Unit 4 - M

Unit IV
Long Term Evolution

(Clint Smith and Daniel Collins(page 209-246))
Overview
• LTE Ecosystem • Cell Search
• Standards • Cell
• Radio Spectrum • Reselection
• LTE Architecture • Attach and Default Bearer Activation
• User Equipment (UE) • Handover (X2, S1, Inter-MME)
• Enhanced Node B (eNodeB) • Self-Organizing Networks (SONs)
• Core Network (EPC) • Relay Cells
• Radio Channel Components • Heterogeneous Network (HetNET)
• TD-LTE • Remote Radio
• Multiple Input Multiple Output • Heads (RRH)
• LTE Scheduler • VoLTE
• Carrier Aggregation • LTE Advanced
K.P.Kshirsagar (Long Term Evolution- Unit IV) VIIT,Pune 2

Introduction
• LTE, Long Term Evolution, the successor to UMTS and
HSPA is now being deployed and is the way forwards for
high-speed cellular services. LTE was created by the 3GPP.
• In its first forms it was a 3G or as some would call it a 3.99G
technology, but with further additions the technology fulfilled
the requirements for a 4G standard. In this form it was referred
to as LTE Advanced (LTE-A).
• There has been a rapid increase in the use of data carried by
cellular services, and this increase will only become larger in
what has been termed the "data explosion". To cater for this
and the increased demands for increased data transmission
speeds and lower latency, further development of cellular
technology have been required.

The features of LTE are :
• Better download speed.
• Extremely good voice quality.
• Easy access to Internet, IM, social networks, streaming media, video
calling.
• Higher bandwidth.
• Much faster than 3G.
• based on Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and
UMTS standards.
• LTE is important because it will bring up to 50 times performance
improvement and much better spectral efficiency to cellular networks.
• It uses a different radio interface and core network improvement
• It should be noted that LTE operates using varying frequencies
and bands across other countries. This means that not all phones
can use LTE in all countries where LTE is supported.

Advantages of LTE
• High throughput: High data rates can be achieved in both downlink (100
Mbps) as well as uplink (75 Mbps). This causes high throughput.
• Low latency: Time required to connect to the network is in range of a few
milliseconds and power saving states can now be entered and exited very
quickly.
• FDD and TDD in the same platform: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
and Time Division Duplex (TDD), both schemes can be used on same
platform.
• Superior end-user experience: Optimized signaling for connection
establishment and other air interface and mobility management procedures
have further improved the user experience. Reduced latency (to 10 ms) for
better user experience.
• Seamless Connection: LTE will also support seamless connection to
existing networks such as GSM, CDMA and WCDMA.
• Plug and play: The user does not have to manually install drivers for the
device. Instead system automatically recognizes the device, loads new
drivers for the hardware if needed, and begins to work with the newly
connected device.
• Simple architecture: Because of Simple architecture low operating
expenditure

Key attributes associated with LTE
• All IP network architecture
• Flat architecture
• Separation of the user control and user planes
• Improve radio access scheme
• Advanced antenna solution
• Spectrum bandwidth flexibility.

Wireless access Technology

Difference between 4G and LTE
1. Packet-switching vs. circuit-switching
2. Area of coverage- 4G has been rolled out in full force in more developed
countries and is used almost everywhere while LTE is receding in use.
3. Speed of data transfer- LTE wireless broadband is about 50x faster than the
3G network and has an average download speed of 300 Mbps. 4G as
network standards operating with a download speed between 500 Mbps
and 1 Gbps.
4. Signal strength-For LTE networks, an RSRP value of about -80dBm shows
excellent signal strength with maximum data speeds. 4G networks also
operate within a limit of about -90dBm.
5. Latency -LTE latency is about 10 milliseconds. 4G, meanwhile, has a
latency of 5 milliseconds. That is half of the delay experienced in LTE cut
off in one chunk. Therefore, 4G is more advanced than LTE in latency.
6. Data consumption-4G is faster than LTE, 4G users tend to spend more data
simultaneously than LTE users. This is because they can access more
functions than the LTE user. They could have gone through several sites in
one hour while downloading a 1GB file in the background.
7. Hotspot support
LTE Ecosystem
• Six main elements of LTE network
– User equipment(UE)
– Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access(E-UTRA)- the LTE air interface.
– Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN)
– eNode B (Enhanced node B).
– Evolved Packet Core(EPC)-the LTE core.
– Non LTE- application servers, internet, legacy
network(UMTS/CDMA)
Basic LTE Network

