamianebma gamoigones Tixis WurWeli da safqvavi
qvis xelsawyoebi. dRes arqeologebi am termins
mcenareTa da cxovelTa moSinaurebasac ukavSire-
ben. kacobrioba sakvebis Segrovebidan mis damzade-
baze gadavidAa.
sakvebis Segrovebasa da damzadebas Soris zR-
vari maSin gaivlo, roca adamianebma mcenareebis
Sesanaxad dargva da cxovelebis moSeneba daiwyes.
rodidan SeiniSneba es procesi? arqeologiurad
Cven vxedavT sakvebis dazadebis etapis dasawyiss.
amis niSnebi SeimCneva mxolod mas Semdeg, rac aR-
movaCenT gansxvavebebs mcenareebsa da cxovelebSi
maT velur saxeobebTan SedarebiT. roca adamianebi
mosavals Tesaven, saqme gvaqvs moSenebasTan, xolo
roca moSenebuli mcenareebi da cxovelebi icvle-
bian, saubaria ukve moSinaurebaze.
rogorc viciT, moSinaurebuli saxeobebi gansx-
vavdeba velurisagan (sur. 10-4). magaliTad, velur
qers aqvs susti, advilad daSladi TavTavi, aseve
sqeli garsi Teslis dasacavad, moSinaurebuli qeri
ki piriqiT _ Zlieri ReroTi da myife garsiT xasiaT-
deba, rac aiolebs mis dafqvas.
ratom aRiniSneba aseTi gansxvavebebi? aucilebe-
li iyo bunebrivi Tu adamianuri, ganzraxuli Tu Sem-
TxveviTi gadarCevaA. gavixsenoT gansxvavebebi xorb-
lisa da qeris saxeobebs Soris. rogorc aRvniSneT,
roca veluri TavTavi mwifdeba, is iolad iSleba da
Tesli ibnevaA. velur pirobebSi es Tviseba seleqci-
farTo speqtris adaptacia
ia
ion
c
at
u ula
pl
po
p oP
100,000 70,000 30,000 15,000 10,000
uriAa. ase buneba aregulirebs saxeobebs. mcenareebi
Zlieri ReroTi naklebad mravldebian, magram maTi
moSeneba ufro sasurveliAa. rodesac adamianebma mo-
savlis aReba daiwyes namgliT, momkil TavTavebSi
sqelReroiani mutantebi Warbobda, radgan mxolod
maT SeZles uxeSi mkis procesSi gadarCenAa. daTesvis
SemTxvevaSi, isini warmoSobdnen aseve ZlierReroian
mcenareebs. aseTi Teslebis ganviTarebis SemTxveva-
Si, TavTavebis es saxeoba dominirebuli gaxdebodAa.40
gansxvavebebi aRiniSneba cxovelTa gareul da
moSinaurebul saxeobebs Sorisac. magaliTad, axlo
aRmosavleTis gareuli Txebis rqebi sxva formis-
aa,41 magram moSinaurebis niSnebad ar SeiZleba mx-
olod garegnuli gansxvavebebi miviCnioT. amaze
migviTiTebs agreTve cxovelTa naSTebis sqesobrivi
da asakobrivi Tanafardobis disbalansi. magali-
Tad, eraySi, zavi Cemi sanidarSi (Zawi Chemishanidar),
kravebisa da mozrdili cxvrebis naSTebis Tanafar-
doba aWarbebs imave Tanafardobas velur faraSi.
erTaderTi SesaZlo daskvna aqedan SeiZleba iyos
is, rom cxovelebis moSinaurebisas ufro inaxavd-
nen mozrdil cxvars (mosaSeneblad), xolo kravebs
sakvebad iyenebdnen (es varaudi imis axsnis saSuale-
basac iZleva, Tu ratom aris aRmoCenili Zvlebis
umetesoba patara asakisaA.42)
moSinaureba axlo aRmosavleTSi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arqeologebs miaCndaT,
rom moSinaurebis uZvelesi kera iyo israelidan
iordaniis mindvrebamde, samxreT TurqeTisa da
iranSi zagrosis mTis dasavleT ferdobebis gavliT

kungebis moZravi banaki. monadireebi da Semgroveblebs gadaadg-
ilebisas, Tan sakuTari Svilebisa da nivTebis waReba uwevdaT.
bavSvebs Soris 4 wliani intervali imis garantia iyo, rom qals
erTdroulad ori bavSvis tareba ar mouwevdaA.
(ix.sur. 10-5). cnobilia, rom Zv.w. 8000 wels aq iz-
rdeboda moSinaurebuli marcvleulis iseTi saxe-
obebi, rogoricaa ospi, qeri, fetvi, barda, aseve
sxvadasxva saxis xili da Txili (msxali, broweuli,
leRvi, zeTisxili, qacvi).43 rogorc Cans, cxovelebi
axlo aRmosavleTSi moaSinaures. ZaRlebi pirvelad
meurneobis ganviTarebamde moiSinaures, daaxloe-
biT Zv.w. 10 aTasi w. (ix. CarCo `ZaRlebi da katebi Ta-
visiT moSinaurdnen?~), Txebi da cxvrebi daxloebiT
Zv.w.7000, xolo cxovelebi da Rorebi _ Zv.w. 6000
wlebSi.44
ganvixiloT ori neoliTuri periodis mxare axlo
aRmosavleTSi da vnaxoT, rogor Seicvala adami-
anebis cxovreba mas Semdeg, rac maT cxovelebi da
mcenareebi moiSinaures.
(Ali Kosh). samxreT-dasavleT iranis mravalfenian
mxareSi _ ali koSSi (ix.sur. 10-5), Cven vxedavT Zv.w.
7500 wlis droindeli Temis narCenebs, iq ZiriTa-
dad ikvebebodnen veluri mcenareebiTa da gareuli
cxovelebiT. momdevno 2000 wlis manZilze meurneo-
ba da menaxireoba mzard mniSvnelobas iZendaA. Zv.w.
5500 wlidan aRiniSneba ori siaxle _ irigacia da
mecxoveleoba, ramac im aTaswleulSi mosaxleobis
mcire zrdas Seuwyves xeli.
167
Zv.w. 7500-6750 wlebSi ali koSSi adamianebi dau-
muSavebeli Tixis filebs kveTdnen miwaSi, rom mra-
valoTaxiani struqtura mieRoT. arqeologebis
mier aRmoCenili oTaxebi 7-10 futi simaRlisaa, ma-
gram araferi metyvelebs imaze, rom aq adamianebi
cxovrobdnen an eZinaT. isini albaT ufro maragis
Sesanaxad gamoiyenebodAa. meore mxriv, ufro patara
zomis oTaxebi msoflios sxva regionebSicaa aRmoCe-
nili da araa gamoricxuli, rom maT sacxovrebladac
iyenebdnen. savaraudod, ali koSis mosaxleoba zaf-
xulobiT ramdenime dRis savalze mdebare mdeloTi
dafaruli mTisken inacvlebda (TxebTan erTad).
maTi sakvebi iyo ZiriTadad xorbali da erTgvari
qeri, aseve _ moSinaurebuli Txebi. Txebis moSin-
aurebis Sesaxeb cnobilia iqidan, rom am kuTxeSi ar
binadrobdnen gareuli Txebi. napovni Zvlebidan
arc erTi araa mozrdili Txisa, rac imaze metyve-
lebs, rom maT ZiriTadad mosaSeneblad iyenebdnen.
naklebad klavdnen agreTve dedal Txas. am niS-
nebTan erTad napovni aTobiT aTasi Tesli imaze
migviTiTebs, rom ali koSis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad
veluri mcenareebiTa (parkosnebi da balaxeuli) da
gareuli cxovelebiT (qurciki, gareuli xarebi da
Rorebi) irCenda Tavs. isini ikvebebodnen TevziT
(kobri, moluskebi, orsagduliani niJarebi) da wylis
frinvelebiT, romlebic wlis ganmavlobaSi xSirad
stumrobdnen am mxares.
ali koSSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli primitiu-
li iarRebis mravalsaxeobaA. am periodis aRmoCenebSi
mravladaa primitiuli saWrelebi, zogierTi daax-
loebiT 1mm sisqis. arqeologebis mier napovni qvis
namsxvrevebis 1% vulkanuri minaa, romelic aRmosav-
leT TurqeTidan (daaxloebiT ramdenime aseuli mi-
lis moSorebiT) modiodAa. aqedan gamomdinare, ali
koSis mosaxleobas, savaraudod, kavSiri hqonda sxva
xalxebTan. amas isic adasturebs, rom maT mier moSin-
aurebul xorbals am teritoriaze veluri analogi
ar hyavs.
Zv.w. 6750-6000 wlebSi gaizarda moSinaurebuli
mcenareebis moxmarebaA. keriebSi aRmoCenili mar-
cvlis 40% xorbali da qeriaA. veluri mcenareebis-
gan damzadebuli saWmlis xvedriTi wili Semcirda,
radgan mis paralelurad, imave niadagze izrdeboda
moSinaurebuli mcenareebic. amaSi Tavisi wvlili
Seitana Txebisa da cxvrebis balaxismWamelobamac.
sofeli xan izrdeboda, xan _ ara, magram uwyveti
tendenciiT izrdeboda mravaloTaxiani saxlebi.
oTaxebis farTi ukve 10 kvadratul futs aWarbebda,
kedlebi ufro sqeli iyo, xolo Tixis agurebi tal-
axiT duRabdebodaA. aseTi saxlis iataki lerwmiT iyo
dafaruli (maTze napovnia nafexurebi). Sida ezoSi
mikroliTebisgan damzadebuli namgali.
168
iyo mrgvalsaxuraviani aguris Rumelebi da Sesaw-
vavi ormoebi. am mxarisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zafxu-
lis sicxis gamo gasagebia, Tu ratom ar iyo arc erTi
aseTi Rumeli saxlis SigniT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am soflebis mosaxleoba
100-s ar aRemateboda, isini vaWrobaSic iyvnen Cab-
mulni. zRvis niJarebi, savaraudod, samxreTidan,
sparseTis yuridan mohqondaT, spilenZi _ dRe-
vandeli centraluri iranidan, vulkanuri mina
– aRmosavleT TurqeTidan, firuzi _ Tanamedrove
iranisa da avRaneTis sazRvridan. am masalebidan
zogierTs samkaulad gamoiyenebdnen rogorc qale-
bi, ise mamakacebi. amas saxlis iatakqveS damarxuli
neSTebic adasturebs.
Zv.w. 500 w-dan ali koSis mosaxleoba izrdeba, sa-
varaudod _ ganviTarebuli meurneobis, irigaciisa
da moSinaurebuli saqonlis momravlebis gamo. Sem-
deg aTaswleulSi, Zv.w.4500w-mde am teritoriis
mosaxleoba sammagdebaA. es ganpirobebuli unda yo-
filiyo im kulturuli ganviTarebiT, romelmac
kulminacias miaRwia axlo aRmosavleTis civili-
zaciis aRmavlobisas.45 amas Cven momdevno TavSic
vnaxavT.
mosaxleobis zrda aRiniSneboda ali koSsa da
mis SemogarenSi, magram ara axlo aRmosavleTis
yvela regionSi. magaliTad, adreul soflebs Soris
yvelaze udidesSi _ ain gazalSi (dRevandeli ammani,
iordania) _ mosaxleoba Semcirda, iqneb imitomac,
rom garemo xels ar uwyobdAa.46
CaTal huiuki. samxreT TurqeTis mTiani regio-
nis qarian platoze SemorCenilia aguriT nagebi qa-
laqi CaTal huiuki (ix.sur. 10-5). huiuki erTmaneTze
daSenebul dasaxlebebs niSnavs.
Zv.w. 5600w CaTal huiuki gamomwvari talaxisgan
nagebi qalaqi iyo. aRmoCenili 200 Senoba erTmaneTs
pueblos stiliT ukavSirdeboda (TiToeul brty-
elsaxuravian SenobaSi ramdenime ojaxi saxlobda).
veluri kulturuli
suraTi 10-3 veluri da kulturuli xorblis
TavTavebi. moSinaurebul xorbals axasiaTebs
ufro bevri da mozrdili marcvali.
gamocemidan warsuli perspeqtivaSi, meore gamocema, k. federi.
saavtoro uflebebi daculiA. 2000. meifildis sagamomcemlo kom-
paniA. dabeWdilia makgrou-hilis wignis kompaniis nebarTviT.
macxovreblebi saxlis kedlebs warmosaxviTi freske-
biTa da kerpebis simboluri qandakebebiT rTavdnen.
freskebi religiur scenebsa da yoveldRiur mov-
lenebs asaxavdaA. maTi gadafxekisas kidev erTi fena
aRmoaCines. rogorc Cans, axali freskis dasaxatad
Zvels Slidnen. ramdenime oTaxi saritualosac ki
hgavs, xaris didi gamosaxulebebiTa da kedelze
saqonlis Tavis fitulebiT. sxva oTaxebSi Savi da
wiTeli saRebaviT daxatuli freskebi cxovrebisa da
sikvdilis scenebs asaxavs. aseTive oTaxebSi ipoves
xarze Semomsxdari fexmZime qalisa da wverosani ma-
makacis Tixis qandakebebi.
CaTal huiukSi ganviTarebuli iyo fermerobac.
Warbad modioda ospi, xorbali, qeri da bardAa. arqe-
ologebi gaocebas ver malaven napovni xelnakeTo-
bebis, lamazad gamoTlili xis Tasebis da yuTebis
gamo. aq mosaxleobas vulkanuri minisa da primiti-
uli satevrebi, Subis Tavebi, safxekebi, sadgisebi
da namglis pirebic hqondaT. Tasebi, niCbebi, danebi,
kovzebi da CamCebi Zvlisgan iyo gamoTlili. sax-
lebSi napovnia Zvlis maqmanebi qamrisTvis, Rilebi
da qinZisTavebi. dadasturebulia, rom mamakacebi
da qalebi atarebdnen Zvlis, zRvis niJarebsa da
spilenZis samkaulebs da iyenebdnen vulkanuri minis
sarkeebs.47
imis gamo, rom CaTal huiuki mdebareobs bunebrivi
resursebiT sakmaod Rarib regionSi, is savaraudod
sxva teritoriis mosaxleobasTan gacvlas awarmoe-
bda: niJarebi xmelTaSua zRvispireTidan Semodioda,
xe-tye _ mTebidan, vulkanuri mina _ 50 milis manZi-
lidan da marmarilo _ dasavleT TurqeTidan.
moSinaureba mezoamerikaSi
aq moSinaurebis sxva modeli aRiniSneba: naxevrad
momTabare arqauli nadiroba da Semgrovebloba
mcenareTa moSinaurebis Semdegac arsebobdAa.48 ro-
gor moxda es? SesaZlebeli iyo moSinaurebul mcena-
reebze zrunva maTTan axlos cxovrebis gareSe?
Sewyda Tu ara veluri mcenareebis Segroveba? pasuxi
uaryofiTiaA. mezoamerikaSi adamianebi mravali saxis
mcenares Tesavdnen, magram Semdeg kvlav nadiro-
basa da Semgroveblobas eweodnen, mosavlis aRebis
sezonze ukan brundebodnen daTesilis mosamkelad.
adreuli kulturebis umravlesoba, didi survilis
miuxedavad, ar iyo subsistenciuri. arqauli adami-
anebi moSinaurebis gziT sasurvel mcenareebs amrav-
lebdnen. magaliTad, erT-erTi aseTi moSinaurebuli
mcenare iyo erTgvari gogra, romelic sakvebad ar
vargoda, magram mosaxerxebeli iyo wylis satare-
blad. jois markusisa da kent fleneris varaudiT,
xalxi mas gamiznulad aSenebda iseT adgilebSi, sa-
dac bunebrivad ar xarobdaA.49
gogra mezoamerikis maRlobze moSinaurebul mra-
val mcenareTagan erT-erTiaA. aq aseve mohyavdaT po-
midori, bamba, cercvi, gogra da simindi (marcvali).
miuxedavad imisa, rom simindis warmoSoba sadavoa,
misi moSinaurebuli analogi napovnia tehuakanSi,
meqsikaSi da TariRdeba Zv.w. 5000 wliT. 1970 wlamde
miiCneoda, rom simindi moiSinaures ukve gadaSeneb-
uli ~veluri simindidan~, romelsac patara magari
taro da aseve mcire foCebi hqondaA. axla ki varau-
doben, rom misi ~winapari~ teozinti iyo _ meqsikaSi
farTod gavrcelebuli maRali veluri balaxi an
SesaZloa, simindi teozintisa da veluri marcvlis
najvaric iyos (sur.10-6).50
teozinti da simindi Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs, ma-
gram maT Soris mcire gansxvavebac aris. teozintSi
aris `zoli~, sadac erT mwkrivad ganlagebulia 7-12
 169

ruseTi
Savi zRva
saqarTvelo

TurqeTi somxeTi
azerbaijani

katal huiuki vanis tba

amouki
mosuli cavi Cemi
kviprosi • mureibati • Sanidari
alepo hasuna
xmelTaSua karim Sahiri
• Teirani
zRvAa beiruTi • siria jarmo

•
damasko kermanSahi• tepe sarabi irani

md
tepe aziabi

.e
israeli
• baRdadi

vf
erayi Za
• ierixoni

r
g

at

md
ierusalimi ro
ali koSi s M

.t
ia

ubaidi

ig
kairo • ou
an

r
n ta

o
•
rd

basra in

si
s
io

quveiTi
tepe iaha
egvipte saudis md
arabeTi .t
ig
wiT

r
o
si
el

katari
iz

si
riaidi
•
Rva

o arabTa
il gaerTianebuli
.n emiratebi
md
• meqa

suraTi 10-5 adreuli sameurneo dasaxlebebi axlo aRmosavleTSi

Tanamedrove qalaqebi aRniSnulia wertiliT, Zveli dasaxlebebi ki – kvadratiT. yviTeli feriT aRniSnulia e.w. `nayofieri naxevarmTvaris~
teritoriA.

