Semester 4 C.C. 4.1 ABD

CENTRE FOR DISTANCE &
ONLINE EDUCATION
RABINDRA BHARATI UNIVERSITY
Self-Learning Materials
for
M. A. (RABINDRA SANGEET)
(Under CBCS)
Semester C.C Unit

4 4.1 A 1-6
4.1 B 1-2
4.1 D 1-3
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CENTRE FOR DISTANCE COURSE
& ONLINE ECONTRIBUTORS
DUCATION ● RABINDRA BHARATI UNIVERSITY
NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

Dr. Agnibha Bandyopadhyay Associate Professor Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
(Rabindra Sangeet)
Dr. Indrani Ghosh Professor (Rabindra Sangeet) Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
Dr. Dyati Sarkar Guest Teacher Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
(Rabindra Sangeet)
COURSE EDITOR

Dr. Agnibha Bandyopadhyay Associate Professor Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
(Rabindra Sangeet)
Dr. Indrani Ghosh Professor (Rabindra Sangeet) Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
Dr. Dyuti Sarkar Guest Teacher Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
(Rabindra Sangeet)
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE

Dr. Ruma Mitra Assistant Professor Centre for Online and Distance Education,
(Rabindra Sangeet) Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
Dr. Samita Mukherjee Assistant Professor Centre for Online and Distance Education,
(Rabindra Sangeet) Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
Dr. Dipali Karmakar Lecturer (Rabindra Sangeet) Centre for Online and Distance Education,
Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata
March, 2021 © Rabindra Bharati University
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M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 2

CENTRE FOR DISTANCE & ONLINE EDUCATION ● RABINDRA BHARATI UNIVERSITY
M.A. in Rabindra Sangeet
CBCS (Semester : III & IV)
Credit - 05 Marks-50 (10+40)
OEC - 4.1A (Theory) : Page No.
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~ÓÇ Üíõyïƒõ 7
UNIT – I :  Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~ÓÇ Üíõyïƒõ 7
 Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛í≤Ãíyú# 8
UNIT – II :  ˆÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Sî)Ó˚îü≈ò ¢£V 11
UNIT – III :  â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ 13
UNIT – IV :  Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ 15
UNIT – V :
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò
 16
UNIT – VI :  Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛yúãÎ˚# !ü“# 18
 ¢%!â˛ey !õe 18
 ˛ôB˛ãÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ 20
 Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyü S!ÓŸªy¢V 21
 ≤ÃŸ¿õyúy 22
 Ñ,˛ì˛K˛ì˛y fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ 22
OEC - 4.1B (Theory) : !£®%fl˛iyò# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Á ~£z Üyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ x!¶˛õì˛ 23
UNIT – I :  !£®%fl˛iyò# ï&˛ôî ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ 23
 ïÈ &˛ôîyD Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ 27
˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚
 ˆâ˛Ôì˛yú 27
 ˆâ˛Ôì˛yú –– xò%Ó,!_ 27
 ¢%Ó˚ö§˛yÑ‰˛ì˛yú 28
 ïyõyÓ˚ ì˛yú 28
 ïyõyÓ˚ ì˛yú– xò%Ó,!_ 28
 xyv˛¸y ˆâ˛Ôì˛yú 29
 G§˛y˛ôì˛yú 29
 G§˛y˛ôì˛yú–– xò%Ó,!_ 29
 ˆì˛Áv˛¸y ì˛yú 30
3

 ˆì˛Áv˛¸y ì˛yú– xò%Ó,!_ 30

 ˆì˛Áv˛¸y ì˛yú–– xò%Ó,!_ 31
 !Óú!¡∫ì˛ !eì˛yú 31
 fl˛∫ˆÏîü ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 32
 ˆì˛ÁÓ˚y ì˛yú 32
 ˆ≤Ãõ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 32
 ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 33
 G§˛y˛ôì˛yú 33
 3–4 õyeyÓ˚ äÈ® 33
 !Ó!â˛e ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 33
 xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 33
 !£®%fl˛iyò# ˆÖÎ˚yú ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ 34
 ˛ô)ãy ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 39
 ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ 40
 !£®%fl˛iyò# ›˛Øy ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ 43
 !£®%fl˛iyò# ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏò ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ 45
UNIT – II :  !£®%fl˛iyò# Üyò Óy ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ x!¶˛õì 49
 !£®%fl˛iyò# ï&˛ôîñ ˆÖÎ˚yúñ ›˛Øy Á ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ 52
 ï&˛ôî 52
 ˆÖÎ˚yú 53
 ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# 54
 ›˛Øy 55
4

Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ !£®%fl˛iyò# üyfl˛f#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

 56
 ˛ï&˛ôî 56
 ˛ˆÖÎ˚yú 57
OEC - 4.1D (Theory) : Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ü#ì˛@˘Ãs˛i Á fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô@˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢Ç!«˛Æ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ 59
UNIT – I :  Ó˚!ÓFäÈyÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÓy!£ò# ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ñ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy 59
 Ó˚!ÓFäÈyÎ˚y 60
 ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!£ Á ÓyÕ√#!Ñ˛≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y 61
 Ñ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛iyÓú# 62
 Ñ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛i 63
 !£ì˛Óy!îÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#w @˘Ãs˛iyÓú# 64
 Óyv˛zú 64
 Üyò [!¢!›˛ Ó%Ñ˛ ˆ¢y¢y£z!›˛] 65
 Üyò (Indian Publishing House) 65
 Üyò [!¶˛ß¨ ¢ÇflÒÓ˚í] 1321 66
 Üyò [1327 S˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ï≈ì˛ ¢ÇflÒÓ˚íV] 66
 Üyò [Ó˚Ó#w] Ñ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛iÈÙÈÓ˚ îüõ Ö[˛ 66
 Ú≤ÃÓy!£í#Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Û 66
 ≤ÃÓy!£ò# 67
UNIT – II :  ≤ÃÓy!£ò# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yòÈÙÙÙÈ~Ñ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy 68
 Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò S≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íV 69
 Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò S!mì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íV 70
 Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò !mì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í Sì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛V 72
UNIT – III :  Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚í 74
 Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ã#ÓjüyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ≠ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôe Á @˘Ãs˛i¢õ)£ 75
 Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ !ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô @˘Ãs˛iõyúy 77
 ≤ÃŸ¿õyúy 85


UNIT – I
M. A. in Rabindra Sangeet
CBCS (Semester - IV)
OEC - 4.1A (Theory)
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~ÓÇ Üíõyïƒõ
Rabindra Sangeet and Mass Communication
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy
 Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~ÓÇ Üíõyïƒõ
 Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛í≤Ãíyú#

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SÖV ˆÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Sî)Ó˚îü≈ò ¢£V
SÜV â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛
7

SáV Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢

SàV Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò
Sâ˛V Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛yúãÎ˚# !ü“#
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛í≤Ãíyú#
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ xyˆÏúyâ˛ƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛í≤Ãíyú#–
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛í≤Ãíyú# ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ˆÎ !Ó°ÏÎ˚=!ú ˆîˆÏÖ ˆòÁÎ˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò ˆ¢=!ú £ú ≠
S1V Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ÓúˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y Ñ˛# Ó%!G˛
S2V Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢yD#!ì˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò
S3V Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yîyò Á !ü«˛y@˘Ã£í ˛ôk˛!ì˛
S4V Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛
S5V Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ xyd#Ñ˛Ó˚í Á v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôò
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Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˜üúãyÓ˚Oò õã%õîyÓ˚ñ üy!hs˛ˆÏîÓ ˆáy°Ï ≤Ãõ%Ö xy◊!õÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛– !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ˆÎõò !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Ó˚
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8

ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎ îy!Î˚c ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆ¢£z îy!Î˚cÁ ~Ñ˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Üíõyïƒõ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ì%˛úò#Î˚– Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛í ≤Ãíyú#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛e´ˆÏõÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ î,!‹T !îˆÏú£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÎ ÷ï% Ñ˛Z˛¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛y òÎ˚ñ ò,ì˛ƒâ˛â≈˛yñ x!¶˛òˆÏÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£íñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
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¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D!›˛ ˆîˆÏÖ ˆòÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ÓD¶˛D xyˆÏ®yúòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Úãyì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛
¢ÇÑ˛úò=!úÛÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò =Ó˚&c úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 1905 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1910 Ö#‹TyˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ
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ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ñ Ñ˛y!ú≤Ã¢ß¨ Ñ˛yÓƒ!ÓüyÓ˚îñ {ŸªÓ˚â˛w =Æñ î#òÓı%˛ !õeñ !ÜÓ˚#wˆÏõy!£ò# îy¢# ≤Ãõ%Ö Ü#ì˛Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Üyò ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛
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10

UNIT – II
OEC - 4.1A (Theory)
 ˆÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Sî)Ó˚îü≈ò ¢£V
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!ã!ò¢ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ãyòyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ˆÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢¡±â˛yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú 1927 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 26ˆü xyÜfi›˛ñ !õ!v˛Î˚yõ ÁˆÏÎ˚¶‰˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
õyïƒˆÏõ– ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ü›≈˛ ÁˆÏÎ˚¶˛ Î%_´ £Î˚ ~£z ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ˆfi›˛üò £z!O!òÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢%ï#wòyÌ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛_¥yÓïyˆÏò 1933 ¢yˆÏúñ Î!îÁ ˆ¢£z ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚
ÓƒÓfl˛iyÎ˚ Ö%Ó ü!_´üyú# ›˛Δy™!õ›˛yÓ˚ òy ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ñ ¢ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ì˛y ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ ˆÎì˛ñ ~õò›˛y òy– ~£z v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ ãÜÍ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ 16£z xyÜfi›˛
¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó=Ó˚& Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏü v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ# £ò ¢¡ôyîòyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ÌyÑ˛y !ò!ïÑ˛yhs˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– ˆ¢£z ¢)ˆÏe£z
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x!¶˛úy°Ï Óƒ_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì˛Öò x¢%fl˛i– !Ñ˛ls˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òˆÏ°Ïï ÌyÑ˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó=Ó˚& ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È !úˆÏÖ !îˆÏì˛ x¢¡øì˛ £ò– ~Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛
â˛yÓ˚!îˆÏòÓ˚ õyÌyÎ˚ ò!úò#Ñ˛yˆÏhs˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢%ïyÑ˛yhs˛ÓyÓ%Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛!‡˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§äyÈÎ˚– ˆ¢£z !â˛!‡˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ fl˛∫£ˆÏhfl˛ !ú!Öì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y !äÈú–
Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ £ú ≠
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˙ ˆüyˆÏòy v˛z!‡˛ú xyÑ˛yüÓyí#
xõÓ˚ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ!£õy !îú ˆÎ
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¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛#Ó˚ xy¢ò ˛ôy!ì˛ú ò#ú ÜÜˆÏòÓ˚ õyˆÏG˛
xyˆÏúyÑ˛Ó#íyÓ˚ ¢¶˛yõ[˛ˆÏú õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ó#íy ÓyˆÏã
Süy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò 5£z xyÜfi›˛ 1938V
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˛ôyÓ≈ì˛ƒ xM˛Èú Ñ˛y!ü≈Î˚yÇÈÙÈ~ xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ v˛zˆÏmyïˆÏòÓ˚ !îò !fl˛iÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú 1962 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 2Ó˚y ã%úy£z– ~£z v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ
11

!Ó!ü‹T ¢ÇÜ#ì˛!ü“# ˛ôB˛ãÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ô!fl˛iì˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï ãyòyò !îÕ‘#Ó˚ ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ì,≈˛˛ô«˛– ˆ¢£z ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ v˛zˆÏmyïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì˛îyò#hs˛ò
ì˛Ìƒ Á ¢¡±â˛yÓ˚ õs˛f# ˆÜy˛ôyú ˆÓ˚!U˛– ˆ¢£z xò%¤˛yˆÏò ˛ôB˛ãÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˚y!ã £ò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï üˆÏì≈˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛–
ì˛y £ú xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ Ñ˛!Ó=Ó˚&Ó˚ ˆúÖy xòÓîƒ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ Î!î !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Ó˚ ˆ¢ÔãˆÏòƒ ˛ôB˛ã õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎy!ãì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Üy£zÓyÓ˚
¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ£z !ì˛!ò ~£z xò%¤˛yˆÏò ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– ˆ¢£z á›˛òy!›˛ áˆÏ›˛!äÈú ~ÓÇ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚
xy¢Ó˚ÈÙÈ~ v˛z!ò !òˆÏã !ü!ÖˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !äÈú ÎˆÏÌ‹T Ü¶˛#Ó˚– !Ñ˛ls˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ ˆÎ õ!£õy ì˛y
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ì%˛úòy£#ò– ˛ô§!â˛ˆÏü ˜ÓüyÖ v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤Ã¶˛yì˛# xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú òÓπ£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£zñ
Ó˚Ó#w ãß√üì˛Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛# xÌ≈yÍ 1961 ¢yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓˆÏü°Ï !ÓˆÏü°Ï xò%¤˛yò ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
Ó˚Ó#wãß√üì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ¢yÓ˚y ˆîüã%ˆÏv˛¸ ˆÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wãß√üì˛Ó°Ï≈ ˛ôy!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓÓÓ˚í ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ xˆÏüyÑ˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆúÖy
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒ ¢õyˆÏÓ˚y£ñ x!Öú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈ƒe´ˆÏõ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüòñ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚
ã#ÓòÑ˛y!£ò# xÓú¡∫ˆÏò !ö˛â˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ®òyñ xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ñ˛!ÓˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ◊k˛yO!úñ v˛Ñ%˛ˆÏõr›˛yÓ˚# !ö˛â˛yÓ˚ñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÎ
ˆÎ fl˛iyˆÏò Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ xÓfl˛iyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ö˛â˛yÓ˚ñ xyÑ˛yüÓyí# Á Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !òˆÏÎ˚
xò%¤˛yòñ Ó˚y‹T…˛ô!ì˛ñ v˛z˛ôÓ˚y‹T…˛ô!ì˛ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#ñ fl˛∫ˆÏîü Á !ÓˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ !Ó!ü‹T Óƒ!_´ˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïíñ !ÓˆÏîˆÏü Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚
¢y!ß¨ˆÏïƒ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈˆÏúò ~õò !Ó!ü‹T Óƒ!_´ˆÏîÓ˚ ◊k˛yO!ú K˛y˛ôòñ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢y!ß¨ˆÏïƒ xy¢yÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Óí≈òy– ˛~!üÎ˚y £zv˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛ô
xy!ö˛Ñ˛y ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ xM˛ÈˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!ü‹T Óƒ!_´ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÌÑ˛y ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ÎyÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy î%ˆÏüyÓ˚ ˆÓ!üñ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ü#!ì˛òy›˛ƒñ ò,ì˛ƒòy›˛ƒ Á Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛
òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚ñ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌñ xyÑ˛yüÓyí# Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y Á !ÓˆÏîü# Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎyãòyÎ˚
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˛ôyÿ˛yì˛ƒ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ó˚*˛ôyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ Á£z xò%¤˛yˆÏò ì˛y ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈– ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛Ìyñ ˆÎ 22ˆü ◊yÓí Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ≤ÃÎ˚yì˛ £òñ
ˆ¢£z !îò ˆãyv˛¸y¢§yˆÏÑ˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Ó#ˆÏÓ˚wÑ,˛°å ¶˛o Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ˆÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚£z ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ˆÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ Á
£z!O!òÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !òõì˛úy õ£yŸ¬üyˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢£z xò%¤˛yò ïyÓ˚y!ÓÓÓ˚í#Ó˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ≤ÃÖƒyì˛ ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛ñ ¢yÇÓy!îÑ˛ Á
!â˛e@˘Ãy£Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õú ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ# ˆ¢!îò Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ˆÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢!îˆÏòÓ˚ xò%¤˛yò=!ú ÷ˆÏò!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆ¢!îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢£z fl˛ø,!ì˛ !ì˛!ò
ì§˛yÓ˚ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i !ú!˛ôÓk˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
xyÑ˛yüÓyí# Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ !Óüyú xÓîyò £ú ¢Ó≈¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ òì%˛ò
≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y xyˆÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xyúyîy !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÓyÇúyÓ˚
Ó˝ !ü“# ~£z xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ Îü úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ~ÓÇ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyîü≈ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xˆÏòÑ˛ õyò%°Ï ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôüy !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£z Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ õˆÏò
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD£z xyˆÏ¢ î)Ó˚îü≈ˆÏò Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ î)Ó˚îü≈ˆÏò ¢¡±â˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yõ)úÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
1959 ¢yˆÏú ÷Ó˚& £Î˚– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú £zò¢ƒy›˛ÈÙÈ1~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢¡±â˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y î)Ó˚îü≈ˆÏò !òÎ˚!õì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ñ
Ó˚Ó#wòy›˛Ñ˛ñ ò,ì˛ƒòy›˛ƒñ Ó˚Ó#w¢y!£ì˛ƒ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ â˛ú!Fâ˛e ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y òyòy !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢,!‹TˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty xyãÁ !ÓˆÏü°Ï
ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ƒ Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– Ó˚Ó#wãˆÏß√yÍ¢ˆÏÓ ˆãyv˛¸y¢§yˆÏÑ˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤Ã¶˛yì˛# xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ¢¡±â˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚y ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
õyò%°Ï v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõÓ˚ SxyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ ~ö˛.~õ ˆÓ˚!v˛Á ˆfi›˛üòñ !›˛!¶˛ â˛ƒyˆÏòú £zì˛ƒy!îV ~£z
îyÎ˚Ók˛ì˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï !îÑ˛!òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
12

