ZNOTES.

ORG

UPDATED TO 2020-21 SYLLABUS

CAIE AS LEVEL
MATHS (9709)
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE SYLLABUS
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

2. Functions
1. Quadratics
Domain = x values & Range = y values
1.1. Completing the square Function: mapping of an x-value to a y -value

x2 + nx
2.2. Find Range
x2 + nx ⟺
Find the highest possible y -value and lowest possible y -
n n2 value based on the domain
(x + )2 − ( )
2 2 For Quadratic functions, such as f (x) = 3x2 + 5x − 6,
​

n complete square first to find vertex and use it to find its

2 range.
​

If coefficient of x2 is positive, vertex is minimum

a (x + n)2 + k If coefficient of x2 is negative, vertex is maximum
Where the vertex is (−n, k )
2.3. Composition of 2 Functions
1.2. Sketching the Graph Definition: a function with another function as an input

y -intercept fg (x) ⇒ f (g (x))

x-intercept E.g. f (x) = 4x + 5 g (x) = x2 − 5
2
Vertex (turning point) Then fg (x) = 4 (x − 5) + 5
A composite function like fg (x) can only be formed when
the range of g (x) is within the domain of f (x)
1.3. Discriminant
b2 − 4ac 2.4. One-One Functions
If b2 − 4ac = 0, real and equal (repeated) roots Definition: One x value substitutes to give one y value
If b2 − 4ac < 0, no real roots
If b2 − 4ac > 0, real and distinct roots

1.4. Quadratic Inequalities

Case 1: Assuming d < β,

(x − d) (x − β ) < 0 ⟹ d < x < β

(x − d) (x − β ) > 0 ⟹ x < d or x > β

Case 2: When no x coefficient, No indices
If function is not one-to-one, restrict the function in a
x2 − c > 0 domain such that the function is one-to-one under that
domain.
⟹ x < − c or x > ​ c ​

Only one-to-one functions are invertible

x2 − c ≤ 0
2.5. Finding Inverse
⟹− c≤x≤ ​ c ​

Definition: An inverse function shows what the input is

1.5. Solving Equations in Quadratic
Form
To solve an equation in some form of quadratic.
Substitute by another variable.
4
E.g. 2x + 3x2 + 7, use u = x2 , ∴ 2u2 + 3u + 7
based from the output e.g. if f (3) = 5 then f −1 (5) = 3
. In other words, it reverses the process. The graph of
y = f (x) and y = f −1 (x) is symmetrical by the line
y = x.
An inverse function has a property such that:
f f −1 (x) = f −1 f (x) = x

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

Make sure that it is a one-to-one function if it is then,

Write f (x) as y
Make x the subject
Swap every single x with y . By now you should have y as
the subject
Replace y withf −1 (x). Read as “The f inverse of x”

Example:

f (x) = 3x + 4

y = 3x + 4

y − 4 = 3x
y−4
x=
3
​

Swap all the x with y ,

x−4
y=
3
​

Replace y with f −1 (x),

x−4
f −1 (x) =
3
​

Example:
Make f (x) = x2 + 1 a one-to-one function.
Solution:

x2 + 1, −∞ < x < ∞

One value of x that doesn’t have alternate value of x which

maps same value of y is 0 2.6. Relationship of Function & its
∴ We separate the function into two functions Inverse
The graph of the inverse of a function is the reflection of
a graph of the function in y = x

{W12-P11} Question 10:

f (x) = 4x2 − 24x + 11, for x∈ R
g (x) = 4x2 − 24x + 11, for x ≤ 1
2
1. Express f (x) in the form a (x − b) + c, hence state
coordinates of the vertex of the graph y = f (x)
2. State the range of g

x2 + 1, x ≤ 0 and x2 + 1, 0 ≤ x 3. Find an expression for g −1 (x) and state its domain

Solution:
Part (i)
First pull out constant, 4, from x related terms:

4 (x2 − 6x) + 11

Use following formula to simplify the bracket only:

n 2 n 2
(x − ) −( )
2 2
​ ​

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

4 [(x − 3) − 32 ] + 11
2

4 (x − 3)2 − 25

Part (ii)
Observe given domain, x ≤ 1.
Substitute highest value of x

g (x) = 4 (1 − 3)2 − 25 = −9

Substitute next 3 whole numbers in domain:

