UNIVERSIDAD DE DAGUPAN

SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE (INTRODUCTION)

LITERATURE
- An art; from a latin word ‘litera’ meaning letter
- Body of written works of a particular time, country especially those valued for
excellence of form and expression.
- Creative and universal means of communication
- Deals with the ideas, thoughts and emotions of man and said to be the story of
Man.

WHY DO WE STUDY LITERATURE?

1. Literature is a conforming mirror of reality
2. Literature serves as an expression of ideas and feelings
3. Literature enlarges the reader’s world
4. It is a means of preserving the culture and appreciating literary heritage

LITERATURE AND HISTORY

Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering the history of a race, the
feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions of a people are sure to be included . . . and
these feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions that are written is literature.

History can also be written and this too, is literature. Events that can be written down are part
of true literature. Literature, therefore, is part of history. Literature and history, however, also have
differences. Literature may be figments of the imagination or events devoid of truth that have been written
down, while history is made up of events that really happened.

LITERATURE THAT INFLUENCE THE WORLD

Throughout history, several literary compositions have significantly influenced the world. Let's explore some
of these remarkable works:
1. The Bible: Originating from Palestine and Greece, the Bible has transformed the world with its life-
changing message. It serves as the basis of Christianity and has profoundly impacted art, culture, and
ethics.

2. The Koran: This sacred text, originating from Arabia, provides guidance and a path to paradise for
Muslims. It shapes Islamic beliefs, practices, and laws.

3. The Iliad and the Odyssey: Written by Homer, these ancient Greek epics have influenced Greek culture,
ideals of heroism, and storytelling. They are the source of myths, legends, and heroic tales.

CHERRIE JOANINO
 UNIVERSIDAD DE DAGUPAN
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

4. The Mahabharata: The longest epic in the world, originating from India, contains religious teachings,
moral dilemmas, and profound philosophical insights.

5.The Canterbury Tales: Written by Geoffrey Chaucer from England, this collection of stories reflects
medieval society, human nature, and societal norms.

6. Uncle Tom's Cabin: Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel from the United States depicted the plight of slaves,
contributing to the abolitionist movement and shaping democratic ideals.

7. The Divine Comedy: Dante Alighieri's epic poem from Italy explores the afterlife, morality, and the human
condition. It has left an indelible mark on literature and art.

8. Don Quixote: Miguel de Cervantes' Spanish novel is a satirical masterpiece that challenges reality,
idealism, and the power of imagination.

9. The Song of Roland: A French epic that celebrates Christian valor during the Golden Age of Christianity
in France.

10. The Analects (The Book of the Days): Written by Confucius in China, it provides wisdom on ethics,
governance, and social harmony.

11. One Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights): A collection of tales from Arabia and Persia,
showcasing the rich culture, traditions, and wisdom of these regions.

These literary works have left an indelible mark on humanity, shaping our beliefs, values, and
understanding of the world.

LITERARY GENRE
Fiction
- Is a form of any narrative or informative work that deals with information/events
that are imaginary
- Made out of nothing, symbolic, artificial,
- E.g. novels, short stories, films (etc.)

Non-fiction
- Form of any narrative, account or other communicative work based on facts.

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 UNIVERSIDAD DE DAGUPAN
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

- Comes out of something, straightforward, natural

- E.g. bibliographies, histories

CLASSES OF LITERATURE:
1. Escape – written for entertainment and its object is pleasure
2. Interpretative – written to broaden and sharpen our awareness of life and its
object is pleasure and understanding.

GENERAL TYPES OF LITERATURE

PROSE
- consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and
paragraphs

POETRY
- refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has
a more melodious tone.

