IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS, VOL. 70, NO.
8, AUGUST 2023 3109
Cascaded Bi-Memristor Hyperchaotic Map
Yang Gu , Han Bao , Member, IEEE, Quan Xu , Member, IEEE,
Xi Zhang , Member, IEEE, and Bocheng Bao Member, IEEE
Abstract—In order to study the dynamical effects of cascaded
memristors, this brief presents a cascaded bi-memristor (CBM)
hyperchaotic map by cascading two memristors with identical
memristance. The CBM map possesses a plane set of fixed points
whose stability closely depends on the memristor initial states.
Complex dynamics relied on the control parameters and initial
states is revealed using numerical tools. The findings indicate
that the CBM map can exhibit the quasi-periodic bifurcation and
hyperchaos dependent on the control parameters, especially the
bi-stability relied to the memristor initial states and dynamical
effects of the non-memristor initial state. Besides, an FPGA
implementation is made and its experimentally acquired results
well verify the numerical ones.
Index Terms—Memristor, hyperchaos, fixed point, cascaded
bi-memristor (CBM) map, FPGA implementation.
I. I NTRODUCTION
HAOS is a class of complex phenomenon in nonlin-
C ear dynamical systems, which has unique characteristics
of initial state sensitivity, random likeness and topological
transitivity [1]. For these characteristics, chaotic phenomenon
has been deeply investigated and widely applied in academic
and industrial fields [2], [3], [4]. In a dynamical system, at
least one nonlinear term is required to generate chaos. Under
certain control parameter and initial state settings, chaotic
behaviors can be disclosed in some continuous or discrete
dynamical systems [5], [6]. However, hyperchaos with two
positive Lyapunov exponents (LEs) is a more complicated
dynamical behavior. In comparison with chaotic sequences,
hyperchaotic ones usually have better performance indicators
and great potential in the field of chaos applications [7], [8],
[9]. Generally speaking, to gain the hyperchaotic dynamical
behavior, a discrete map only needs two dimensions, while
a continuous system requires four dimensions. Hence, this
brief is only interested in the discrete map due to its relatively
simple algebraic structure and high implementation efficiency.
Memristor, because of its internal state, is a special kind
of nonlinear circuit element, which is essentially different
from the traditional nonlinear circuit element without internal
Manuscript received 2 November 2022; revised 24 December 2022;
accepted 24 January 2023. Date of publication 23 February 2023; date of cur-
rent version 31 July 2023. This work was supported in part by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62271088, Grant 62201094,
and Grant 12172066; and in part by the Postgraduate Research and Practice
Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China, under Grant KYCX22_3044.
This brief was recommended by Associate Editor E. G. Nepomuceno.
(Corresponding authors: Han Bao; Bocheng Bao.)
The authors are with the School of Microelectronics and Control
Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China (e-mail:
hanbao@cczu.edu.cn; mervinbao@126.com).
Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at
https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2023.3240405.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCSII.2023.3240405
1549-7747 
c 2023 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing. Downloaded on August 10,2023 at 09:44:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
state [10], [11]. It is this special nonlinearity that enables
memristor to be used to construct discrete chaotic/hyperchaotic
maps with high chaos complexity [12], [13], [14]. Recently,
a discrete model of memristor was extended from a continu-
ous model of memristor using discrete modeling theory, and
then four discrete memristor-based maps were proposed to
produce hyperchaos [15]. By importing a discrete model of
memristor into several classical one/two-dimensional discrete
chaotic maps, several two/three-dimensional memristor-based
mapping models were constructed and their hyperchaotic
sequences with excellent randomness and unpredictability
were thereby obtained [16], [17]. By coupling a locally
active discrete memristor into a two-dimensional generalized
square map, a new memristive map with large hyperchaotic
region was built, from which different complex dynamics was
exhibited [18].
More recently, to further study the dynamical effect of mem-
ristor, a simple three-dimensional memristive mapping model
was established by connecting two memristors with identical
memristance in parallel [19]. When a discrete memristor with
quadratic memristance was taken as an example, the presented
memristive hyperchaotic map generated abundant dynamical
behaviors and showed extreme multistability. As one of the
basic ways to connect circuit elements, the cascade connec-
tion of two memristors should not be ignored. Motivated
by this, this brief presents a novel memristive hyperchaotic
map by cascading two memristors with identical memristance.
Notably, the input of the second memristor in the cascade is
exactly the output of the first one, whereas each memristor in
parallel has the same input [19]. Several numerical tools are
utilized to study the complex dynamics with quasi-periodic
bifurcation route and initial states-relied bi-stability. Besides,
a hardware platform based on FPGA is made to experimentally
verify the numerical simulations. The results indicate that the
presented CBM map can efficiently display the hyperchaotic
behaviors.
II. C ASCADED B I -M EMRISTOR M APPING M ODEL
This section presents a novel three-dimensional cascaded
bi-memristor (CBM) hyperchaotic map. With this mapping
model, the plane set of fixed points and its stability distribution