• In LTE ecosystem, ones UE has acquired the network
connection, it is basically an always-on connection and
used it IP address. And the connection between serving
Gateway(SGW) and packet Data Network
Gateway(PGW) remains.
• Connection between SGW and eNodeB may torn in ideal
mode.
• In ‘always on’ connection even in idle mode enables fast
session setup and ideal for application requiring a fast
response time.
• LTE operate either as TDD or FDD system.
• Typically development for LTE involves a 10 MHz
channel that is deployed in an FDD configuration as a
10x10 channels.
• LTE operated with variety of common carriers(CC) they
are 1.4,3,5,10,15 and 20 MHz wide CCs.

Standards
• LTE is a standards based wireless access system.
• Standard LTE are driven by 3GPP organization.

LTE releases has its unique attributes
and benefits

LTE Releases Major Features

Radio Spectrum
• LTE utilizes radio spectrum.

• LTE uses broken down to specific bands or
rather band numbers.
• There are 20-25 different frequency bands
used in LTE.
• LTE operate FDD and TDD bands

LTE FDD bands

LTE TDD bands

LTE Architecture

Major elements of LTE architecture
• User Equipment(UE)
• Enhanced Node B(eNodeB)
• Core Network(EPC)
– Mobility Management Element(MME)
– Serving Gateway(SGW)
– Packet Data Network Gateway(PGW)
– Home Subscriber Server(HSS)
– Policy control and changing rules function(PCRF)

User Equipment:
• UE is device that the subscriber to the LTE wireless
network interface with the most.
• Typically UE is handset, Smartphone or air card.
• There are five different classes or categories of LTE UE
devices.

Enhanced Node B(eNode B):
• eNode B can be defined as three major components: antennas
system, radio elements and digital processing components.
• eNode B provides connection between LTE network and UE.
• eNode B perform all radio resource management function such
as radio bearer control, radio admission control, radio mobility
control, scheduling and dynamic allocation of resources to UEs
in both uplink and downlink.
• eNode B is connected to both the MME and SGW through S1
signaling links.
• Two eNode B connected via an X2 interface.
• The S1 interface is divided into two distinct parts: S1-U and
S1-MME.
– S1-U :traffic data is routed
– S1-MME: Control information
• eNode B utilizes two different modulation formats: OFDMA for
downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink.
S1 interface