UNIT – III
OEC - 4.1A (Theory)
 â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ
â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ

Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò=!ú
ˆÎõò ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈñ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈˆÏäÈ ˆì˛õò ¶˛yˆÏÓ£z Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ü“ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ â˛ú!Fâ˛e
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢=!úÁ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈˆÏäÈ– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ~›˛yÁ õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ü“ õM˛Èfl˛i £ˆÏÎˆ˚ ÏäÈ òy›˛ƒy!¶˛òˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
õyïƒˆÏõ– ˆ¢=!úÁ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÎ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛ î,!‹T !îˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÎ 1937 ¢yˆÏú ÚÚõ%!_´ÛÛ äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!Ó ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !ü“# Ñ˛yòò
ˆîÓ# ÚÚì˛yÓ˚ !ÓîyÎ˚ˆÏÓúyÓ˚ õyúyÖy!òÛÛ ~ÓÇ ÚÚxyã ¢ÓyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏàÛÛ Üyòî%!›˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü Á£z ÚÚõ%!_´ÛÛ äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!ÓˆÏì˛£z ÚÚ!îˆÏòÓ˚
ˆüˆÏ°Ï á%ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÛÛ Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôB˛ã õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆúÖyÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ Üyò!›˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò fl˛∫Î˚Ç ˆ¢£z äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ x!¶˛òÎ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢!›˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ~£z ÚÚ!îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï á%ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÛÛ Üyò!›˛ ÚÚx!ò!®ì˛yÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £Î˚ñ
ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z Üyò!›˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆ£õhs˛ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚– 1937 ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1938 ¢yˆÏú ÚÚx!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ÛÛ äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˛ôB˛ã õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò
ÚÚ~õò !îˆÏò ì˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ÛÛñ ÚÚx!¶˛K˛yòÛÛ äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˛ôB˛ã õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚ!îò=!ú ˆõyÓ˚ ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ Ö§yâ˛yÎ˚ÛÛ Üyò!›˛ñ ÚÚã#ÓòõÓ˚íÛÛ
äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ 1939 ¢yˆÏú ˆÑ˛ ~ú ¢yÎ˚Üú ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚxy!õ ˆì˛yõyÎ˚ Îì˛ÛÛ Üyò!›˛ñ ÚÚv˛y_ýÓ˚ÛÛ äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ 1940 ¢yˆÏú ˛ôB˛ã
õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚÑ˛# ˛ôy£z!ò ì˛y!Ó˚ !£¢yÓ !õúyˆÏì˛ÛÛ Üyò!›˛ñ ÚÚ˛ôÓ˚yãÎ˚ÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ 1940 ¢yˆÏú ¢õˆÏÓì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ÚÚÓˆÏL ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ÓyˆÏã
Ó§y!üÛÛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yòòˆÏîÓ# ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚ≤Ãyí â˛yÎ˚ â˛«%˛ òy â˛yÎ˚ÛÛ– ÚÚxyˆÏúyäÈyÎ˚yÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˛ôB˛ã õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚxyõyÓ˚ ¶%˛Óò ˆì˛y
xyã £ú Ñ˛yàyúÛÛñ ÚÚ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛ ~ú ¢yÎ˚Üú ~Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ !äÈú ÚÚ~ !îò xy!ã ˆÑ˛yò‰ áˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜyÛÛ Á ÚÚ~Ñ˛›%˛Ñ%˛ ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y úyˆÏÜÛÛ
~ÓÇ ~£z ÚÚ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢ì˛#ˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ !äÈú ÚÚˆì˛yõyÎ˚ xyõyÎ˚ !õúò £ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏúÛÛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yòòˆÏîÓ#Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ÚÚˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ïyÓ˚yÛÛ
~ÓÇ ÚÚˆ¢£z ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆ¢£z ¶˛yˆÏúyÛÛ Üyò=!ú !äÈú ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ– ÚÚv˛z_Ó˚yÎ˚íÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ 1941 ¢yˆÏú Î)!ÌÑ˛y ˆáy°Ï
ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚxy!ã !Óãò áˆÏÓ˚ÛÛ– 1941 ¢yˆÏú ÚÚxy˝!ì˛ÛÛ äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!Ó õ%!_´ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏì˛ ¢%≤Ã¶˛y ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚ£yÎ˚ ˆÜy ÓƒÌyÎ˚
Ñ˛Ìy ÎyÎ˚ v%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚ÛÛ– ¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ Ó˚yÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛– ÚÚâ˛yÓ˚&úì˛yÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ 1964 ¢yˆÏú !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚
Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚxy!õ !â˛!ò ˆÜy !â˛!ò ˆì˛yõyˆÏÓ˚ÛÛ– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú 1984 ¢yˆÏú ÚÚáˆÏÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ÚÚ!Ó!ïÓ˚ Ó§yïò
13

Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏÓ ì%˛!õÛÛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÚÑ˛yM˛ÈòãAáyÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ÚÚ~ ˛ôÓ˚ÓyˆÏ¢ Ó˚ˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛ÛÛ Üyò!›˛ !äÈú ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÚãòxÓ˚íƒÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛
ÚÚäÈyÎ˚y áòy£zˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏò ÓˆÏòÛÛ Üyò!›˛Ó˚ x¢yõyòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy£z– ì˛˛ôò !¢Ç£ ~ÓÇ ì˛Ó˚&í õã%õîyÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚
Üyò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !äÈú ˆ£õhs˛ õ%ˆÖÏ y˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÜyÁÎ˚y Üyò=!úÓ˚– !ì˛!ò ÚÚîyîyÓ˚ Ñ˛#!ì≈˛ÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ÚÚâ˛Ó˚í ï!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !îÁ ˆÜy xyõyˆÏÓ˚ÛÛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ÚÚx@¿#ŸªÓ˚ÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ÚÚ˛ô%Ó˚yˆÏòy ˆ¢£z !îˆÏòÓ˚
Ñ˛ÌyÛÛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ÚÚ≤ÃyDˆÏò ˆõyÓ˚ !üÓ˚#°ÏüyÖyÎ˚ÛÛ Ú~Ñ˛›%˛Ñ%˛ ˆäÈ§yÎ˚y úyˆÏÜÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòñ ÚÚ~£z ˆì˛y ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆúˆÏÜ!äÈúÛÛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò
ÚÚõyúƒîyòÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛– ÚÚ!â˛Ó˚Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ¢¶˛yÛÛÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÚÚxúˆÏÑ˛ Ñ%˛¢%õ òy !îÁÛÛñ ÚÚˆòÔÑ˛yv%˛!ÓÛÛˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÚÚx◊&òî#Ó˚ ¢%î)Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ÛÛñ
ÚÚî%‹T% ≤Ããy˛ô!ì˛ÛÛˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÚÚ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆü°Ï ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ÛÛñ ÚÚÑ%˛ˆÏ£ú#ÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ úì˛y õˆÏDüÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˜mì˛Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÚÚì%˛!õ Ó˚ˆÏÓ
ò#Ó˚ˆÏÓÛÛñ ÚÚÓ˚yãÓï)ÛÛ äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÚÚÓˆÏv˛¸y xyüy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢!äÈ ˆÜyÛÛ– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆ£õhs˛ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÎÈÙÈ¢õhfl˛Ï !ü“#Ó˚y !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ ÷ï%õye Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ü“# ~ÓÇ !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ¢õyî,ì˛ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ◊#õì˛# ¢%!õey ˆ¢ò 17!›˛
â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe òy!Î˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ Üyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ˆÎÖyˆÏò òy!Î˚Ñ˛yÓ˚y £ˆÏúò ¢%!â˛ey ˆ¢òñ ¢%!≤ÃÎ˚y ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ñ õyïÓ# õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ¢y!Óe# â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ
x˛ôí≈y ˆ¢ò ¢£ xyÓ˚Á xˆÏòÑ˛– ◊#õì˛# Ñ˛!íÑ˛y ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚Á â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !ÓÖƒyì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúÑ˛ }!_¥Ñ˛ á›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Î§yÓ˚ñ Î§yÓ˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ xòòƒˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ îü≈Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ
!îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ÚÚˆõˆÏá ë˛yÑ˛y ì˛yÓ˚yÛÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆîÓÓì˛ !ÓŸªy¢ Á Ü#ì˛y á›˛Ñ˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚˆÎ Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ˆõyÓ˚ î%Î˚yÓ˚=!úÛÛñ ÚÚÎ%!_´ ì˛ˆÏE˛y
ÜˆÏØyÛÛÈÙÈˆì˛ ˆîÓÓì˛ !ÓŸªy¢ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚˆÑ˛ò ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈy ˆÜy õyÛÛ– xˆÏòÑ˛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ ˆÎ ~£z Üyò ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£*ì˛
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Üyò £ú ÚÚ£yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ÛÛ– ~£z Üyò!›˛ ÚÚ¢yˆÏ£ÓÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ !mˆÏãò õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
ÚÚˆŸªì˛˛ôyÌˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÌyúyÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ £zwyí# ˆ¢ò ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ÚÚxyõyÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ÛÛñ ÚÚü§yÖy !¢§î%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !î!ÓƒÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ x!@¿¶˛ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚
Á £zwyí# ˆ¢ò ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÚÚxyˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~£z G˛í≈yïyÓ˚yÎ˚ÛÛ– ÚÚ!ÓˆÏÑ˛ˆÏú ˆ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö%˛úÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ xyÓ˚!ì˛ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÚÚÑ˛# ÜyÓ xy!õ Ñ˛#
÷òyÓÛÛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ~äÈyv˛¸y xyõÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ Îy Óì≈˛õyò Ñ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !ÓÖƒyì˛ !â˛e
˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúÑ˛Ó˚y ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~§ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ }ì%˛˛ôí≈ ˆáyˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚
òy £ˆÏúÁ ˆ¢£z ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyïyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È !£®# äÈ!ÓÓ˚ Üyò Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ÎyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !õú Ö%§ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ÎÖò ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y õyey ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚
!ÓÖƒyì˛ Ü“ ÚÚÑ˛yÓ%!úÁÎ˚yúyÛÛ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ äÈ!Ó !ÓŸªy¢ x!¶˛òÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ÚÚˆÑ˛yÌyÁ xyõyÓ˚ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆò£z õyòyÛÛ
Üyò!›˛ Ü#ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È äÈ!ÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy ÎyÎ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúÑ˛ ì˛Ó˚&í õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈ!Ó
ÚÚxyˆÏúyÛÛ– xyÓ˚ ì˛y£z â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ ¢!ì˛ƒ£z ≤ÃŸ¿yì˛#ì˛–
14

UNIT – IV
OEC - 4.1A (Theory)
 â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢

Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ≤Ã¢D!›˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢,!‹TÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyã ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÎ £z!ì˛£y¢ ¢,!‹T £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚
¢¡ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyò ˆîÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ñ Îy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– xyõÓ˚y ÷ï%õye ÜíõyïƒˆÏõÓ˚ ˆîÔúˆÏì˛ xÌÓy !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyÑ˛y ˆ¢ ¢Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ£*ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ñ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÖ!äÈ ì˛yÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Á xãfl˛À õyò%°Ï ~£z !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ
!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈò Î§yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢!ò– ˆ¢ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÷ï%õye Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚
Üyò !ü«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !ü«˛yîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛Ó˚y òÎ˚ñ ~£z â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ã#ÓòˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ ≤Ã¢D!›˛ Áì˛≤ÃˆÏì˛y¶˛yˆÏÓ ã!v˛¸ì˛– ì˛y£z Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛
â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ Ó˚Ó#w¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛òñ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ~ÓÇ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ xòƒyòƒ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏüñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏü ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚
xyÓ˚Á òyòy ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎ â˛â≈˛y ì˛y xòƒyòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xyM˛È!úÑ˛ ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ì%˛úò#Î˚ òÎ˚–
fl˛∫Î˚Ç Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ˆö˛yˆÏòy@˘Ãyö˛ ÎˆÏs˛f Á !¢!úu˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏv≈˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ¢Ó≈≤ÃÌõ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v˛≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ Ñ˛yú!›˛ ¢Ω˛Óì˛
1906– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò Î§yÓ˚y ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v˛≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛. !¢. ˆ¢òñ Ó˚yò#¢%®Ó˚#ñ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ ˜õeñ !˛ô. !¢. ˆÓy¢ñ !õ¢ Ó˚yïyÓ˚yí#ñ
˛ô%í≈Ñ%˛õyÓ˚#ñ Óúy£zîy¢ ü#úñ ˆÑ˛. õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ñ Ñ,˛°å¶˛y!õò#ñ ˆÓîyòy îy¢#ñ õß√ÌòyÌ =Æñ Ó˚y!ïÑ˛y≤Ã¢yî ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#ñ ¢Ó˚úyÓy{ñ xyà%Ó˚Óyúyñ xyÿ˛Î≈ƒõÎ˚#
îy¢#ñ !õˆÏ¢¢ ~ò. õ%Öyã≈#ñ õyòîy¢%®Ó˚# îy¢#ñ ¢y£yòy ˆîÓ#ñ v˛zõy Ó¢%ñ Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyüñ !îˆÏòwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ îy¢ñ Ñ,˛°åâ˛w ˆîñ
ò#£yÓ˚Óyúyñ õ!íÑ˛y ˆîÓ#ñ Ó˚õy õã%õîyÓ˚ñ Ó˚yãú"# ˆîÓ#ñ x!õì˛y ˆ¢òñ x!õÎ˚y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ñ £z®%ˆÏúÖy ˆáy°Ïñ ˛ôB˛ãÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ñ Ó˚yˆÏãŸªÓ˚# î_ñ
Ñ˛yòò ˆîÓ#ñ ˆÑ˛. ~ú. ¢yÎ˚Üú ≤Ãõ%Ö !ü“#ˆÏîÓ˚ Üyò Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ã#ÓjüyÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏv≈˛ ˆÑ˛y¡ôyò#Ó˚ ˆúˆÏÓˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛É ì§˛yÓ˚ ãß√üì˛Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛#ˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£ xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü
˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí Ó˚!«˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~£z â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ xD !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ @˘Ãs˛iñ ≤ÃÓı˛ñ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyâ˛e´ñ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢õyˆÏúyâ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛úõñ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛
xò%¤˛yò ÎÌy ÈÙÙÙÈ ãß√!îòñ !ÓÓy£ÈÙÈv˛zÍ¢Óñ õ,ì%˛ƒ ˆüyÑ˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%ÈˆÏì˛£z Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ Î%Ü
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ £zr›˛yÓ˚ˆÏòˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Î%ˆÏÜ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Ó˝úyÇˆÏü ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛yÓ˚í xì˛ƒhs˛ fl˛∫“ ˛ôÎ˚¢yÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Üyò ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!_´Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y=!úÓ˚
ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛y Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õyò%°Ï Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ xyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ xyÎ˚_¥ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xy@˘Ã£#–
ì˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢õyãˆÏâ˛ì˛òyñ !ÓŸªˆÏâ˛ì˛òyñ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ïõ≈ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y òyòy!Ó°ÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ
xò%¢Ó˚íˆÏÎyÜƒñ ˆ¢£z ˆÓyï ˆÎ!îò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ó≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢ !îò£z Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢ xòƒõyeyÎ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ ÎyˆÏÓ–
15