are discussed.
A. The Discrete Modeling of Memristor
The continuous model of memristor can be extended to the
discrete model by using discrete modeling theory. Recently,
a discrete memristor with quadratic memristance has been
reported in [15], which can be described as
vn = M(qn )in = (q2n − 1)in ,
qn+1 = qn + in , (1)
 3110 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS, VOL. 70, NO. 8, AUGUST 2023
Fig. 1. Structure of the CBM hyperchaotic map.
where vn , in , qn , and M(qn ) are the instant values of v, i, q,
and M(q) at the n-th iteration, respectively, and qn+1 is the
instant value of q at the (n+1)-th iteration.
The algebraic relation given in (1) indicates that the discrete
memristor is a special nonlinear circuit element with internal
state of charge q. When applying a sinusoidal current, the
discrete memristor can exhibit the hysteresis loops pinched at
the origin and behave the properties of a continuous memristor.
B. The Cascaded Bi-Memristor Mapping Model
Because of its special properties, the discrete memristor
can be applied to construct a chaotic map by self-feedback
method. In order to study the dynamical effects of cascaded
memristors, we cascade two discrete memristors with identical
memristance and then construct a novel memristive hyper-
chaotic map in the self-feedback way [19]. Fig. 1 depicts
the concise structure of the CBM mapping model. A discrete
sequence M1 (yn )xn is generated by the first memristor M1 (yn )
with the internal state y and scaled by the linear controller k1 .
Afterwards, the scaled discrete sequence k1 M1 (yn )xn serves
as the input of the second memristor M2 (zn ) with the internal
state z to generate a new discrete sequence k1 M1 (yn )xn ·M2 (zn ).
After scaling by the linear controller k2 again, the new dis-
crete sequence k1 M1 (yn )xn · k2 M2 (zn ) is applied as the output
of the CBM mapping model and also taken for the input of
the CBM mapping model for next iteration.
With the structure in Fig. 1 and the mathematical model of
discrete memristor in (1), the difference equations of the CBM
mapping model are described by
⎧ fixed points of the presented CBM map can be unstable or
⎨ xn+1 = k1 (y2n − 1)xn · k2 (z2n − 1),
yn+1 = xn + yn , (2)
⎩
zn+1 = k1 (y2n − 1)xn + zn .
where k1 and k2 represent two control parameters.
The CBM mapping model given in (2), called CBM map for
short, is a three-dimensional discrete map and its nonlinearities
are only associated with the two discrete memristors. Thus,
the CBM map exhibits complex dynamics relied on the control
parameters (k1 , k2 ) and initial states (x0 , y0 , z0 ). Certainly, the
cascade method used can be extended to three or more discrete
memristors, or to different types of discrete memristors.
C. Plane Set of Fixed Points and Its Stability
Mathematically, a point mapped to itself by one function is
defined as a fixed point. For the CBM map, its fixed point is
the solution of the following equations
⎧ is also symmetric about the origin.
⎨ X = k1 (Y 2 − 1)X · k2 (Z 2 − 1),
Y = X + Y, (3)
⎩ fixed points, and these fixed points are critical stable or unsta-
Z = k1 (Y 2 − 1)X + Z.
Obviously, the CBM map possesses a plane set of fixed
points.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing. Downloaded on August 10,2023 at 09:44:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Fig. 2. Stability distributions in the planes of control parameters and mem-
ristor initial states. (a) Stability distribution in the k1 – k2 plane for fixed (μ,
η) = (0, 0). (b) Stability distribution in the μ – η plane for fixed (k1 , k2 ) =
(−1.7, 1.2).
The plane set of fixed points is expressed as
S = (X, Y, Z) = (0, μ, η), (4)
where μ and η are the arbitrary values on the Y and Z axes,
representing the initial states of two discrete memristors.
The Jacobian matrix at S can be derived from (2) as
⎡ ⎤
k1 (μ2 − 1)k2 (η2 − 1) 0 0
J =⎣ 1 1 0⎦. (5)
k1 (μ2 − 1) 0 1
Since the Jacobian matrix in (5) is a lower triangular matrix,
the characteristic polynomial equation is obtained directly as
P(λ) = (λ − 1)2 [λ − k1 (μ2 − 1)k2 (η2 − 1)]. (6)
And three characteristic roots can be easily obtained as
λ1 = 1, λ2 = 1, λ3 = k1 (μ2 − 1)k2 (η2 − 1). (7)
According to (7), one can see that both λ1 and λ2 are critical
since they are always on the unit circle, while λ3 is unstable or
stable since it can be outside or inside the unit circle, closely
relied on the control parameters of (k1 , k2 ) and two memristor
initial states of (y0 , z0 ) = (μ, η). Therefore, the plane set of
critical stable due to the appearance of the unit characteristic
roots.
Firstly, the two memristor initial states are set to (y0 , z0 )
= (μ, η) = (0, 0), and the control parameters are adjusted
in the intervals k1 ∈ [−3, 3] and k2 ∈ [−3, 3]. The stability
distribution evaluated by the three characteristic roots in (7)
is depicted in the k1 – k2 plane, as shown in Fig. 2(a), where
CSP and UNP stand for critical stable point and unstable point
respectively. Therefore, the plane set of fixed points consists of
CSP and UNP, and the stability distribution in the k1 – k2 plane
is symmetric about the origin. Secondly, the control parameters
are set as (k1 , k2 ) = (−1.7, 1.2), and the two memristor initial
states are altered in the intervals μ ∈ [−3, 3] and η ∈ [−3, 3].
Similarly, the stability distribution relied on the two memristor
initial states is drawn in the μ – η plane, as illustrated in
Fig. 2(b). Therefore, the plane set of fixed points consists of
CSP and UNP, and the stability distribution in the μ – η plane
The results show that the CBM map has a plane set of
ble, relied on (k1 , k2 ) and (μ, η). Hence, the CBM map is
different from the conventional discrete maps [8] and prone to
the emergence of multistability.
 GU et al.: CBM HYPERCHAOTIC MAP 3111