I. PROSE
a. Novels.
A long narrative divided into chapters and events are taken from true-to-life stories.
Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN by Stevan Javellana

b. Short story.
This is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression.
Example: THE LAUGHTER OF MY FATHER by Carlos Bulosan

c. Plays.
This is presented on a stage, is divided into acts and each act has many scenes.
Example: THIRTEEN PLAYS by Wilfredo M. Guerrero

d. Legends.
These are fictitious narratives, usually about origins.
Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by Pio Duran

e. Fables.
These are also fictitious and they deal with animals and inanimate things who speak
and act like people and their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events
that can mold their ways and attitudes.

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 UNIVERSIDAD DE DAGUPAN
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Example: THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE

f. Anecdotes.
These are merely products of the writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out
lessons to the reader.
Example: THE MOTH AND THE LAMP

g. Essay.
This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or
event. The best example of this is the Editorial page of a newspaper.

h. Biography.
This deals with the life of a person which may be about himself, his autobiography or
that of others.
Example: CAYETANO ARELLANO by Socorro O. Albert

i. News. This is a report of everyday events in society, government, science and

industry, and accidents, happening nationally or not.

j. Oration. This is a formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in

public. It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the emotions of the audience.

II. POETRY
A. NARRATIVE POETRY.
This form describes important events in life either real or imaginary. The different varieties
are:
1. Epic. This is an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural
control. Example: THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON translated in English by Amador T.
Daguio

2. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be classified either
as a ballad or a metrical romance.
Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID by Al Perez HERO OF THE FIELDS by Al Perez

3. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest and simplest. It has a
simple structure and tells of a single incident. There are also variations of these: love
ballads, war ballads, and sea ballads, humorous, moral, and historical or mythical
ballads. In the early time, this referred to a song accompanying a dance.

CHERRIE JOANINO
 UNIVERSIDAD DE DAGUPAN
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

B. LYRIC POETRY.
Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry meant to be sung to the accompaniment of
a lyre, but now, this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings
of the poet. They are usually short, simple and easy to understand.

1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems intended to be sung. The
common theme is love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow. Example:CHIT-
CHIRIT-CHIT

2. Sonnets. This is a lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an emotion, a feeling, or an idea.
These are two types: the Italian and the Shakespearean. Example:SANTANG BUDS by
Alfonso P. Santos

3. Elegy. This is a lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief and melancholy, and
whose theme is death. Example:THE LOVER’S DEATH by Ricaredo Demetillo

4. Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite
number of syllables or definite number of lines in a stanza.

5. Psalms (Dalit). This is a song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing a
philosophy of life.
6. Awit (Song). These have measures of twelve syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly
sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. Example:FLORANTE AT LAURA by
Franciso Balagtas

7. Corridos (Kuridos). These have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited
to a martial beat. Example:IBONG ADARNA

C. DRAMATIC POETRY
1. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the Greek term “komos”meaning festivity or
revelry. This form usually is light and written with the purpose of amusing, and usually
has a happy ending.

2. Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays with the opera. Today, this is related
to tragedy just as the farce is to comedy. It arouses immediate and intense emotion
and is usually sad but there is a happy ending for the principal character.

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 UNIVERSIDAD DE DAGUPAN
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

3. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily against dynamic forces; he meets
death or ruin without success and satisfaction obtained by the protagonist in a
comedy.

4. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy. It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines;

situations are too ridiculous to be true; the characters seem to be caricatures and the
motives undignified and absurd.

5. Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of
today. It may aim to bring about changes in the social conditions.