Tesli, xolo simindis taroSi Teslebi ramdenime
mwkrivadaaA. teozintis TiToeul Tesls aqvs saku-
Tari myife garsi maSin, roca simindis taro mTlianad
aris dafaruli sqeli CenCoTi. gansxvavebebia ad-
reul da Tanamedrove simindebs Sorisac. 7000 wlis
winandeli simindis taroebi patara, 1 diumis sig-
rZisa iyo, Teslebi ki 6 rigad hqonda Camwkrivebuli.
Zveli da axali simindebi adamianebisgan damoukide-
blad ver mravldeba _ myife garsidan sqelCenCoian
taroebze gadasvla imaze migviTiTebs, rom CenCos
viRac frTxilad aclida Tesls, raTa SesaZlebeli
gaexada misi gamravlebAa.51
simindisa da gogris msgavsad, parkosnebisa da xa-
pis veluri saxeobebi martivi manipulaciiT moiSin-
aures. magaliTad, cercvi bunebrivad kldis gamoqv-
abulebTan axlos, ferdobis niadagze xarobs. ioli
misaxvedria, rom arqauli mosaxleoba swored am cer-
cviT ikvebeboda (maTi fesvebi patara da sakvebad ga-
mousadegaria) da Tesavda kidec sasurveli xarisxis,
mozrdil Teslian variantsac. analogiurad, veluri
xapis mxolod Tesli iWmeboda, danarCens ki arasasia-
movno suni da gemo hqonda, maTi mutantebi piriqiT
_ ufro gemrieli da didTesliani iyo.52
mezoamerikis, meqsikisa da centraluri amerikis
mosaxleobas miaweren erTsa da imave niadagze simin-
dis, cercvisa da gogris daTesvas, rasac Tavisi upi-
ratesoba aqvs. siminds niadagidan nitrogeni gamo-
hyavs, cercvi ki, rogorc yvela parkosani, piriqiT,
nitrogeniT amdidrebs mas. simindis taros irgvliv
cercvi igrixeba, ZirSi ki xapi. lobio, simindisgan
gansxvavebiT, Seicavs aminomJavis lizins. amrigad,
cercvi da simindi adamianebs yvela saWiro aminomJa-
viT uzrunvelyofdaA. iyo teozinti simindis winapari
Tu ara, is am unikaluri kombinaciis modelia, radgan
veluri cercvi da xapi mis maxloblad xarobs.53
guila nakitzi. 1960-ian wlebSi kent flineris
mier aRmoCenili guila nakitzis gamoqvabuli me-
zoamerikis maRlobebSi gavrcelebuli moSinau-
rebis naTel suraTs gvixatavs. aq adamianTa patara
jgufebi (savaraudod, mxolod erTi ojaxi) saxlde-
boda xangamoSvebiT (da sezonurad) 2000 wlis ganma-
vlobaSi (Zv.w.8900-6700). swored am periodSi moaSin-
170

mimdinare kvlevebi da gamocemebi

ZaRlebi (da katebi) TavisTavad moSinaurdnen?
ZaRlebsa da adamianebs So-
ris urTierTobebze pirveli
niSnebi aRmoCenilia CrdiloeT
israelSi da TariRdeba 12 aTa-
si wlis winandeli periodiT.
aq napovnia xanSi Sesuli qalis
saflavi. micvalebuli marjvena
gverdze wevs, fexebi mokecili
aqvs da marcxena xelqveS ZaRli
hyavs. emberebis ZaRls maTi
saxlSi mosvla axarebda, See-
Zlo ynosviT gaegno gza, Wamda
yvelafers, rac iatakze varde-
bodaA. aris Tu ara es sakmarisi
mizezi, vamtkicoT, rom adamian-
ebma mglis STamomavloba 10-15
aTasi wlis win moiSinaures?
axlo aRmosavleTSi mcena-
reebis, cxvrebisa da Txebis
moSinaurebamde aTasobiT wliT
adre moiSinaures ZaRli. mas Sem-
deg, rac naxevrad permanentuli
dasaxlebebi warmoiqmna, adami-
anebi ukve msxvilfexa saqonelze
ki ara, karbohidratebiT, cile-
biTa da zeTiT mdidar mcenaree-
bze iyvnen damokidebulni.
ratom unda moendomebinaT
adamianebs mglebis gawvrTna?
erTi versiiT, wvrilfexa saqon-
elze gadasvlis gamo, isini ZaR-
lebs iyenebdnen daWrili cxove-
lis sadevnad da moklulis
sapovnelad. aseve, mtaceblebis
dasafrTxobad da teritoriis
nagvisgan gasawmendad.
es ukanaskneli daniSnuleba
kidev erT Teorias edeba safuZ-
vlad: SesaZloa, adamianebma ki
ar moiSinaures ZaRlebi, isini
TviTon moSinaurdnen banakis
irgvliv xetialisas. ratom
dainteresdnen mglebi adamianTa
dasaxlebebiT? amis mizezi maTi
SeWma ar unda yofiliyo, radgan
es mxolod milionobiT wliT
adre iyo SesaZlebeli. albaT, ar-
sebobda sxva ram, rac mglebs ase
izidavda adreul dasaxlebebSi.
istoriaSi pirvelad, adamian-
ebs ukve SeeZloT erT adgilze
didxans gaCereba da mosavliTa
Tu sxva resursebiT Tavis gatanaA.
mniSvneloba ar aqvs, wlobiT day-
ovndebodnen iq Tu sezonurad,
adre Tu gvian Cndeboda nagvis
problemAa. es ZiriTadad exeboda
saWmlis narCenebs _ isini ara
mxlod usiamovno suns iwvevda,
aseve avrcelebda sxvadasxva
daavadebas. rogor mogvarde-
boda es problema? rogorc dRes
viciT, saWiro iyo miwaSi daflva
ise, rom arasasurveli stumrebi
ar moezida, magram sabolood
dasaxlebis axlos adgilis uk-
marisoba iCenda Tavs. ra Tqma
unda, SeeZloT banaki sxvagan ga-
daetanaT, magram SesaZloa, es
arc surdaT, maT xom uzarmaz-
ari dro daxarjes im saxlebis
aSenebaze, romlebic zamTarSi
Tbili iyo, wvimaSi _ mSrali da
iq uamrav nivTs inaxavdnen. ris
gakeTeba SeiZleboda?
iqneb, arc arafers akeTebdnen
da am problemas Soriaxlos mox-
etiale mglebi Wridnen. rogor?
dasufTavebiT, rac ZaRlebisT-
vis (gansak­uTrebiT iseTi didebi,
rog­o­rebic maSin iyvnen) Cveu-
lebrivi iyo akeTebdnen. ase rom,
mxolod ramdenime gawvrTnili
mgeli da moSinaurebuli ZaRli
kmaroda nagvis problemis mo-
sagvareblad, xolo xalxs ar uw-
evda nagvis gamo gadasaxleba da
daculi iyo sunis, mwerebisa da
daavadebebisgan. savaraudod,
TavisiT moSinaurdnen ZaRlebi,
radgan es maTTvisac da adamian-
ebisTvisac sasargeblo iyo.
msgavsi Teoriaa katebis Ses-
axebac, romlebic Tagvebs iWeren
da klaven. Tagvis Zvlebi (saxlis
Tagvis) napovnia axlo aRmosav-
leTis nasaxlarebSi meurneobis
ganviTarebis Semdeg. SesaZloa,
adamianebma katebi maT winaaRm-
deg moiSinaures, magram ufro
savaraudoa, katebi SeeCvivnen
beRelisa da maragis sardafebs.
rasakvirvelia, moSinaurebis
process adamianebmac Seuwyves
xeli SedarebiT agresiuli ve-
luri katebis daxocviT. es vr-
celdeba axlos mosul velur
mglebzec. im SemTxvevaSic ki,
Tu aseT cxovelebs ar `efere-
bodnen~, aravis surda maTTan
konfliqti. mglebs dominan-
tur-daqvemdebarebuli ierarqia
axasiaTebT. isini, savaraudod,
Seeguen adamianis batonobas. is,
vinc amas ver axerxebda, albaT,
ikvlebodaA.
rogor unda Semowmdes es
Teoriebi? Tu ZaRlebi marT-
lac dasufTavebis mizniT moi-
Sinaures, amis niSnebi (mag.: cv-
lileba anatomiaSi) unda iyos
iq, sadac wlis nayofier sezonze
adamianebi saxlobdnen, radgan
mxolod am SemTxvevaSi Tu iqne-
boda nagvis problemaA. analogiu-
rad, katis moSinau­rebis niSnebi
unda veZioT im teritoriebze,
sadac savaraudod, marc­vl­e­uli
inaxebodaA. mxolod aq iqneboda
(mRrRnelebisgan Tavis dasaca-
vad) _ vimedovnebT, arqeol­ogebi
am Teoriebs momavalSi Seamowme-
ben.

aures mcenareebi. sakuTriv gamoqvabuli mdebareobs
zeda piedmontis eklovan tyeSi, oaqsakas xeobis ze-
moT. guila nakitzis mosaxleoba SubebiT nadirobda
irmebsa da veluri Roris msgavs cxovelebze, patara
cxovelebisaTvis ki maxes agebdAa. isini agrovebdnen,
agreTve, mcenareebs, ZiriTadad eklian msxals, bals,
rkos, Txils tyidan, agavas, xaxvs da sxva mcenareebs
eklovani tyidan.54
guila nakitzSi napovnia sxva mcenareebis narCe-
nebic, maT Soris _ gogrisebrTa ojaxis mcenareebi.
rogor moaRwia yovelive aman gamoqvabulamde? xom
ar aSenebda `moSeneba~ dRevandeli gagebiT, maSin _
arAa. gogra farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mezoamerikis
maRlobze da xarobda iseT gafxvierebul niadagzec
ki, rogoricaa gamoqvabulis mimdebare teritoriAa.
SesaZloa, amis Sesaxeb guila nakitzis mosaxleobamac
icodaA. amitom Tesavdnen ufro im gogras, romelsac
ukeTesi gemo an didi Tesli eqnebodaA.55 moSinaureba
an moSinaurebuli mcenareebis gamoyeneba sakmaod
araformalur xasiaTs atarebda, radgan kvebis re-
Jimi isedac mdidari iyo cxoveluri da mcenareuli
sakvebiT. situacia aq sruliad gansxvavebulia ali
koSisa da CaTal huiukisagan, radgan moSinaureba
ganpirobebulia monadireebisa da Semgroveblebis
mier zogierTi mcenaris sakvebad gamoyenebiT (mag.
gemrieli gogris). aq ar momxdara `revolucia~, ro-
melic adamianebs aiZulebda, erTbaSad gadasuliyo
moSinaurebuli mcenareebis gamoyenebaze.

pueblos stilis struqturebis narCe-
nebi neoliTuri katal huiukidan.
moSinaureba msoflios
sxva regionebSi
samxreT amerika da aRmosavleT aSS. mezoameri-
kis gareT mcenareTa moSinaureba aRiniSneboda axali
samyaros, sul mcire, or wertilSi: samxreT amerikasa
da aRmosavleT aSS. pirveli moSinaurebuli mcenare
iyo gogrisebrTa ojaxidan _ Zv.w.7500 wlis Semdeg.
moSinaurebuli mcenareebis garda, samxreT amerikis
andebSi aRiniSneba kidev 200 sxva mcenare, maT Soris,
kartofili, limas lobio, miwis Txili, amaranti da
kvinoA. pirvelad moiSinaures gogrisebrebi, daaxloe-
biT Zv.w. 8000 w, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom andebSi moSin-
aureba mezoamerikis paralelurad da cota adrec ki
daiwyes.56 sadavoa maniokisa da tkbili kartofilis
warmomavloba, magram isini, savaraudod, xarobda
samxreT amerikis dablobis tyian regionebSi.57
CrdiloeT amerikaSi moyvanili mcenareebis
umetesoba _ marcvleuli, cercvi da gogra _ me-
zoamerikidan iyo Semotanili, magram mzesumzira
da boloti, savaraudod, aq ufro adre moiSinaures.
isini mdidaria cilebiT, cximiT da sakmaod noyie-
ria, xolo xurtkmeli didi raodenobiT saxamebels
Seicavs da sakvebi RirebulebiT xorbals utol-
debaA.58 boloti kalciumis SemcvelobiT mxolod
mwvanileuls, niJarasa da Zvals CamouvardebaA. is
didi raodenobiT Seicavs rkinasac (ufro mets, vi-
dre xbos RviZli) da Teaminsac.59 es mcenareebi, sa-
varaudod, kentukis, tenesisa da samxreT ilinoisis
teritoriaze moiSinures daaxloebiT Zv.w. 2000 wels
(xorbali Semoitanes Aax.w. daaxloebiT 200 wels).
xorblamde arsebuli yvela mcenare sakvebi Rireb-
ulebiT aRemateboda mas. ratom gadaerTvnen Crdil-
oeT amerikis meurneebi mis moxmarebaze ukanaskneli
1000 wlis ganmavlobaSi?60 arqeolog brius smitis
sityvebiT,61 `xorblis mosavali mniSvnelovanwilad
aWarbebda mcenarisagan aRebul mosavals da gadamw-
yveti faqtori aRmoCnda mosavlis raodenoba da dax-
arjuli ZalisxmevaA. xurtkmeli, magaliTad, sakvebi
RirebulebiT xorbals utoldeboda, magram mis mo-
sawevad da Sesanaxad didi Sroma iyo saWiro da Tanac
aucileblad Semodgomis im dros, roca SesaZlebeli
iyo irmebze nadirobaA. amitom xorbalze gadasvla,
SesaZloa, imanac gamoiwvia, rom mosavlis aReba da
171
nadirobis sezoni erTmaneTs daemTxva, xolo xorb-
lis moSeneba nakleb Sromatevadi iyo.62
mTlianobaSi, axal samyaroSi cxovelebi ekonomi-
kurad nakleb mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre danarCen
msoflioSi. CrdiloeT amerikaSi espanelebis Se-
mosvlamde ZaRlebi da indaurebi ZiriTadad moSin-
aurebuli cxovelebi iyvnen. CrdiloeT da samxreT
amerikis ZaRlebi CrdiloeT amerikis mglebisgan
warmoiSvnen da maTi moSinaureba adre moxdaA. Aax.
w. 500 wlidan moSinaurebuli indaurebi napovnia
samxreT-dasavleT amerikis puebloebSi.63 maTi bum-
bulebi gamoiyeneboda isrebisTvis, samkaulisa da
qsovisTvis, Zvlebi ki _ xelsawyoebisTvis, Tumca
TviTon xorcs iSviaTad iyenebdnen sakvebad, gansx-
vavebiT meqsikisa da centraluri amerikisgan, sadac
is ZiriTadi sakvebi iyo, xolo moSinaureba ki da-
moukideblad moxdaA. 1519 wels, roca kortesi meqsi-
kaSi movida, moSinaurebuli indaurebi aq ukve didi
raodenobiT iyo.64
axal samyaroSi centraluri andebi erTaderTi
adgili iyo, sadac cxovelebi ekonomikis mniSvnelo-
van nawils warmoadgendnen. lama da alpaka (aqlemis
ojaxis warmomadgenlebi) aq Zv.w. 5000 wels moiSin-
aures da iyenebdnen sakvebad, transportirebisTvis.
gamoiyeneboda maTi bewvic.65 gvineuri Rorebi (sax-
eli sruliad Seuferebelia, radgan es arc Roria da
arc gvineidan) _ mRrRnelebi _ andebSi cota adre
moaSinaures. manamde isini sakvebis mniSvnelovan
wyaros warmoadgendnen da adamianebis sadgomebSi
cxovrobdnen.66
moSinaurebis procesi gansxvavebuli iyo axal da
Zvel samyaroSi, radgan TviTon veluri cxovelebi
gansxvavdebian or naxevarsferoze. Zveli samyaros
vakeebsa da tyeebSi saqonlis, cxvris, Txebis, Ror-
ebisa da cxenebis veluri winaprebi binadrobdnen.
axal samyaroSi ki cxenebis, mastodentebis, mamon-
tebisa da sxva didi cxovelebis veluri naxirebi
ukve gadaSenebuli iyo da mosaxleobas SesaZlebloba
hqonda, sxva cxovelebi moeSinaurebinaA.
aRmosavleT aziAa. arqeologiuri kvlevebi
gviCvenebs, rom Teslovani mcenareebis moSinaureba
ufro farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, vidre sxva ufro
~rbili~ mcenareebisa, radgan es ukanaskneli arcTu
kargad inaxebodAa. burRulis moSinaurebis adreuli
172
teozinti
suraTi 10-6 teozintis mcenare, ekali da Teslebi. simindis mcenare, taro da SigTavsi. ramde-
nad aRemateba moSinaurebuli simindis taro da marcvali velurisas.
warsuli perspeqtivaSi, k. federi. saavtoro uflebebi daculiA. 2000. meifildis sagamomcemlo kompaniaA. ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT.
niSnebi, axlo aRmosavleTis garda, aRiniSneboda
CineTSic. Zv.w. me-6 aTaswleulis bolos CrdiloeT
CineTis zogierT raionSi moiSinaures italiuri
fetvi. maragisTvis gankuTvnili ormoebi da qvabebi
da didi raodenobiT safqvavi qvebi adasturebs, rom
fetvs mniSvnelovani adgili eWira kvebis racionSi.
napovni veluri cxovelis Zvlebi da sanadiro da saT-
evzao xelsawyoebi migviTiTebs, rom nadiroba da Te-
vzaoba Sinauri Rorebis (da ZaRlebis) gamoCenis Sem-
degac ar SewyvetilaA. samxreT CineTSi arqeologebma
daaxloebiT imave periodis sofeli ipoves patara
tbis maxloblad, sadac xalxs brinji, gogra, wabli
da finikismagvari xili mohyavda _ JoJoba. samxreT
CineTis mcxovreblebma agreTve moaSenes wylis ka-
meCi, Rorebi da ZaRlebi da iseve, rogorc CrdiloeT
CineTSi, aqac sakvebis ZiriTadi nawils nanadirevi da
Tevzi warmoadgendAa.68
axlo aRmosavleTis paralelurad, moSinaureba
mimdinareobda samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi. bundova-
nia am procesis dawyebis TariRi. moSinaurebis uZve-
lesi centri _ spiritis gamoqvabulTan _ Crdilo-
dasavleT tailandSi daTariRebulia Zv.w. 9500-5500
ww. aq aRmoCenili mcenareebi Zalian ar gansxvavdeba
veluri analogebisagan, magram gogra, xviara Txili,
xviaras foTlebi da wabli, savaraudod, moSinaure-
buli iyo.69
moSinaurebis procesi, umetesad, aRmosavleT
aziaSi vakeebsa da mdinaris dabal kalapotebTan mim-
dinareobda, Tumca aq ZiriTadi sakvebi mainc Tevzi
da moluski iyo. axlo aRmosavleTisgan gansxvave-
biT, pirvelad burRuli ar mouSinaurebiaT, xolo
simindi
zogierTi mcenariT sulac ar ikvebebodnen. magali-
Tad, bambuks iyenebdnen xelsawyoebis dasamzade-
blad da samSeneblo miznebisTvis, xolo gogras _
konteinerad an jamad. ucnobia zustad, Tu rodis
moiSinaures brinji, magram misi kvali napovnia tai-
landSi da TariRdeba Zv.w. 4000 wliT. sakvebad gamo-
sadegi sxva mcenareebi, bolqvovanebi, taroianebi,
iamsi, puris xis nayofi, qoqosi da banani moiSinaures
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi.70
afrikaA. zogierTi mcenare da cxoveli pirvelad
afrikaSi moiSinaures, savanas tyis farTo zolSi sa-
haras samxreTiTa da ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT. pirve-
li moSinaurebuli mcenare, marcvleulTan erTad,
iyo sorgo am teritoriis centralur da aRmosav-
leT nawilSi, xolo trockis fetvi da erTgvari
brinji (gansxvavebiT aziuri brinjisgan) – dasavleT
nawilSi da eevzia _ aRmosavleTSi. miwis Txili da
iamsi pirvelad moiSinaures dasavleT afrikaSi.71
cnobilia, rom sakvebi mcenareuloba pirvelad sa-
haris afrikaSi moiSinaures, radgan veluri saxe-
obebi swored iq xarobs.72 dRes afrikaSi arsebuli
cxovelebis umetesoba, gansakuTrebiT cxvrebi da
Txebi, pirvelad moiSinaures Zvel samyaroSi, magram
saxedari da gvineuri qaTami _ afrikaSi.73
ratom ganviTarda saWmlis warmoeba?
viciT, rom cxovelebisa da mcenareebis moSin-
aurebasTan erTad ekonomikur gardaqmna msoflios
sxvadasxva regionSi 10 aTasi wlis win moxdAa. magram
ram ganapiroba moSinaurebis procesis dawyeba? da