Fig. 3. For fixed (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (10−9 , 0, 0), the two-dimensional bifurcation Fig. 4. For fixed k1 = −1.7 and (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (10−9 , 0, 0), the
plot in the k1 – k2 plane. one-dimensional bifurcation plot made up of the bifurcation diagrams (bottom)
of state variables (x, y, z) and Lyapunov exponent (LE) spectra (top).

TABLE I
III. C OMPLEX DYNAMICS IN C ASCADED P ERFORMANCE I NDICATORS OF D IFFERENT ATTRACTOR T YPES FOR
B I -M EMRISTOR M AP F OUR G ROUPS OF C ONTROL PARAMETERS
This section investigates complex dynamics relied on the
control parameters and initial states for the CBM map. Several
numerical tools are utilized to demonstrate them.

A. Quasi-Period Bifurcation and Hyperchaotic Behavior

To explore the quasi-periodic bifurcation and hyperchaotic
behavior relied on the control parameters, we set the initial
states as (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (10−9 , 0, 0), which is a small initial
perturbation used to activate the CBM map.
A two-dimensional bifurcation plot of a discrete map can be
described on the plane of control parameters [20]. By calculat-
ing the periodicities and Lyapunov exponents (LEs) of the map
sequences, the dynamical behaviors can be classified using
different colored regions. For the control parameters used in
Fig. 2(a), the two-dimensional bifurcation plot is simulated in
the k1 – k2 plane and the result is shown in Fig. 3. The gray-
ish region marked by UB is unbounded behavior having null
LEs, the black region marked by SP is stable behavior having
one zero largest LE, the orange region marked by QP is quasi-
period having one zero largest LE, the pink region marked by
CH is chaos having one positive LE, and the red region marked
by HC is hyperchaos having two positive LEs. In addition, the
other colored regions marked by P2 to P8, and MP are period-
2 to period-8, and multi-period, respectively, all of which have Fig. 5. Phase portrait plots of the CBM map under four groups of control
three negative LEs. Clearly, the colored regions have the transi- parameters with fixed (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (10−9 , 0, 0), where the control parameters
tions from the blue (period-2), to the orange (quasi-period), to (k1 , k2 ) are provided in the figures.
the pink (chaos), and further to the red (hyperchaos), indicating
the appearance of the quasi-periodic bifurcation routes in the
CBM map. Therefore, the CBM map can produce hyperchaos = 0.943, breaks into multi-period state at k2 = 1.054, and
under certain control parameters, and its dynamics distribution then goes into chaotic and hyperchaotic states at k2 = 1.096.
is symmetric about the origin, corresponding to the stability Therefore, the CBM map has the quasi-periodic bifurcation
distribution in Fig. 2(a). route to chaos, and shows the dynamical behaviors of stable
With the result in Fig. 3, we fix k1 = −1.7 and set k2 point, period, quasi-period, chaos, and hyperchaos. In brief,
as a bifurcation parameter. When changing k2 in the interval this presented CBM map is hyperchaotic and can display
[0.5, 1.2], the one-dimensional bifurcation plot made up of hyperchaos in the parameter interval k2 ∈ [1.112, 1.20].
the bifurcation diagrams (bottom) of state variables (x, y, z) Next, four groups of control parameters are chosen from
and LE spectra (top) is depicted and shown in Fig. 4. As k2 different colored regions in Fig. 3. The phase portrait plots of
increases from 0.5, the CBM map starts in stable state and the CBM map under these control parameters are simulated
oscillates with period-2 after losing stability at k2 = 0.588. and shown in Fig. 5. Therefore, three types of attractors are
Further, the CBM map enters into quasi-periodic state at k2 obtained, including quasi-periodic attractor with two closed

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing. Downloaded on August 10,2023 at 09:44:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 3112 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—II: EXPRESS BRIEFS, VOL. 70, NO. 8, AUGUST 2023

Fig. 6. For fixed (k1 , k2 ) = (−1.7, 1.2) and x0 = 10−9 , the bi-stable
behavior in the CBM map. (a) Local basin of attraction in the μ – η plane.
(b) Coexisting attractors in the x – y plane for different values of (y0 , z0 ) =