UNIT – V
OEC - 4.1A (Theory)
 Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò

Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# äÈyv˛¸yÁ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛e´õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú–
~£z¢Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ äÈyeäÈye# Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛y≤ÃyÆ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÷ï%õye !v˛ˆÏ≤’yõy ˛ôyò!òñ õˆÏM˛Èñ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏv≈˛ñ â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe ˆò˛ôÌƒ
¢ÇÜ#ì˛!ü“# !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yîyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyâ˛yÎ≈ ˜üúãyÓ˚Oò õã%õîyÓ˚ñ
xyâ˛yÎ≈ üy!hs˛ˆÏîÓ ˆáy°Ïñ ◊#õì˛# Ñ˛!íÑ˛y ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ◊#õì˛# ò#!úõy ˆ¢ò ≤Ãõ%Ö Ó˚Ó#w!ÓˆÏüK˛ˆÏîÓ˚ îyò x˛ô!Ó˚¢#õ– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ xyˆÏÓ˚y ≤Ãíõƒ
!ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ!ü!«˛Ñ˛y Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Óƒì˛#ì˛ xòƒyòƒ ¢yD#!ì˛Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚yñ ò,ì˛ƒñ Îs˛f¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yîyˆÏò !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Ó˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yÓƒÓfl˛iyˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ,k˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚y x«%˛] ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xyãÁ xˆÏòÑ˛ =í# !ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ!ü!«˛Ñ˛y ˛ôy‡˛e´ˆÏõÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò–
Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈãß√üì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ xÌ≈yÍ 1961 ¢yˆÏú Ó˚Ó#w¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚– ˆ¢£z ¢ÏõÎ˚ Ñ˛Z˛¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ xï#ˆÏò Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛
ˆüÖyˆÏòy £ì˛– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú 1979 ¢yˆÏú Ó˚Ó#w¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ ~Ñ˛!›˛ fl˛∫ì˛s˛f !Ó¶˛yÜ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ
ˆÎ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ≤Ãïyò !äÈˆÏúò ◊#õì˛# ¢%!â˛ey !õe– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ !äÈˆÏúò ◊#õì˛#˛ õyÎ˚y ˆ¢òñ ◊#õì˛# ¢%!õey ˆ¢òñ ◊#
xÓ˚!Ó® !ÓŸªy¢ñ ◊# ¢%ò#ì˛ Ó¢% Sò,ì˛ƒV ≤Ãõ%Ö– Óì≈˛õyˆÏò ~£z !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ fl˛ÿì˛Ñ˛ñ fl˛ÿì˛ˆÏÑ˛y_Ó˚ ˛ôÓ≈ñ ~õ. !ö˛ú. Á !˛ô.~£zâ‰˛.!v˛ !ü«˛yîyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
Ó˚Ó#w¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# Á !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# äÈyv˛¸y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎ¢Ó Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
ÚÚÜ#ì˛!Óì˛yò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yÎ˚ì˛òÛÛñ ÚÚÓ˚!Óì˛#Ì≈ÛÛñ ÚÚî!«˛í#Ûñ ÚÚ¢%Ó˚DõyÛÛ £zì˛ƒy!î– ~£z ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛y≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏò Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚
¢%!ò!î≈‹T ˛ôy‡˛e´õ ~ÓÇ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y ÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !v˛ˆÏ≤’yõy ≤ÃîyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ â˛yú% !äÈú– ÷ï%õye Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛y£z òÎ˚ñ õM˛È v˛z˛ôfl˛iy˛ôòyñ
Ü#!ì˛òy›˛ƒÈÙÈò,ì˛ƒòy›˛ƒ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ñ ¶˛yˆÏúy äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó,!_ !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢õyÓì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò ÈÙÙÙÈ xÌ≈yÍ ~Ñ˛!›˛
!ü«˛yÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xyhs˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ì˛y Á îyÎ˚Ók˛ì˛y !äÈú xò%¢Ó˚íˆÏÎyÜƒ– ÚÚÜ#!ì˛!Óì˛yòÛÛÈÙÈ~ xòy!îÑ%˛õyÓ˚ î!hfl˛îyÓ˚ñ Ñ˛íÑ˛ îy¢ñ ò#£yÓ˚!Ó®% ˆ¢òñ
ì˛Ó˚&í !õeñ x!õì˛ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ x!î!ì˛ ˆ¢ò=Æñ ÚÚÓ˚!Óì˛#Ì≈ÛÛÈÙÈ~ ¢%!â˛ey !õeñ !mˆÏãò ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ñ ¢%!õey Ó˚yÎ˚ñ ÚÚî!«˛í#ÛÛÈÙÈˆì˛ ÷¶˛
=£‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ì˛yñ }ì%˛ =£ñ ¢%ˆÏîÓ =£ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ì˛yñ ÚÚ¢%Ó˚DõyÛÛÎ˚ fl˛∫Î˚Ç ˜üúãyÓ˚Oò õã%õîyÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z¢Ó !ü«˛yÓƒÓfl˛iyÓ˚ Ñ˛y[˛yÓ˚# !äÈˆÏúò– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD
xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ =í# ≤Ãíõƒ !ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ãyõyì˛y ◊# ¢%¶˛y°Ï ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ÚÚ£z!®Ó˚y
!ü“#ˆÏÜy¤˛#ÛÛ– ~£z ¢Çfl˛iy xƒyÑ˛yˆÏv˛!õÑ˛ xò%¤˛yò xyˆÏÎ˚yãòñ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏv≈˛ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸ ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛
16

¢ÇÜ#ì˛¶˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòñ xyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ @˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛yü– ~£z ¢Ó ¢Çfl˛iy õ)úì˛ ¢Ó£z Ó˚Ó#w üì˛Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛#Ó˚
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú#ò Óy ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸yÁ xyˆÏäÈ ◊#õì˛# ¢%!õey ˆ¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ÚÚ!eˆÏÓí#ÛÛ ¢yÜÓ˚ ˆ¢ò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ÚÚÓ˚!ÓÓ˚!Ÿ¬ÛÛ
!â˛eˆÏúÖy ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ ÚÚv˛z_Ó˚yÎ˚í#ÛÛñ xˆÏüyÑ˛ì˛Ó˚& ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÚÚ◊&!ì˛ÛÛ ¢ˆÏhs˛y°Ï ˆ¢ò=ÆÓ˚ ÚÚ¢%Ó˚õ!®Ó˚ÛÛ–
xy!üÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏ¢ !Ñ˛ä%È òÓ#ò !ü“# !òˆÏãÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò Üv˛¸yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ¶˛yÓˆÏúò– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÚÚx!¶˛K˛yòÛÛ Sx!@¿¶˛ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚Vñ
ÚÚ¢Æfl˛∫Ó˚yÛÛ S¢%Óì˛ ˆ¢ò=ÆVñ ÚÚÓ˚!ÓäÈ®õÛÛ SxúÑ˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#V !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏÖÓ˚ îy!Ó Ó˚yˆÏÖ– fl˛øÓ˚íˆÏÎyÜƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò ≤Ã!õì˛y
õ!Õ‘ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÚÚ˜ÓÑ˛yú#ÛÛñ ˆîÓyÓ˚!ì˛ ˆ¢yˆÏõÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛iy ÚÚ˜Óì˛y!úÑ˛ÛÛ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫yÜì˛yú"# îyü=ˆÏÆÓ˚ ÚÚxˆÏüyÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚í%ÛÛ– ~£z ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ¢Çfl˛iy£z ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Üyò ˆüÖyˆÏòyÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü xƒyÑ˛yˆÏv˛!õÑ˛ xò%¤˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z ¢Ó ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !v˛ˆÏ≤’yõyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfl˛iy ˆò£zñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Applied
Art Form-ˆÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚*˛ô ˆîÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹Ty Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
~£z !â˛e£z ¢%fl˛ô‹T Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú ˆîÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%¤%˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ñ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Á !ü«˛yîyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÎ˚y¢ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ !ü°ÏƒÈÙÈ!ü°ÏƒyÓ˚y ïõ≈
!£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ xyãÁ ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚y xÓƒy£ì˛–
17

UNIT – VI
OEC - 4.1A (Theory)
 Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛yúãÎ˚# !ü“#
 ≤ÃŸ¿õyúy
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛yúãÎ˚# !ü“#

❏ ¢%!â˛ey !õe ≠
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ãÜÍ Î§yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ˛ô)í≈ì˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ Î§yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚fl˛ôˆÏü≈ õ%Ö!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ Üyòñ ˆ¢£z ¢Æ!°Ï≈õ[˛ˆÏúÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ò«˛e
!Ñ˛ÇÓîhs˛# Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü“# ◊#õì˛# ¢%!â˛ey !õe– !ì˛!ò !äÈˆÏúò ~Ñ˛yïyˆÏÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛!ü“#ñ !ü!«˛Ñ˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛K˛–
1924 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 19ˆü ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ üyúÓò xyFäÈy!îì˛ =G˛y!^˘›˛ ˆfi›˛üˆÏò ˆ›˛ΔˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yõÓ˚yÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ãß√– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏú!äÈˆÏúò ˆÎ
ˆ›˛ΔˆÏò ãß√ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ≤Ãì˛#ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ~ˆÏ¢!äÈú– !˛ôì˛y ˆ¢ÔÓ˚#wˆÏõy£ò õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ Á õyì˛y ¢%Óí≈úì˛y ˆîÓ#– !˛ôì˛y !äÈˆÏúò ˆ˛ôüyÎ˚
˛ô%!úüˆÏÑ˛yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ v˛z!Ñ˛ú– !Ñ˛ls˛ ˆòüyÎ˚ !äÈˆÏúò ¢y!£!ì˛ƒÑ˛– ˆãyv˛¸y¢§yˆÏÑ˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ì§˛yÓ˚ !ò!Óv˛¸ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ !äÈú– !ü“yâ˛yÎ≈ xÓò#wòyÌ
‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãyõyì˛y õ!íúyú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD î#á≈!îò ˆÎÔÌ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛y ¢¡ôyîòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆ¢£z ¢)ˆÏe ¢%!â˛ey !õe ˛ôB˛ãÑ%˛õyÓ˚
õ!Õ‘ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ !ü«˛yúy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
ˆÓÌ%ò Ñ˛ˆÏú!ãˆÏÎ˚›˛ fl˛%ÒˆÏú ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò 1941 ¢yˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó,!_Ó˚ ¢%ÓyˆÏî üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¶˛ÓˆÏò !ü«˛yúy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
Îyò– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ◊# ˜üúãyÓ˚Oò õã%îyÓ˚ñ ◊# üy!hs˛ˆÏîÓ ˆáy°Ïñ ◊#õì˛# £z!®Ó˚y ˆîÓ# ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yí# ≤Ãõ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛!ü«˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ˛ô![˛ì˛ !¶˛. !¶˛. ÁÎ˚yˆÏG˛ˆÏúyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ üyfl˛f#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~ÓÇ ◊# xˆÏü°Ï ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~¢Ó˚yã ÓyîˆÏò
!ü«˛yúy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– 1945 ¢yˆÏú Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛Ò!›˛ü â˛yâ≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏã fl˛ÿì˛Ñ˛ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛!ì≈˛ £ò– 1947 ¢yˆÏú ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ¢y¡øy!òÑ˛
fl˛ÿì˛Ñ˛ £ò–
1946 ¢yˆÏú ◊# !mˆÏãò ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì§˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò Ó˚!Óì˛#Ì≈– 1978 ¢yˆÏú Ó˚Ó#w¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚
xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– õ)úì˛É ì§˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛‹TyÎ˚ 1979 ¢yˆÏú Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˛ô‡˛ò˛ôy‡˛ò ÷Ó˚&
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏò !ì˛!ò ≤ÃÌõ !Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ≤ÃïyòÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô xy¢#ò !äÈˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z ˛ôˆÏî£z ÌyÑ˛yÑ˛yú#ò 1984 ¢yˆÏú xÓ¢Ó˚ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
1945 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõyˆÏö˛yò ˆÑ˛y¡ôyò# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– î%!›˛ Üyò ÚõÓ˚í ˆÓ˚ ì%§˛˝
õõ üƒyõ¢õyòÛÛ ~ÓÇ ÚÚ£*îˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ)˛ú ÁÑ)˛úÛÛ– ˆ¢£z ÷Ó˚& ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ›˛yòy ˛ô§yâ˛ îüÑ˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ãÜÍ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ü ≤ÃyˆÏí ïyÓ˚í
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ !Ñ˛ä%È ÜyòÈÙÙÙÈ
18