When it comes to Philippine Literature in particular these are the general types of poetry…

MGA AKDA AYON SA ANYONG PROSA/TULUYAN (PROSE LITERATURE)

A. Kathang-Isip
1. Maikling Kuwento - kwento o salaysay na nag-iwan g isang impresyon o kakintalan sa mambabasa.
Ito ay maikli at maaaring matapos sa isang upuan lamang. May kakaunting tauhan, tagpo at mga
pangyayari.
2. Nobela o Kathambuhay - ang salitang nobela ay hiram sa Kastila na hiram din sa Italyanong
novella. Isang kwento o salaysay na mahaba, maraming tauhan at tagpuang mababasa sa mga
kabanata. Isang katha na nagsasalaysay ng anumang bagay na sa kabuuan o sa isang bahagi ay
hinango sa isang pangyayari at sinulat upang magbigay kasiyahan sa mambabasa dahil sa
magandang paglalarawan ng tagpo, ng ugali at gawi ng mga taong pinagagalaw na nagging
salaminan pagkatapos sa pagkamarangal at pagpapakasakit nang dahil sa isang dakilang bagay o
layon. Maroon din itong 60,000-200,000 salita o 300-1,300 pahina. Noong ika-18 siglo, naging istilo
nito ang lumang pag-ibig at naging bahagi ng mga pangunahing literary genre.
3. Drama/ Dula - layunin na itanghal sa entablado ang mga pangyayari na maaring binubuo ng isa o
higit pang pangyayari na may isa o higit pang mga pangunahing tauhan at mga katulong na tauhan.
Ang dulang isahing yugto ay naglalahad ng isang pangyayari sa buhay ng pangunahing tauhan at
natatapos sa mailing panahon. Samantala, ang mahabang dula ay binubuo ng maraming
pangyayari, maraming tauhan at tumatagal ng mahabang panahon.
4. Pabula - kwento o salaysay na ang mga gumaganap ay mga hayop o bagay na nagsasalita.
Layunin nito na itatak sa isipan ng mga mambabasa o nakikinig lalo na ng mga bata ang
katapangan, kagitingan, kagandahang-asal, ang pagkamasunurin sa magulang, pagkamapitagan

CHERRIE JOANINO
 UNIVERSIDAD DE DAGUPAN
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

sa matatanda, at ang pananampalataya sa Diyos. Isa sa mga kilalang mangangatha nito ay si

Aesop ng Griyego.
5. Parabula - kwento o salaysay batay sa banal na kasulatan na naglalahad ng katotohanang moral o
espiritwal sa pamamagitan ng mga matalinhagang paraan.
6. Alamat o Legend - kwento o salaysay na nagsasalamin g mga matatandang kaugaliang Filipino,
kadalasan ay naglalahad ng pinagmumulan ng ngalan ng bagay, pook o pangyayari.
7. Mitol o Myth - kwento o salaysay tungkol sa pinagmulan ng sansinukuban, kalipunan ng iba't ibang
paniniwala sa mga diyos at diyosa, kwento ng tao at ng mga mahiwagang nilikha.
8. Mulamat - kwento o salaysay na magkahalong alamat at mitolohiya. Halimbawa: Ang Maria
Makiling
9. Kwentong Bayan - naglalarawan ng mga kaugalian, pananampalataya at mga suliraning
panlipunan ng panahong yaon. Malimit itong maririnig noon sa mga kasayahan, pagtitipon at mga
lamayan. Karamihan sa mga ito ay hindi nagtataglay ng ngalan ng may-akda lalo na't pasalindila
lamang ang uring ito.
10. Anekdota - kwento o salaysay a maaaring batay sa tunay na karanasan o hindi, katawa-tawa at
may naiiwang mahalagang kaisipan sa mambabasa.

B. Di Kathang-Isip

1. Talambuhay
2. Sanaysay
3. Talaarawan
4. Balita
5. Pangulong Tudling/Editoryal

MGA AKDA AYON SA ANYONG PATULA (POETRY LITERATURE)

ANG TULA

Ang pagsulat ng tula ay naiiba sa ibang sangay ng panitikan sapagkat dito ay nangangailangan ng
masusing pagpili ng mga salita, pagbilang ng mga pantig, at paghahanap ng makakatugmang mga salita
upang maipadama ang isang damdamin o kaisaping nais ipahayag ng isang manunulat. Bagama't sa
kasalukuyan ay unti-unti nang nawawala ang sukat at tugma ng isang tula, lalo't ang makabagong
manunulat ay naniniwala sa kaisipang malayang taludturan.