(μ, η).

tori, chaotic and hyperchaotic attractors with two uncon-

nected pieces. For these control parameters, three performance
indicators of first two LEs, sample entropy (SampEn), and
permutation entropy (PermEn) are also calculated by referring Fig. 7. Local basins of attraction in the μ – η plane under four settings of
to [21], [22] and listed in Table I. By contrast, the hyper- non-memristor initial state x0 with fixed (k1 , k2 ) = (−1.7, 1.2). (a) x0 = 0.1.
chaotic attractors have relatively high SampEn and the chaotic (b) x0 = 0.2. (c) x0 = 0.4. (d) x0 = 0.8.
attractor has the highest PermEn. The test results demonstrate
that the chaotic/hyperchaotic attractors generated by the CBM
map possess satisfactory performance and are expected to be
applied in the information engineering field.

B. Bi-Stability and Non-Memristor Initial Effect

When the control parameters are set, a local basin of attrac-
tion can be used to describe the dynamical effects of the initial
states on the CBM map. According to the periodicities and first
two LEs, the colored regions representing different dynamical
behaviors are classified on the plane of initial states.
Take the control parameters (k1 , k2 ) = (−1.7, 1.2) as an
example. Firstly, when the non-memristor initial state is fixed
as x0 = 10−9 , the local basin of attraction is numerically sim-
ulated and shown in Fig. 6(a). The black region marked by
SPA is the stable region that the stable point attractors with
different positions are triggered in the CBM map, the yellow
region marked by HCA is the unstable bounded region that
the hyperchaotic attractor is initiated in the CBM map, and the
white region is the unbounded region without the emergence
of bounded behaviors. By contrast, the local basin of attrac-
tion basically conforms to the stability distribution shown in
Fig. 2(b). Further, when the memristor initial states are set to
(y0 , z0 ) = (μ, η) = (−1, 0), (0, 0), and (1, 0), respectively, the
hyperchaotic attractor and two stable points are coexisted and
their phase portrait plots are illustrated in Fig. 6(b). Thus, the
CBM map can easily exhibit the bi-stable dynamics because
the CSP and UNP appear in the plane of memristor initial
states.
Secondly, the non-memristor initial state x0 is set to dif-
ferent values, i.e., x0 = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and x0 = 0.8, to show
its dynamical effects. For these four values, four local basins
of attraction are simulated in the μ–η plane and plotted in
Fig. 7. Note that the different colored regions correspond to
those used in Fig. 6(a). As can be seen, when increasing x0
from 0.1 to 0.8, the yellow regions of HCA in the center, left
and bottom are gradually fused together, and the black regions
of SPA around HCA are gradually nibbled. Apparently, the
symmetry of the attracting region under tiny x0 as displayed
in Fig. 6(a) is broken. As a word, the three initial states (x0 ,
y0 , z0 ) all have great dynamical effects on the CBM map.
Fig. 8. FPGA-based hardware structure for the CBM map. (a) Main circuit.
(b) Combinational circuits of x, y and z.
IV. H ARDWARE E XPERIMENTS BASED ON FPGA
FPGA platform has the unique properties of fast speed, high
efficiency and short development time, which can be applied
to realize chaotic systems [23]. Compared with the continuous
chaotic system, the discrete iterative map is more appro-
priate for digital implementation [24]. To this end, we use
the high-integrated XC7Z020 FPGA board to implement the
presented CBM map digitally, and employ the AD9767 D/A
converter (DAC) to transfer the digital sequences to the analog
ones. Moreover, we use the Verilog language to program the
software code of the CBM map in the Vivado environment.
The hardware structure of the CBM map is drawn in Fig. 8,
where the main circuit is composed of the reset signal (rst),
clock signal (clk), three registers, and combinational circuits.
The clk provides the working time sequence for the map
and combines with the rst to implement counting function by
calculating the number of pulses. The register is devoted to
storing the current value of one variable and output it which
is regarded as the input for the next calculation. One can
observe from Fig. 8(b), the combinational circuits of three