 ò,ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏú ì˛yˆÏú S1948V

 ˆÑ˛yò‰ xyˆÏúyˆÏì˛ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ãî#˛ô S1949V
 !äÈ !äÈ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ãˆÏú S1953V
 ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆòÁÎ˚y !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y S1959V
 Ñ,˛°åÑ˛!ú xy!õ ì˛yˆÏÓ˚£z Ó!ú S1961V
 xy=ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚üõ!í S1964V
 xyõyÓ˚ ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ ÓyÇúy S1971V
 ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ ãòõ xyõyÓ˚ S1971V
 ì˛Ó% õˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖy S1972V
 ü!_´Ó˚*˛ô ˆ£ˆÏÓ˚y ì§˛yÓ˚ S1972V
 ü)òƒ £yˆÏì˛ !ö˛!Ó˚ ˆ£ S1973V
 xyõyÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ ì%˛!õ Ñ˛Ó˚ S1973V
 ÜÓ˚Ó õõ £ˆÏÓ˚äÈ ≤Ã¶%˛ S1975V
 ˆÓúy ˆÜú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ S1978V
 ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ ¢yïò S1979V
 xyõyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôyÌÓ˚ äÈv˛¸yˆÏòy S1982V
 ˛ôys˛i ì%˛!õ ˛ôys˛iãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Öy S1982V
 Î!î ˆì˛yÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛ ÷ˆÏò ˆÑ˛v˛z S1984V
 Ó!Ó˚°Ï ïÓ˚y õyˆÏG˛ S1984V
 ò£ õyì˛y ò£ Ñ˛òƒy S1986V
 ˆÑ˛ò ˆÓ˚ ~£z î%Î˚yÓ˚›%˛Ñ%˛ S1991V
 ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~ ÓyÓ˚ õy!Ü S1993V
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ x!hs˛õ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ 2009 ¢yˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó≈ˆÏü°Ï î%!›˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ÚÚÓyîú Óyv˛zú ÓyãyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚yÛÛ ~ÓÇ ÚÚÁˆÏÓ˚ Ü,£Óy¢# ˆÖyú‰
myÓ˚ ˆÖyú‰ÛÛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚–
÷ï% Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ òÎ˚ñ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò xì%˛ú≤Ã¢yî# ¶˛ãò ~õòÑ˛# xyï%!òÑ˛ ÜyòÁ– Î%_´ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈò xy£z.!˛ô.!›˛.~ÈÙÈÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD– ˆ¢£z ¢)ˆÏe ˆ£õhs˛
õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ˆîÓÓì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õì˛ò !Ñ˛ÇÓîhs˛# !ü“#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ÜíòyˆÏ›˛ƒÓ˚ Üyò– ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ¢!úú ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ Á ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ Úˆ¢£z
ˆõˆÏÎ˚Û ~ÓÇ Úïòƒ xy!õ ãˆÏß√!äÈ õyñÛ x!¶˛!ãÍ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚y!˛ôì˛ ÚˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ ïyòÛ xyã Ñ˛yˆÏúy_#í≈ ~Ñ˛ £z!ì˛£y¢–
¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüòyÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü !ì˛!ò ~Ñ˛ãò ¢%î«˛ ò,ì˛ƒ!ü“#Á !äÈˆÏúò– Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ü#!ì˛òy›˛ƒ Á ò,ì˛ƒòy›˛ƒ !ì˛!ò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ !ì˛!ò Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ÷ï% ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ òÎ˚ñ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˛ ˆÎõò Ó˚y!üÎ˚yñ
xˆÏfl˛T…!úÎ˚yñ õy!Ñ˛≈ò Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…ñ £zÇúƒyu˛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˆîü=!úÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ Ó˚Ó#wÜyˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈ úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÷ï% ì˛y£z òÎ˚ }ì%˛˛ôí≈ ˆáy°Ï ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛
ÚÚî£òÛÛ äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛òÎ˚ î«˛ì˛yÓ˚Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z–
19

ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚yã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢¡øyˆÏò ¶)˛!°Ïì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– 1945 ¢yˆÏú ú[˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Tagore Hymn Society
ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ Tagore Hymn Prize ¢¡øyˆÏò ¶)˛!°Ïì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 1974 ¢yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôp◊# ~ÓÇ 1986 ¢yˆÏú ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ òy›˛Ñ˛ xƒyÑ˛yˆÏv˛õ#
¢¡øyˆÏò ¶)˛!°Ïì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚Ó#w¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ñ Óï≈õyò Á ÎyîÓ˛ô%Ó˚ !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢y¡øy!òÑ˛ !v˛.!ú›˛. v˛z˛ôy!ï ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 2001 ¢yˆÏú ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD
¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüÓ˚#ö˛ ˛ôˆÏî ÓÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢¡øyò ãyòyÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ xÜ!íì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xyãÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚y Ó£ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈò–
ì§˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛yÎ˚ !ü!«˛ì˛ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ◊#õì˛# ˛ô)Ó≈y îyõñ ◊#õì˛# Ó˚õy õ[˛ú Á ◊# x!@¿¶˛ ÓˆÏ®ƒy ôyïƒyÎ˚–
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ xyã#Óò !òˆÏÓ!îì˛ ≤Ãyí !Ñ˛ÇÓîhs˛# Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü“# ¢%!â˛ey !õe Óyï≈Ñ˛ƒã!òì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí î#á≈ ˆÓ˚yÜˆÏ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 2011
¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 3Ó˚y ãyò%Î˚yÓ˚# xõ,ì˛ˆÏúyÑ˛ Îyey Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
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ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ì˛Ìy ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ãÜˆÏì˛Ó˚ xòƒì˛õ ò«˛e ˛ôB˛ãÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛– 1905 ¢yˆÏú Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ ãß√@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !˛ôì˛y õ!íˆÏõy£ò
õ!Õ‘Ñ˛– ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢Óõ%ÖÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛y ¢yÓ˚y ÓäÈÓ˚– ˆ¢£z¢Ó xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ƒ xD ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xy¢Ó˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏüyÓ˚ ˛ôB˛ãÑ%˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
!ÓˆÏü°Ï xyÑ,˛‹T Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛– ì˛y£z !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛y â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò£z !ì˛!ò ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ â˛â≈˛y ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆ¢Ó˚Ñ˛õ£z ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ xò%¤˛yˆÏò ì§˛yÓ˚ Üyò ÷ˆÏò
î%Ü≈yîy¢ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ˆfl˛∫FäÈyÎ˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛zFâ˛yD¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yîyˆÏò Óì˛# £ò–
˛ôB˛ã õ!Õ‘Ñ˛ ì˛Öò üˆÏÖÓ˚ !ÌˆÏÎ˚›˛yÓ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ òy›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò– ~õò£z ~Ñ˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ú!îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï
á%ˆÏõÓ˚ ˆîˆÏüÛ Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ¢– ì˛yˆÏì˛ !ì˛!ò ¢%Ó˚ Ó!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆüyòyˆÏúò– xÓˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ~Ñ˛!îò ˆãyv˛¸y¢§yˆÏÑ˛y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛
ì§˛yÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛ xyˆÏ¢ Ñ˛!Ó˛ô%e Ó˚Ì#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– !ì˛!ò ÷òˆÏúò ˆ¢ Üyò ~ÓÇ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏúò fl˛∫Î˚Ç Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò– Ñ˛!ÓÁ ÷òˆÏúò
ˆ¢ Üyò– ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚ Üyò!›˛ ÷ï% xò%ˆÏõyîò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛y£z òÎ˚ñ Üyò!›˛ 1935 ¢yˆÏú !òv˛z !ÌˆÏÎ˚›˛yˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎyãòyÎ˚ Úõ%!_´Û äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!ÓˆÏì˛
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛Á Ñ˛!Ó !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú !îˆÏòwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !ì˛!ò Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ !ü«˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò–
≤ÃõˆÏÌü Óv˛YÎ˚yÓ˚ xyõs˛fˆÏí !ì˛!ò â˛ú!Fâ˛e ãÜˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– Úõ%!_´Û äÈyv˛¸yÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ x!¶˛ò#ì˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!Ó Úv˛y_ýÓ˚Û
S1940V– ˆ¢£z äÈyÎ˚yäÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ xõÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛y Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÑ˛# ˛ôy£z!ò ì˛y!Ó˚ !£¢yÓ !õúyˆÏì˛Û– xÓ˚yÓ#!wÑ˛ Ñ˛y!£ò#Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚
!ò!õ≈ì˛ â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó≈≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛y[˛yÓ˚# ¢Ω˛Óì˛É !ì˛!ò£z– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÎ˚ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò Öƒyì˛òyõy !ü“# Ñ,˛°åâ˛w ˆîñ
Ñ˛yòò ˆîÓ# ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆ£õhs˛ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ Ü#ì˛y î_ ≤Ãõ%Ö !ü“#Ó˚y ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öƒ ˛ôyOyÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyÜì˛
ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò xyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !ÓÖƒyì˛ !ü“# Ñ%˛®òúyú ¢yÎ˚Üú ì§˛yÓ˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÎ˚ Á !ü«˛ˆÏí Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
¢%î#á≈Ñ˛yú !ì˛!ò xyÑ˛yüÓyí#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ !äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ xòƒì˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ xò%¤˛yò ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ xy¢Ó˚ñ Îy
¢¡±â˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛yú ò›˛yÎ˚– ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ !üÖˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈ!äÈú ~£z xò%¤˛yò!›˛– ÷ï% ì˛y£z òÎ˚ñ !ÓŸªÑ˛!ÓÓ˚
xyü#Ó≈yîÓyí# ¢)â˛Ñ˛ ÚxyÑ˛yüÓyí#Û Ñ˛!Óì˛y!›˛ !ì˛!ò ¢%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ Ñ˛y!ü≈Î˚yÇ ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ v˛zˆÏmyïˆÏòÓ˚ !îò !ì˛!ò fl˛∫Î˚Ç ˆ¢£z Üyò!›˛
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛ˆÏÓ ÓyÇúyÓ˚ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏ≤Ãõ# õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ £*îˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆÎ xò%¤˛yò!›˛Ó˚ ãòƒ !â˛Ó˚fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓò ì˛y £ú ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚y!˛ôì˛
Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ õ£yúÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ô)íƒ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏì˛ xyÑ˛yüÓyí# Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ≤Ãâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤Ã¶˛yì˛# xò%¤˛yò ÈÙÙÙÈ õ!£°Ïy¢%Ó˚õ!j≈ò#ñ Îy xyãÁ ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚
!òÓ˚#ˆÏÖ ¢Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛–
!ì˛!ò fl˛∫Î˚Ç ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ ≤Ãïyòõs˛f# ã£Ó˚úyú ˆò£Ó˚&Ó˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˆÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆüyòyò ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛!v≈˛ÇˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ÓƒÓfl˛iy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏDÓ˚ ≤Ãy_´ò õ%Öƒõs˛f# v˛yÉ !Óïyòâ˛w Ó˚yÎ˚ õ)úì˛É ì˛§yÓ˚£z ˛ôÓ˚yõˆÏü≈ ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓD ˆúyÑ˛Ó˚Oò üyÖy
Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎÖyˆÏò v˛z˛ôˆÏî‹Ty !äÈˆÏúò fl˛∫Î˚Ç ˛ôB˛ãÑ%˛õyÓ˚ õ!Õ‘Ñ˛–
â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚ ¶)˛!°Ïì˛ £ò– ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò !Ó.~ö˛.ˆã.~. xƒyÁÎ˚yv≈˛– xú
20

£z!u˛Î˚y ˆÓ˚!v˛Á ~ÓÇ ~£zâ˛.~õ.!¶˛. ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ úy£zö˛ ›˛y£zõ xƒy!â˛¶˛ˆÏõr›˛ ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚ ¶)˛!°Ïì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 1970 ¢yˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôp◊#
v˛z˛ôy!ïˆÏì˛ ¶)˛!°Ïì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ 1973 ¢yˆÏú !ì˛!ò ˛ôyò îyîy¢yˆÏ£Ó ö˛yúˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚–
1978 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆö˛Ó&Î˚y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#w ˆfl˛¨£ïòƒñ xyã#Óò Ó˚Ó#w˛ô)ãyÓ˚#ñ ~£z ¢ÇÜ#ì˛!ü“#ñ ¢%Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ x!¶˛ˆÏòì˛y Á ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
ã#ÓòyÓ¢yò £Î˚–
❏ Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyü S!ÓŸªy¢V ≠
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ x!Ófl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ !ü“# Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyü– ˆÎ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Óyàyú# õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ â˛â≈˛y Ö%Ó ¢£ã !äÈú
òyñ ˆ¢£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ v˛z!òü ÓäÈÓ˚ !ì˛!ò ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ñ !Ñ˛ä%È xì%˛ú≤Ã¢yî ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ Üyò Á xyï%!òÑ˛
Üyò–
Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyˆÏüÓ˚ ãß√ 1902 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ Sõì˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1903 ¢yˆÏúV 3 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ õyì˛yõ£ Ñ˛yú#òyÓ˚yÎ˚í =Æ Óy·˛¢õyˆÏã ¶˛_´
Ñ˛yú#òyÓ˚yÎ˚í òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛ !äÈˆÏúò– Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆõã!î!î ¢%≤Ã¶˛y Ó˚yÎ˚ S¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛f# Á ¢ì˛ƒ!ãÍ Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyVñ õyõyˆÏì˛y ˆÓyò ¢y£yòy
ˆîÓ# Á õy¢ì%˛ˆÏì˛y ¶˛y£z xì%˛ú≤Ã¢yî ˆ¢ò– ãÜÍâ˛w îyü Á ¢Ó˚úy îyˆÏüÓ˚ äÈÎ˚ ¢hs˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ó≈Ñ˛!ò¤˛ Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyü– fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛£z ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛
¢yD#!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü Î§yÓ˚ ãß√ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò Üyò ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ ¢£ã¶˛yˆÏÓ£z– Óy·˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚fl˛∫ì˛ Á ¢yD#!ì˛Ñ˛ xyÓˆÏ££z Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸
Á‡˛y– õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢yˆÏ££z ë˛yÑ˛yˆÏì˛ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏÓúyÎ˚ ~fl˛Àyã !üˆÏÖˆÏäÈò üƒyõ Áhfl˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– õƒy!›˛ΔÑ%˛ˆÏúüò ˛ôyü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1919 ¢yˆÏú Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚
â˛ˆÏú xyˆÏ¢ò Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyü– ¶˛!ì≈˛ £ò ˆÓÌ%ò Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏã– Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏã ˛ôv˛¸yÑ˛yú#ò£z v˛zFâ˛yD ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛ !òˆÏúò ◊# ¢ì˛ƒ!Ñ˛B˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú !Ü!Ó˚ãyüÇÑ˛Ó˚ â˛e´Óì≈˛#ñ Îy!õò# ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ≤Ãõ%Ö Óƒ!_ćˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y!ß¨ˆÏïƒÁ !ì˛!ò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛!ü«˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
1920 ¢yˆÏú x¢%fl˛i ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ fl˛f# ¢%≤Ã¶˛y ˆîÓ# Á üƒy!úÑ˛y Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyüˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ˆÏò Îyò– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ì˛Öò
!äÈˆÏúò ¢y£yòy ˆîÓ#Á– ˆ¢£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚£z ~Ñ˛!îò ¢y£yòy ˆîÓ# Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyüˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îyò Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ– Üyò ÷ˆÏò ≤Ã¢ß¨ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛
¢ˆÏ¡øúÑ˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ îˆÏú xhs˛¶%≈˛_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ fl˛∫Î˚Ç Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü !îˆÏòwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÁ Üyò ˆüˆÏÖò !ì˛!ò–
˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú xòy!îÑ%˛õyÓ˚ î!hfl˛îyÓ˚ñ £z!®Ó˚y ˆîÓ#ˆÏâ˛Ôï%Ó˚yò#ñ ˜üúãyÓ˚Oò õã%õîyÓ˚ ≤Ãõ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈÁ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ˆüˆÏÖò !ì˛!ò–
fl˛∫òyõïòƒ ≤Ãüyhs˛â˛w õ£úyòÓ#ˆÏüÓ˚ ¶˛y£z Ó%úy õ£úyòÓ#ˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ 1927 ¢yˆÏú ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚–
ì˛yˆÏì˛ î%!›˛ Üyò !äÈú ÈÙÙÙÈ Úî§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyäÈ ì%˛!õ xyõyÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Á˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Û ~ÓÇ ÚÑ˛ˆÏÓ ì%˛!õ xy¢ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏúÛ– 1927 ¢yˆÏú ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ~£z ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛
≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z x“!îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü“# !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyˆÏüÓ˚ òyõ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !ì˛!ò ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˛ô§Î˚°Ï!R!›˛
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– 1943 ¢yˆÏú xãÎ˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !ÓÓy£ ¢)ˆÏe xyÓk˛ £ò !ì˛!ò– Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyü £ˆÏúò Ñ˛òÑ˛ !ÓŸªy¢– ì§˛yÓ˚
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆîÓÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#wÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Óyì˛ƒãò ˆîÓÓì˛ !ÓŸªy¢– ˆîÓÓì˛ !ÓŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD ˜mì˛Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ !ì˛!ò xˆÏòÑ˛ Üyò ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !Ó£¥úì˛y !òˆÏãˆÏÓ˚ x˛ôõyòñÛ Ú!£Ç¢yÎ˚ v˛zß√_ ˛ô,Ì¥#ñÛ ÚÓƒÌ≈ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ xyÓã≈òy ˛ô%!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏúÛ ~ÓÇ ÚÁ£z G˛PyÓ˚
G˛B˛yˆÏÓ˚Û– 1948 ¢yˆÏú ¢õˆÏÓì˛ î%!›˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛!v≈˛ÇˆÏÎ˚ ãÜß√Î˚ !õeñ ò#£y!Ó˚®% ˆ¢òñ ¢%≤Ã#!ì˛ ˆáy°Ïñ ≤Ãõ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ñ˛òÑ˛ !ÓŸªy¢ Üúy
!õ!úˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– Üyò î%!›˛ £ú ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚãòÜíõò x!ïòyÎ˚Ñ˛Û ~ÓÇ Ó!B˛õâ˛w â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆúÖy Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚y!˛ôì˛ ÚÓˆÏ®õyì˛Ó˚õ‰Û–
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú¶˛y£zîyÛ xì%˛ú≤Ã¢yî ˆ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ÜyòÁ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ xòƒì˛õ Úˆ¢ v˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyõyˆÏÓ˚Û ~ÓÇ
Ú!Ñ˛ xyÓ˚ â˛y!£Ó ÓúÛ– xòƒì˛õ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ãò ¢%Ó˚¢yÜÓ˚ !£õyÇ÷ î_ ì§˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyï%!òÑ˛ Üyò !ü!ÖˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ì§˛yÓ˚£z ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
¢%Ó˚¢ÇˆÏÎyãòyÎ˚ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È Üyò ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Ñ˛òÑ˛ !ÓŸªy¢– ~£z ¢õhfl˛ Üyò ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Üì˛ üì˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ì˛ˆÏòÓ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛–
xòy!îÑ%˛õyÓ˚ î!hfl˛îyÓ˚ñ ÷¶˛ =£‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ì˛y ≤Ãõ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï !ì˛!ò 1941 ¢yˆÏú ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛y≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yòÈÙÈ~ ˆÎyÜîyò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆ¢£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõ,ì%˛ƒ ~£z ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Î%_´ !äÈˆÏúò !ì˛!ò–
xyã#Óò ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !òˆÏÓ!îì˛≤Ãyí Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü“# Ñ˛òÑ˛ !ÓŸªy¢ 1988 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 31 xyÜ‹T ˆü°Ï!òÉŸªy¢ ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
21