ratom daiwyo is sxvadasxva regionSi ramdenime aTas-
wleulis SualediT? Tu gaviTaliswinebT, rom adami-
anebi milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi damokidebulni
iyvnen mxolod velur mcenareebsa da cxovelebze, es
Sualedi mcired mogveCvenebAa. moSinaurebuli mcena-
reebi Zvel samyaroSi ufro swrafad vrceldeboda,
vidre axalSi. iqneb imitomac, rom maSin is ufro aR-
mosavleT-dasavleT RerZis gaswvriv vrceldeboda
(gamonaklisia sahara), xolo axal samyaroSi _ Crdi-
lo-samxreT RerZis gaswvriv, es ki, klimatis, dRis
xangZlivobisa da daavadebebis cvlilebebis gamo,
met dros moiTxovdaA.74
sakvebis warmoebis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT
uamravi Teoria arsebobs. umetesoba cdilobs, axs-
nas nayofier naxevarmTvaris teritoriaze moSinau-
rebaA. gordon Caildis Teoriis mixedviT, romelic
popoularuli iyo 1950-ian wlebSi, axlo aRmosav-
leTSi moSinaurebis dawyeba gamoiwvia klimatSi
momxdarma mniSvnelovanma cvlilebebma,75 Caildis
mixedviT, gamyinvarebis Semdgom periodSi zafxulis
naleqma iklo axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT af-
rikaSi. wvimebis Semcirebis gamo, adamianebi iZule-
buli iyvnen gaxiznuliyvnen notio teritoriebze
da udabnoTi garSemortymul, sakvebiT mdidar oa-
zisebSi. Caildis TqmiT, swored veluri resursebis
Semcirebam aiZula adamiani, mcenareebi da cxovele-
bi moeSinaurebinaA.
robert breidvudma Caildis Teoria ori mizezis
gamo gaakritika: pirveli, breidvuds swamda, rom
klimaturi cvlilebebi arc ise dramatuli iyo, xolo
`oazisis biZgi~ saerTod ar arsebobdAa. analogiuri
cvlilebebi adrec xdeboda, magram msgavsi revolu-
cia sakvebis warmoebaSi manamde ar yofilaA. garda
amisa, bredvudis mtkicebiT, adamianis mier sakvebis
damzadebas ufro sarwmuno axsna unda hqonoda, vi-
dre ubralod klimaturi cvlilebebi.76
bredvudi da gordon uili amtkiceben, rom ada-
mianma manam ar mihyo xeli moSinaurebas, sanam ukeT
ar Seiswavla garemo da misi kultura saTanado
doneze ar ganviTardA. `ratom ar daiwyo uZvelesma
xalxma saWmlis warmoeba ufro adre? amJamad Cveni
erTaderTi pasuxi isaa, rom misi kultura amisaTvis
mzad ar iyo.~77
axla arqeologebi ufro konkretul axsnas eZe-
kartofili – erT-erTi umniSvnelova-
nesi sakvebi mcenare msoflioSi, andebSi
moiSinaures.
173
ben, luis binfordi da kont fleneri miiCnevdnen,
rom sakvebis warmoebaze gadasvla garemoebaTa cv-
lilebebs unda gamoewviaA.78 rogorc fleneri aRniS-
navs, araferi miuTiTebs mZlavr ekonomikur biZgze,
romelic monadire-Semgroveblebs sakvebis mwarmoe-
blebad aqcevdaA. sinamdvileSi, zogierTi monadire
naklebi Sromis SemTxvevaSic ki, iseve noyierad ikve-
beba, rogorc bevri meurne. maSin ram aiZula sakvebis
Semgroveblebi mwarmoeblebi gamxdariyvnen?
binfordisa da fleneris TqmiT, cxovelebisa da
mcenareebis moSinaurebisaTvis biZgi unda yofiliyo
omis warmoebis survili (rac SedarebiT iSviaTi iyo
uxv sanadiro adgilebSi). mosaxleobis zrdis gamo,
adamianebi axlomdebare adgilebSi gadadiodnen, sa-
dac SedarebiT mcire iyo veluri resursebi. swored
aseT adgilebSi mcxovrebma adamianebma moisazres
pirvelad sakvebis warmoeba, raTa uzrunvelyofil-
ni yofiliyvnen imiT, rac adre sakmarisad hqondaT.
binford-fleneris modeli SesabamisobaSia ar-
qeologiuri gaTxrisas aRmoCenil im niSnebTan,
romlebic amtkicebs, rom levantSi, nayofier nax-
evarmTvaris samxreT-dasavleT mosaxleobis zrda
win uswrebda moSinaurebis dawyebas79, magram ro-
gorc Tavad fleneric aRiarebs, zogierT regionSi,
magaliTad, samxreT-dasavleT iranSi, optimalur
sanadiro adgilebSi mosaxleobis zrda moSinaure-
bamde ar arsebobdaA.80
binford-fleneris modeli gansakuTrebul yur-
adRebas aqcevs mosaxleobis zrdas, rogorc sakvebis
warmoebis xelSemwyob faqtors. mark koenis Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianebma xeli mihyves meurneobas ram-
denime aTaswleulis SualediT mosaxleobis glo-
baluri zrdis gamo.81 is amtkicebs, rom daaxloebiT
10 aTasi wlis win monadire-Semgroveblebis raode-
noba mTel msoflioSi TandaTan izrdebodaA. amrigad,
adamianebi mosaxleobis zrdas ukve veRar umklavde-
bodnen auTvisebel adgilebSi gadasaxlebiT. isini
iZulebulni iyvnen, ufro gavrcelebuli da SeiZle-
ba nakleb sasurveli veluri sakvebis eqspluatacia
daewyoT, rac imas niSnavda, rom isini gadavidnen
farTo speqtris Semgroveblobaze an gaezardaT ar-
sebuli veluri mcenareebisgan aRebuli mosavali
maTi gamravlebis, veluri cxovelebisgan dacvis
gziT. SesaZloa, zogierT maTgans Tesavdnen kidec.
koeni miiCnevs, rom maT, savaraudod, yvelanairi
174

strategia scades, magram sabolood moSeneba dai- bis zrdam, ra Tqma unda, biZgi misca sakvebis warmoe-
wyes, radgan mxolod ase SeiZleboda erT adgilze bas (sur. 10-7), magram arsebobda sxva garemoebebic.
mets ecxovrAa. paradoqsulia, magram aRiniSna janmrTelobis Serye-
bolo periodSi zogierTi arqeologi kvlav kli- va, garTulda sakuTrebrivi urTierTobebi.
maturi cvlilebebis Teorias daubrunda (ara im
ukidures variants, romelic Caildma wamoayena) da mosaxleobis zrda
miiCnevs, rom aman Tavisi roli iTamaSa meurneobis
ganviTarebaSi. kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom daaxloebiT rogorc vnaxeT, dasaxlebam (Tundac sakvebis war-
13000-12000 wlis win klimati axlo aRmosavleTSi moebamde) xeli Seuwyo mosaxleobis zrdas. magram es
ufro sezonuri gaxda: zafxuli – cxeli da mSrali, zrda ufro intensiuri gaxda fermerobis, menaxire-
zamTari _ civi. am cvlilebebma xeli Seuwyo veluri obis ganviTarebis Semdeg, radgan Semcirda asako-
marcvleulis erTwliani saxeobis warmoSobas, ro- brivi intervali bavSvebSi da gaizarda nayofiereba
melic, rogorc arqeologiurad Cans, sakmaod mom- (bavSvebis raodenoba 1 qalze). gvaqvs safuZveli
ravlda axlo aRmosavleTSi.82 mosaxleoba, magali- vamtkicoT, rom nayofiereba ufro maRalia, roca
Tad, natufianebi, intensiurad iyenebda sezonur bavSvebs TavianTi wvlili SeaqvT ekonomikaSi.87
marcvleuls, maTve SeimuSaves misi Senaxvisa da da- saubari araa mxolod imaze, rom Svilebi mSoblebs
muSvebis teqnologia da amiT sabolood dausves muSaobaSi exmarebian; dedebis datvirTva samuSaoTi
wertili momTabare cxovrebas. meurneobaze gadas- amcirebs asakobriv Sualeds. rac ufro dakavebulia
vla, SesaZloa, imiTac yofiliyo ganpirobebuli, deda, miT naklebi dro aqvs bavSvis mosavlelad da
rom momTabareebi ver moipovebdnen sakmaris sarCos. patarac damatebiT sakvebs iRebs momvlelebisgan.88
damkvidrebulma cxovrebam da mosaxleobis zrdam rodesac deda bavSvs xelovnur sakvebs aZlevs, mas
sabolood resursebis simcire gamoiwvia,83 zogan ki saSualeba aqvs, momdevno bavSvi naklebi intervalis
adgilobrivi veluri resursebi amoiwura soflebis Semdeg gaaCinos (fermerebi da menaxireebi bavSvs
warmoqmnis Semdeg.84 israelisa da iordaniis teri- ufro cxoveluri rZiTa da burRuliT kvebavdnen).
toriaze, sadac natufianebi cxovrobdnen, adamian- aqedan gamomdinare, dedis samuSaos zrdasTan erTad
ebma meurneobas xeli mihyves marcvleulis maragis izrdeboda misi nayofierebac.
gasazrdelad, xolo sxvebi imave mizeziT Semgrove-
blobas daubrundnen.85
klimatis cvalebadobas SeeZlo garkveuli saxis janmrTelobis gauareseba
sakvebis simcire gamoewviaA. mSral sezonze zogier-
Ti maTgani xelmisawvdomi ver iqnebodaA. magaliTad, sakvebis warmoebaze gadasvlasTan erTad uares-
balaxis mWameli cxovelebis xorci balaxis simciri- deboda janmrTelobaA. iqneb paradoqsuladac ki
sas mWle iqneboda da arasakmarisi mSral sezonze. JRerdes, magram mosaxleobis zrda im SemTxvevaSic
saocaria, magram mxolod mWle xorcze damokide- aRiniSneba, roca qali bevr Svils aCens, magram maTi
buli monadire-Semgroveblebi dResac ki SimSilo- umetesoba cudi kvebis gamo kvdebaA.
ben. krizisuli periodis daZlevas mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi SeZlebdnen, Tu rogorme ainazRaurebdnen
karbohidratisa da cximis danakliss.86 ase rom, Sesa-
Zloa, pirvelad swored monadire-Semgroveblebma
moaSenes mcenareebi, rom mSral sezonze, roca nadi-
roba, Tevzaoba da Semgrovebloba arasakmarisi iyo,
SimSiloba Tavidan aecilebinaT.
sxvagvari suraTia mezoamerikaSi, radgan aq ad-
reuli moSinaurebuli mcenareebi araarsebiTi iyo.
Teoriebi mosaxleobis zrdasa da sakvebis simcireze
am SemTxvevaSi ar gamodgebaA. Tumca xSirad akldaT
sasurveli mcenare _ magaliTad, gogra da adamian-
ebma am mcenareebis daTesva daiwyes. gansxvaveba ze-
moaRwerili modelisgan isaa, rom aq klimaturi cv-
lileba da mosaxleobis zrda ar aRniSnula, magram
adamianebma aqtiurad daiwyes moSinaureba, raTa sa-
sargeblo da sasurveli mcenareebi meti raodenobiT
hqonodaT. sainteresoa simindis SemTxveva, romelic
ZiriTadi sakvebi moSinaurebidan mxolod 2500 wlis
Semdeg gaxdAa. ratom gaxda is ZiriTadi? albaT imi-
tom, rom misi gamoyeneba mosaxerxebeli iyo (gansa-
kuTrebiT roca lobiosTan da gograsTan erTad
aSenebdnen, rogorc zemoT ganvixileT). is moswon-
daT da amis gamo farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. droTa
ganmavlobaSi, iqneb konfliqtis, mosaxleobis zrdis
an moSinaurebis gamomwvevi sxva mizezebis gamo mo-
saxleobam masobrivad daiwyo simindis gamoyenebAa.