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing. Downloaded on August 10,2023 at 09:44:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 GU et al.: CBM HYPERCHAOTIC MAP
Fig. 9. Experimentally measured attractors of the CBM hyperchaotic map
under four groups of control parameters with fixed (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (10−9 , 0, 0).
variables include multipliers, adders and subtracters. Certainly,
the intellectual property (IP) core of the multiplier is invoked
to achieve the multiplier’s function.
Corresponding to the numerical results in Fig. 5, the con-
trol parameters and initial states are encoded in binary and
downloaded to the development board. The oscilloscope is
connected to the FPGA platform and starts to capture the
loci in the XY mode. For fixed (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (10−9 , 0,
0), the experimentally measured phase portrait plots under
four groups of control parameters are presented in Fig. 9.
Consequently, the experimental results well verify the numer-
ical ones, implying the feasibility of FPGA-based hardware
implementation for the presented CBM hyperchaotic map.
V. C ONCLUSION
This brief presented a novel CBM map comprising of two
memristors by means of self-feedback method. With the CBM
mapping model, the control parameters-relied hyperchaotic
dynamics and initial states-relied bi-stable dynamics were ana-
lyzed with some numerical tools. Due to the introduction of
two memristors, the CBM map possesses a plane set of fixed
points whose stability closely depends on the memristor initial
states. This feature enables the map prone to the emergence of
bi-stability. It is also interesting to find the dynamical effects
of the non-memristor initial state. Moreover, a hardware plat-
form based on FPGA was made to experimentally verify the
numerical results. Consequently, the presented CBM map can
produce hyperchaos and flexibly show bi-stability. Of course,
the cascade method of two discrete memristors can be utilized
to obtain dynamically complex chaotic maps for other discrete
memristors as well, and it is of great significance to further
investigate high-dimensional hyperchaotic map by cascading
multiple discrete memristors.
R EFERENCES
[1] Z. Hua, B. Zhou, and Y. Zhou, “Sine chaotification model for enhancing
chaos and its hardware implementation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 1273–1284, Feb. 2019.
Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing. Downloaded on August 10,2023 at 09:44:31 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
3113
[2] D. S. Shchapin, A. A. Emelianova, and V. I. Nekorkin, “A chaotic
oscillation generator based on mixed dynamics of adaptively coupled
Kuramoto oscillators,” Chaos Solitons Fractals, vol. 166, Jan. 2023,
Art. no. 112989.
[3] J. Wu, C. Li, X. Ma, T. Lei, and G. Chen, “Simplification of chaotic
circuits with quadratic nonlinearity,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp.
Briefs, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 1837–1841, Mar. 2022.
[4] M. Bakiri, C. Guyeux, J.-F. Couchot, L. Marangio, and S. Galatolo,
“A hardware and secure pseudorandom generator for constrained
devices,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 3754–3765,
Aug. 2018.
[5] Q. Lai, P. D. K. Kuate, F. Liu, and H. H.-C. Iu, “An extremely sim-
ple chaotic system with infinitely many coexisting attractors,” IEEE
Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 1129–1133,
Jun. 2020.
[6] E. G. Nepomuceno, A. M. Lima, J. Arias-García, P. Matjaž, and
R. Repnik, “Minimal digital chaotic system,” Chaos Solitons Fractals,
vol. 120, pp. 62–66, Mar. 2019.