≤ÃŸ¿õyúy
● Üíõyïƒõ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyG˛⁄ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏŸ¿ ÜíõyïƒˆÏõÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
● Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyîü≈ !ü«˛í≤Ãíyú# Ñ˛# £ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛⁄
● ˆÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏv≈˛ Ó˚Ó#wÑ˛ˆÏZ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
● â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe ãò!≤ÃÎ˚ ~õò 10!›˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛yñ â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ òyõ ~ÓÇ !ü“#Ó˚ òyõ¢£ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚–
● ›˛#Ñ˛y ˆúÖ ≠
SÑ˛V xˆÏòƒÓ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü

SÖV ~Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛yúãÎ˚# Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü“#
SÜV ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
SáV ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ î)Ó˚îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í
SàV Ó˚Ó#w¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#
● üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ˆÏò ≤ÃÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yÓƒÓfl˛iy ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
● Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚ â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y–
● Üíõyïƒõ ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyG˛⁄ 1880ÈÙÈ1910 ¢yˆÏú Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üyò ˆÑ˛yò‰ ˆÑ˛yò‰ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ì˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚–
● Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ü«˛í≤Ãíyú# Á Óì≈˛õyò Î%Ü ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–
Ñ,˛ì˛K˛ì˛y fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ ≠ ¶˛ˆÏÓü îy¢ Á ≤Ã¶˛yì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ îy¢ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ñ ˛ô)Ó≈yM˛Èú ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ˆÑ˛w–
!Ófl˛ø,ì˛ xì˛#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚ï%ò# ≠ v˛É ¢#õy ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ¢¡ôy!îì˛ñ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜñ Ó˚Ó#w¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# !ÓŸª!ÓîƒyúÎ˚–
22

UNIT – I
OEC - 4.1B (Theory)
!£®%fl˛iyò# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Á ~£z Üyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ x!¶˛õì˛
Knowledge of Hindustani songs and Tagore's opinion on these songs
 !£®%fl˛iyò# ï&˛ôîñ ˆÖÎ˚yúñ ›˛Øy Á ‡%˛ÇÓ˚#ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
!£®%fl˛iyò# ï&˛ôî ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

Ó˚yÜ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï&˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüòÈÙÈÓ˚#!ì˛ Á ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ Óì≈˛õyò @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ÖˆÏ[˛ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
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4 ◊#â˛w ≠ Ó˚yã˛ô%ì˛ÈÙÙÙÈ Óy!v˛¸ !äÈú ˆòÔ£yÓ˚–
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23

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24

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25

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ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ õye î,‹Tyhs˛ ~ÖyˆÏò v˛z˛ôfl˛iy!˛ôì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ ≠
1. ~ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚&íy Ñ˛Ó˚íyõÎ˚
ïy – òy ò¢≈y ÈÙÈïò¢≈y òy – ¢≈y ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈy – ÈÙÈ¢≈Ó¢≈òy¢≈òy ò¢≈y ÈÙÈy – ÈÙÈíy ÈÙÈïy ÈÙÈ˛ôy ÈÙÈy
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– ÈÙÈõy ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈK˛y ÈÙÈy IÈ ÙÈy ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈy Ó˚y – K˛y õy ˛ôy ÈÙÈyõ – õ˛ôy ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈõy ÈÙK˛y –
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v˛z !‡˛ ú ö%˛ 0 !›˛ 0 0 0
– ÈÙÈK˛õ˛ôyÈÙÈK˛õy ÈÙÈÓ˚y ÈÙy ÈI ÙÈ¢y ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈy 000
000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2. !â˛Ó˚¢Öyñ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸y òy ˆõyˆÏÓ˚
Ñ˛˛V ˛ôy ˛ôy òy òy – ¢≈y ÈÙÈò¢≈Ü≈y ÈÙÈÓ˚≈yÉ ¢≈É I ïò¢≈y ¢≈y ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈy – ¢≈Ó˚≈Ü≈y ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈÓ˚≈Ü≈y ÈÙÈÓ˚≈˛ô≈õ≈y –
x ï ˆò Ó˚ £ 000 0 Á ï00 ò 0 0 ˆ£00 0 00 00
– ÈÙÈÜ≈yÉ Ó˚≈yÉ ÈÙÈ¢≈Ó˚≈Ü≈Ó˚≈yÈÙÈ¢≈òy – ÈÙÈïò¢≈y ÈÙÈòyÉ ÈÙÈïÉ ÈÙÈ˛ôy I
0 0 0000 00 000 0 0 0
Ö˛V ˛ôy ÈÙÈõ˛ôõy õy ÈÙÈÜy – Üõy ÈÙÈ˛ôïy ÈÙÈ˛ô¢≈yÈÙÈí¢≈íy I ïy ÈÙÈyÉ ÈÙÈ˛ôÉ õ˛ôy –
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3. !ò!ü!îò ˆõyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏò
¢y Ó˚õy ÈÙÈõ˛ôy ÈÙÈy – ÈÙÈK˛õy ÈÙÈ˛ôõy ˛ôy ÈÙÈy – ˛ôy ˛ôK≈˛y ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈy I ÈÙÈÓ˚≈K≈˛y ÈÙÈ¢≈Ó˚≈y ÈÙÈí¢≈y ÈÙÈÓ˚≈¢≈y –
Óy Ó˚0 00 0 00 00 ì˛y 0 ˛ôy ‡˛y0 0 0 00 00 00 00
– íîy ÈÙÈ˛ôîy ÈÙÈõy ÈÙÈy I
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4. òÎ˚yò ¶˛y!¢ú ãˆÏú
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38

5. ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ãyí ãy!ÜˆÏäÈ

¢ò‰y – }≈y õy õy ÈÙÈy ÈI ÙÈy ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈy õy – ÈÙÈÜy ÈÙÈ«˛õy ÈÙÈ«˛õy ÈÙÈÜy – ÈÙÈy õîy ÈÙÈò¢≈y ÈÙÈy –
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0 00 00 ãy ˆÜy 0 0 00 00 0 ãy 0 0 ˆÜy 0 £zì˛ƒy!î
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ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÈÙÈòyÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !£®# ˆÖÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ xyîˆÏü≈ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ≠
1– x§y!Öãú õ%äÈy£zˆÏúñ ãòò#1– Ó˚yõˆÏÑ˛!ú– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 24
2– xyã Ó%!G˛ xy£zú !≤ÃÎ˚ì˛õ– ¢y£yòy– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 25
3– xy!ã òy!£ òy!£ !òoy– !õ◊ !¢ı%˛– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 11 Á fl˛∫ 36
4– xy!ã õõ ã#ÓˆÏò òy!õˆÏäÈ– xyv˛¸yòy– !Óú!¡∫ì˛ !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 24
5– xyò®ïyÓ˚y Ó!£ˆÏäÈ ¶%˛ÓˆÏò2– !õ◊ õyúˆÏÑ˛y°Ï– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 45
6– ~ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚&íy Ñ˛Ó˚&íyõÎ˚– Óy£yÎ˚– xyv˛¸yˆÏ‡˛Ñ˛y– fl˛∫ 4
7– ~ ˆõy£ÈÙÈxyÓÓ˚í Ö%ˆÏú îyÁ– £zõò– xyv˛¸yˆÏ‡˛Ñ˛y– fl˛∫ 8
8– ˆÑ˛yÌy £ˆÏì˛ ÓyˆÏã ˆ≤ÃõˆÏÓîòyˆÏÓ˚– ¢%Ó˚›˛– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 26
9– ˆáyÓ˚ î%ÉˆÏÖ ãy!Üò%– !Ó¶˛y¢– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 36
10– ˆáyÓ˚y Ó˚ãò#ñ ~ ˆõy£áòá›˛y– !õ◊ Ñ˛yòyv˛¸y– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 45
11– !â˛Ó˚¢Öyñ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸y òy ˆõyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ£yÜ– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 4
12– ãÓ˚ãÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏí òyÌ– !¢ı%˛v˛¸y– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 22
13– v˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ v˛yˆÏÑ˛– ˆÑ˛îyÓ˚y– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 39
14– v˛yˆÏÑ˛y ˆõyˆÏÓ˚ xy!ã ~ !òü#ˆÏÌ– ˛ôÓ˚ã– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 4
15– ì˛Ó xõú ˛ôÓ˚üÓ˚¢– xy¢yÓÓ˚#– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 26
16– ì˛Ó ˆ≤Ãõ¢%ïyÓ˚ˆÏ¢ ˆõˆÏì˛!äÈ– ˛ôÓ˚ã– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 26
17– ì˛ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ !ö˛!Ó˚Ó ¡‘yòõ%ˆÏÖ ¢Öy– ˆîü#ˆÏ›˛yv˛¸#– !Óú!¡∫ì˛ !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 8
18– ì§˛y£yÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃˆÏõ ˆÑ˛ v%˛ˆÏÓ xyˆÏäÈ– ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó#– ~Ñ˛ì˛yú
19– !ì˛!õÓ˚!Ó¶˛yÓÓ˚# Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛ ˆÑ˛õˆÏò– ˆÓ£yÜ– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 36
20– ì%˛!õ xy˛ô!ò ãyÜyÁ ˆõyˆÏÓ˚– ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 4
1
~£z Üyò=!úˆÏì˛ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ î%!›˛ xhs˘˛Ó˚y ú«˛í#Î˚–
2
~£z Üyò=!úˆÏì˛ fl˛iyÎ˚# xhs˘˛Ó˚y ¢MÈ˛yÓ˚# Á xyˆÏ¶˛yÜ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ Ñ˛!ú ú«˛í#Î˚–
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21– ˆì˛yõyÈÙÈ£#ò Ñ˛yˆÏ›˛ !îÓ¢ ˆ£ ≤Ã¶%˛– ÓyˆÏÜ◊Ó˚#– xyv˛¸yˆÏ‡˛Ñ˛y

22– ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˆîÖy ˛ôyÓ ÓˆÏú– ˆÜÔv˛¸õÕ‘yÓ˚– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 26
23– ˆì˛yõy!Ó˚ ˆÜˆÏ£ ˛ôy!úäÈ ˆfl˛¨ˆÏ£– Öy¡∫yã– ~Ñ˛ì˛yú– fl˛∫ 4
24– îyÁ ˆ£ £*îÎ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ îyÁ– Ó˚yõˆÏÑ˛!ú– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 45
25– î%ÉÖÓ˚yˆÏì˛ñ ˆ£ òyÌñ ˆÑ˛ v˛y!Ñ˛ˆÏú– ¢Ó˚ö˛î≈y– xyv˛¸yˆÏ‡˛Ñ˛y– fl˛∫ 60
26– ˆîÖy Î!î !îˆÏú ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸y òy xyÓ˚– !ÓúyÓú– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 45
27– òÓ xyòˆÏ® ãyˆÏÜy xy!ã– =ã≈Ó˚#ˆÏ›˛yv˛¸#– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 24
28– òÎ˚yò ¶˛y!¢ú ãˆÏú– üƒyõ– ~Ñ˛ì˛yú Sâ˛ì%˛õ≈y!eÑ˛V– fl˛∫ 11
29– òyÌ ˆ£ñ ˆ≤Ãõ˛ôˆÏÌ ¢Ó Óyïy– ¢%£yÑ˛yòyv˛¸y– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 22
30– !òÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆî!ÖÓ ˆì˛yõyˆÏÓ˚1– Ó˚yõˆÏÑ˛!ú– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 25
31– !ò!ü!îò â˛yˆÏ£y ˆÓ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏò– ˆÎy!ÜÎ˚y– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 25
32– !ò!ü!îò ˆõyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏò– Üyı˛yÓ˚#– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 27
33– ≤Ã¶%˛ñ ˆÖˆÏú!äÈ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÖúy– ˆîü– ~Ñ˛ì˛yú– fl˛∫ 22
34– ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ãyí ãy!ÜˆÏäÈ– ú!úì˛– xyv˛¸yˆÏ‡˛Ñ˛y– fl˛∫ 34
35– !Óõú xyòˆÏ® ãyˆÏÜy ˆÓ˚– xyüyÓÓ˚#– xyv˛¸yˆÏ‡˛Ñ˛y– fl˛∫ 45
36– ÓƒyÑ%˛ú ≤Ãyí ˆÑ˛yÌy ¢%î)ˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¶)˛˛ôyú#– õïƒõyò
37– ¶˛ÓˆÏÑ˛yúy£ú äÈy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚– ˆ›˛yv˛¸#– !Óú!¡∫ì˛ !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 8
38– õòñ ãyˆÏÜy õDúˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛– ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 27
39– õ!®ˆÏÓ˚ õõ ˆÑ˛ xy!¢ˆÏú ˆ£– xyv˛¸yòy– ~Ñ˛ì˛yú– fl˛∫ 4
40– ˆõyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛Ó˚yˆÏú– ò›˛õÕ‘yÓ˚– ~Ñ˛ì˛yú– fl˛∫ 24
41– Ó˚yˆÏÖy Ó˚yˆÏÖy ˆÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò– üƒyõ– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 36
42– ü#ì˛ú ì˛Ó ˛ôîäÈyÎ˚y– £zõòÑ˛úƒyí– ~Ñ˛ì˛yú– fl˛∫ 23
43– ü)òƒ≤Ãyí Ñ§˛yˆÏî ¢îy– Ñ˛y!ö˛ÈÙÈ!¢ı%˛– !Óú!¡∫ì˛ !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 45
44– ◊yhs˛ ˆÑ˛ò ÁˆÏ£ ˛ôys˛i– ˛ô)Ó˚Ó#– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 4
45– ¢%õï%Ó˚ ÷!ò xy!ã– üB˛Ó˚y¶˛Ó˚í– xyv˛¸yˆÏ‡˛Ñ˛y–
46– fl˛∫˛ôò Î!î ¶˛y!àˆÏú– Ó˚yõˆÏÑ˛!ú– ~Ñ˛ì˛yú– fl˛∫ 63
47– ˆ£ ¢Öyñ õõ £*îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ£y– äÈyÎ˚yò›˛– ~Ñ˛ì˛yú– fl˛∫ 4
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚
1– x◊&¶˛Ó˚y ˆÓîòy !îˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ ãyˆÏÜ– !õ◊ Ñ˛y!ö˛– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 2
2– xy!ã Ñ˛õúõ%Ñ%˛úîú Ö%!úú– !õ◊ Óy£yÓ˚– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 36
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3– ~ˆÏ¢y üÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xõúõ!£õy– Üyı˛yÓ˚#– ÎÍ– fl˛∫ 2

4– ÁˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛y£zñ ö˛y=ò ˆúˆÏÜˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏò ÓˆÏò2– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 7
5– Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó§y!ü !ò!üˆÏ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óy!ãú– Üyı˛yÓ˚#– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 2
6– ˆÑ˛yÌy ˆÎ v˛zïyÁ £ú– !õ◊ õÕ‘yÓ˚– xyv˛¸yˆÏ‡˛Ñ˛y– fl˛∫ 2
7– Ü£ò áò äÈy£zú ÜÜò áòy£zÎ˚y– !eì˛yú– fl˛∫ 11
8– òÓ Ñ%˛®ÈÙÈïÓîúîú ¢%ü#ì˛úy– Ñ˛y£yÓ˚Óy– fl˛∫ 50
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41

I õy ÈÙÈ˛ôy íy ÈÙÈííy – ¢≈y ÈÙÈ¢≈íy ¢≈¢≈y ÈÙÈy – ¢≈y ÈÙÈy ¢≈y ÈÙÈy – ¢≈Ó˚≈y ÈÙÈy ¢≈y ¢≈Èòy I
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I ò¢≈y ò¢≈Ó˚≈y ¢≈y íy – ïy ÈÙÈ˛ôïy ˛ôy ÈÙÈy – õy ÈÙÈ˛ôy ˛ôy ÈÙÈ˛ô˛ôy – ïíy ÈÙÈíïy ˛ôy ÈÙÈy I
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I õy ÈÙÈ˛ôy òy ÈÙÈy – ¢≈y ÈÙÈ¢≈òy ¢≈¢≈y ÈÙÈy – ¢≈y ÈÙÈ¢≈òy Ó˚≈y ÈÙÈy – ¢≈y ÈÙÈíy ï ÈÙÈ˛ôy I
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~ˆÏ¢y !òõ≈ú v˛zIμú Ñ˛yhs˛ñ
~ˆÏ¢y ¢%®Ó˚ !fl˛¨?˛ ≤Ãüyhs˛ñ
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~ˆÏ¢y !òì˛ƒ !òì˛ƒ ¢Ó Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈ñ
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Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ fl˛∫Ñ˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ–
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˜Ó!üˆÏ‹Tƒ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yì˛ÈÙÙÙÈ Îy fl˛∫!ò¤˛ xò%ü#úˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó˚«˛í#Î˚–
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42

!£®%fl˛iyò# ›˛Øy ~ÓÇ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

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II ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈy { ¢≈y ÈÙÈy – Ó˚≈íy ÈÙÈy ïy ˛ôy – õy ÈÙÈK˛y ÈÙÈÓ˚K˛y ÈÙÈÓ˚¢y – ÈÙÈÓ˚y Ó˚y Ó˚K˛Ó˚y ÈÙÈíïy I
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43

I ¢≈y ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈy òy – òy ¢≈y ¢≈y ÈÙÈy – òy ¢≈y ÈÙÈy ÈÙÈy – ÈÙÈò¢≈y ÈÙÈÓ˚≈¢≈y ÈÙÈí¢≈y íy I
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46

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õì˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyüyÓÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó#–
2– Á ˆÑ˛ò ¶˛yúÓy¢y ãyòyˆÏì˛ 20 ˆÑ˛Ôò ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏîü !˛ôú%ñ xyv˛¸ˆÏÖõ›˛yñ ¢)e xK˛yì˛–
õì˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ îyîÓ˚y
3– ÁˆÏÜyñ ˆî!Ö x§y!Ö ì%˛ˆÏú 48 ÜÓ˚Î˚yÓ˚‰ ò ˆ£y ¢y!Ñ˛ !õ◊ ¢%Ó˚›˛ñ Ü#ì˛¢)e¢yÓ˚
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47

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òÇ Ö[˛ Üyò Ó˚yÜ S¢Ω˛yÓƒ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚/
¢%Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚V
4– Ñ˛Öò !îˆÏú ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏÎ˚ 5 !Ñ˛ˆÏ£´ñ ˆîˆÏÖy Ñ˛yò£y£zÎ˚y Ñ˛y!˛ôñ †îyîÓ˚y ¢y!Óe# Ñ,˛°åyˆÏòÓ˚
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ì˛yúÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò/îyîÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ°Ï¤˛#ì˛yú S2/4äÈ®V õì˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ Úõ#Ó˚yÓ˚ ¶˛ãò ÈÙÙÙÈ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó# ˆîÓ# ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛–
5– Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛yú Ó˚ˆÏÓ Óú 56 Ñ˛ì˛ Ñ˛yú ˆÓ˚†
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6– ˆÖúyÓ˚ ¢y!Ìñ !ÓîyÎ˚ myÓ˚ ˆÖyú õ£yÓ˚yãyñ ˆÑ˛ÁÎ˚y!Ó˚Î˚y !õ◊ !ì˛úÑ˛Ñ˛yˆÏõyî ¢y£yòy ˆîÓ# Á
¢%Ó˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ≠ !õ◊ !ì˛úÑ˛Ñ˛yˆÏõyîÈÙÙÙÈ ˆÖyú ÎÍ õì˛yhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛òÑ˛ îyü Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛
!˛ôú% ÓyˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚§y S‡%˛ÇÓ˚#V Ñ˛yãÓ˚# SÑ˛yÁÎ˚yú#V ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛– S¢òîV
7– áˆÏÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ºõÓ˚ ~ú ˙ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ Óy!v˛¸ xyõyÓ˚† Ñ˛yúyÇv˛¸y SˆÜy˛ôyú v˛zˆÏv˛¸V
Sì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîüV †!£® ¶˛yày Üyò òˆÏ£ñ îyîÓ˚y
˛ô%Ó˚yì˛ò# ÓyÇúyÜyò–
8– ì%˛!õ !Ñ˛ä%È !îˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁ 5 ˆÑ˛y£z Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛ˆÏ£y ˆÓ˚ Öy¡∫yãñ Ñ˛y£yÓ˚Óyñ ¢y!Óe# Ñ,˛°åyˆÏòÓ˚
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~ÓÇ/xÌÓy ›˛ØyD Üyò– ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛–
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!¶˛ß¨õˆÏì˛ ›˛ØyD Üyò– ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛–
10– Óı%˛ Ó˚ˆÏ£y Ó˚ˆÏ£y ¢yˆÏÌ 2 ¢ˆÏD â˛úy !îÎ˚yñ £yÁˆÏÎ˚ ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó#ñ Ñ˛yö≈˛y ¢)e xK˛yì˛–
!¶˛ß¨õˆÏì˛ ›˛ØyD Üyò–
11– õò≤Ãyí Ñ˛y!v˛¸Î˚y ú£ ˆ£ £¢ £¢ ÜÓ˚ÁÎ˚y úÜyˆÏÓ ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó#ñ ÎÍ Ó˚Ó#wÈÙÈ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô–
!¶˛ß¨õˆÏì˛ ›˛ØyD Üyò–
12– ¢Öyñ ¢y!ïˆÏì˛ ¢yïyˆÏì˛ 35 ¢!Ö ì˛Ó˚ˆÏ¢ ì˛Ó˚ˆÏ¢ !õ◊ !˛ôú%ñ ˆÖõ›˛y ¢)e xK˛yì˛–
13– ¢!Öñ x§yïyˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛úy áˆÏÓ˚ 2 ¢!Öñ xyÁì˛ x§yˆÏïÓ˚# á›˛y Öy¡∫yãñ ˛ô![˛ì˛ ¶˛#õÓ˚yÁ
Süy˛ôˆÏõyâ˛òV ÎÍ ˛üyfl˛f# ¢)ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆ–
14– !£Î˚y õyˆÏG˛ ˆÜy˛ôˆÏò ˆ£!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !˛ôÎ˚y !ÓˆÏîü ÜˆÏÎ˚ !˛ôú%ñ ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ¢)e xK˛yì˛–
15– Á ˆÎ õyˆÏò òy õyòy ÓòyˆÏÑ˛ Ó§!ì˛Î˚y ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó#ÈÙÈÑ˛yÁÎ˚yú# ¢Ç@˘Ãy£Ñ˛/
S≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛_V SîyîÓ˚yV î#˛ôy!ú òyÜ–
48

UNIT – II
OEC - 4.1B (Theory)
!£®%fl˛iyò# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Á ~£z Üyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ x!¶˛õì˛
Knowledge of Hindustani songs and Tagore's opinion on these songs
 !£®%fl˛iyò# ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ x!¶˛õì˛ S≤ÃÓı˛ñ !â˛!‡˛˛ôˆÏeñ xyúy˛ô xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚V
!£®%fl˛iyò# Üyò Óy ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ x!¶˛õì˛

ÚÚˆäÈˆÏúˆÏÓúy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy !£®%fl˛iyò# Üyò ÷ˆÏò xy¢!äÈ ÓˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ õy£ydƒ Á õyï%Î≈ ¢õhfl˛ õò !îˆÏÎ˚£z fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó˚– ¶˛yˆÏúy !£®%fl˛iyò# Üyò
xyõyˆÏÑ˛ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ õ%?˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z!_´ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢£ˆÏã£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ Ó˚yÜ Ó˚y!Üí#Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õ[˛ˆÏú Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ
Óv˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò Ö%Ó fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÓ !£®%fl˛iyò# Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ äÈyÎ˚y ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy fl˛∫K˛yˆÏòñ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy xK˛yˆÏò Ó˝ Ó˚yÜ Ó˚y!Üí#Ó˚ !Ó!â˛e
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛!Ó á!›˛ˆÏˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò– !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ !ü«˛yòÓ#!üÓ˚ Î%ˆÏÜ !£®%fl˛iyò# Üyò ˆÎ ÁòyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y Ü¶˛#Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛yÓy!ß∫ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚
≤Ãõyí ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Üyò=!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛– xyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚íì˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Üyò=!ú fl˛∫Ñ˛#Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ õ!£õyÎ˚ ¢õ%Iú £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛!äÈú–
Úã#Óòfl˛ø,!ì˛ÛÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì§˛yÓ˚ Óyúƒã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yD#!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÎ !â˛e ~§ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏäÈò ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z xyõÓ˚y ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢ÇÜ#ì˛â˛â≈˛y ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ïyÓ˚íy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚– !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñÚÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ü÷Ñ˛yú ££zˆÏì˛ Üyò â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z xyõÓ˚y Óy!Ó˚Î˚y
v˛z!‡˛Î˚y!äÈ– xyõyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ì˛y£yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ¢%!Óïy ~£z ££zÎ˚y!äÈú x!ì˛ ¢£ˆÏã£z Üyò xyõyÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y!äÈú–ÛÛ ˆãyv˛¸y¢§yˆÏÑ˛y
‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Ü,£!ü«˛Ñ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !Ó°%å â˛e´Óì≈˛#ñ Ó˚y!ïÑ˛y≤Ã¢yî ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#ñ Îî% ¶˛R ≤Ãõ%Ö xˆÏòÑ˛ !ÓÖƒyì˛ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ =í#Ó˚y !òÎ%_´ !äÈˆÏúò–
Úã#Óòfl˛ø,!ì˛ÛˆÏì˛ ~§òyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy£z Ñ˛!Ó v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛y ˛ôk˛!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ïÓ˚yÓ§yïy
!ü«˛ò ˛ôk˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ !òˆÏã ïÓ˚y ˆîò!ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!îòÁ– ~›˛y !äÈú ì§˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫¶˛yÓ ¢%ú¶˛ xyâ˛Ó˚í– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢yÓ˚y ã#Óò ïˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!ò òyòy ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ñ
Ó_,´ì˛yÎ˚ñ !â˛!‡˛ ˛ôˆÏe xyúy˛ôÈÙÈxyˆÏúyâ˛òyÎ˚ !£®%fl˛iyò# Üyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆÎ òyòy õì˛ Óƒ_´ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ¢£ˆÏã£z Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
!£®%fl˛iyò# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õy£ydƒ Á õyï%Î≈ƒˆÏÑ˛ ¢õhfl˛ õò ≤Ãyí !îˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ~Ó˚ ÓƒyÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛!‡˛ò xò%üy¢òˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ÜyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüú
≤Ãîü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò õò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò ˆÑ˛yò!îòÁ–
1288 ÓDyˆÏ∑ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ˜ã¤˛ƒ xy°Ïyë˛¸ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ú¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Á ¶˛yÓÛ òyõÑ˛ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü
¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~õ!ò üyfl˛fÜì˛ñ ÓƒyÑ˛Ó˚íÜì˛ñ xò%¤˛yòÜì˛ ££zÎ˚y ˛ô!v˛¸Î˚yˆÏäÈñ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ì˛y ££zˆÏì˛ ~ì˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ â˛!úÎ˚y !ÜÎ˚yˆÏäÈ ˆÎñ xò%¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢!£ì˛
¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏFäÈî ££zÎ˚yˆÏäÈ– ˆÑ˛Óú Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛=úy fl˛∫Ó˚¢õ!¤˛Ó˚ Ñ˛î≈õ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yÜÈÙÈÓ˚y!Üí#Ó˚ äÈ§yâ˛ÈÙÈÑ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy xÓ!ü‹T Ó˚!£Î˚yˆÏäÈó ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛
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49