Shift along y-axis by b units upwards: f (x) + b
x = 0, −1, −2 g (x) = 11, 23, 75

Thus, they are increasing

∴ g (x) ≥ −9
Part (iii)
Let y = g(x), make x the subject

y = 4 (x − 3)2 − 25
y + 25 2
= (x − 3)
4
​

2.8. Stretch
y + 25
x=3+
4
​ ​

Stretches the graph sideways:f (ax)

Can be simplified more

1
x=3± y + 25
2
​ ​

Positive variant is not possible because x ≤ 1 and using

positive variant would give values above 3

1
∴x=3− y + 25
2
​ ​

1
∴ g −1 (x) = 3 − x + 25
2
​ ​

Domain of g −1 (x) = Range of g (x) ∴ x ≥ −9

2.7. Translation
Let y = f (x)

If a > 1 it will shrink the graph sideways

Shift along x-axis by a units to the right: f (x − a) If 0 < a < 1 it will expand the graph sideways

Stretches upwards and downwards: af (x)

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

{S13-P12} Question 7:
Point R is a reflection of the point (−1, 3) in the line
3y + 2x = 33.
Find by calculation the coordinates of R
Solution:
Find the equation of line perpendicular to 3y + 2x = 33
intersecting point (−1, 3)

2
3y + 2x = 33 ⇔ y = 11 − x
3
​

2
m=−
3
3
m × m1 = −1 and so m1 =
​ ​

2 ​

Perpendicular general equation:

3
y= x+c
2
​

Substitute known values

3 9
3= 2 (−1) + c and so c = 2 ​

Final perpendicular equation:

2y = 3x + 9
Find the point of intersection by equating two equations

2 3x + 9
11 − x=
3 2
​ ​

If a > 1 it will expand the graph up & downwards

If 0 < a < 1 it will shrink the graph up & downwards 13
13 = x
3
​

3. Coordinate Geometry x = 3, y = 9

Vector change from (−1, 3) to (3, 9) is the vector change

3.1. Length of a Line Segment from (3, 9) to R
Finding the vector change:

Length = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Change in x = 3 − −1 = 4

3.2. Midpoint of a Line Segment Change in y = 9 − 3 = 6

Thus R
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
( , ) x = 3 + 4 = 7 and y = 9 + 6 = 15
​ ​ ​ ​

2 2
​ ​

R = (7, 15)
3.3. Equation of a Straight Line
3.5. Equation of a circle
y = mx + c
y − y1 = m (x − x1 )
​ ​

Standard Form: (x − a)
2
+ (y − b)2 = r2
Centre = (a, b)
3.4. Special Gradients Radius = r
General form: x2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0
Parallel lines: m1= m2 ​ ​

Centre = ( a2 , 2b )
​ ​

Perpendicular lines: m1 × m2 = −1 a 2 b 2
2
Radius =( 2 ) + ( 2 ) −c
​ ​

The gradient at any point on a curve is the gradient of the ​ ​

tangent to the curve at that point Note: if eqn. of circle is in general form, it’s highly
recommended to convert it into its standard form by
The gradient of a tangent at the vertex of a curve is equal
to zero – stationary point completing square to easily find center and radius

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

Tangents on a circle are always perpendicular to its s = rθ In Radians

radius
If a right-angled triangle is inscribed in a circle, its 4.3. Area of a Sector
hypotenuse is the diameter of the circle
1 2
Example A= r θ In Radians
2
​

The equation of a circle: x2 + y 2 + 4x + 2y − 20 = 0 The

line L has the equation 7x + y = 10 intersects the circle at {S11-P11} Question 9:
point A and B . The x-coordinate of A is less than the x-
coordinate of B .

1. Find the center and the length of diameter of the

circle
2. Find the coordinates of A and B

Solution: Triangle OAB is isosceles, OA = OB and ASB is a tangent

i. Rearrange the equation to standard form by using to PST
completing square:
1. Find the total area of the shaded region in terms of r
x2 + 4x + y 2 + 2y = 20 and π
2. When θ = π3 and r = 6, find the total perimeter of
(x + 2)2 − 4 + (y + 1)2 − 1 = 20
​

the shaded region in terms of 3 and π

2 2
⇒ (x + 2) + (y + 1) = 25 Solution:
∴ its center: (−2, −1). Its diameter: 2 × 5 = 10 Part (i)
Use trigonometric ratios to form the following:
ii.Do simultaneous equation