Core Network(EPC):
• Core network for LTE consists of several major element: Mobility
Management Entity(MME), SGW, PGW and Home Subscriber
Server(HSS).
• Mobility Management Entity(MME):
– MME is control node that processes the signaling between UE and EPC.
– MME keeps track of the UE that is associated with the eNode B that are
connected to the MME.
– The UE can be in one of three states that the MME keeps track:
1. Connected
• UE has registered with the network
• UE has established a radio resource connection(RRC)
• Handover are network controlled
• Measurement report sent from UE to eNode B
2. Idle
• UE has been inactive for an extended period of time
• Cell selection and reselection are under complete UE control
• UE is not connected to the network and is just monitoring the network for
messages.
3. Dormant
• UE is not connected or not monitoring the network
• UE could be out of service area or powered off.
Serving Gateway:
• Serving GW is the gateway which terminates the interface towards
E-UTARN. For each UE associated with the EPS, at given point of
time, there is a single Serving GW.
• SGW functions include:
– The local Mobility and inter-eNodeB handover;
– inter-3GPP mobility (terminating S4 and relaying the traffic between
2G/3G system and PSDN GW);
– downlink packet buffering and initiation of network triggered service
request procedure;
– Lawful Interception;
– Packet routing and forwarding;
– Transport level packet marking in the uplink and the downlink, e.g. setting
the DiffServ Code Point, based on the QCI of the associated EPS bearer;
– Accounting for inter-operator charging. The Serving GW generates
accounting data per UE and bearer;
– Interfacing OFCS according to charging principles and through reference
points specified in TS(Long
K.P.Kshirsagar 32.240
Term Evolution- Unit IV) VIIT,Pune 25
Packet Data Network Gateway(PGW):
• The PGW is the gateway which terminates the SGi interface towards PDN. If UE is accessing
multiple PDNs, there may be more than one PGW for that UE, however a mix of S5/S8
connectivity and Gn/Gp connectivity is not supported for that UE simultaneously.
• PGW functions include:
– Per-user based packet filtering (by e.g. deep packet inspection);
– Lawful Interception;
– UE IP address allocation;
– Transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, e.g. setting the DiffServ Code
Point, based on the QCI of the associated EPS bearer;
– Accounting for inter-operator charging;
– UL and DL service level charging as defined in TS 23.203 (e.g. based on SDFs defined by
the PCRF, or based on deep packet inspection defined by local policy);
– Interfacing OFCS through according to charging principles and through reference points
specified in TS 32.240
– UL and DL service level gating control as defined in TS 23.203
– UL and DL service level rate enforcement as defined in TS 23.203 .
– UL and DL rate enforcement based on APN-AMBR (e.g. by rate policing/shaping per
aggregate of traffic of all SDFs of the same APN that are associated with Non-GBR QCIs);
– DL rate enforcement based on the accumulated MBRs of the aggregate of SDFs with the
same GBR QCI (e.g. by rate policing/shaping);
– DHCPv4 (server and client) and DHCPv6 (client and server) functions;
K.P.Kshirsagar
– packet screening. (Long Term Evolution- Unit IV) VIIT,Pune 26
Home Subscriber Server(HSS):
• The HSS (Home Subscriber Server) is the concatenation of the HLR
(Home Location Register) and the AuC (Authentication Center) – two
functions being already present in pre-IMS 2G/GSM and 3G/UMTS
networks. The HLR part of the HSS is in charge of storing and updating
when necessary the database containing all the user subscription
information, including (list is non exhaustive):
– User identification and addressing – this corresponds to the IMSI
(International Mobile Subscriber Identity) and MSISDN (Mobile
Subscriber ISDN Number) or mobile telephone number.
– User profile information – this includes service subscription states
and user-subscribed Quality of Service information (such as maximum
allowed bit rate or allowed traffic class).
– The AuC part of the HSS is in charge of generating security
information from user identity keys. This security information is
provided to the HLR and further communicated to other entities in the
network. Security information is mainly used for:
– Mutual network-terminal authentication.
– Radio path ciphering and integrity protection, to ensure data and
signaling transmitted between the network and the terminal is neither
eavesdropped nor altered.

Policy control and charging Rules Function
(PCRF):
• The PCRF server manages the service policy and sends QoS setting information
for each user session and accounting rule information. The PCRF Server
combines functionalities for the following two UMTS nodes:
– The Policy Decision Function (PDF)
– The Charging Rules Function (CRF)
• The PDF is the network entity where the policy decisions are made.
• CRFs role is to provide operator-defined charging rules applicable to each
service data flow.
• Functions of PCRF:
– To manage network and subscriber policy in real time.
– To efficiently and dynamically route and prioritize network traffic.
– Unified view of subscriber context based on a combination of device,
network, location and billing data.
– Key inputs to revenue assurance and bandwidth management.

Radio channel Components:
• There are three categories into which the various
data channels may be grouped.
– Physical channels: These are transmission channels
that carry user data and control messages.
– Transport channels: The physical layer transport
channels offer information transfer to Medium
Access Control (MAC) and higher layers.
– Logical channels: Provide services for the Medium
Access Control (MAC) layer within the LTE
protocol structure.

Physical channels:
• The LTE physical channels vary between the
uplink and the downlink as each has different
requirements and operates in a different manner.
• Downlink
– Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
– Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
– Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
– Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
• Uplink
– Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
– Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
– Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Downlink Channel Relationship

Uplink Channel Relationship

Downlink:
• Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH):
– physical channel carries system information for UEs requiring to access
the network. It only carries what is termed Master Information Block,
MIB, messages.
– The modulation scheme is always QPSK and the information bits are coded
and rate matched
– The MIB message on the PBCH is mapped onto the central 72 subcarriers
or six central resource blocks regardless of the overall system bandwidth.
– The PBCH transmissions has 14 information bits, 10 spare bits, and 16
CRC bits.
• Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) :
– The information within the PCFICH is essential because the UE does not
have prior information about the size of the control region.
– A PCFICH is transmitted on the first symbol of every sub-frame and
carries a Control Format Indicator, CFI, field.
– The PCFICH uses 32 bits ,2 block coding which results in a 1/16 coding
rate, and it always uses QPSK modulation to ensure robust reception.

• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH):
– The main purpose of this physical channel is to carry mainly scheduling
information of different types:
• Downlink resource scheduling
• Uplink power control instructions
• Uplink resource grant
• Indication for paging or system information
– The PDCCH contains a message known as the Downlink Control Information,
DCI which carries the control information for a particular UE or group of UEs.
– The DCI format has several different types which are defined with different
sizes.
– The different format types include: Type 0, 1, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2, 2A, 2B, 2C,
3, 3A, and 4.
• Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH):
– This channel is used to report the Hybrid ARQ status. It carries the HARQ
ACK/NACK signal indicating whether a transport block has been correctly
received.
– The HARQ indicator is 1 bit long - "0" indicates ACK, and "1" indicates
NACK.
– The PHICH is transmitted within the control region of the subframe and is
typically only transmitted within the first symbol. If the radio link is poor, then
the PHICH is extended to a number symbols for robustness.

Uplink:
• Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH):
– PUCCH provides the various control signaling requirements. There are a
number of different PUCCH formats defined to enable the channel to
carry the required information in the most efficient format for the
particular scenario encountered.
• Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) :
– This physical channel found on the LTE uplink is the Uplink counterpart
of PDSCH.
• Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) :
– This uplink physical channel is used for random access functions. This is
the only non-synchronized transmission that the UE can make within
LTE.
– The downlink and uplink propagation delays are unknown when PRACH
is used and therefore it cannot be synchronized.
– The PRACH instance is made up from two sequences: a cyclic prefix and
a guard period. The preamble sequence may be repeated to enable the
eNodeB to decode the preamble when link conditions are poor.
Transport Channel:
• The LTE transport channels vary between the
uplink and the downlink as each has different
requirements and operates in a different manner.
Physical layer transport channels offer information
transfer to medium access control (MAC) and
higher layers.
• Downlink
– Broadcast Channel (BCH)
– Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
– Paging Channel (PCH)
– Multicast Channel (MCH)
• Uplink
– Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
– Random Access Channel (RACH)
Downlink:
• Broadcast Channel (BCH)
– The LTE transport channel maps to Broadcast
Control Channel (BCCH)
• Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
– This transport channel is the main channel for
downlink data transfer. It is used by many logical
channels.
• Paging Channel (PCH)
– To convey the PCCH
• Multicast Channel (MCH)
– This transport channel is used to transmit MCCH
information to set up multicast transmissions.
Uplink:
• Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
– This transport channel is the main channel for
uplink data transfer. It is used by many logical
channels.
• Random Access Channel (RACH)

• This is used for random access requirements.

Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ):
• Works at PHY layer but controlled by MAC layer
• If the received data has an error then the Receiver
buffers the data and requests a re-transmission from
the sender.
• When the receiver receives the re-transmitted data,
it then combines it with buffered data prior to
channel decoding and error detection. This helps the
performance of the re-transmissions.

SYNCHRONOUS and ASYNCHRONOUS
HARQ:
• Synchronous HARQ (used in UPLINK):
– Re-transmissions are scheduled at fixed time intervals
– Generates lower over-head as it doesn't need to include HARQ process Id in the
outgoing data
– Always works in cycle even if no resources are allocated during a specific sub
frame; which means that the 1st process will repeat itself after every 8 ms.
• Asynchronous HARQ (used in DOWNLINK):
– eNodeB can use any of the HARQ process (out of 1-8 SAW process) in the DL
– eNodeB provides instructions to the UE regarding which HARQ process to use
during each sub-frame for which resources are allocated. (The HARQ process
identity is included within the PDCCH transmission)
– Asynchronous HARQ increases signalling overhead because it includes the
HARQ process Identity within the DCI.
– Asynchronous HARQ increases flexibility because
re-transmissions doesn't have to be scheduled during every sub-frame.

Downlink

Uplink

QoS Class Identifier(QCI):
• QoS Class Identifier (QCI) is a mechanism used
in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks to
ensure bearer traffic is allocated appropriate
Quality of Service (QoS). Different bearer traffic
requires different QoS and therefore different QCI
values.
• QoS Class Identifier(QCI) and Allocation and
Retention Priority(ARP) are two key parameters in
LTE.
• LTE QCI determines which bearers are
categorized as GBR and which as non GBR.