Sa isang tula ay maaaring may tatlong interpretasyon o pakahulugan: yaong sa manunulat, sa guro at
mag-aaral, bagama't ang pinakadiwa nito ay isa lamang.

CHERRIE JOANINO
 UNIVERSIDAD DE DAGUPAN
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Marami nang katuturang nabuo ang tula at ang ilan ay babanggitin dito. Ayon kay Julian Cruz Balmaceda,
"ang tuila ay isang kaisipang naglalarawan ng kagandahan, ng kariktan na natitipon sa isang kaisipan
upaing maangkin ang karapatang matawag na tula."

Ayon kay Iñigo Ed. Regalado, "ang tuila ay kagandahan, diwa, katas, larawan, at kabuuang tonong
kariktang makikita sa silong ng alinmang langit."

Ayon naman sa katuituiran ni Fernando Monleon mula kay Lord Macaulay, "ang pagtula'y panggagagad at
ito y lubhang kahawig ng sining ng pangguhit, paglililok, at pagtatanghal. Ang kasaklawan ng pagtula ay
higit na malawak kaysa alinman sa ibang gagad a mga sining, pagsamasamahin man ang mga iyon."

Ayon kay Alejandro G. Abadilla, ang katuturang ibinigay ni Edith Sitwell na napili niya, ay nagsasabing,
"ang tuila ay kamalayang napapasigasig (heightened consciousness)." Ang mga akdang patula ay may
apat na uri: tulang pasalaysay, tulang paawit o liriko, tulang padula o pantanghalan, at tulang patnigan.

1. Tulang pasalaysay - ang uirng ito ay naglalarawan ng mahahalagang mga tagpo o pangyayari sa
buhay; halimbawa'y ang kabiguan sa pag-ibig, ang mga suliranin at painganib sa pakikidigma, o kagitingan
ng mga bayani.

MGA UIRI NG TULANG PASALAYSAY

●   Epiko - ang mga epiko ay nagsasalaysay ng mga kabayanihang halos hindi

mapaniwalaan pagkat nauukol sa mga kababalaghan. Ito'y nagbubunyi sa isang alamat o
kasaysayan na naging mataguimpaiy laban sa mga panganib at kagipitan.
●   Awit at Kurido - ang mga ito'y may mga paksang hango sa pangyayaring tungkol sa
pagkamaginoo at pakikipagsapalaran, at ang mga tauhan ay mga hari't reyna, prinsipe't prinsesa.
○ Ang dalawang ito' nagkakaisa sa kaharian. Ang awit ay may sukat a labindalawang (12)
pantig at inaawit nang mabagal sa saliw ng gitara o bandurya, samantalang ang kurido' y
may sukat na walong (8) pantig at binibigkas sa kumpas ng martsa.

● Balad - Ito ay may himig na awit dahilang ito ay inaawit habang may nagsasayaw. Ito ay nilikha
noong unang panahon. Sa kasalukuyan ay napapasama na ito sa tulang kasaysayan na may anim
hanggang walong pantig.

2. Tula ng Damdamin o Tulang Liriko - Ang uring ito ay nagpapahayag ng damdaming maaaring sarili ng
sumulat o ng ibang tao, o kaya' y likha ng maharaya o mapangaraping guni-guning makata a batay sa
isang karanasan. Karaniwang maikli, likas at madaling maunawaan ang mga ito.