(x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25 & y = −7x + 10 AS = r tan θ

Find the area of triangle OAS:

Use substitution y = −7x + 10 onto (x + 2)2 +
(y + 1)2 = 25. r tan θ × r 1
OAS = = r2 tan θ
2 2
​ ​

2 2
(x + 2) + (−7x + 11) = 25
Use the formula of the sector to find the area of OPS:
Find x
1 2
OPS = r θ
x2 + 4x + 4 + 49x2 − 154x + 121 = 25 2
Area of ASP is OAS − OPS :
50x2 − 150x + 100 = 0
1 2 1 1
x2 − 3x + 2 = 0 ∴ ASP = r tan θ − r2 θ = r2 (tan θ − θ)
2 2 2
​ ​ ​

∴x=1 x=2 Multiply final by 2 because BST is the same and shaded is
ASP and BST
Put x values back into y = −7x + 10 to find y value:
1 2
∴ A (1, 3) B (2, −4) Area = 2 × r (tan θ − θ) = r2 (tan θ − θ)
2
​

Part (ii)
4. Circular Measure Use trigonometric ratios to get the following:

π 6
4.1. Radians cos ( ) =
3 AO
​ ​

π = 180∘ and 2π = 360∘ ∴ AO = 12

π
Degrees to radians: θ × 180 ​

Finding AP:
180
Radians to degrees: θ × π ​

AP = AO − r = 12 − 6 = 6
4.2. Arc length Finding AS:

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

π
AS = 6 tan ( ) = 6 3
3
​ ​

Finding arc PS:

Arc PS = rθ
π
PS = 6 × = 2π
3
​

The perimeter of 1 side of the shaded region:

Pe1 = 6 + 6 3 + 2π
​ ​

Perimeter of the entire shaded region is double:

2 × Pe1 = 12 + 12 3 + 4π
​ ​

5. Trigonometry
5.4. Tangent Curve

5.2. Sine Curve

5.5. Exact values of Trigonometric
Functions

5.6. When sin, cos and tan are positive

5.3. Cosine Curve

5.7. Identities
sin θ
tan θ ≡
cos θ
​

sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1

5.8. Inverse Functions

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

If trig (θ ) = a, then θ = trig−1 (a) planAand plan B , for increasing its profits. Under plan A,
Where “trig” represents any Trigonometric Function the annual profit would increase each year by 5% of its value
Inverse trigonometric functions are used to find angle in the preceding year. Under plan B, the annual profit would
increase each year by a constant amount of D

6. Series 1. Find for plan A, the profit for the year 2008
2. Find for plan A, the total profit for the 10 years 2000
6.1. Binomial Expansion to 2009 inclusive
3. Find for plan B the value of D for which the total
A neat way of expanding terms with high powers. profit for the 10 years 2000 to 2009 inclusive would
be the same for plan A
n
(x + y ) = nC0 xn + nC1 xn−1 y + nC2 xn−2 y 2 + … + nCn y n
​ ​ ​ ​

Solution:
n! Part (i)
nCr =
r! (n − r)! Increases are exponential ∴ it is a geometric sequence:
​ ​

n 2008 is the 9th term:

n
In summation : (a + b) = ∑ ( ) an−k bk n
​ ​
∴ u9 = 250000 × 1.059−1 = 369000 (3s.f.)
​

k Part (ii)
k=0
Use sum of geometric sequence formula:
(The summation form is just another way to express
(a + b)n , it’s not important but some students may like to 250000 (1 − 1.0510 )
see it that way) S10 = = 3140000
1 − 1.05
​ ​

Part (iii)
6.2. Arithmetic Progression Plan B arithmetic; equate 3140000 with sum formula