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ˆ¢!îò !ÜÎ˚yˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛ls˛ xyÓyÓ˚ !Ñ˛ xy¢ˆÏÓ òy⁄ÛÛ
¢õ@˘Ã ≤ÃÓı˛!›˛ˆÏì˛£z ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Áhfl˛y!î xyòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÜ Ó˚y!Üí#Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢â˛ú !ÓˆÏFäÈî áˆÏ›˛ñ ~ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ xyˆÏ«˛˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z !ì˛!ò ˆÓyG˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆÎ xyˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ ¶˛y°Ïy£z ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õ)ú– £yÓ≈yv˛ ˆfl˛ôò¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õì˛ÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÌ≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚxyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ Üyë˛¸ì˛õ ì˛#Óì˛õ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ v˛zÍ˛ô!_–ÛÛ !ì˛!ò xyˆÏÓ˚y ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚxì˛~Ó fl˛∫#Ñ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÑ˛ Ó˚yÜ Ó˚y!Üí#Ó˚ ˆ◊¤˛ v˛zˆÏjüƒ ¶˛yÓ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y !Ñ˛ls˛ ~Öò ì˛y£y Ñ˛# ££zÎ˚y î§yv˛¸y£zÎ˚yˆÏäÈ⁄ ~Öò Ó˚yÜ Ó˚y!Üí#£z v˛zˆÏjüƒ
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ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ ‘‘We may therefore safely say that the Dhrubapada style of composition started some-time about the
middle of 14th Century.’’
ÈÙÙÙÈ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ â˛ì%˛ŸWzÎ˚ ˛ôî¢õ!ß∫ì˛ñ Ó˚yÜyúy˛ô Î%_´ ü,DyÓ˚ Ó˚¢¶˛yÓydÑ˛ Á ˆîü#Î˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ¢%ú!úì˛ ï&˛ôî Ü#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÎ Óí≈òy ˛ô![˛ì˛ ¶˛yÓ¶˛R
¢Æîü üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚ e´õ!ÓÑ˛yü â˛ì%˛î≈ü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ õïƒ¶˛yÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÷Ó˚& £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôM˛Èîü üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
❏ ˆÖÎ˚yú ≠
◊# Ñ,˛°åïò ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÜ#ì˛¢)e¢yÓ˚Û @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚˆÖÎ˚yú ˛ôyÓ˚¢ƒ ü∑ñ £z£yÓ˚ xÌ≈ î%Ó≈y¢òy Óy ÎˆÏÌFäÈyâ˛yÓ˚– ˆÓyï£Î˚ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Á
£z£y ˙ xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ££zÎ˚yˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ !ì˛!ò õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ ≤Ãyâ˛#ò Ó˚«˛íü#ú ï&˛ôî ÜyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ~£z fl˛∫yï#ò Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ ÓƒD Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£zÓ˚*˛ô
òyõ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢£z ˆ◊í#Ó˚ Üyò ˆÎ ï&˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yú#ò ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú£z ~Ñ˛õì˛–
~£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÜyÎ˚Ñ˛ !òãfl˛∫ Ñ˛“òy ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ xÓÑ˛yü ˛ôyò– Ú¢yD#!ì˛Ñ˛#Û @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ◊# !îú#˛ô Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚï&˛ôˆÏî Ó˚yÜ !Óhfl˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ !äÈúñ ïÓ˚yÓ§yïy– ì˛yúäÈ®Á !äÈú ≤Ãïyòì˛ ÜyΩ˛#Î≈õ%Ö#– ˆÖÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ËîyÎ≈ƒ=ˆÏí ì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ~£z Óã x§y›%˛!ò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚yÜ ˆ˛ôú xÓƒy£!ì˛–ÛÛ
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~£z ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õì˛ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ xyˆÏäÈ–

1– xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ ¢%úì˛yò xyúyv˛zj#ò Ö#ú!ãÓ˚ ¢¶˛yÜyÎ˚Ñ˛ xyõ#Ó˚ Ö¢Ó˚& ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòÑ˛– xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zqyÓÑ˛ xyÖƒy !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎ v˛z_Ó˚ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yÁÎ˚yú òyõÑ˛ ˆÎ Ü#ì˛Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛úò xyõ#Ó˚
Ö¢Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúòñ ˆ¢£z Ñ˛yÁÎ˚yú Üyò£z ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈¢)Ó˚#– Ñ,˛°åïò ÓˆÏ®y˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚ!îÕ‘#Ó˚ ˙ !îˆÏÑ˛ SÑ˛yÓyúV
Ñ˛yÁÎ˚yú òyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚# ~Ñ˛ ãy!ì˛ xyˆÏäÈ– ˆÖÎ˚yú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛– £z£yÓ˚y ¢Ó≈îy ˆÎ ì˛yˆÏú Üyò ÜyÎ˚ ˆ¢£z ì˛yˆÏúÓ˚
òyõ Ñ˛yÁÎ˚y!ú Ó˚yÖy ££zÎ˚yˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí£z £Î˚ì˛ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ xyõ#Ó˚ Ö¢Ó˚&ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòÑ˛ ÓˆÏúò–
2– !mì˛#Î˚ õˆÏì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓı˛ Ü#!ì˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ üyÖy ˜Ñ˛Óyv˛¸ ≤ÃÓı˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ¢)â˛òy ÓˆÏú õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– myîü
üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ ~£z ˜Ñ˛Óyv˛¸ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛úò !äÈú– ◊# Ó˚yˆÏãƒŸªÓ˚ !õe ì§˛yÓ˚ Ú¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢õ#®Û– @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎ ì§˛yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛ ~£z ˜Ñ˛Óyv˛¸£z
ˆÖÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ xy!îÓ˚*˛ô ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò!›˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~£z ¶˛yˆÏÓÈÙÙÙÈ
Ñ˛Ó˚˛ôy›˛ > ˜Ñ˛Óy›˛ > ˜Ñ˛Óyv˛¸ > Ñ˛yÎ˚Óyú > ÖÎ˚yú Óy ˆÖÎ˚yú–
3– ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ õˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛v˛z ˆÑ˛v˛z xyÓyÓ˚ õˆÏò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ ~Ñ˛ì˛yú# Á Ó˚y¢Ñ˛ ≤ÃÓı˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_– xòƒ xyˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ îú ˛ô![˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚
x!¶˛õì˛ ~£z ˆÎ üyÓ˚DˆÏîÓ Ó!í≈ì˛ Úxy!«˛!ÆÑ˛yÛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_– S~õ.~¢. Ó˚yõâ˛wV
4– â˛ì%˛Ì≈ õˆÏì˛ ◊#Ñ,˛°å òyÓ˚yÎ˚í Ó˚ì˛òG˛ÇÑ˛yÓ˚ (S. N. Ratanjankar) ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎ Ó˚*˛ôÑ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ !òÓı˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ£z ˆÖÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ Ó#ã
!ò!£ì˛– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ !òÓı˛ ÜyˆÏò ÜyÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛“òy Óy ¢,!‹TÓ˚ xÓÑ˛yü Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ãòƒ !ì˛!ò ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ It may not
therefore be too fantastic perhaps to consider the Kheyal as an off shoot of the Roopakam type of
composition.
‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ãÎ˚ˆÏîÓ !¢Ç ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ˆÎ üyÓ˚DˆÏîÓ Ó!í≈ì˛ ãòõ%?˛Ñ˛Ó˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í# Ü#!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú Üyò ¢,!‹T– Captain Willard ˆÖÎ˚yú
¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
‘‘Sultan Hussain Phargi of Jounpoor was the innovator of this class of song.’’ Fox StrangwaysÁ ~£z õì˛ ˆ˛ôy°Ïí
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆüÔÓ˚#wˆÏõy£ò ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚Á ¢%úì˛yò ˝ˆÏ¢ò üyÑ˛#≈ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓì≈˛Ñ˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyÎ˚ ‘‘Sultan Hussain Pharqi
introduced the style of song which has come to be known as Kheyal.’’
◊ˆÏk˛Î˚ ◊# xÓ˚&í õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ì§˛yÓ˚ ‘Contributions of Indian Muslims to Indian Music’ ≤ÃÓˆÏı˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ ‘‘He
(Hussain Sharqi) belonged to the 15th Century AD and was the man who gave a definite shape to the Kheyal
style of singing. He also created several popular ragas like Jounpouri and Hussaini Kanara, etc.’’
˛ô![˛ì˛ !Ó°%åòyÓ˚yÎ˚í ¶˛yì˛ÖˆÏ[˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆÖÎ˚yú Ñ˛y ÜyÎ˚ò ≤ÃÌõ ˆãÔò˛ô%Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ ¢)úì˛yò ˝ˆÏ¢ò üyÑ≈˛# ˆò v˛zFâ˛y!¢!ì˛ ˛ôÓ˚ úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛ !≤ÃÎ˚ !Ñ˛Î˚yñ ~§ˆÏ¢ Ñ˛£ˆÏì˛ £ƒyÎ˚Û– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇ
ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ ˆÎ ˛ôM˛Èîü üì˛y∑#ˆÏì˛ ¢)úì˛yò ˝ˆÏ¢ò üyÑ≈˛#Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y˛ô_ò £ˆÏúÁ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ î,‹Tyhs˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~£z Ñ˛Ìy£z
≤Ãõy!íì˛ £Î˚ ˆÎ ¢Æîü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò áˆÏ›˛– ˆõyáú Óyîüy õ£¡øî üyÈÙÈÓ˚ îÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ¢îyÓ˚D ~ÓÇ
xîyÓ˚Dñ ~£z î%£z =í# !ü“# ¢£fl˛Ày!ïÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢£z ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ,k˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôÑ˛
≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚y v˛z_Ó˚¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
❏ ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ≠
‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ü,DyÓ˚ Ó˚¢ydÑ˛ ~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ úá% Ü#ì˛– v˛zFâ˛yD ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚¶%˛_´ £ÁÎ˚y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ~£z ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ÌyÑ˛!Ìì˛ Ñ˛úyÓhs˛ Áhfl˛ˆÏîÓ˚y ¢%òãˆÏÓ˚
ˆîˆÏÖò òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyï%ˆÏÎ≈ƒ Á ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ãòƒ ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# Üyò xì˛ƒhs˛ !≤ÃÎ˚ Óy xyîÓ˚ò#Î˚–
54

v˛É !Óõú Ó˚yÎ˚ ~£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zÍ˛ô!_ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈò ÚÚõ%¢!úõ Î%ˆÏÜ Ó˚õƒÜ#!ì˛ Óy Ñ˛yÓƒÜ#!ì˛Ó˚ ˆîü#Î˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ !ÓÓ!ì≈˛ì˛ ££zÎ˚y úˆÏ«¯˛Ô
xM˛ÈˆÏú ˆÎ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô Ü#ì˛ ££zì˛ ì˛y£yÓ˚ òyõ !äÈú ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# Ü#!ì˛Óı˛ñ x˛ôÓ˚ !äÈú ÓÓ˚&Î˚y Óy ÓˆÏÓ˚yÓy Ü#!ì˛– ¢Æîü üì˛ˆÏÑ˛ £z£y ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó!ü‹T
Ü#ì˛Óı˛Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ≤Ã!¢!k˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚Î˚y!äÈú ~ÓÇ ‡%˛õÓ˚# Óy ÓˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y ãyì˛#Î˚ Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÎ˚ £z£y Ó˚õò#Î˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚¢¢õ,k˛ xÓfl˛iyÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛
££zì˛–ÛÛ
Captain Williard ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Ó˚yÜ xyˆÏäÈ– Ü#ì˛¢)e¢yÓ˚ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ◊# Ñ,˛°åïò ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
ÚÚ!£®%fl˛iyˆÏò ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ Üyò ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛y£y òyòy!Óï Ó˚yˆÏÜ Ü#ì˛ ££zÎ˚y ÌyˆÏÑ˛– úˆÏ«¯˛Ô xM˛ÈˆÏú ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ì˛üÎ˚ xyîÓ˚
£Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢k˛ ˆüyÓ˚#Á ˆ¢£z ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ˆúyÑ˛– ~£z ãòƒ£z xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ÓŸªy¢ ˆüyÓ˚# ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ òy ˆ£yÑ˛ñ ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ≤Ãíyú#Ó˚
v˛zqyÓÑ˛ñ !Ñ˛ls˛ Óyhfl˛!ÓÑ˛ ì˛y òˆÏ£– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆüyÓ˚#Ñ,˛ì˛ ›˛Øy £ˆÏì˛ ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚#!ì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛–ÛÛ
‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓì≈˛Ñ˛ Óy v˛zqyÓÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆÑ˛yò !ò!î≈‹T òyõñ ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– |ò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ õïƒ¶˛yˆÏÜ úˆÏ«¯˛ÔÓ˚ òÓyÓ
ÁÎ˚yˆÏãî xy!ú üy ~ÓÇ ¢y!îÑ˛ xy!úÓ˚ Ñ˛ÁÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ !ü“ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÎ˚ Óì≈˛õyˆÏò ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ ‡%˛ÇÓ˚#Ó˚ î%!›˛ ïyÓ˚y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~£z î%!›˛ ïyÓ˚yÓ˚ òyõ Óy£ò‰
~ÓÇ úyâ˛yÁ– òÓyÓ ÁÎ˚yˆÏãî xy!ú üy ‡%˛ÇÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ òyˆÏ›˛ƒ Á ò,ì˛ƒòyˆÏ›˛ƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– !ì˛!ò !òˆÏã xÖì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôÎ˚y òyˆÏõ Ó˝ ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# Üyò
Ó˚â˛òyÁ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
v˛É !Óõú Ó˚yÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛yÓƒ Á òyˆÏ›˛ƒÓ˚ ¢£yÓfl˛iyˆÏò ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ~ ¢õÎ˚ SÁÎ˚yˆÏãî xy!úÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚V v˛zß¨ì˛ ¶˛yÓ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ Óy£ò ££zú ~ÓÇ
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛y°ÏyˆÏÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !Ó!â˛e ¶˛D#ˆÏì˛ ÓƒyÖƒyÁ Ñ˛!Ó˚ú–ÛÛ
‡%˛ÇÓ˚#Ó˚ Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ ¢òî Á ÓyîˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyõÁ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚yÜ!õ◊í ‡%˛ÇÓ˚#Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˜Ó!ü‹T– Ñ%˛üú# ÜyÎ˚Ñ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yÜ !õ◊ˆÏíÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú
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‡%˛õÓ˚# ÜyÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛=!ú ˜Ó!ü‹Tƒ xyˆÏäÈ ÙÙÙÈ ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏò Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ !Ó÷k˛ì˛y xˆÏ˛ô«˛y ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ˆÓü#–
ì˛y£z x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˆ«˛ˆÏe ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏò Ó˚yÜ!õ◊í áˆÏ›˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏò î%!›˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ ≠ fl˛iyÎ˚# Á xhs˛Ó˚y– ‡%˛ÇÓ˚# ÜyˆÏò xyˆÏäÈ xö%˛Ó˚hs˛ Ü!ì˛Ó˚
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£ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈò Ó˚yõ!ò!ï =Æ Óy !òï%ÓyÓ%–
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ !£®%fl˛iyò# üyfl˛f#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