QCI

System Information Messages(SIB)
• System Information Blocks are grouped in SI
containers.
• Each SI is composed of multiple SIBs.
• Each SI usually will have different transmission
frequency and will be sent in a single sub-frame.
• SIBs are transmitted using BCCH mapped on
DL-SCH which in turn mapped on PDSCH.

LTE DL RF Channel
• LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) for the downlink - that is, from the base station
to the terminal to transmit the data over many narrow
band careers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one
signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth ie.
OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for
multi-carrier transmission to carry data.
• Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), is a
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a
digital multi-carrier modulation method.
• OFDM subcarrier allocation is fixed and OFDMA
subcarrier allocation is dynamic. This dynamic approach
to assigning subcarrier leads to better trucking efficiency
which equates to usable bandwidth that can be delivered
to the subscriber.
• OFDMA also enables MIMO capability in the
downlink, indicated in fig.

• Time and frequency relationship for OFDMA
signal.
• Each subcarrier is 15 kHz in size.
• Cyclic prefix (CP) is inserted enabling the UE
to be able to change from symbol to symbol.

LTE UL RF Channel
• LTE UL RF Channel different modulation
scheme than the DL RF channel.
• UL RF channel uses Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access(SC-FDMA)
modulation scheme.
• SC-FDMA enables the UE to be manufactured
at a lower cost and battery life of the UE is
extended as compared to using OFDMA
method.

LTE UL RF Channel

Resource Blocks(RBs)
• Resource Blocks are a key component with
LTE in the transport of data to and from UE.

Active Resource Blocks

LTE FDD frame to resource element
relationship
• 1 Frame=10 Sub frames
• 1 Sub frames= 2 time slots
• 1 Timeslot= 6-100 RB(depending on bandwidth)
• 1RB= 12 subcarriers x 7 symbols
• 1 RE= 1 subcarrier x 1 symbols

LTE FDD frame to resource element
relationship

TD-LTE
• LTE TDD system, the UL and DL capacity ratio can be
changed dynamically to match demand allowing for better
handling of data traffic.
• LTE TDD system the base station need to be synchronized
with respective to the uplink and downlink transmission times.
• In LTE TDD system frames mapped with hyper
frames(HF)and that map with sub frames. The sub frames map
to resource blocks.
• Each sub frame consists of three fields:
– DwPTS-Downlink Pilot Times Slot.
– GP-Guard Period.
– UpPTS- Uplink Pilot Times Slot.

LTE TDD frame structure

LTE TDD Configuration

Multiple Input Multiple Output
• The basic concept of MIMO utilizes the multipath
signal propagation that is present in all terrestrial
communications. Rather than providing
interference, these paths can be used to
advantage.
• The use of MIMO technology has been introduced
successively over the different releases of the LTE
standards.
• Typically configuration involved 1Tx, 2Rx or 2Tx,
2Rx .
• LTE operates with 8Tx and 4Rx per eNode B
leading to increased throughput at expense of
antenna real estate.
eNode B 4x4 MIMO

LTE Scheduler
• Scheduler is n/w control function at eNodeB and the UE can only
make resource request.
• eNode B scheduler dynamically control which resource in time and
frequency are allocated to a certain user at a given time.
• Scheduler involved many decisions:
– System bandwidth
– Min and Max data rate
– Channel Quality indicator(CQI) report from the Ues.
– UE Capabilities
– Pending retransmission
– Quality of service parameters and measurement
– Available power allocations.
– BER target requirement according to service.
– Latency requirement
– UE sleep cycles and measurement gaps.

Carrier Aggregation
• Data throughput in the downlink is 1 Gbps for 4G LTE
Advanced. Even with the improvements in spectral
efficiency it is not possible to provide the required headline
data throughput rates within the maximum 20 MHz
channel. The only way to achieve the higher data rates is to
increase the overall bandwidth used.
• Advanced sets the upper limit at 100 MHz, but with an
expectation of 40 MHz being used for minimum
performance. For the future it is possible the top limit of
100 MHz could be extended.

• When aggregating carriers for an LTE signal, there
are several definitions required for the bandwidth of
the combined channels. As there as several
bandwidths that need to be described, it is necessary
to define them to reduce confusion.