sakvebis warmoebis Sedegebi

rogorc viciT, intensiuri meurneoba, savarau-
dod, mosaxleobis zrdis Sedegad ganviTarda, magram sorgos mosavlis aReba burkina fasoSi. sorgo erT-erTi mcenarea,
danamdvilebiT ver vityviT, rom igive mizezi hqonda romelic afrikaSi moiSinaures.
cxovelTa da mcenareTa moSinaurebasac. mosaxleo-
 175

janmrTelobis gauareseba dasturdeba Zvlebisa sakuTrebis ganviTareba

da kbilebis gamokvleviTac. kvebiT da janmrTelobis
darRvevebze migviTiTebs kbilis minanqris arasru-
li formacia, Zvlis dazianeba (Camouyalibebloba),
simaRleSi kleba, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis Semci-
reba, rac kvlevebmac daadasturaA. janmrTelobis
gauaresebis mizezebi ucnobiaA. cud kvebas, SesaZloa,
is ganapirobebda, rom adamianebi ramdenime Ziri-
Tad sakvebs iyenebdnen da garkveuli nivTierebebis
daficits ganicdidnen. SimSils mosavalze zedmeti
damokidebulebac iwvevda, radgan TviTon mosavali
amindze iyo damokidebuli. kvebiTi problemebis
umetesobas iwvevda socialur-politikuri faq-
torebi _ socialur-ekonomikuri klasebis gaCenAa.91
rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, social-
uri stratifikacia da socialur-ekonomikuri
araTanabroba swored sakvebis warmoebis dawyebis
Semdeg warmoiSvaA. amas Aax.w. 950-1300 ww. ilinoisis
teritoriaze mcxovrebi adamianebis Zvlebic adas-
turebs. swored am periodSi moxda mkveTri gadasvla
nadiroba-Semgroveblobidan meurneobaze. diksonis
maRlobze mcxovrebi meurneebi (romelsac saxeli
misi mkvlevris pativsacemad daerqva) janmrTeloba
bevrad Camouvardeboda winaprebisas. arqeologebis
TqmiT, isini nadirobasa da Tevzaobasac eweodnen.
balansirebuli kvebis reJimi SesaZlebeli iyo, ma-
gram vin iRebda mas? savaraudod, mxolod kahokia
– 110 miliT daSorebuli adgili, sadac 15000-dan
30000-mde adamiani cxovrobdAa. swored maTze mo-
dioda xorcisa da Tevzis umetesi nawili. diksonis
maRlobze dakrZalul adamianTagan bevrs iqneb niJa-
ris yelsabamis tarebis fufunebac ki hqonda, magram
umetesoba kahokiasTan urTierTobiT sargebels ver
iRebdaA.92
daaxloebiT 10000 wlis win sakvebisa warmoebis
zrdis Semdeg warmoqmnil permanentul soflebSi
saxlebi ufro daxvewili da komfortuli iyo, kon-
struqciuli meTodebi _ gaumjobesebuli. gamoy-
enebuli masala damokidebuli iyo xe-tyisa da qvis
xelmisawvdomobaze, agreTve imaze, Tu ramdenad
aSrobda mze talaxis agurebs. Tanamedrove arqite-
qtorebis gasaocrad unda iTqvas, rom mrgvali for-
mis saxlebi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli neoliTis
periodis kviprosze. qalaq xirokitiaSi adamianebi
did gumbaTian wriul saxlebSi cxovrobdnen, qvis
saZirkvliTa da talaxis aguris kedlebiT. xSirad,
meti sivrcisTvis, interieri horizontalurad iyo-
foda da kirqvis boZze dayrdnobiT, meore sarTuls
agebdnen.
evropaSi, mdinare danubis napirebze da alpuri
tbebis irgvliv myarad aSenebuli da samkuTxa sax-
uraviani saxlebisgan mniSvnelovani soflebi iyo
gaSenebuli.93 danubis regionSi arsebuli saxlebis
umetesobas grZeli oTxkuTxa konstruqcia hqonda
da masSi ramdenime ojaxi saxlobdaA. neoliTur peri-
odSi aseT saxlSi iyo kari, sawolebi, magidebi, aveji
da sxva saWiro mowyobilobebi. amas adasturebs ave-
jis miniaturuli Tixis modelebic. zogierTi skami
da taxti, savaraudod, xisCarCoiani rbili da gadak-
ruli avejis modeli iyo, rac imaze migviTiTebs, rom
neoliTuri periodis evropeli xelosnebi sakmaod
Tanamedrove nakeTobebs qmnidnen.94 es ki ganviTareb-
uli teqnologiiT iyo gamowveuli. dasaxlebis gamo,
adamianebs meti dro hqondaT avejis dasamzadeblad.
pirvelad gamoCnda naqsovi tansacmeli. es ar iyo

4 20

zrdis wliuri norma (pr. 1,000)

3 15
populacia (miliardebi)

2 10

1 5

0 0
10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Now
axla

suraTi 10-7 mosaxleobis zrda 10000 wlis win

mosaxleobis zrdis maCvenebelma imata fermerobisa da menaxireobis ganviTarebasTan erTad 10 000 wlis win. maCvenebeli
kidev ufro mniSvnelovnad gaizarda bolo periodSi.
adaptirebulia ensli j. kouelis kacobriobis istoriidan. saavtoro uflebebi daculiA. 1974. korporacia mecnieruli
amerikaA. yvela ufleba daculiA.
176

marto selis, bambisa da cxvris moSinaurebis Sedegi.
mxolod boWkoebis arsebobda qsovils ver SeqmnidaA.
neoliTur sazogadoebaSi Seiqmna agreTve TiTistari
da sarTav-saqsovi mowyobilobaA. marTalia, qsovilis
Seqmna, dazgis gareSe, xeliTac SeiZleboda, magram es
metismetad grZeli da Sromatevadi procesi iyo.
adreul neoliTur periodSi winasameurneo
jgufebi WurWels martivi gamomwvari Tixisgan amza-
debdnen. iqmneboda didi zomis urnebi marcvlis Ses-
anaxad, tolCebi, samzareulos qvabebi da TefSebi.
axlo aRmosavleTis meqoTneebi albaT pirvelebi
iyvnen, vinc siTxis SenarCunebis mizniT, WurWlis
nasvretebiani zedapiris Selesva daiwyo. mogvi-
anebiT keramika ufro daixvewaA. dizainerebi Tixas
ukve sxvadasxva formas aZlevdnen da maT feradi nay-
SebiT aformebdnen.
aRniSnuli arqiteqtoruli da teqnologiuri
inovaciebidan arc erTi ar iqneboda, sanam adamian-
ebi sabolood ar gadavidodnen dasaxlebul cxovre-
baze. momTabare monadire-Semgroveblebi ver Se-
Zlebdnen didi raodenobiT materialuri saqonlis,
gansakuTrebiT msxvrevadi qoTnebis tarebas.
rogorc aRvniSneT, arsebobs Sor manZilze vaWro-
bis niSnebic. samxreT TurqeTidan vulkanuri miwa
gahqondaT iranSi, zagrosis mTebSi, dRevandel is-
raelSi, iordaniasa da levantSi, siriaSi. vulkanuri
mida gadaizideboda daaxloebiT 190 milis manZil-
zec, sadac xelsawyoebis 80% swored am masalisgan
mzaddebodAa.95 marmarilo gadahqondaT dasavleTi-
dan aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, niJarebi _ sanapirodan
Sida regionebSi.
Zv.w. 3500 w. axlo aRmosavleTSi pirvelad gaCnda
qalaqebi, sadac iyvnen politikuri sabWoebi, mefee-
bi, mwerlebi da specializebuli saxelosnoebi. fer-
merebi nawarms soflebidan saqalaqo centrSi agza-
vnidnen. mkveTri cvlilebebi aRiniSna drois mokle
monakveTSi. adamianebi ara marto dasaxldnen, aramed
civilizebulni da urbanizebulni (civilizebuli
sityvasityviT `qalaqSi mcxovrebs~ niSnavs96) gaxd-
nen. qalaqis sazogadoebebi pirvelad axlo aRmosav-
leTSi gaCnda, mogvianebiT _ aRmosavleT xmelTa-
SuazRvispireTSi, Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTSi,
indusis mindvrebze, CrdiloeT CineTSi, meqsikasa
da peruSi. Semdeg TavSi Cven kidev davubrundebiT
pirvelyofil civilizaciebs.

­
anTropologiuri originalebi
iyvnen Tu ara Semgroveblebi adreul meurneebze
ufro janmrTelebi?
sakvebis wyaroebis dasawy- Sedareba monadire-Semgroveb-
isTan dakavSirebiT erT-erTi el winaprebTan. fermerebi
farTod gavrcelebuli Teor- ume­tesad did dasaxlebul
iis avtoria maik naTan koeni. TemebTa­n cxovrobdnen da maT
misi azriT, mosaxleobis zrdam ZvlebSi (Semonaxul qsovilebsa
resursebis simcire gamoiwvia, da neStebSi) infeqcia ufro
ramac aiZula adamiani sakvebi SeiniSnebaA. kerZod, perostite-
ewarmoebinaA. koenis TqmiT, bi, Zvlis daavadeba stafilo-
sakvebis warmoebam ara mxolod kokebiTa da streptokokebiT
Searbila resursebis ukmariso- gamoxatuli da gamowveuli
ba, aramed gavlena iqonia kvebis sedantaruli fermerobiT. pe-
racionzec. ruSi napovn mumiebTan Sedar-
saintereso Sedegebs gvaZ­ ebisas Cans, rom gaizarda kuW-
levs preistoriuli ferme­rebis nawlavis infeqciaA. igive daskvna
gamogvaqvs samxreT-dasavleT
amerikis sxvadasxva preistori-
uli neStebis urTierTSedar-
ebisas. farTod gavrcelebuli
iyo agreTve trepomenaluri
infeqcia (misi veeriuli forma,
sifilisi, ufro gvian gavr-
celda da iSviaTad SeiniSne-
boda kolumbamdel jgufebSi).
tuberkulozic gvian Semovida,
urbanizaciis Semdeg da ar aRin-
iSneboda meurneobis ganviTa-
rebamde.

rogorc rekonstruqciidan Cans, marcvlis fqvilad qceva yoveldRiu-

rad xdeboda, rac iwvevda zurgis qveda nawilisa da muxlebis datvirT-
vas. neoliTuri periodis Zvlebis Seswavla gviCvenebs zewolisa da
arTritis niSnebs, savaraudod, safqvavTan xangrZlivi muSaobis gamo.
178

qalaqebisa da
saxelmwifoebis
warmoSoba 11

Tavebis Sinaarsi

 areologiuri daskvnebi
civilizaciis Sesaxeb

 qalaqebi da saxelmwifoebi
samxreT eraySi

 qalaqebi da saxelmwifoebi
mezoamerikaSi

 pirveli qalaqebi da saxelmwi

foebi sxva teritoriaze

 Teoriebi saxelmwifos
warmoSobis Sesaxeb

 saxelmwifos formirebis
Sedegebi

 saxelmwifoTa Semcireba
da daSla
 179

meurneobis ganviTarebamde, Zv.w. 6000 wlamde centralizebul, saxlmwifosmagvar politikur

axlo aRmosavleTis xalxi patara soflebSi cxov- sistemebs? ra garemoebebma Seuwyo xeli qalaqebis
robdAa. gansxvaveba qonebasa da statusSi umniSvne- warmoqmnas? es kiTxvebi cal-calke ismis, radgan ar-
lo iyo, ar arsebobda mTavrobaA. araferi miuTiTebs qeologebi miiCneven, rom SesaZloa, yvela uZveles
sazogadoebrivi Senobebis da nakeTobebis speciali- saxelmwifos ar hqonoda qalaqebi. Cveni diskusia
stebis arsebobis an imis Sesaxeb, rom romelime Temi fokusirdeba pirvel rigSi axlo aRmosavleTsa da
sididiT aRemateboda danarCenebs. ar arsebobda meqsikaze, radgan am adgilebSi mimdinare kulturul
civilizaciis arc erTi niSani. ganviTarebaze arqeologiurad metia cnobili.
daaxloebiT Zv.w. 6000 w. axlo aRmosavleTSi da
mogvianebiT ukve sxva adgilebSi adamianis cxovreba-
Si mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxdaA. pirvelad aRin- arqeologiuri daskvnebi
iSna cvlilebebi ojaxebis statusSi. magaliTad, zo-
civilizaciis Sesaxeb
gerTi maTgani ufro didi iyo. Temebi erTmaneTisagan
zomiTa da specializaciiT gansxvavdebodnen. aRiniS-
uZvelesi civilizaciebi ufro arqeologebis
neboda agreTve sxvadasxva politikuri oficialuri
Seswavlis sagania, vidre istorikosebis, radgan es
piris mier ramdenime TemSi avtoritetis mopoveba,
civilizaciebi damwerlobamde ganviTardaA. saidan
rasac arqeologebi ~ufrosobas~ uwodeben.
momdinareobs daskvnebi, rom damwerlobamdel war-
mogvianebiT, Zv.w. 3500 wlisaTvis gavrcelebuli
sulSi sazogadoebaSi arsebobda socialuri klase-
iyo civilizaciis TiTqmis yvela niSani: pirveli
bi, qalaqebi an centralizebuli mTavroba?
xelnawerebi, qalaqebi, xelnakeTobis specialistebi,
rogorc aRvniSneT, adreuli neoliTuri sazoga-
monumenturi arqiteqtura, gansxvavebebi qonebriv
doebebi Tanaswori iyo, ar arsebobda gansxvavebebi
mdgomareobasa da statusSi, Zlieri, ierarqiuli
adamianebs Soris qonebrivi mdgomareobis, prestiJis
centralizebuli politikuri sistema, romelsac
an Zalauflebis mixedviT. namarxebis mixedviT Tu vim-
saxelmwifos vuwodebT (sur. 11-1).
sjelebT, socialuri uTanasworoba ufro gviandel
msgavsi cvlilebebi kacobriobis istoriaSi sx-
sazogadoebebSi aRiniSnebodaA. ase rom, SegviZlia mi-
vadasxva adgilas bevrjer aRiniSnaA. uZvelesi civi-
viCnioT, rom am droisTvis arsebobda gansxvavebebi
lizaciebi warmoiSva axlo aRmosavleTSi Zv.w. 3500
statusSi, radgan zogierTi adamiani gansakuTrebul
wels, Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTSi Zv.w. 2500 wlidan,
nivTebTan da qoTnebTan erTad imarxebodAa. es sta-
CrdiloeT CineTSi Zv.w. 1750 wels, axal samyaroSi
tusi ki ufro Tandayolili unda yofiliyo, vidre
(meqsika da peru) qristeSobamde ramdenime saukuniT
SemdgomSi SeZenili. aseTive gansxvavebebia bavSvebis
adre da mogvianebiT tropikul afrikaSic.1 am civi-
samarxebSic. magaliTad, zogierT (magram ara yvela)
lizaciaTagan zogierTi sxvebisgan damoukideblad
samarxSi Zv.w. 5500-5000ww tel es-savanSi, eraySi da
ganviTardAa. ratom? ra garemoebebma Seuwyo xeli
Zv.w. 8000 wlidan la ventaSi, meqsikaSi napovnia qan-

suraTi 11-1 civiliza-

Zveli samyaro axali samyaro ciis gamoCena

A.D. 1500 inkebis dapyroba

vanka Cifdomsi (peru)
kahokia Cidomsi an Stati (?)
A.D. 1000 (Cr. Amerika)
dasavleT afrika
A.D. 700 qalaqi-Statebi Mmaias qalaqi-Statebi (meqsika,
(mag. gana) gvatemala)
varis imperia (peru)
0 Teotihuakanis imperia (?) (meqsika)
Pperus qalaqi-Statebi
Mmonte albani (meqsika)
`

1,000 B.C.
Sangis dinastia
(Cr. CineTi)

2,000 B.C. harapanis civilizacia

(indoeTi)

3,000 B.C. Egvipte (Zveli samefo)

Sumerebis imperia (Mmesopotamia)

4,000 B.C.

Uurukis qalaqi-Statebi (Mmesopotamia)