[7] K. Li, H. Bao, H. Li, J. Ma, Z. Hua, and B. Bao, “Memristive
Rulkov neuron model with magnetic induction effects,” IEEE Trans.
Ind. Informat., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1726–1736, Mar. 2022.
[8] Z. Hua, Y. Zhang, H. Bao, H. Huang, and Y. Zhou, “n-dimensional
polynomial chaotic system with applications,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
I, Reg. Papers, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 784–797, Feb. 2022.
[9] Y. Li, C. Li, S. Zhang, G. Chen, and Z. Zeng, “A self-reproduction
hyperchaotic map with compound lattice dynamics,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 69, no. 10, pp. 10564–10572, Oct. 2022.
[10] K. Eshraghian et al., “Memristive device fundamentals and modeling:
Applications to circuits and systems simulation,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 100,
no. 6, pp. 1991–2007, Jun. 2012.
[11] L. Chua, “If it’s pinched it’s a memristor,” Semicond. Sci. Technol.,
vol. 29, no. 10, Sep. 2014, Art. no. 104001.
[12] Q. Lai and C. Lai, “Design and implementation of a new hyperchaotic
memristive map,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, vol. 69,
no. 4, pp. 2331–2335, Apr. 2022.
[13] B. Bao, K. Rong, H. Li, K. Li, Z. Hua, and X. Zhang, “Memristor-
coupled logistic hyperchaotic map,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp.
Briefs, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 2992–2996, Aug. 2021.
[14] Y. Deng and Y. Li, “Bifurcation and bursting oscillations in 2D
non-autonomous discrete memristor-based hyperchaotic map,” Chaos
Solitons Fractals, vol. 150, Sep. 2021, Art. no. 111064.
[15] H. Bao, Z. Hua, H. Li, M. Chen, and B. Bao, “Discrete memristor
hyperchaotic maps,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 68,
no. 11, pp. 4534–4544, Nov. 2021.
[16] H. Li, Z. Hua, H. Bao, L. Zhu, M. Chen, and B. Bao, “Two-dimensional
memristive hyperchaotic maps and application in secure communi-
cation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 9931–9940,
Oct. 2021.
[17] H. Bao, Z. Hua, H. Li, M. Chen, and B. Bao, “Memristor-based hyper-
chaotic maps and application in auxiliary classifier generative adver-
sarial nets,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 5297–5306,
Aug. 2022.
[18] M. Ma et al., “A locally active discrete memristor model and its
application in a hyperchaotic map,” Nonlinear Dyn., vol. 107, no. 3,
pp. 2935–2949, Feb. 2022.
[19] H. Bao, Y. Gu, Q. Xu, X. Zhang, and B. Bao, “Parallel bi-memristor
hyperchaotic map with extreme multistability,” Chaos Solitons Fractals,
vol. 160, Jun. 2022, Art. no. 112273.
[20] H. Bao, Z. Hua, N. Wang, L. Zhu, M. Chen, and B. Bao, “Initials-
boosted coexisting chaos in a 2-D sine map and its hardware imple-
mentation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1132–1140,
Feb. 2021.
[21] J. S. Richman and J. R. Moorman, “Physiological time-series analysis
using approximate entropy and sample entropy,” Amer. J. Physiol. Heart
Circ. Physiol., vol. 278, no. 6, pp. H2039–H2049, Jun. 2000.
[22] C. Bandt and B. Pompe, “Permutation entropy: A natural complexity
measure for time series,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 88, no. 17, Apr. 2002,
Art. no. 174102.
[23] E. Tlelo-Cuautle, J. J. Rangel-Magdaleno, A. D. Pano-Azucena,
P. J. Obeso-Rodelo, and J. C. Nunez-Perez, “FPGA realization of
multi-scroll chaotic oscillators,” Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul.,
vol. 27, nos. 1–3, pp. 66–80, Oct. 2015.
[24] Z. Hua, B. Zhou, and Y. Zhou, “Sine-transform-based chaotic system
with FPGA implementation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 65, no. 3,
pp. 2557–2566, Mar. 2018.