Cell Search
• A cell search procedure is used by the UE to
acquire time and frequency synchronization
with a LTE cell and UE detects the physical
layer Cell ID (PCI) of that cell.
• Two cell search procedures in LTE:
– Initial synchronization
– Detecting neighbor cells in preparation for
handover LTE uses a hierarchical cell search
scheme similar to WCDMA

• Step-1: After being powered on, UE tunes the RF and attempts to measure
the wideband received power (RSSI) for specific frequencies (channels as
commanded by higher layer) over a set of supported frequency bands one
after another and ranks those cells based on signal strength.
Step-2: Then it uses downlink synchronization channels i.e. locally stored
P-SS and S-SS to correlate with received one. UE first finds the primary
synchronization signal (PSS) which is located in the last OFDM symbol of
first time slot of the first and 5th sub-frames This enables UE to be
synchronized on sub-frame level.Primary Synchronization Signal helps for
Slot Timing Detection and Physical Layer ID (0,1,2) detection.
Step-3:: secondary synchronization symbols are also located in the same
sub-frame of P-SS but in the symbol before P-SS. From secondary SS, UE
is able to obtain physical layer cell identity group number (0 to 167) It
helps for Radio Frame Timing detection, find Physical Layer Cell ID,
cyclic prefix length detection, FDD or TDD detection
• Step-4: Once UE knows the PCI for a given cell, it also knows the location
of cell Reference signals - which are used for channel estimation, cell
selection / reselection and handover procedures. After channel estimation
using RS(reference signal), MMSE equalization is performed to remove the
effect of channel impairment from the received symbols.

Cell Reselection
• Cell reselection is process where the UE is always
scanning nearby cells in order to find the best cell to
camp on.
• During the scanning for a possible cell reselection, the
UE will consider a new cell if it is better than the
current cell it is camped on provided that:
– The current cell is not suitable
– The downlink signal strength is insufficient
– The new cell must also meet the normal PLMN, TAI and
status requirements.
– Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Attach and Default Bearer Activation

Handover(X2,S1, inter-MME)

S1 Handover

Inter-MME handover

Self Organizing Network(SONs)
• SONs used to automate network configuration
and optimize the process for introduction of a
new node.
• SONs reduces need of centralized planning and
human intervention.
• Functions of SONs:
– It enable the eNodeB to UE relations.
– It enable eNode B to select its own PCI based on what
UE reports and inform information received from
neighbor eNode B.
– It allows eNode B to dynamically configure the
S1-MME interface with receiving MME and X2
interface with neighbor eNode B.
– Traffic shedding and redistribution between eNode B.

Relay Cells
• RN-Relay Node
• DeNB- Donner eNode B
• Uu and Un are different interface frequencies
• RN and DeNB is connected through RF link.
• RN shares the SGW and MME as the DeNB, however terminating the S1
connections at RN enable the RN to send its own cell ID and Tracking
Area(TA) for a unique services offering.

Heterogeneous Network(HetNET)
• LTE and other mobile technology combins macro,
micro, pico, femto and relay nodes creates
heterogeneous network within same network using
the same technology.
• Heterogeneous network need solid radio resource
management.
• Small cell when include in HetNET design can
augment macro cell sites and in fact could possibly
replace future macro cell development.
• The key component in this n/w is home eNode B
(HeNB) . It uses licensed spectrum. This node used
for indoor coverage. HeNB provide
configuration/security
K.P.Kshirsagar functions.
(Long Term Evolution- Unit IV) VIIT,Pune 75
Remote Radio Heads(RRH)
• This is LTE development method.
• RRH is used for outdoor development.
• RRH is radio head in LTE transmitter which can be mounted
close to the antenna and connected to an RRH controlled through
an Ethernet or fiber connection.

VoLTE
• VoLTE is a logical evolution or migration of
voice service onto one platform.
• VoLTE uses an IP Multimedia Service(IMS)
approach for VOIP treatment.
• The IMS platform is not part of EPC, but as
expected, referencing the EPC diagram
interfaces to EPC via PGW.

LTE Advanced
• Key attributes:
– Both intra and inter frequency Carrier Aggregation,
which increase throughputs in both the downlink and
uplink.
– Coordinated Multipoint(CoMP)- CoMP used to reduce
inter cell interference for cells that are operating on the
same frequency with maximum throughput from
multiple distribution point i.e. eNode B, RRH etc.
– Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel, which
required to support CoMP including increased control
channel capacity, frequency domain Intercel
Coordinated Interference control(ICIC)and enhanced
MIMO features like beam forming.

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Unit IV

Long Term Evolution

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• LTE utilizes radio spectrum.

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• Random Access Channel (RACH)

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