5,000 B.C.
180
dakebebi da samkaulebi, rac am bavSvebis maRal sta-
tusze migviTiTebs.2 Tumca es gansxvavebebi sulac
ar niSnavs iseTsave gansxvavebebs qonebriv mdgo-
mareobaSi. mxolod saxlisa da avejis aRmoCenis Sem-
deg xdeba naTeli sxvadasxva socialur-ekonomikuri
klasebis arsebobaA.
zogierTi arqeologi miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifoe-
bi pirvelad Zv.w. 3500w mesopotamiaSi wamoiqmna, dRe-
vandeli samxreT erayisa da samxreT-dasavleT ira-
nis teritoriaze. ar arsebobs erTiani azri imaze,
Tu ratom vuwodebT am warmonaqmnebs saxelmwifos,
magram gadawyvetilebis ierarqiuli da centrali-
zebuli miReba da amiT mosaxleobaze zegavlena mTa-
vari kriteriumi unda iyos. pirvelyofil saxelm-
wifoebSi SeiniSneboda kidev sxva maxasiaTeblebic.
arsebobda qalaqebi, sadac mosaxleoba uSualod ar
monawileobda sakvebis Segrovebasa Tu warmoebaSi
(rac imas niSnavs, rom isini sxvebze iyvnen damokide-
bulni); arsebobdnen agreTve religiis warmomad-
genlebi da xelosnebi, hqondaT sazogadoebrivi
Senobebi da xelovnebis oficialuri stili. ierarqi-
uli socialuri struqturis saTaveSi iyo elituri
klasi, saidanac liderebi modiodnen. mTavroba cdi-
lobda, Zalis gamoyenebaze monopolia daewesebina
(Cveni sakuTari saxelmwifo sazogadoeba ambobs, rom
moqalaqeebs ara aqvT ufleba ~samarTlis sadaveebi
xelSi aiRon~). saxelmwifo iyenebda Zalas an muqaras
gadasaxadebis asakrefad da xalxis omSi da samuSaod
wasayvanad.3
rogor askvnian arqeologebi arsebuli infor-
maciidan, rom es iyo saxelmwifo? es, ra Tqma unda,
saxelmwifos kriteriumebzea damokidebuli. magal-
iTad, henri raiti da gregori jonsoni saxelmwifos
uwodeben centralizebul politikur ierarqias,
sul mcire 3 administraciuli doniT.4 saidan askv-
nian, rom am periodSi aRniSnuli ierarqia arsebob-
da? administraciuli doneebis erT-erTi maCvenebe-
lia gansxvavebebi dasaxlebaTa sidideSi.
adreuli urukis periodis ganmavlobaSi (Zv.w.
3500 wlamde) dRevandeli samxreT-dasavleT iranis
namarxis rekonstruqcia maiadan, tikalidan. es adamiani, garSemor-
tymuli iaguarisa da avazis tyaviT dakrZaluli iyo specialur
samarxSi, sxeuli ki Semkuli hqonda daaloebiT 16 girvanqa nefri-
tis ornamentiT, maT Soris masiuri yelsabamiT, TavsamkauliT,
sayuriT. arqeologebi irwmunebian, rom es mis gansakuTrebul
statusze miuTiTebs.
teritoriaze arsebuli 50 dasaxleba zomis mixedviT
3 jgufad iyofaA.5 iyo 45 patara sofeli, 3-4 momcro
qalaqi da erTi didi centri, sustA. dasaxlebis es 3
tipi administraciuli ierarqiis 3 done unda yo-
filiyo, radgan patara soflebi susasTan savaWro
urTierTobebs ver awarmoebdnen saSualo dasaxle-
bebis gavlis gareSe. am niSnis gamo, raiti da jonsoni
miiCneven, rom urukis periodSi saxelmwifo arse-
bobdAa.
Sua urukis periodSi saxelmwifoebi ufro naT-
lad ikveTebaA. ukve SeiniSneba Tixis luqebi, romle-
bic vaWrobaSi gamoiyenebodaA.6 sasaqonlo luqi moix-
mareboda saqonlis gadazidvasa da daniSnulebis
adgilamde daxurulad mitanisTvis, werilis luqi
_ miRebuli da gagzavnili saqonlis aRsanusxad.
susaSi ipoves uamravi werilis luqi da beWedi, Tixis
konteinerebi miRebuli saqonlisaTvis. soflebSi ki
mxolod ramdenime werilis luqi da beWedi aRmoCndaA.
yovelieve es amtkicebs, rom susa marTavda saqonlis
regionalur moZraobas da iyo saxelmwifos dedaqa-
laqi.
axla ki davubrundeT kulturis im ZiriTad
Tvisebebs, romlebsac samxreT eraySi pirveli sax-
elmwifoebis warmoqmnamde mivyavarT.
qalaqebi da saxelmwifoebi
samxreT eraySi
samxreT eraySi, e.w. SumerSi pirvel saxelmwi-
foebamde fermeruli Temebi ar SeiniSneboda (sur.
11-2). SesaZloa, kvali tigrosisa da evfratis lam-
mac dafara an rogorc varaudoben, SumerSi meurn-
eebi drenirebisa da irigaciis ganviTarebamde ar
saxlobdnen, radgan aq niadagi an metismetad notio
iyo an metismetad mSrali. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
meurne Temebi Sumeris mTagorian adgilebSi adreul
neoliTSi dasaxldnen. mogvianebiT, Zv.w. 6000 wlisT-
vis am teritoriaze Sereuli menaxire-fermeruli
ekonomika ganviTardAa.
formaciuli era
Zv.w. 5000-3500 wlebs elman servisi formaciul
eras uwodebs, radgan am periodSi mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi moxda qalaqebisa da saxelmwifoebis
ganviTarebaSi. servisi miiCnevs, rom mcire masSta-
bis irigaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, adamianebma
mdinaris ganapira dablobebi aiTvises. mdinare ara
mxolod irigaciis wyaro iyo, aramed mosaxleobas
uzrunvelyofda moluskebiT, TevziTa da wylis fr-
invelebiT. am gziT moZraobda saimporto nedleuli,
xe-tye, rac SumerSi deficituri iyo.
am periodis cvlilebebi socialuri da politi-
kuri cxovrebis sirTuleze miuTiTebs. statusSi
arsebuli gansxvavebebi aisaxeboda bavSvTa namarxSi
aRmoCenil qandakebebsa da ornamentebze. sxvadasxva
soflebi sxvadasxva saqonlis _ WurWlis, spilenZi-
sa da qvis xelsawyoebis warmoebaSi xelovndebodnen.7
taZrebs agebdnen religiur da politikur centreb-
Si;8 metic, arqeologebi, savaraudod, swored am pe-
riods ukavSireben ramdenime soflis gabatonebas.9
Sumeruli civilizacia
daaxloebiT Zv.w. 3500 wlisTvis Sumeris teri-
toriaze ramdenime qalaqi iyo, umetesoba, galavniT
garSemortymuli. Zv.w. 3000 wels Sumerebi erTi mTav-
robis qveS gaerTiandnen. im droidan Sumeri imperia

egvipte
mezoamerika
peru
eqvsi adreuli
civilizacia
suraTi 11-2eqvsi adreuli civilizaciAa.
elbam r. servisis wignis `saxelmwifosa da civilizaciis dasabamis~ mixedviT. saavtoro uflebebi daculiA. 1975. u.u. nor-
toni da kompaniaA. gamoyenebulia kompaniis nebarTviT.
gaxdaA. aq iyo didi urbanuli centrebi, qalaqebSi
dominirebda xelovnur miwayrilebze aRmarTuli
taZrebi. qalaq varkaSi aseTi miwayrilis simaRle 50
futs aRwevdaA. imperia rTuli iyo da moicavda samar-
Tlis administraciis rTul sistemas, kanonebs, sam-
Tavrobo oficialur pirebs, profesionalur armias
da qalaqis sakanalizacio sistemasac ki. xelobebs
Soris iyo agurebis, WurWleulis, samkaulebis
damzadeba durgloba, metalurgia, qvaze kveTa, mo-
qandakeobaA. Sumerebma aawyves da gamoigones bor-
bliani vagonebi, navebi, misabmeliani etlebi, Subebi,
xmlebi, brinjaos abjari.10
ekonomikur specializaciasTan erTad, gaRrma-
vda socialuri stratifikaciac. Sumerul doku-
mentebSi aRwerilia socialuri klasebi: keTilSo-
bilebi, qurumebi, vaWrebi, xelosnebi, metalurgebi,
biurokratebi, jariskacebi, fermerebi, Tavisufali
moqalaqeebi da monebi. monebi sakmaod gavrcelebu-
li iyo SumerSi.
damwerlobis pirveli kvali daTariReblia Zv.w.
3000 wliT. uZvelesi Sumeruli damwerloba napov-
nia davTrebSi, sadac aRnusxuli iyo mowyobilobebi,
cocxali saqoneli da sxva nivTebi, romlebsac ga-
nagebda taZari. nawerebi iyo solisebri anu lurs-
mnuli da mzaddeboda solis svel Tixis firfitaze
dakvriT. xelSekrulebebisa da sxva mniSvnelovani
dokumentebisaTvis firfitas gamowvavdnen, raTa
naweri didxans Senaxuliyo. imave periodiT TariRd-
eba egvipturi ieroglifuri damwerlobac. iero-
glifebi, romlebic papirusis ERerosagan damzadebul
etratebze iwerebodaA. swored aqedan momdinareobs
inglisuri sityva ~paper~ (paper -feife)
181
Sangi
Sumeri
indusebis
mdinaris
xeoba
qalaqebi da saxelmwifoebi
mezoamerikaSi
meqsikasa da centralur amerikaSi qalaqebi da
saxelmwifoebi ufro gvian gaCnda, vidre axlo aR-
mosavleTSi. civilizaciis aseTi gviani gaCena Sei-
Zleba ukavSirdebodes axal samyaroSi meurneobis
mogvianebiT ganviTarebas, rogorc wina TavSi gan-
vixileT da didi, moSinaurebuli cxovelebis (mag.:
saqoneli da cxeni) simcires. Cven ZiriTadad aqcents
vakeTebT ganviTarebis im mimarTulebebze, romelT-
ac qalaqebisa da saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebamde
mivyavarT qristeSobidan mokle periodSi. teoti-
huakani amave saxelwodebis xeobaSi mdebareobda,
meqsikis mindvris Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi.
formaciuli periodi
formaciuli periodi (Zv.w. 1000-302ww.) xasiaT-
deboda ZiriTadad mcire, meCxeri soflebiT teoti-
huakanis mindvris samxreTiT, mTagorian ferdobe-
bze. TiToeul sofelSi ramdenime aseuli adamiani
iyo, magram politikurad avtonomiur erTeuls war-
moadgendaA. Zv.w. 500 wlis Semdeg, savaraudod, iriga-
ciis gamo, SeiniSneboda migracia mindvrisken. Zv.w.
300-200ww. aq warmoiqmna mcire `elituri~ centrebi,
qvis an miwis platformaze. am platformebze, Cveu-
lebriv, rezidenciebi, svetovani an CaliT daxuruli
taZrebi iyo aRmarTuli. is, rom zogierTi moqalaqe
(savaraudod, elitis warmomadgeneli) dakrZaluli
iyo ornamentebian TavsamkaulebTan, Tlil TasebT-
an da sakvebTan erTad, socialur uTanasworobaze
182
dedamiwaze uZvelesi damwerlobis nimuSebi. marcxniv _ lursmuli firfita, marjvniv – ieroglifuri panelis nawili.
migviTiTebs.12 sxvadasxva elituri centris arsebo-
ba ki gabatonebis maCvenebeliaA.
teotihuakanis qalaqi da saxelmwifo
qristeSobamde 150 wliT adre teotihuakanis min-
dorze mofenili soflebSi mxolod ramdenime aTasi
adamiani cxovrobdaA. Aax.w. 100 wels aq ukve arsebobda
80000-iani qalaqi. Aax.w. 500 wels mosaxleoba 100000-
s bevrad aRemateboda da mTeli velis mosaxleobis
90%-s SeadgendaA.13
teotihuakanis qalaqis garSemoweriloba, ro-
melic araCveulebrivi dagegmarebisaa, imaze
migviTiTebs, rom es veli dasawyisSive politikurad
unificirebuli iyo da warmoadgenda centralize-
bul saxelmwifos. quCebisa da Senobebis umetesoba
badiseburadaa ganlagebuli 57 kvadratul metriani
modelis mixedviT. rezidenciuli struqturebi am
zomis kvadratebiaA. bevri quCa mTavari erTeulis Se-
sabamisadaa daSorebuli. am qalaqSi gamavali quCac
saerTo moxazulobas SeesabamebodAa. yvelaze cnobi-
li Tviseba misi mainc kolosaluri masStabis arqite-
qtura iyo. metropolisSi dominirebda ori piramida
_ mTvaris da mzis. am ukanasknelis saZirkveli xeof-
sis piramidasac ki utoldeboda farTobiT.
Aax.w. 300 wlidan agebuli sacxovrebeli struq-
turebi standartuli iyo. ufanjro kedlebian,
erTsarTulian Senobebs viwro quCebi hyofdAa. Sida
ezoebSi CiraRdnebi sinaTles uzrunvelyofdnen.
oTaxebis ganlagebiT Tu vimsjelebT, erT Seno-
baSi ramdenime bina unda yofiliyo, mTlianobaSi ki
aq 100-ze meti adamiani cxovrobdAa. arsebobda sx-
vadasxva zomis oTaxebi, interieris sxvadasxva rTu-
li dizaini, rac albaT qonebrivi gansxvavebiT iyo
gamowveuli.14
arsebobis pikze (Aax.w. 200-500ww.) teotihuakani
teritoriiT imperiul roms utoldeboda15 da gav-
lenis qveS hyavda mezoamerikis udidesi nawili. amis
arqeologiuri dasturia teotihuakanis stilis Wur-
Wlisa da arqiteqturuli elementebis gavrcelebAa.
mosaxleoba, savaraudod, CarTuli iyo warmoebasa da
Sor manZilze vaWrobaSi, 25% xelosnobaSi, sacecxle
wertilebis aRWurvaSi, vulkanuri minis damzadebaSi
ostatdebodaA. teotihuakani vulkanuri minis Ziri-
Tad sabadoebTan axlos mdebareobda, am masalaze ki
uzarmazari moTxovna iyo mezoamerikaSi. namarxebSi
napovni nivTebi imaze metyvelebs, rom qalaqSi didi
raodenobiT Semodioda ucxouri saqoneli _ Zvir-
fasi qvebi, tropikuli feradi frinvelis bumbuli,
bambaA.16
monte albanis qalaqi
teotihuakani mezoamerikis pirveli qalaq-sax-
elmwifo ar yofilaA. politikuri unifikacia ufro
adre, Zv.w. 500 wels aRiniSneboda, oaqsakas xeobaSi,
samxreT meqsikaSi. misi centri iyo qalaqi monte
albani, teotihuakanis saintereso kontrasti. es
ukanaskneli mTel xeobaSi dominirebda da mosaxle-
obis umetes nawils moicavda, monte albani ki _
araA. oaqsakaSi mdebare soflebSi sxvadasxva xelobis
mqone ostatebi iyvnen da monte albani ar flobda
monopolias xelosnobaSi. velis politikuri uni-
fikaciis Semdeg, sxva qalaqebmac SeinarCunes mniSvn-
eloba, monte albanis mosaxleoba ki mxolod 30 000-
mde gaizardaA. teotihuakanisgan gansxvavebiT, is ar
iyo mniSvnelovani komerciuli Tu sabazro centri,
ar iyo gaSenebuli badisebri wyobiT, arqiteqturiT
ki sxva dasaxlebebisagan ar gamoirCeodaA.
monte albans ar hqonda teotihuakanis msgavsi
resursebi. is mdebareobda xeobis SuagulSi, mTis
wverze, nayofieri miwisgan moSorebiT, wyali iriga-
ciisTvis sakmarisi ar iyo. deficits warmoadgen-
da sasmeli wyalic ki. ar iyo bunebrivi resursebi
vaWrobisTvis da qalaqi, rogorc Cans, arc saceremo-
nio centrad gamoiyenebodaA. cicabo mTaze mdebare-
obis gamo, nakleb mosalodnelia, rom monte albani
mniSvnelovani savaWro wertili yofiliyo.
maSin ratom gaxda monte albani mezoamerikuli
civilizaciis erT-erTi uZvelesi centri? riCard
blatoni miiCnevs, rom is daarsda formaciuli pe-
riodis bolos (Zv.w. 500-400ww.) rogorc neitral-
 183

­
anTropologiuri originalebi
urbanizmi da urbanizacia

anTroplogebs mudam ain- muli. mosaxleobis simWidro- dire-Semgrovebel winapre-

teresebdaT qalaqebi, radgan aq
socialuri sistemebi im prob-
lemebs upirispirdeboda, rom-
lebic mravali adamianis erTad
cxovrebisas warmoiSobodaA.
zeneri da gmelxi gvTavazoben
arqeologi rSexedu­­lebas qa-
laqebis, maTi warm­­­­o­­Sobisa da iq
mcxovrebi adamianebis Sesaxeb.
dafaze rom gavavloT xazi
adamianis evoluciis asasaxa-
vad, pirveli qalaqebi kididan 1
diumze ganlagdebodAa. adamian-
ebis aglomeracia did dasaxle-
bebSi mxolod 7000 wlis win dai-
wyo.
pirveli qalaqebi mesopota-
miaSi gaCnda, mdinare tigrosisa
da evfratis napirebTan, Ta-
namedrove erayis teritoriaze.
dRevandeli standartebiT maTi
mosaxleoba, ra Tqma unda, Zal-
ze mcire – 30000 kaci iyo. isini
sakmaod patara teritoriaze
cxovrobdnen, radgan qalaqebi
galavniT iyo garSemorty-
viT es qalaqebi (10000 mosaxle
kvadratul milze) dRevandel
patara amerikul qalaqebs
utoldebAa. simWidrove da ga-
datvirTuloba pirvelyofili
qalaqebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTe-
beli iyo.
aRiniSneboda sxva urbanu-
li niSnebic: monumenturi, re-
ligiuri da samTavrobo Seno-
bebi, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,
gadasaxadebi, moda, klasobrivi
gansxvavebebi, xelosnebi, vaWre-
bi, oficialuri pirebi, qurume-
bi _ adamianebi, vinc uSualod
ar iyvnen CarTuli sakvebis war-
moebaSi.
ula adamiani sakvebi ewar-
moebinA. koenis TqmiT sakvebis
warmoebam ara mxolod Sear-
bila resursebis ukmarisoba,
aramed gavlena iqonia kvebis
racionzec.
saintereso Sedegebs
gvaZlevs preistoriuli
fermerebis Sedareba mona-
bTan. fermerebi umet­­­esad did
dasaxlebul TemebTa­n cxov-
robdnen da maT ZvlebSi
(Semonaxul qsovilebsa da neSt-
ebSi) infeqcia ufro SeiniSnebAa.
kerZod, perostitebi, Zvlis
daavadeba stafilokokebiTa da
streptokokebiT gamoxatuli
da gamowveuli sedantaruli
fermerobiT. peruSi napovn
mumiebTan Sedarebisas Cans,
rom gaizarda kuW-nawlavis in-
feqciA. igive daskvna gamogvaqvs
samxreT-dasavleT amerikis sx-
vadasxva preistoriuli neSt-
ebis urTierTSedarebisas. far-
Tod gavrcelebuli iyo agreTve
trepomenaluri infeqcia (misi
veeriuli forma, sifilisi,
ufro gvian gavrcelda da iSvia-
Tad SeiniSneboda kolumbamdel
jgufebSi). tuberkulozic gvi-
an Semovida, urbanizaciis Sem-
deg da ar aRiniSneboda meur-
neobis ganviTarebamde.