Definition: Sequence where successive terms are gained 1

from adding same value E.g. 1,3,5,7,9,11… 3140000 = (10) (2 (250000) + (10 − 1) D)
2
​

un = a + (𝑛 − 1)d
D = 14300
​

sn = 12 n[2a + (n − 1)d]
​ ​

un = the n-th term of the sequence

​

𝑎 = First term of the sequence

n = The 𝑛-th term o 𝑑 = Main difference
7. Differentiation
sn = Sum from 1st term to 𝑛-th term dy
When y = xn , = nxn−1
​

dx ​

6.3. Geometric Progression 1st Derivative = dy

dx ​ = f (x)
′

d2 y ′′
2nd Derivative = dx2 = f (x)
Definition: Sequence where successive terms are gained
​

dy
from multiplying the same value E.g. 2,4,8,16,32… Increasing function: dx >0 ​

dy
Decreasing function: dx < 0 ​

un = arn−1
​
dy
Stationary point: dx = 0 ​

a (1 − rn )
Sn = 7.2. Chain Rule
(1 − r)
​ ​

un = the n-th term of the sequence dy dy du

​

= ×
a = First term of the sequence dx du dx
​ ​ ​

n = The n-th term ′ ′ ′

(f (g (x))) = f (g (x)) × g (x)
r = Common Ratio
Sn = Sum from 1st term to n-th term
​
Example
5
Differentiate y = (x + x3 )
When ∣r∣ < 1, Sum to infinity: Solution:
a Let u = x + x3 , then find du
dx
S∞ =
​

1−r
​ ​

u = x + x3
{W05-P01} Question 6:
A small trading company made a profit of 250000 dollars in du
= 1 + 3x2
the year 2000. The company considered two different plans, dx
​

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

Now y = u5 We know the following:

dy dy 4 dy
= 5u4 = and = 0.02
du dx 3 dt
​ ​ ​
​

Multiply them together Thus, we can formulate an equation:

dy dy du 4 dy dy dx
= × = (1 + 3x2 ) × 5 (x + x3 ) = ÷
dx du dx dx dt dt
​ ​ ​
​ ​ ​

Another quick way is to: Rearranging the formula, we get:

1. Take the derivative of the “inside”
dx dy dy
2. Then take the derivative of the “outside” = ÷
dt dt dx
​ ​ ​

3. Multiply them together

In our case: Substitute values into the formula
The inside: x + x3
The outside: u5 dx 4
= 0.02 ÷
3 4 dt 3
​ ​

So, differentiating will give us (1 + 3x2 ) × 5 (x + x )

dx 3
= 0.02 × = 0.015
7.3. Connected Rates of Change dt 4
​ ​

dy dy dx dy dy dt 7.4. Nature of Stationary Point

= / or = ×
dx dt dt dx dt dx
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

d2 y
Find second derivative dx2
{W05-P01} Question 6:
​

Substitute x-value of stationary point

The equation of a curve is given by the formula:
d2 y
If value +ve → min. point, dx2 >0
6
​

d2 y
y= If value –ve → max. point dx2 <0
5 − 2x
​
​

1. Calculate the gradient of the curve at the point where

x=1
8. Integration
2. A point with coordinates (x, y) moves along a curve
axn+1
in such a way that the rate of increase of y has a ∫ axn dx = +c
n+1
​ ​

constant value of 0.02 units per second. Find the rate

of increase of x when x = 1 (ax + b)n+1
∫ (ax + b)n dx = +c
a (n + 1)
​ ​

Solution:
Part (i)
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation
Differentiate given equation
The "S" shaped symbol is used to mean the integral of,
6 (5 − 2x)
−1 and dx is written at the end of the terms to be integrated,
meaning "with respect to x". This is the same "dx" that
dy appears in dx .
dy
= 6 (5 − 2x)−2 × −2 × −1 ​

dx
​

Indefinite Integrals: Integrals without limits of integration

= 12 (5 − 2x)−2 (the numbers by the integral sign), don’t forget to include
+c
Now we substitute the given x value:
Definite Integrals: Integrals with limits of integration, no
dy need of putting +c
= 12 (5 − 2 (1))−2 Use coordinates of a point on the curve to find c when
dx
​

integrating a derivative to find equation of the curve.

dy 4
=
dx 3
​ ​

8.2. Area Under a Curve

Thus, the gradient is equal to 43 at this point ​

Part (ii) Area bounded by the curve to the x-axis

Rate of increase in time can be written as: This is the most common integrals being used
Use dx
dx
Make y the subject in the equation then input it into
dt
​

your integral
b

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

b
∫ ​ y dx
a

The diagram shows part of the curve:

9
y= 4x + 1 + ​

4x+1
and the minimum point
​

​
M.
dy
Area bounded by the curve to the y -axis 1. Find expressions for dx and ∫ y dx ​