CHERRIE JOANINO
 UNIVERSIDAD DE DAGUPAN
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

MGA URI NG TULANG LIRIKO:

●   Awiting Bayan - ang karaniwang paksa ng uring ito ay pag-ibig, kawalang pag-asa o
pamimighati, pangamba, kaligayahan, pag-asa, at kalungkutan.
●   Soneto - ito' y tulang may labing-apat na taludtod hinggil sa damdamin at kaisipan, may
malinaw na batiran ng likas na pagkatao, at sa kabuuan, ito y naghahatid ng aral sa mambasa.
●   Elehiya - nagpapahayag ng damdamin o guniguni tungkol sa kamatayan o kaya'y tula ng
pananangis lalo na sa paggunita ng isang yumao.
●   Dalit - awit na pumupuri sa Diyos o Mahal na Birhen at nagtataglay ng kaunting pilosopiya
sa buhay.
●   Pastoral - ito'y may layuning maglarawan ng tuna na buhay sa bukid.
●   Oda - Nagpapahayag ng isang papuri, panaghoy, o iba pang masiglang damdamin;
walang tiyak na bilang ng pantig o tiyak na bilang ng taludtod sa isang saknong.

3. TULANG DULA O PANTANGHALIAN:

Saklaw ng uring ito ang mga sumusunod

●   Komedya - Isang gawa na ang sangkap ay piling-pili at ang pangunahing tauhan ay may
layong pukawin ang kawilihang manonood. Nagwawakas ito ng masaya. Ang tunggalian ay
karaniwang nagtatapois sa pagkakasundo g mga tauhan a siyang nakapagpapasiya ng damdamin
ng manonood.
●   Melodrama - Ito ay karaniwang ginagamit sa lahat ng mga dulang musikal, kasama na
ang opera. Ngunit ngayon ito ay may kaugnayan sa trahedya tulad din ng parsa sa komedya. Ang
sangkap ng uring ito ng dula ay malungkot ngunit nagiging kasiya-siya ang katapusan para sa
pangunahing tauhan ng dula.
●   Trahedya - Angkop ang uring ito sa dula sa mga tunggaliang nagwawakas sa pagkasawi
o pagkawasak ng pangunahing tauhan.
● Parsa - Isang uri ng dula na ang layuinin ay magpasiya sa pamamagitan ng mga kawingkawing na
mga pangyayaring nakakatawa
● Saynete - Ang paksa nga ganitong uri ng dula ay mga karaniwang paguugali ng tao o pook.

4. TULANG PATNIGAN

CHERRIE JOANINO
 UNIVERSIDAD DE DAGUPAN
SCHOOL OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Kabilang sa mga uring ito ang mag sumusunod:

●   Karagatan - Ito ay batay sa alamat ng singing ng isang prinsesa na naihulog niya sa dagat
sa hangarin nitong mapangasawa ang kasintahang mahirap. Hinamon niya ang mga binatang may
gusto sa kanya na sisirain ang singing sa dagat at ang makakakuha'y pakakasalan niya. Sa larong
ito, isang kunwa'y matanda ang tutula hinggil sa dahilan ng laro; pagkatapos ay paiikutin ang isang
lumbo o tabo na may tandang put at ang sinumang matapatan ng tandang ito paghinto ay siyang
tatan8ungin ng dalaga ng mga talinghaga.
●   Duplo - Ito ang humalili sa karagatan.Ito'y paligsahan ng husay sa pagbigkas at
pangangatwiran ng patula. Ang mga pangngatwiran ay hango sa Bibliya, sa mga sawikain, at mga
kasabihan. Karaniwang nilalaro upang aliwin ang mga namatayan.
● Balagtasan - Ito ang pumalit sa duplo at ito'y sa karangalan ng Siense Ng Panginay na si
Francisco "Balagtas" Baltazar. Ito' tagisan ng talino sa pagbigkas ng tula, bilang pangngatwiran sa
isang paksang pagtatalunan.

ACTIVITY:
Create an infographic that shows the difference between prose and poetry literature. Attach your activity in
the STEP S classwork.

REFENCES:
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE v1.pdf (nlp.gov.ph)
(4) PHILIPPINE LITERATURE (INTRODUCTION | Kate De Loyola - Academia.edu
PANITIKANG PANREHIYON

CHERRIE JOANINO