uri adgili, sadac sxvadasxva politikur erTeu-
lebs SeeZloT cxovreba da mTeli xeobis saqmianobis
koordinaciaA. amrigad, monte albani, SesaZloa, bra-
ziliis, vaSingtonisa da aTenis msgavsad, romle-
bic Tavdapirvelad `neitraluri~ aramwarmoebeli
qalaqebi iyo. resursebs moklebuli saxelmwifo
mezobeli politikuri erTeulebisaTvis mniSvnelo-
van safrTxes ar warmoadgendAa. regionis dominant
metropolisad is, albaT, mogvianebiT iqca, radgan
monte albani oaqsakas xeobasac gadascdAa.18

teotihuakanis qalaqi. ganviTa-

rebis piks Aax.w. 500 wels miaRwiaA.
igi ujruli wyobiT iyo nagebi.
centrSi mdebareobda mzis pi-
ramida, romelic fotos marcxniv
Cans.
184

sqesis kvlevis axali perspeqtivebi

imperializmis efeqti zegavlenebi qalis statusze

qalma arqeologebma yur-
adReba miaqcies arqeologiuri
masalebis genderul aspeqts.
gvaZlevs Tu ara saxlebis
gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili nivTe-
bi srul informacias imaze, Tu
riTi iyvnen dakavebulni qa-
lebi da mamakacebi da sad cxov-
robdnen isini? ra informacias
gvaZlevs is qalsa da mamakacs
Soris Sromis ganawilebaze?
SeuZlia Tu ara arqeologias,
mogvawodos cnobebi qalis sta-
tussa da droTa ganmavlobaSi am
statusis cvlilebaze? uaxlesi
kvlevebi adasturebs, rom Sesa-
Zlebelia msgavsi informaciis
miRebaA. rogorc uaxlesi wignis
saTauri gviCvenebs, arqeolo-
gia SeiZleba `genderuli~ gax-
des. magaliTad, arqeologma
qeTi kostinma Seiswavla inkebis
imperializmis zegavlena qalis
statusze dapyrobil teri-
toriaze. kostinma monawil-
eoba miiRo proeqtSi, romelic
swavlobda perus maRlobze
ianamarkas xeobis kulturis
cvlilebebs. proeqti ikvlevda
batonobis Camoyalibebas vankas
mkvidr eTnikur jgufSi Aax.w.
1300-1470ww. da inkebis mier maT
dapyrobis gavlenaze aRniS-
nuli periodis bolos. arqe-
ologebis mtkicebiT, inkebis
mier am teritoriis dapyrob-
amde mosaxleobis umetesoba
fermerobas xolo zogierTi
saojaxo meurneoba WurWlis,
qvis iaraRebisa da qsovilebis
damzadebas eweodaA. espanelebis
Semosvlamde dawerili doku-
mentebidan Cans, rom vankaSi
batonoba Zv.w. 1300 w. ganviTa-
reba, savaraudod, sxvadasxva
TemebTan intensiuri omianobis
gamo. konfliqturobis maRal
doneze miuTiTebs dasaxlebaTa
ganlageba: adamianebis umeteso-
ba gamagrebul (galavniT garSe-
mortymul) TemebSi cxovrobda
gorebze. dokumenturi wyaroebis
mixedviT, vankas mmarTvelebma
Tanamdeboba brZolebSi miRweuli
warmatebebisaTvis miiRes.
dokumentebidan viciT
agreTve, rom imperator paCa-
kutis (Aax.w. 1470) mmarTvelobi-
sas vankas regioni inkebis impe-
riis provincia gaxdaA. dedaqalaq
kuzkodan biurokratebi vankas
samarTavad Camovidnen. inkebis
dampyroblebi, maT Soris Seiara-
Rebuli Zalebi, umaRles klass
Seadgendnen. vankas meTaurebi
inkebis saxelmwifos vasalebi gax-
dnen da mas baZavdnen WurWlisa
da msgavsi stilis konstruqciis
gamoyenebiT. inkebis saWiroebebi-
dan gamomdinare, xeobis ekonomika
ufro specializebuli gaxdaA. zo-
gierTi soflis mosaxleoba kvlav
fermerobas misdevda, sxvagan ki
iTvisebdnen WurWlis, qvis iara-
Rebisa da sxva nakeTobebis damza-
debas. neStebis analizi mowmobs,
rom inkebis gabatonebis Semdeg,
adamianebi ufro janmrTelebi
gaxdnen da ufro didxans cocx-
lobdnen.
ra gavlena iqonia inkebis dapy-
robam qalis statusze? gaTxrebi-
sas aRmoCenilia aTasobiT mrgva-
li keramikuli obieqti, romlebic
rTvis dros gamoiyenebodAa. lama-
sa da alpakas bewvis ZafiT rTavd-
nen qsovils, romelic gadaxdis
ZiriTadi forma iyo inkebis gaba-
tonebis Semdeg. TiToeul sofels
unda daemzadebina garkveuli ra-
odenobis qsovili gadasaxadebis
amkrefTaTvis. Segrovili qso-
vili armiis da mTavrobis Ses-
anaxad gamoiyenebodaA. mrTvelebi
da mqsovelebi ki, rogorc post-
espanuri dokumentebidan Cans,
umetesad qalebi iyvnen.
inkebis gabatonebamde
TiToeul ojaxSi iyo TiTistari,
rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom qa-
lebi qsovils yvela ojaxSi amza-
debdnen. ufro meti TiTistar-
ia napovni maRla mTaSi, sadac
lamasa da alpakas aSenebdnen,
es mowmobs, rom aqauri qale-
bi, dablobis mcxovrebisagan
gansxvavebiT, ufro xSirad
qsovdnen. logikurad, TiTqos
naklebi unda emuSavaT dawinau-
rebuli ojaxis qalebs, magram
Tu iq aRmoCenili TiTistarebis
mixedviT vimsjelebT, elitur
ojaxebSi meti qsovili mzad-
debodaA.
inkebis gabatonebis Semdeg
gaormagda damzadebuli qsovi-
lis (aRmoCenili TiTistarebis)
raodenobaA. araferi miuTiTebs
imaze, rom qalebi sxva samuSaos-
gan gaTavisufldnen. qsovilis
umetesoba soflebidan dedaqa-
laqSi inkebis sawyobebSi mihqon-
daT da iqidan anawilebdnen.
inkebis gabatonebis Semdeg
qalebi ara mxolod mets muS-
aobdnen, uaresadac ikvebebod-
nen. kristian hastorfis mier
Catarebuli Zvlebis qimiuri
analizi inkebis periodis sa-
marxebidan mowmobs, rom qale-
bi kacebTan SedarebiT nakleb
simindis marcvals moixmard-
nen. es imas niSnavs, rom kacebi
ufro saxls gareT nayrdebod-
nen. simindi CiCas ludis Semad-
genlobaSi Sedioda, es ludi
ki umTavresi sasmeli iyo sax-
elmwifo nadimebze, romelsac
umetesad kacebi eswrebodnen.
kacebi msaxurobdnen saxelmwi-
fos mier organizebul sameur-
neo da sawarmoo proeqtebSi,
sadac savaraudod, xorciT, sim-
indiTa da CiCaTi asaCuqrebdnen
samsaxurisTvis.
amrigad, inkebis batonobi-
sas vankas qalebi awarmoebdnen
mets da iRebdnen naklebs. xom
ar aris es imperializmisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli efeqti? da Tu
aris, ratom?

mezoamerikuli civilizaciis mosaxleobisgan Semdgari, dRevandel gvatemalasa

sxva centrebi
teotihuakansa da oaqsakas garda, mogvianebiT
Camoyalibda sxva mezoamerikuli saxelmwifo sazoga-
doebebic, arsebobda monumenturi arqiteqturis
uamravi centri, savaraudod, maias enaze mosaubre
da iukatas naxevarkunZulis maRlobebsa da dablo-
bebSi. zedapiris mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, maias
centrebi ar unda yofiliyo ise mWidrod dasaxle-
buli, rogorc teotihukani an monte albani, magram
aSkaraa, mosaxleoba intensiur meurneobas misdev-
da19. maias warwerebis Targmani miuTiTebs, rom maT
 185

teritoriaze aqsumis saxelmwifo warmoiSva da af-

rikasa da arabeTis naxevarkunZuls Soris vaWrobisa
da komerciis centri gaxdaA. aqsumis unikalur miRw-
evebs Soris aris mraval sarTuliani qvis sacxovre-
blebi. savaraudod, aqsumi iyo pirveli qristianuli
saxelmwifo msoflioSi.22
saharis afrikaSi Zv. w. 800 wlisTvis savanasa da
dasavleT afrikis tyian zonebSi qalaq-saxelmwi-
foebi warmoiqmnAa. erT-erTi maTgani iyo gana, ro-
melic xmelTaSuazRvispireTisaTvis oqros mTavari
mimwodebeli gaxda (rogorc sxva saxelmwifoebi
e. w. `oqros sanapirodan~).23 mdinare kongos auzSi
Zv.w. 1200 w. ganviTarda mZlavri samefo, romelsac
hqonda xalxmravali qalaqebi da hyavda mefe, ro-
melic portugaliis mefis tolad iyo aRiarebuli
1500-ian wlebSi.24 Soreul samxreTSi saxelmwifoe-
bi warmoiqmna Zv.w. meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi.
erT-erT aseT saxelmwifos miaweren qvis uzarmazar
wriul struqturebs, romlebic dRes cnobilia, ro-
gorc didi zimbabve.25
indis xeobaSi Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTSi Zv.w.
2300 w. mozrdili saxelmwifo sazogadoeba Camoy-
alibdaA. am harapanul civilizaciaSi monumenturi
arqiteqtura (piramidebi, sasaxleebi) ar ganviTare-
bulaA. saxelmwifo akontrolebda uzarmazar teri-
torias, milionobiT kvadratul kilometrs. iyo
ramdenime mTavari qalaqi, TiToeuli erTmaneTis
msgavsi gegmiT, wylisa da drenaJuli municipaluri
sistemiT.26
Sengis dinastia CrdiloeT CineTSi (Zv.w. 1750 w.)
didxans miiCneoda axlo aRmosavleTSi pirvel sax-
elmwifod, magram ukanaskneli gamokvlevebi cxady-
ofs, rom arsebobda ufro adreuli saxelmwifo, qsias
dinastia, romelic imave teritoriaze warmoiqmna
Zv.w. 2200 w.27 nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Sengis dinastias
`danzantis darbazi~ monte albanSi. stumrebi qalaqis centrSi mis-
asvlelad am terotorias gadiodnen. miiCneven, rom swored `danz-
antebSi~ uswordebodnen monte albanis saxelmwifos mtrebs.

damwerloba ufro ganviTarebuli hqondaT, vidre

gvegonaA. cxadia, bolomde ar aris gamovlenili ma-
ias urbanizacia da kulturuli sirTule im masiuri
tyis gamo, romelic am teritoriis umetes nawils
faravs.

pirveli qalaqebi da
saxelmwifoebi sxva teritoriaze
Cven ukve ganvixileT maRalganviTarebuli qa-
laqebi da saxelmwifoebi samxreT eraysa da me-
zoamerikaSi. saxelmwifo sazogadoebebi met-nak-
lebad damoukideblad ganviTardnen msoflios sxva
regionebSi (sur. 11-2). Cven vambobT `damoukide-
blad~, radgan es saxelmwifoebi warmoiqmna koloni-
zaciisa da sxva saxelmwifoebis mier dapyrobis gar-
eSe.
TiTqmis Sumeruli imperiis paralelurad, egvip-
teSi, nilosis sanapiroze didi dinastiuri era iwye-
bodAa. Zveli samefo anu adre dinastiuri periodi
daiwyo Zv. w. 3100 wels da misi dedaqalaqi iyo mem-
fisi. adreul saukuneebze arqeologiuri cnobebi
Zalian cotaaA. magram, rogorc Cans, mosaxleoba sak-
maod mdidar soflebSi cxovrobdaA. didi piramidebi-
sa da sasaxleebis umetesoba aSenda daaxloebiT Zv. w.
2500 w.21
saxelmwifoebi afrikis sxva regionebSic war-
moiqmnAa. Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi dRevandeli eTiopiis memfisi, egviptis Zveli samefos dedaqalaqi.
186
saxelmwifos yvela niSani hqonda: specializebuli
sazogadoeba, religiuri, ekonomikuri da adminis-
traciuli unifikacia da xelovnebis gamorCeuli
stili.28
saxreT amerikaSi saxelmwifo sazogadoebebis
jgufi warmoiqmna Zv.w. 200 w. dRevandeli perus ter-
itoriaze.29 (andebidan zRvamde yvela mdinaris sana-
piro sameurneo sistemaSi irigaciis mniSvnelobaze
metyvelebs). gancalkevebul, magram msgavs saxelm-
wifoebs erTnairi religiur simboloebi da sarw-
munoeba hqondaT. sxvadasxva saxelmwifos Soris iyo
portretuli keramikiT ganTqmuli moCe, agreTve
nazka, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli reliefuri
peizaJebiT myar udabur miwaze. Zv.w. 700 w. es regio-
nuli saxelmwifoebi gaerTiandnen mozrdil milita-
ristul imperiad – vari (huri).30
CrdiloeT amerikaSi dRevandeli sent lu-
isis teritoriaze Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi uzarmazari
dasaxleba gaCnda, romelic 100-ze met miwayrils
moicavda (erT-erTi maTgani – gonkis miwayrili, ko-
lumbamdeli CrdiloeT meqsikis udidesi struqtu-
ra iyo) da faravda 13 kv.km.-ze met teritorias. mas
kahokia ewodeboda da am mxaris mZlavri da udidesi
centri iyo. sadavoa, am dasaxlebam saxelmwifo
dones miaRwia Tu arAa. dadasturebulia, rom arse-
bobdnen sasuliero pirebi, iyvnen xelosnebi da Sein-
iSneoda socialuri stratifikacia, magram ucnobia,
iyvnen Tu ar iseTi liderebi, romlebic SeZlebdnen
indis xeobaSi harapanuli civilizaciis
erT-erTi qalaqi iyo mohenjodaro. suraTze
gamosaxuli gaTxrebisas napovni abanoebi
mrgvali oTaxebiT. auzi svetebiT iyo garSe-
mortymuli. (Tanamedrove Senobebi ukana
planzea). sxva adreuli civilizaciebisgan
gansxvavebiT, es nakleb grandiozuliA. yvela
harapanuli qalaqi erTi gegmiT iyo nagebi.
saxelmwifos donis gaerTianebis marTvas.31
Teoriebi saxelmwifos
warmoSobis Sesaxeb
rogorc vnaxeT, saxelmwifoebi msoflios sx-
vadasxva wertilSi warmoiqmnen. ratom da sad ganvi-
Tardnen isini? amis Sesaxeb uamravi Teoria arsebobs.
visaubroT arqeologebis mier ganxilul ramdenime
maTganze.32
im adgilTa umetesobaSi, sadac es saxelmwifoe-
bi warmoiqmnen, ganviTarebuli iyo irigacia, ramac
mezoamerika, samxreT erayi, nilosis xeoba, CineTi
da samxreT amerika sacxovreblad vargis, nayofier
adgilebad aqciaA. savaraudod, irigaciuli sistem-
isTvis saWiro Sromam da menejmentma politikuri
elitis, saxelmwifoebrivi formireba gamoiwvia, ro-
melic sabolood sazogadoebis mmarTveli gaxdaA.33
am Teoriis momxreebi miiCneven, rom civilizacia
swored irigaciuli sistemis administraciuli
moTxovnebis zednaSeniaA.
kritikosebis azriT, es Teoria yvela qalaqsa da
saxelmwifoze ar vrceldebaA. magaliTad, samxreT
eraySi, qalaqebs mcire irigaciuli sistemebi em-
saxureboda, romlebic gansakuTrebul Sromasa da
menejments ar saWiroebdnen. farTo masStabis siste-
mebi arc qalaqebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg ganviTare-
erus uZvelesi qalaqis, Cavin huantaris
nangrevebi. qalaq perus saxelmwifoebis
saerTo religiuri simboloebisa da
rwmenis dasabamad miiCneodA.