Use dy 2. Find the coordinates of M

Make x the subject of the equation and then input it 3. The shaded region is bounded by the curve, the y -axis
into the integral and the line through M parallel to the x-axis. Find,
b
showing all necessary working, the area of the shaded
∫ ​ x dy region.
a
Solution:
i. Differentiate the equation:

dy 9
( 4x + 1 + )
d
=
dx dx 4x + 1
​ ​ ​ ​

Use the Chain Rule:

d
8.3. Area Between Two Curves ((4x + 1) 2 + 9 (4x + 1) 2 )
1
−1 ​ ​

dx
​

Area between two curves with respect to x dy 2 18

Just like finding the area under a curve, this time you
= − 3
dx 4x + 1 (4x + 1) 2
​ ​ ​

subtract the first curve by the second curve

Use dx Integrate the equation:
Make sure both equations have y as the subject
9
b b b ∫ y dx = ∫ 4x + 1 + dx
4x + 1
​ ​

∫ y1 − y2 dx or ∫ y1 dx − ∫ y2 dx
​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

a a a Apply the reverse chain rule:

= ∫ (4x + 1) 2 + 9 (4x + 1)
1
− 12
dx
​ ​

Don’t forget to include +c

3
(4x + 1) 2 9
∫ y dx =
​

Area between two curves with respect to y + 4x + 1 +c

6 2
​ ​ ​

Make x the subject in both equations then integrate

its difference ii. Since M is minimum point, find its coordinates by using
dy
Use dy dx ​ =0
b b b 2 18
∫ ​ x1 − x2 dy quador
​ ​ ∫ ​ x1 dy − ∫
​ ​ x2 dy
​
− 3 = 0
4x + 1 (4x + 1) 2
​

​
​

a a a
​

Combine the fractions:

8x − 16
3 ​ =0
(4x + 1) 2 ​

⇒ 8x − 16 = 0

⇒x=2
{S19-P01} Question 11:

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

Putting the x-value back to the equation of the curve will give With respect to y
us: Use dy
Make x the subject of the equation of the curve and
9
4 (2) + 1 + =6 input πx2 in the integral
4 (2) + 1
​ ​

b
∴M (2, 6) ∫ ​ πx2 dy
a
iii. The line passing through M is parallel to the x-axis which
means its equation is simply:

y=6

We know that: 1. This is an area between two curves 2. It

ranges from x = 0 to x = 2 which means our integral will
be:

2
9
∫ 4x + 1 + − 6 dx
4x + 1
​ ​ ​

0 ​

Which simplifies to:

3 2

[ 4x + 1 − 6x]
(4x + 1) 2 9
​

+
6 2
​ ​ ​ ​

8.5. Volume of Revolution Between 2

0
Curves
Compute its value

3 2 With respect to x
[ 4x + 1 − 6x] =
(4x + 1) 2 9 4
​

Just like a normal Volume of Revolution, this time we

+
6 2 3
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

subtract two volumes off each other

0
Use dx
4 Make sure that y is the subject of the equations of the
∴ The area is
3
​

two curves
Note: You can integrate the two equations separately and b b b
then subtract the area, you will still get the same answer π∫ ​ y12 − y22 dx or
​ ​ ∫ ​ πy12 dx − ∫
​ ​ πy22 dx
​

a a a

8.4. Volume of Revolution

With respect to x
Use dx ‎
Make y the subject of the equation of the curve then
input πy 2 in the integral With respect to y
b
Use dy
∫ ​
πy 2 dx Make x the subject of the equations of the two curves
a b b b
π∫ ​ x21 − x22 dy or
​ ​ ∫ ​ πx21 dy − ∫
​ ​ πx22 dy​

a a a

{W18-P01} Question 10:

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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

1 3 2
The diagram shows part of the curve y = 2 (3x − 1) 3
∫ π (2 (3x − 1)− 3 ) dx
​

1
​

and the lines x = 23 and x = 3. The curve and the line x =

​

​
2
3
​

2
3 intersect at the Point A.
​

3
Find, showing all necessary working, the volume obtained =∫ π (4 (3x − 1)− 3 ) dx
2
​

when the shaded region is rotated 360∘ about the x-axis

​

2
3
​

Solution:
Using the formula for Volume of Revolution: Integrate it:
3
[4π (3x − 1) 3 ] 2 = 4
b 1

∫
​

2
πy dx
​

3
​
​

We will get:
3

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Maths (9709)

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