bulaA.34 amrigad, irigacia qalaqis evoluciis mizezi
ver iqnebodaA. CineTSic ki, romlisTvisac specialu-
rad iyo es Teoria SemuSavebuli, araferi metyvelebs
Sangis periodis farTo masStabian irigaciaze.35
farTo masStabiani irigacia yovelTvis ar us-
wrebda win qalaqebisa da saxelmwifoebis ganvi-
Tarebas, mcire masStabiani sistema ki, SesaZloa,
nayofieri miwis araTanabari xelmisawvdomobisa da
Sesabamisad socialuri stratifikaciis mizezi yo-
filiyo.36 amasTan, irigaciis gamo mimdinareobda
sazRvarTan da sxva sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli davebi
mezobel jgufebs Soris, rac xalxs Tavdacvis, Sei-
araRebisa da politikuri kontrolis gaZlierebi-
sken ubiZgebdAa.37 sabolood ki, robert adamsisa da
elman servisis azriT, irigaciam (mcire Tu farTo
msaStabianma) warmoebis intensifikacia gamoiwvia,
es ki, Tavis mxriv, arapirdapiri stimuli iyo xelos-
nobis, vaWrobisa da administraciuli biurokratiis
ganviTarebisTvis.38
mosaxleobis zrda,
SezRudvebi da omi
robert karneiro miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifoebi
patara teritoriaze mosaxleobis raodenobrivi
zrdis gamo warmoiqmnen. konkurenciasa da omiano-
bas aseT situaciaSi, SesaZloa, damarcxebuli jgu-
fis subordinacia gamoewvia da aeZulebina, is ufro
Zlieri jgufs damorCileboda da xarki gadaexadaA.39
karneirom Tavisi Teoriis magaliTad perus Crdil-
oeTSi warmoqmnili saxelmwifoebi moiyvanaA.
sasoflo-sameurneo cxovrebis dawyebis Semdeg,
mosaxleoba neli tempiT izrdebodaA. TandaTanobiT
yalibdeboda axali soflebi, magram im viwro sana-
piro zolSi, romelic erTi mxridan maRali mTebiT
iyo Caketili, meore mxridan _ zRviTa da udabnoTi
iyo garSemortymuli, es procesi ganusazRvrelad
ver gagrZeldebodAa. karneiro miiCnevs, rom amis
Sedegi iyo swored miwis deficiti da soflebs Soris
omianobAa. damarcxebuli yoveli mxridan Caketili
iyo, amitom politikur batonobas unda damorCile-
bodAa. savaraudod, ase iqca batonoba mefobad, roca
yvelaze gavlenianma soflebma mTeli teritori-
is gakontroleba daiwyes. batonis Zalauflebis
gavrceleba ki imperiebis Camoyalibebis winapiroba
iyo.
karneiros azriT, saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebi-
sas bunebrivi garemo pirobebiT SezRudva erTad-
erTi barieri ar yofilAa. mniSvnelovani iyo demo-
grafiuli situaciac. Mmosaxleoba Zalian mWidrod
cxovrobda da sxva aseTive mWidro dasaxlebebiT iyo
garSemortymuli.
marvin harisi gansxvavebul Teorias gvTavazobs.
is amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi warmoiqmneboda mx-
olod im adgilebSi, sadac ganviTarebuli iyo marcv-
leulis meurneoba (sakvebis warmoeba) da garSemor-
tymuli iyo iseTi teritoriiT, sadac meurneooba ar
hqondaT. amis gamo, mosaxleoba iZulebuli iyo, ga-
dasvlis SemTxvevaSi cxovrebis standartebis mniS-
vnelovani Secvla aetanaA.40
karneiros azriT, misi Teoria vrceldeba bevr
teritoriaze, maT Soris samxreT erayze, indsisa da
nilosis xeobebze, garda perus samxreT nawilisaA.
miuxedavad imisa, rom CrdiloeT CineTsa da iuka-
tanis naxevarkunZulze, maias dablobSi, aseTi geo-
grafiuli barierebi ar arsebobda, saxelmwifoebis
warmoqmna aqac socialur SezRudvebs ukavSirdebAa.
karneiros Teoria kargad ergeba samxreT irans. sa-
187
dac mosaxleobis zrda, SezRudvebi da omianoba ar-
qeologiuri gaTxrebiT mtkicdebaA.41 mosaxleobis
zrda aRiniSneba saxelmwifos warmoqmnamde teoti-
huakanSi.42
magram mosaxleobis zrda yovelTvis ar niSnavs
SezRudulobas. magaliTad, teotihuakansa da oaq-
sakaSi is saxelmwifos Camoyalibebamde gaizarda,
magram araferi miuTiTebs resursebis SezRudulo-
baze. orivegan ufro meti xalxis cxovreba iyo Ses-
aZlebeli.43 mosaxleobis zrda yvela regionSi rodi
iwvevda saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnas. magaliTad,
raitisa da jonsonis mtkicebiT, samxreT-dasavleT
iranSi mosaxleobis zrda saxelmwfos ganviTare-
bamde didi xniT adre aRiniSneboda, saxelmwifos
ganviTarebasF ki, mosaxleobis mkveTri Semcireba mo-
hyvaA.
amasTan, karneiros Teoria kidev erT logikur
kiTxvas ver scems pasuxs: ratom tovebdnen brZoleb-
Si gamarjvebulebi damarcxebulebs xeluxleblebs
da mxolod xarks akisrebdnen, Tuki maT pirvel rig-
Si miwa surdaT? ra uSlidaT xels damarcxebulebis
ganadgurebasa da maTi miwis dapyrobaSi, rogorc es
ara erTxel yofila istoriaSi?
adgilobrivi da Sor
manZilze vaWroba:
saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnis erT-erT faqtorad
vaWroba saxeldebaA.45 raiti da jonsoni miiCneven,
rom saqonlis warmoebis, importis ganawilebi-
sa da savaWro mxareebis dacvis organizaciulma
moTxovnebma xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifoebis formire-
bas.40 dasturdeba Tu ara es arqeologiurad?
samxreT eraysa da maias dablobebSi Sor manZilze
vaWrobas, SesaZloa, biurikratiuli zrda gamoewviAa.
samxreT erayis dablobebSi, rogorc viciT, xalxs xe
da qva sWirdeboda mSeneblobisTvis, rasac maRlob-
Si mcxovreb xalxTan vaWrobiT Soulobdnen. maias
dablobebSi Sor manZilze vaWroba win uswrebda civ-
ilizaciis ganviTarebas. am regionis fermerebi mari-
lis, samarTeblisTvis saWiro minisa da safqvavi xel-
sawyoebis saWiro qvisTvis savaWro urTierTobebs
amyarebdnen Soreul regionebTan.47 samxreT-dasav-
leT iranSi Sor manZilze vaWroba mniSvnelovani ar
yofila suzas saxelmwifo sazogadoebis centrad
qcevamde, magram axlo manZilze vaWroba, savarau-
dod, garkveul rols TamaSobda saxelmwifoebis
warmoqmnaSi. CineTSi saxelmwifoebis warmoSobis
Sesaxeb msgavsi Teoria wamoayena kvang-Ci CangmAa.
misi azriT, yviTeli mdinaris xeobis neoliTurma
sazoadoebebma Zv.w. 4000w. Sor manZilze vaWrobis
qseli Camoayalibes, romelsac man “interaqtiuli
sfero” uwodAa. vaWrobam xeli Seuwyo kulturuli
elementebis gavrcelebas da sabolood saerTo el-
ementebis arsebobas (nax.11-3). droTa ganmavlobaSi
es sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisaTvis partniorebi gax-
dnen vaWrobasa da kulturul sferoSi. Zv.w. ki 2000
wlisaTvis erT politikur erTeulad gaerTiandnen
Sengis dinastiis qveS.48 amrigad, Cengi CineTSi poli-
tikur unifikacias savaWro-kulturuli urTier-
Tobebis zednaSenad miiCnevs.
sxvadasxva Teoria: Sefaseba
ratom Camoyalibdnen saxelmwifoebi? arc erTi
warmodgenili Teoria ar ergeba yvela situacias.
SeiZleba amis mizezi isaa, rom sxvadasxva regionSi
centraluri xelisuflebis warmoqmnisaTvis sxva­
188
dasxva piroba arsebobdaA. saxelmwifoc, definiciis
mixedviT, gulisxmobs didi mosaxleobis saerTo
miznisaTvis organizebas. zogierT regionSi mizani
SeiZleba yofiliyo adgilobrivi an Sor manZilze
vaWrobaA. sxvagan saxelmwifoebis _ damarcxebuli
mosaxleobis kontroli, danarCen SemTxvevebSi
politikuri sistemis ganviTareba, savaraudod, faq-
torebis kombinaciam gamoiwviAa.
saxelmwifos formirebis Sedegebi
Cven ganvixileT ramdenime adgili, sadac pirveli
saxelmwifoebi warmoiqmna, agreTve _ sxvadasxva
Teoria maTi warmoSobis Sesaxeb. magram ra Sedegebi
moitana man iq mcxovrebi adamianebisTvis? Sedegebi
SesaZloa, sakmaod dramatuli yofiliyo.
erT-erTi cvlileba, rac saxelmwifos warmoqmnam
Seitana adamianis cxovrebaSi, aris ufro didi ra-
odenobis da mWidrod mcxovrebi mosaxleobis arse-
bobis SesaZleblobaA.50 rogorc ukve vnaxeT, meurneo-
ba qmnis mosaxleobis zrdis potencias, saxelmwifo
ki ufro aRrmavebs mas. ratom? saxelmwifos SeuZlia
aaSenos infrastruqtura _ irigaciuli sisteme-
bi, gzebi, bazrebi da amiT uzrunvelyos sameurneo
produqciis ukeTesi warmoeba da ganawilebAa. saxelm-
wifos SeuZlia informaciis koordinacia, misi gamo-
yeneba produqciis ciklis samarTavad da gvalvebis,
ganadgurebisa da sxva stiqiuri ubedurebebis Ta-
vidan asacileblad. saxelmwifo akontrolebs miwis
xelmisawvdomobas (kanonebiTa da SeiaraRebiT) da
SeuZlia ara mxolod daasaxlos fermerebi miwaze,
aramed daicvas isini sakuTrebis xelyofisagan.
sameurneo produqciis gaumjobesebuli war-
moebisa da ganawilebis pirobebSi, saxelmwifos
ukve SeeZlo mosaxleobis (xSirad umetesi) nawili
sakvebis waroebisagan gaeTavisuflebinAa. eseni
iyvnen ZiriTadad xelosnebi, vaWrebi, xelovanebi,
tu-Cu
hung-Sani
iang-Sao ta-ven-kou
ma-Cia-pengi
ta-SDi ho-mu-tu
San-pei
tan-Si-San
Si-Sia
feng-pi-tou
suraTi 11-3 regionuli neoliTuri kulturebis
eqspansia CineTSi Zv.w. 4000-3000 ww.
uZvelesi CineTis arqeologia, me-4 gamocema, k.C. Cangis. saavtoro
uflebebi daculiA. 1986. ibeWdeba ielis universitetis nebarTviT.
agreTve biurokratebi, jariskacebi da politikuri
liderebi. mosaxleobis nawili sasoflo-sameurneo
adgilebisagan moSorebiT cxovrobda da amis gamo
simWidrove iyo qalaqebSi. qalaqebi warmoqmnili iyo
meurneobisaTvis araxelsayrel, magram vaWrobisaT-
vis (magaliTad, samxreT mesopotamiis mdinareebze)
da TavdacvisaTvis (monte albanis SemTxvevaSi, mTis
wverze) xelsayrel adgilebSi. saxelmwifos ganviTa-
rebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, agreTve, xelovnebis,
musikisa da literaturis aRzeveba, saerTo reli-
giaA. amrigad, civilizaciis yvela niSani saxelmwifos
ganviTarebasac axasiaTebs.51
saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebas uaryofiTi Sedeg-
bic hqondaA.A adamianebi saxelmwifo ZaliT izRudebian
da iZulebulni arian, daemorCilon dadgenil wesebs,
Tundac maTTvis araxelsayreli iyos.52 saxelmwifos
klasobrivi stratifikacia resursebis xelmisawv-
domobaSi gansxvavebebs gulisxmobs da qmnis Raribi,
gaunaTlebeli da xSirad arajanmrTeli adamianebis
fenas. janmrTelobis problemebi qalaqSi SeiZleba
gauaresebuliyo xalxis simravliT, radgan iq epide-
miuri daavadebebis gavrceleba iyo SesaZlebeli.53
sakvebis simciris an miuwvdomlobis gamo, qalaqSi
mcxovreblebi cudi kvebis an sulac SimSilobis
safrTxis winaSe idgnen, warmoebisa da ganawilebis
sistema ki yovelTvis saTanadod ar muSaobdaA.54
rogorc Cans, yvela saxelmwifo dampyrobeli iyo.
omianoba da dapyrobiTi brZolebi misi ganviTarebis
yvelaze negatiuri SedegiA. adamianuri gaWirveba
SesaZlebelia ufro saxelmwifos eqspansias davuka-
vSiroT, vidre sxva romelime faqtors. ratom axdens
saxelmwifo eqspansias? amis ZiriTadi mizezi is aris,
rom ZaluZs amis gakeTeba (ix. “imperializmi, kolo-
nializmi da saxelmwifo). saxelmwifos hyavs armia,
romelic mudam mzadaa sabrZolod da mtris dasapy-
robad. kidev erTi mizezi dakavSirebulia SimSilisa
da avadmyofobis safrTxesTan, romelic meurneo-
bis ganviTarebasTan erTad ufro realuri xdebAa.55
am teqstis avtorma kvlevis Sedegad daadgina, rom
resursebis araprognozirebuloba dakavSirebulia
xSir omianobasTan, radgan saxelmwifo, imis gamo,
rom Tavi aaridos resursebis deficits, oms iwyebs
ufro meti resursebis mosapovlebad (an resursebis
stabilizaciisTvis).56 mesame mizezi is aris, rom omi-
anoba saxelmwifos TvisebaaA. zogierTi maTganisTvis
SeiaraRebuli Zalis demonstrireba sasicocxlod
aucilebeliaA.57 miuxedavad yvelafrisa, omi da dapy-
robiTi moqmedebebi saxelmwifos formirebis erT-
erTi Sedegia, damarcxeba ki _ bedisweraA.
saxelmwifoTa Semcireba da daSla:
Tuki Tvals gadavavlebT am TavSi ganxilul sax-
elmwifoebs _ monte albans, teotihuakans, Sumers,
faraonebis egviptes, SevniSnavT, rom maT erTi saer-
To aqvT. yvela maTgani sabolood daiSalaA. ratom? es
mniSvnelovani kiTxvaa, radgan igive bedi eweva Cvens
saxelmwifosac. iqneb SesaZlebeli iyos amis Tavidan
acileba, Tu gvecodineba daSlis mizezebi.
saxelmwifoTa Semcirebisa da daSlis erT-erTi
axsna garemos degradaciaaA. Tuki warmoiqmnen in-
tensiuri meurneobisaTvis saWiro garemoSi, ro-
melic uzrunvelyofda socialur stratifikacias,
politikuri oficialurobisa da saxelmwifosaTvis
sakmaris mosavals, SesaZloa, garemos degradacias
_ miwis nayofierebis Semcirebas, gvalvebs, Zveli
saxelmwifoebis daSla gamoewviAa. arqeologi harvi
vaisi varaudobs, rom mudmivma gvalvebma daaCqares
Zveli aqaduri imperiis dacema axlo aRmosavleTSi.
 189

mimdinare kvlevebi da gamocemebi

imperializmi, kolonializmi da saxelmwifo
pirveli qalaqi-saxelmwi-
foebi uruqis periodSi Zv.w. IV
aTaswleulSi samxreT mesopo-
tamiis mdinareebTan, dRevan-
deli samxreT erayis teritori-
aze warmoiqmnen. dasawyisidanve
maT axasiaTebT sazRvargareT
vaWroba, romelic sakmaod
mniSvnelovani iyo. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mdinarispira teri-
toria sakmaod nayofeiri iyo,
mainc ganicdida iseTi nedleu-
lis naklebobas, rogoricaa qva
da tye. vaWroba sxva Tanabari
resursis mqone regionebTan
mSvidobiani da balansirebuli
iyo. erT-erTs hqonda is ma-
sala, rac meores sWirdeboda
da piriqiT, orive regionis
adamianebs SeeZloT SeTanxmeba
da molaparakeba erTmaneTis
moTxovnaTa dasakmayofile-
blad. magram damwerlobamdeli
urukis periodis arqeologi-
uri kveleva da dokumenturi
wyaroebi gviCvenebs, rom meso-
potamiis qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi
Tavidanve imperialistur-ko-
lonialisturi niSnebiT xasiaT-
debodnen.
iseve, rogorc CrdiloeT
amerikaSi Camosuli pirveli
britanelebi da frangebi cdi-
lobdnen TavianTi dasaxle-
bebisa da vaWrobis obieqtebis
dacvas, uruqis periodis sax-
elmwifoebic cdilobdnen gav-
lenis mopovebas periferiul da
naklebad ganviTarebul savaWro
`partniorebze~. magaliTad,
Zv.w. 3000 wlamde CrdiloeT
mesopotamiaSi mdinareTa Ses-
arTavebTan arsebobda gamagre-
buli qalaqebi uruqis stilis
WurWliTa da adminitraciuli
obieqtebiT. ratom midioda iq
uruqis xalxi? SesaZlebelia,
isini gangeb aSenebdnen avan-
postebs iseTi saqonlis mo-
sapoveblad, rogoricaa cxvris
tyavi da mSrali xorci.
imperializmsa da kolo-
nializmSi calkeuli saxelmwi-
foebi ar iyo CarTuli. samxreT
mesopotamia (SumereTi) poli-
tikurad unificirebuli ar yo-
fila Zv.w. 3000 wlamde; metic,
uruqis periodis tigrosisa da
evfratis saxelmwifoebi erT-
maneTs konkurencias uwevdnen.
qalaqebis galavani gviCvenebs,
rom isini mtris Tavdasxmis xSiri
obieqtebi iyvnen. suraTi Tuki-
dites mier aRwerili berZnul
qalaq-saxelmwifoebs gvagonebs,
an samxreT meqsikis maias qalaq-
saxelmwifoebis ieroglifur
warwerebSi aRweril suraTebs
(Zv.w. 300-800), romlebSic isto-
riisa da propagandis nazaviT ama
Tu im saxelmwifos triumfia gad-
mocemuli. ra Tqma unda, yvelam
viciT dapirispireba britaneTs,
espaneTs, holandiasa da safr-
angeTs Soris axali samyaros aR-
moCenamde.
istoriulad dadasturebu-
lia, rom berZnuli qalaqi-sax-
elmwifoebi imperialisturi
kolonizatorebi iyvnen. ber-
Znulad mosaubre adamianebi
koloniebs qmnidnen mTel xmelT-
aSuazRvispireTSi – sirakuzi si-
ciliaSi da marseli safrangeTSi.
rac Seexeba uruqis qalaq-sax-
elmwifoebs, ratom miviCnevT
maT imperialistur koloniza-
torebad? arqeologma gilermo
algasem axlaxan Semdegi Teo-
ria ganixilaA. Tavdapirvelad
kolonizacia daiwyo samxreT-
dasavleT iranis vakeebze, am
adgilamde samxreT mesopota-
miidan 7-10 dRis savalia fexiT,
saxedriT an qaravniT. Semdeg,
SesaZloa, uruqis qalaqebma Se-
qmnes avanpostebi an daipyres
arsebuli dasaxlebebi Crdilo-
eTiT da samxreTiT (dRevandeli
CrdiloeT iranisa da siriis va-
keebi). es ukanaskneli dasaxle-
bebi, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovani
samdinaro da saxmeleTo gzebis
gadakveTaze mdebareobdnen.
algases TqmiT, uruqis da­
saxlebebi da avanpostebi samxreT
mesopotamiis gareT Zalian
hgavs imas, rasac filip kurtini
savaWro diasporas uwodebs. is
miiCnevs, rom aseTi moZraoba mx-
olod qalaqebisa da maTi susti
mosaxxleobis warmoqmnis Sem-
deg SeiZleboda dawyebuliyo
(qalaqis mosaxleoba Zalian
sustia, radgan damokidebulia
soflelebis mier mowodebul
sakvebze). diasporas bevri for-
ma hqonda da TiToeuli maTgani
regionebs Soris sxvadasxva dam-
atebiTi resursebis gacvlis sa-
Sualeba iyo. erTi mxriv, vaWrebi
mcire jgufebad swydebodnen
sakuTar sazogadoebebs da sxva
teritoriebze gadadiodnen.
meore mxriv ki, maTi aSenebuli
avanpostebi saxelmwifos gafar-
Toebas uwyobdnen xels.
algase miiCnevs, rom samxreT
uruqis eqspansiis mizezi
iyo samxreT mesopotamiaSi
resursebis simcire. magram aris
ki es axsna sruli? msoflios
sxva regionebSic aRiniSneboda
resursebis nakleboba, magram
isini kolonizatorebi ar gamx-
daran. kidev ra SeiZleboda gamx-
dariyo eqspansiis an sabolood
misi Sewyvetis mizezi? algase
aRniSnavs, rom roca samxreT-
dasavleT iranSi Sesul uruqis
mosaxleobas minimaluri winaaR-
mdegoba Sexvda, radgan es teri-
toria mWidrod dasaxlebuli ar
iyo.
wlebis win anTropologi
stenli daimondi amtkicebda,
rom “imperializmi da kolonial-
izmi saxelmwifos xnis iyvnen”.
xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom sax-
elmwifoebi mudam kolonistur
da imperialistur politikas
atarebdnen, roca ki SeeZloT?
Tu amisaTvis mxolod garkveuli
pirobebi iyo saWiro? ramdenad
mWidrodaa imperializmi da ko-
lonializmi dakavSirebuli sax-
elmwifos organizaciasTan? Ses-
aZlebelia ki, saxelmwifo iyos
humanuri? am kiTxvebze momavali
kulturuli da istoriuli kv-
levebi gagvcemen pasuxs.

Zv. w. 2300 wlisaTvis aqadelebma daaarses imperia,
romelic gadaWimuli iyo sparseTis yuredan (dRe-
vandeli erayi) mdinare evfratis saTaveebamde (dRe-
vandeli TurqeTi). magram erTi saukunis Semdeg es
imperia daingraA. vaisi misi da misi mezobeli civili-
zaciebis daSlis mizezad gvalvebs miiCnevs. bevri
arqeologi am mosazrebas eWvqveS ayenebs, Tumca kv-
levebi amtkicebs, rom bolo 10000 wlis ganmavloba-
Si yvelaze didi gvalva swored aqadis samefos daS-
las daemTxvaA.58 gvalvis erT-erTi niSania sparseTis
yuris fskerze napovni mtveri, rac imaze miuTiTebs,
rom mSrali sezoni 300 weliwads grZeldebodAa. sxva
geografiuli niSnis mixedviT, gvalva mTel msofli-
oSi iyo.59 garemos degradacia gaxda, savaraudod, ma-
ias civilizaciis mospobis mizezic.60
garemos degradacias SeiZleba, bunebrivi mov-
lenis garda, sxva mizezic hqondes, magaliTad, ada-
mianTa qcevaA. gavixsenoT Tundac kahokiis magaliTi
190
saxelmwifoebis warmoqmna mWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqebis
ganviTarebas gulisxmobda da amasTan, Tavs iCenda mo-
saxleobasa da qalaqebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi.
_ qalaqisa, romelic sul mcire 15000 adamianisgan
Sedgeboda da mdebareobda misurisa da misisipis
SesarTavTan. Zv.w. me-12 saukuneSi kahokias hqonda
uzarmazari sazogadoebrivi centrebi, 20000 moris-
gan agebuli galavani, masiuri miwayrilebi, magram
300 weliwadSi mxolod miwayrilebi darCaA. wyal-
didobisas motanilma lamma dasaxlebuli adgilebi
da yanebi mTlianad dafaraA. tyis gaCexvam saTbobad,
mSeneblobisa da TavdacvisTvis sabolood wyal-
didoba da mosavlis simcire gamoiwvia, ramac Tavis
mxriv _ kahokiis gaudaburebAa. rogorc Cans, droTa
ganmavlobaSi mSeneblobisTvis saWiro xe-tyis
xarisxi iseTi maRali aRar iyo, savaraudod, am masa-
lis Semcirebis gamo. 63
kahokia adamianis qceviT gamowveuli degrada-
ciis erT-erTi magaliTiaA. kidev erTi magaliTia
marilianobis Semcireba im adgilebSi, sadac farTod
gamoiyeneboda irigacia (samxreT erayi), aorTqlebis
gamo.
civilizaciebi xSirad imitomac qreboda, rom
adamianis qceva daavadebebs zrdidaA. magaliTad, ma-
ias dablobSi qalaqebi gaudaburda Zv.w 800-1000 ww.
mosaxleobis metismetad zrdis an resursebis nakle-
bobis gamo. kidev erTi faqtori, SesaZloa, yviTeli
cxeleba iyo. tyeebis gaCexvam da amis gamo moskitebis
gamravlebam xeli Seuwyo daavadebebis gavrcelebas
centralur amerikaSi. zogan mosaxleobis mier gan-
sakuTrebuli jiSis xeebis dargvam gamoiwvia daa-
vadebuli maimunebis momravleba (xolo koRoebi am
daavadebas maimunebisgan adamianebs gadascemdnen).62
saxelmwifoebis daSlis kidev erTi mizezi maTi
mxatvris rekonstruqcia _ kahokia aRzevebis periodSi.
metismeti gafarToeba iyo. miiCneven, rom swored
amis gamo daiSala romis imperiAa. misi dacemis peri-
odSi, ax.w. II sukuneSi imperia gadaWimuli iyo xmelT-
aSuazRvispiras Crdilo-dasavleT evropamde. am
masStabis teritoria ki samarTavad rTuli iyo. im-
periis periferiebze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebi
uyuradRebod rCeboda, radgan Soreuli sazRvrebis
gamagreba metismetad Zneli da Zviri iyo. ax.w. 476 w.
romis imperia faqtobrivad araraobad iqcaA.63
sabolood daSlis mizezad cudi mmarTveloba an
eqspluatacia daasaxeles. magaliTad, piter Carnesi
miiCnevs, rom bizantiis imperia (romis imperiis aR-
mosavleT naxevari) imitom daiSala, rom Zlier me-
mamuleebs SeeZloT, susti memamuleebisTvis miwa
waerTmiaT da gadasaxadebi daekisrebinaT. roca am me-
mamuleebma imperatorisgan Zalauflebis moTxovna
daiwyes, samoqalaqo omebi daiwyo, ramac sabolood
imperiis brZolisunarianoba SeiwiraA.64
daSlas sxva uamravi TeoriiT xsnidnen, dawyebuli
katastrofebiT da TiTqmis mistikuri faqtorebiT
(magaliTad, socialuri daknineba) damTavrebuli,
magram rogorc saxelmwifos warmoSobis SemTxveva-
Si, aqac arc erTi Teoria ar xsnida yvela situacias.
ramdenadac jer kidev ucnobia civilizaciaTa cen-
trebSi saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnisa da daSlis re-
aluri mizezebi, amis garkveva mkvlevarTa umTavresi
mizaniA. imedia, momavalSi damakmayofilebeli pasuxe-
bi gaecema arsebul kiTxvebs.

dasavleT TurqeTis qalaqis efesos (yofili qalaqi nangrevebad qceuli, romelic dRes dasavleT TurqeTSia) istoria saxelmwifoebis aR-
zevebisa da dacemis naTeli magaliTiA. Zv.w. 1000-100 ww. mas marTavdnen berZnebi, lidielebi, sparsebi, makedonelebi da romaelebi.
Sejameba
1. arqeologebi jerac ver Tanxmdebian saxelmwifos
gansazRvrebaze, magram erTxmad aRiareben mis
ZiriTad kriteriums _ gadawyvetilebis miRebis
ierarqiuloba da centralizebuloba da am gziT
mosaxleobaze zemoqmedebAa. saxelmwifoTa umrav-
lesobas aqvs sajaro Senobebi, xelosnebisa da re-
ligiuri msaxurebis fena, xelovneba, ierarqiuli
socialuri sistema, romlis TavSi aris elita da
romlidanac liderebi gamodian. saxelmwifoebi
Zalauflebas axorcieleben Zalis gamoyenebiT.
Zala da muqara gamoiyeneba gadasaxadebis asakre-
fad. xalxis samuSaod da saomrad wasayvanad.
2. pirveli saxelmwifo sazogadoebebi gamoCnda
axlo aRmosavleTSi, dRevandel samxreT eraysa
da samxreT-dasavleT iranSi. samxreT erayi anu
Sumeri, gaerTianda Zv.w. 3000 w. maT hqondaT dam-
werloba, didi urbanuli centrebi, taZrebi,
kodificirebuli kanonebi, jari, farTo savaWro
qseli, rTuli irigaciuli sistema da special-
izaciis maRali xarisxi.
3. pirveli qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi mezoamerikaSi
Camoyalibda, savaraudod, Zv.w. 500 w. oaqsakas
xeobaSi da misi dedaqalaqi iyo monte albani.
mogvianebiT meqsikis velis Crdilo-aRmosavleT
nawilSi ganviTarda teotihuakani. arsebobis
pikisas (Cv.w. 200-500 ww.) teotihuakanis gavlenis
qveS iyo mezo amerikis umetesi nawili.
4. adre warmoiqmnen saxelmwifoebi msoflios dan-
arCen regionebSi: gvatemalaSi, meqsikaSi, iukata-
nis naxevarkunZulze, peruSi, savaraudod _ sent
luisis maxloblad. Zvel samyaroSi saxelmwifoe-
bi warmoiqmnen afrikaSi, indoeTSi, indis xeobasa
da CrdiloeT CineTSi.
5. saxelmwifos warmoSobaze uamravi Teoria ar-
sebobs. irigaciis Teoriis mixedviT, masobrivi
irigaciis administraciul moTxovnebs SeeZlo
biZgi mieca saxelmwifos warmoqmnisTvis. Sez-
191
Rudvis Teoriis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebi aR-
mocendnen, roca dapirispirebam da omianobam
damarcxebuli jgufebis subordinacia gamoi-
wvia da isini iZulebulni iyvnen, gamarjvebuls
damorCilebodnen. savaWro Teoriis mixedviT ki,
saxelmwifos formireba saeqsporto saqonlis
Seqmnis, ganawilebisa da savaWro mxaris dacvis
organizaciulma moTxovnebma gamoiwviAa. romelia
marTebuli? jerjerobiT verc erTi Teoria ver
xsnis yvela saxelmwifos warmoSobas. SesaZloa,
centralizebul xelisuflebas sxvadasxva re-
gionSi sxvadasxva mizezi hqondaA.
6. saxelmwifos warmoqmnas dramatuli Sedegebi
axlavs. izrdeba mosaxleoba da koncentrird-
eba qalaqebSi; viTardeba soflis meurneoba da
mosaxleobis nawili Tavisufldeba sakvebis war-
moebisagan; saxelmwifoSi aRiniSneba civiliza-
ciis pirveli niSnebi _ xelovneba, musika, lit-
eratura, saerTo religia, magram iqmneba agreTve
xelsayreli pirobebi omisa da politikuri ter-
orisTvis. socialuri diferenciaciis Sedegad
iqmneba Raribi da xSirad daavadebuli adamian-
ebis fenAa. aRiniSneba daavadebaTa mateba da Sim-
SilianobaA.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. qalaqebi da saxelmwifoebi ar SeiniSneba sakvebis
warmoebamde. ratom aris sakvebis warmoeba
aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi saxelmwifos
ganviTarebisTvis?
2. sakvebis warmoebis msgavsad, pirveli qalaqebi da
saxelmwifoebi ramdenime aTasi wlis intervaliT
warmoiqmnen. ra iyo amis mizezi?
3. SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT samyaro, saxelmwifoe-
bis gareSe? ra pirobebma SeiZleba ganapirobos
msgavsi situacia?

mobaTqaSebuli qandakeba neoliTuri soflidan ein gazali-
dan iordaniaSi. mxolod es qandakebebi ar gamosaxaven masa-
lis damuSavebis SesaZleblobas, rac moxda mraval adgilze
sakvebis warmoebis aRmocenebis Semdeg, magram isini mianiS-
neben religiuri ritualebisa da rwmenis damuSavebazec.
Sejameba
1. mcenareTa da cxovelTa moSinaureba msoflios
umetes regionebSi aRiniSneboda msxvilfexa
saqonelze nadirobidan e.w. farTo speqtris Sem-
groveblobaze gadasvliT. resursebis farTo
speqtri moicavda rogorc wylis resursebs _
Tevzs, molusks, aseve velur mcenareTa nairsaxe-
obebs, iremsa da sxva cxovelebs. aseT Semgrove-
blobaze gadasvlas, nawilobriv klimaturi cv-
lilebebic ganapirobebdAa.
2. evropis, axlo aRmosavleTis, afrikisa da perus
zogierT nawilSi farTo speqtris Semgrove-
blobaze gadasvla permanentuli Temebis Camoya-
libebas ukavSirdebAa. sxva regionebSi ki, magali-
Tad, mezoamerikis naxevrad mSral maRlobebze
permanentuli dasaxlebebi mxolod moSinaurebis
Semdeg gamoCndaA.
177
3. mcenareTa da cxovelTa moSinaureba-moSenebas
neoliTur revoluciad moixsenieben da is sx-
vadasxva regionSi, faqtobrivad, damoukideblad
daiwyo. moSinaurebis pirveli kerebi aRiniSneba
axlo aRmosavleTSi Zv.w. 8000 w Zveli msoflios
sxva regionebisaTvis es TariRi dazustebuli
araa, magram aRmoCenili moSinaurebuli marcv-
lis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, damoukidebeli
centrebi iyo CineTSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT azi-
aSi (dRevandeli malaizia, tailandi, kampuCia
da vietnami) da afrikaSi daaxloebiT 6000 w axal
samyaroSic arsebobda moSinaureba-moSenebis
adreuli centrebi: mezoamerikis maRlobebi
(Zv.w. 7000 w.), centraluri andebi perus maxlo-
blad (imave periodSi, SesaZloa, ufro adrec) da
CrdiloeT amerikis tyeebi (Zv.w. 2000 w.).
4. sakvebis warmoebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Teoria ar-
sebobs, magram arqeologebi miiCneven, rom Sem-
groveblobidan warmoebaze gadasvla adamianebs
garkveulma pirobebma aiZulAa. SesaZlo faqtore-
bia: 1. veluri resursebiT mdidar regionebSi
mosaxleobis zrda (ramac adamians ubiZga gana-
pira teritoriebze gadasuliyo). 2. mosaxleobis
globaluri zrda (simWidrovem dasaxlebul re-
gionebSi aiZula xalxi moeSinaurebina mcenareebi
da cxovelebi). 3. cxeli zafxuli da civi zamTari
(ramac xeli Seuwyo veluri marcvleulis yanebT-
an axlos dasaxlebas. gazrdili moasaxleoba Ta-
vis gamosakvebad iZulebuli iyo, daeTesa marcva-
li da moeSenebina cxovelebi).
5. miuxedavad gamomwvevi mizezebisa, sakvebis war-
moebam mniSvnelovani cvlileba Seitana adamia-
nis cxovrebaSi da cxovelTa moSinaurebis Semdeg
mniSvnelovanwilad gaizardaA. miuxedavad imisa,
rom am dros miRweuli ar iyo sruli sedanta-
rizmi, TandaTanobiT izrdeboda meurneobaze
damokidebulebaA. paradoqsulia, magram mosaxle-
obis janmrTeloba sakmaod gauaresdaA. perma-
nentul soflebSi sakvebis warmoebasTan erTad
daixvewa saxlebi da aveji, adamianebma daiwyes
qsovilebis damzadeba da WurWlis moxatvaA.
sakontrolo kiTxvebi
1. ram aiZula adamiani, sakvebis mosapoveblad meti
eSroma?
2. rogor unda moeSinaurebina adamians cxvari, Txa
da saqoneli?
3. xsnis Tu ara Teoriebi sakvebis warmoebis Sesaxeb
imas, rom moSinaureba msoflios sxvadasxva re-
gionSi aTaswleulebis intervaliT moxda?