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Ó˚ˆÏ¢y_#í≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˆ«˛ˆÏe£z–
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xò%¢Ó˚í òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ◊k˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ò– Îî%¶˛ˆÏRÓ˚ ˆúÖyÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÓy£yÓ˚Û Ó˚yÜ Á Úˆì˛ÁÓ˚yÛ ì˛yˆÏú !òÓk˛ ï&˛ôî# ÜyòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚxyã%
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xyˆÏäÈ ˆì˛õ!ò Óyí# Á ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ x˛ô)Ó≈¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !òˆÏ¡¨ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ ï&˛ôî ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ≠
ˆâ˛Ôì˛yú ÈÙÙÙÈ xy!ã õõ õò â˛yˆÏ£ xyv˛¸y ˆâ˛Ôì˛yúÈÙÙÙÈ ¢%Ó˚ö§˛yÑ˛ ì˛yúÈÙÙÙÈ
~ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yˆÏÖy ÷º xy¢ˆÏò !ÓÓ˚yˆÏãy xyò® ì%˛!õ fl˛∫yõ#
v%˛!Ó xõ,ì˛ ˛ôyÌyˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ç¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶˛Î˚ òy!£ î§yv˛¸yÁ õò xòhs˘˛
❏ ˆÖÎ˚yú ≠
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï&˛ôî ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎõò !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˙!ì˛£ƒ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y Á õy£ydƒ xyˆÏäÈñ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏò ˆÓyï Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆì˛õò ˆò£z–
Óì≈˛õyò ˆÖÎ˚yú Üyò ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÌˆÏõ õ%_´ Ó˚yÜyúy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy ÜyÎ˚Ñ˛ Ó˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢yõyòƒ xy¶˛y¢›%˛Ñ%˛ !îˆÏÎ˚£z
!Óú!¡∫ì˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ò%e´ˆÏõ ü∑yúy˛ôñ ì˛yòñ ˆÓyúì˛yòñ ¢Ó˚Üõ £zì˛ƒy!î xúÇÑ˛Ó˚í ˆÎyˆÏÜ ˆÖÎ˚yú Üyò ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– õˆÏò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ãß√îyì˛y £ˆÏúò Úxyõ#Ó˚ Ö¢Ó˚&Ûñ !ì˛!ò !£®%¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy¢≈# ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ~ˆÏò!äÈˆÏúò–
‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú Üyò xˆÏ˛ô«˛y ï&˛ôî ÜyˆÏòÓ˚£z Ñ˛îÓ˚ Á â˛â≈˛y !äÈú ˆÓ!ü– ~£z !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢yÇÜ#!ì˛Ñ˛ xyÓ£yÁÎ˚yÎ˚ úy!úì˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ
ì§˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôˆÏÓ≈ ï&˛ôî Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ Üyò£z ˆÓü# ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆãyÎ˚yÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ !ì˛!ò
ˆ¢£z ˆãyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ÎyÁÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚ì˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò!ò ö˛úì˛ñ ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ãß√ £ú ÎyˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y
ÚÚˆÖÎ˚yúyˆÏDÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ÛÛ ÓˆÏú Ìy!Ñ˛–
ï&˛ôî ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÖÎ˚yú ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ ˆ◊í#ˆÏì˛ !Ó¶˛_´ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
● õ)ú !£®# ˆÖÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà Ó˚!â˛ì˛–
● !òãfl˛∫ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛–
¢%Ó˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏò Á â˛úˆÏò Classical Ó˚#!ì˛Ó˚ xyîú›%˛Ñ%˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏúÁ ì§˛yÓ˚ ~£z ˆÖÎ˚yúyD Üyò=!ú ÜyÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ~Ñ˛yhs˛ ÚÚÓ˚yÓ#!wÑ˛ ë˛ÇÛÛÈÙÈ~–
ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÖÎ˚yúyD Üyò=!úˆÏì˛ òyòy ã!›˛ú xyúÇÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óy˝úƒ x!ì˛!Ó˚_´ ì˛yò Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒñ î#á≈ Ó˚yÜyúy˛ô Óy !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ ˆîÖyÓyÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆò£z– !£®%fl˛iyò#
Classical ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÖÎ˚yúyD ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úÜì˛ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !£®%fl˛iyò# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !ì˛!ò ¢%Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚
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£ò– Ñ˛ÌyÓ˚ fl˛iyò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò x!ì˛ ˆÜÔí !Ñ˛ls˛ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò £ú Ñ˛Ìy Á ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xï≈òyÓ˚#ŸªÓ˚Ó˚*˛ôñ ~ÖyˆÏò ~ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ xòƒ!›˛ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛– ÓyÇúyÓ˚
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Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò–ÛÛ
ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚¢ ¢,!‹TˆÏì˛ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚£z ≤Ãyïyòƒ ì˛y£z ì˛yò Ñ˛ì≈˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xÓyï– Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ~ ≤Ã¢ˆÏD ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚ!£®%fl˛iyò#
¢ÇÜ#ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õïƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ö§˛yÑ˛ ÜyÎ˚Ñ˛ ¶˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏÓò ~›˛y ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò...ÛÛ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ˆîò!òó !Ñ˛ls˛ ì˛y£z
ÓˆÏú ì˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÜ§yv˛¸y!õ !äÈú òy– õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ Ñ˛yˆÏÓƒÓ˚ xhs˛Ó˚D ¶˛yÓ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ Öy!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚£z !ì˛!ò ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y
ì˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò Îy xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y ˆÓyúì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õì˛– ~£z ì˛yò=ˆÏúy Ñ˛ÌyˆÏÑ˛ xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~Ó˚*˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛yòÎ%_´
ˆÖÎ˚yú ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ £úÈÙÙÙÈ
57

● îyÁ ˆ£ £*îÎ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ îyÁ

● !ò!ü!îò ˆõyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚yˆÏí
● ~ Ñ˛# úyÓˆÏíƒ ˛ô%íƒ≤Ãyí
● ˆõyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛Ó˚yˆÏú
● £*îˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ îÎ˚y ˆÎò ˛ôy£z
● ~ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚&íy Ñ˛Ó˚&íyõÎ˚
ˆÖÎ˚yúyˆÏDÓ˚ Üyò äÈyv˛¸yÁ xòƒ ÜyˆÏòÁ Ñ˛ÌyˆÏÑ˛ xy◊Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆäÈy›˛ ˆäÈy›˛ ì˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ
● G˛Ó˚ G˛Ó˚ Ó!Ó˚ˆÏ°Ï Óy!Ó˚ ïyÓ˚y
● xy!õ ~ˆÏúõ ì˛y!Ó˚ myˆÏÓ˚
● fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿ xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏò £úñ £zì˛ƒy!î– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ü∑yúyˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛!DˆÏì˛ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!ò !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È ÜyˆÏò ì˛yú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈòÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚ÷º ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ô)Ó≈ ÜÜˆÏòÛÛ Üyò!›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛‹T v˛zîy£Ó˚í–
ˆÖÎ˚yú ÜyˆÏò ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ 2!›˛ Ñ˛!ú ÌyˆÏÑ˛ÈÙÙÙÈ
● fl˛iyÎ˚# Á xhs˛Ó˚y–
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● ì%˛!õ òÓ òÓ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛ô ~ˆÏ¢y ≤ÃyˆÏí
● £*îˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ îÎ˚y
● ~ÓyÓ˚ ò#Ó˚Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ îyÁ ˆ£
● ˆÑ˛ò ãyˆÏÜ òyñ ãyˆÏÜ òyó £zì˛ƒy!î–
~äÈyv˛¸y ÚÚÓ˚!£ Ó˚!£ xyò®ì˛Ó˚D ãyˆÏÜÛÛ Üyò!›˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛iyÎ˚#Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ 3!›˛ xhs˛Ó˚yñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢M˛ÈyÓ˚# ˆò£z–
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò ≤Ãïyòì˛ ˆÎ¢Ó Ó˚yÜÈ Ó˚y!Üí# ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ˆ¢=!ú £úÈÙÙÙÈ ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó#ñ ˜¶˛Ó˚Óñ xyüyÓÓ˚#ñ ˆ›˛yv˛¸#ñ Ñ˛yˆÏúÇv˛¸yñ
Ó˚yõˆÏÑ˛ú#ñ £zõòñ ¶)˛˛ôyú#ñ ˛ô)Ó˚Ó#ñ ÓyˆÏÜ◊#ñ Óy£yÓ˚ñ ˆîüñ Ñ˛yö˛#ñ Ñ˛yòyv˛¸yñ õÕ‘yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î– ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˜¶˛Ó˚Ó#ˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!ò ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓü# ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏò !õ◊ Ó˚yÜÈÙÈÓ˚y!Üí#Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢=ˆÏúy ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ãÜˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xòƒ õyey ~ˆÏò !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ
● ÚÚâ˛Ó˚íïπ!ò ÷!ò ì˛Ó òyÌÛÛ SÑ˛yö˛#ÈÙÙÙÈ!¢ı%˛V
● ÚÚ£*îˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ îÎ˚y ˆÎò ˛ôy£zÛÛ S˛ôÓ˚ãÈÙÈÓ¢hs˛V
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ˆÖÎ˚yú xˆÏDÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)ˆÏe ì§˛yÓ˚ ÚÚì˛yÓ˚yòyÛÛ ¶˛yày Üyò=!ú òy ÓúˆÏú â˛ˆÏú òy– ˆÖÎ˚yú xyîˆÏü≈£z ì˛yÓ˚yòyÓ˚ xÓÎ˚Ó
Ü!‡˛ì˛ xÌ≈yÍ fl˛iyÎ˚# Á xhs˛Ó˚y– ˆÖÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ Óyí# ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚yíyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– òyñ ˆîÓ˚ñ !îõ‰ì˛yñ ì˛yòyñ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ì˛=ˆÏúy xÌ≈£#ò ïπ!òˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
~Ñ˛›˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ó˚yÜÓ˚*˛ô Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˆÖÎ˚yˆÏúÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%_´ ì˛yˆÏú£z Úì˛yÓ˚yòyÛ !òÓk˛ £Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ o&ì˛ ì˛yˆÏú ì˛y ÜyÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
58

UNIT – I
OEC - 4.1D (Theory)
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ Ü#ì˛@˘Ãs˛i Á fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô@˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢Ç!«˛Æ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚
Publication & Compilation of Tagore Songs & Notation Books : A Brief History
 Ó˚!ÓFäÈyÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÓy!£ò# ≠ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ó˚!ÓFäÈyÎ˚y
ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!£ Á ÓyÕ√#!Ñ˛≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y
Ñ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛iyÓú#
Ñ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛i
!£ì˛Óy!îÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#w @˘Ãs˛iyÓú#
Óyv˛zú
Üyò [!¢!›˛ Ó%Ñ˛ ˆ¢y¢y£z!›˛]
Üyò [£z![˛Î˚yò ˛ôyÓ!ú!üÇ £yv˛z¢]
≤ÃÓy!£ò#
Ó˚!ÓFäÈyÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÓy!£ò# ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ñ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy

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~£z xyÑ˛Ó˚ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛Ó˚ xy!Ó¶≈˛yÓ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xyÑ˛!fl˛øÑ˛ á›˛òy òÎ˚– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óƒ!_´ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yüòyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ £z!ì˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z !Ó!â˛e !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Ü#ì˛¢ÇÑ˛úò @˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÎÔÓò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈ ¢¡ø!ì˛ˆÏì˛ñ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ– ˆ¢£z ïyÓ˚yÎ˚
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62

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64

Üyò [!¢!›˛ Ó%Ñ˛ ˆ¢y¢y£z!›˛]

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ãyì˛#Î˚¢D#ì˛ ˛ô,. 182ÈÙÈ202 14!›˛
Óyv˛zú ˛ô,. 203ÈÙÈ226 20!›˛
Ó·˛¢D#ì˛ ˛ô,. 227ÈÙÈ400 250!›˛
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~ @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ Ü#ì˛¢ÇÖƒy 547–
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Üyò (Indian Publishing House)
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65

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ˆÑ˛yò ÓyÓ˚ì˛yÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ xhs˛¶%≈˛_´ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
~£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛i£z ≤ÃÌõ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yÜÈÙÈÓ˚y!Üò#Ó˚ òyõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú òy– ~£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ÚãòÜíõò x!ïòyÎ˚Ñ˛Û Üyò!›˛ ÚÓ·˛¢ÇÜ#ì˛Û x!¶˛ïyÎ˚ äÈy˛ôy
£ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– Úï¡ø≈¢ÇÜ#ì˛Û x!¶˛ïyÎ˚ õ%!oì˛ ÚÓyˆÏã ÓyˆÏã Ó˚õƒÓ#íy ÓyˆÏãÛ Üyò!›˛Ó˚ ˛ôyî›˛#Ñ˛yÎ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜú ~Ñ˛!›˛ =Ó˚&c˛ô)í≈ ì˛Ìƒ ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÚ~£z ÜyˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃÌõ ˆŸ’yÑ˛!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôyOyÓ# ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ xò%Óyî–ÛÛ ¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ ~£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛i£z ˆÑ˛Óú Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò äÈyv˛¸y xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆîÖy !õúú òy–
Üyò [1327 S˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ï≈ì˛ ¢ÇflÒÓ˚íV]

1327 ÓDyˆÏ∑ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ Úï¡ø≈¢ÇÜ#ì˛Û ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚ˆÏí Î%_´ £ú ÓyÕ√#!Ñ˛≤Ã!ì˛¶˛y xyÓ˚ ÚõyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖúyÛ– ÓyîÓyÑ˛# ¢Ó ~Ñ˛£z ÌyÑ˛ú–
Üyò [Ó˚Ó#w] Ñ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛iÈÙÈÓ˚ îüõ Ö[˛

1322ÈÙÈ1323 ÓDyˆÏ∑Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ £z![˛Î˚yò ˆ≤Ã¢ ~úy£yÓyî ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ ÚÑ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛iÛ– ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ Á õ%oÑ˛ !äÈˆÏúò ◊# x˛ô)Ó≈Ñ,˛°å Ó¢%– @˘Ãs˛i!›˛
10!›˛ ÖˆÏ[˛ !Ó¶˛_´ !äÈú– ~Ó˚ îüõ Ö[˛!›˛ !äÈú ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ÈÙÈ¢ÇÑ˛úò Ö[˛– ~£z Ö[˛!›˛Ó˚ òyõ !äÈú Úï¡ø≈¢ÇÜ#ì˛Û S220V ~ÓÇ Ú!ÓÓy£¢ÇÜ#ì˛Û
S7V– Üyò ¢ÇÖƒy ÚÜyòÛ– @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛y¢ÇÖƒy 4+325+38=369– ~£z ÖˆÏ[˛ ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ £Î˚ ÚÓyÕ√#!Ñ˛≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÛ ÚõyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖúyÛ Ú!Ó!Óï¢ÇÜ#ì˛Û
S120V Úãyì˛#Î˚¢ÇÜ#ì˛Û !äÈú ˆõy›˛ 492!›˛– îüõ Ö[˛ äÈyv˛¸yÁ ÚÑ˛yÓƒ@˘ÃˆÏs˛iÛÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ ÖˆÏ[˛ £zì˛Éhfl˛ì˛ !Ó!«˛Æ xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !äÈú Üyò–
◊#¢%¶˛y°Ï ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚# ãyòyˆÏFäÈò ˆ¢=!úˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏú xyÓ˚Á 586!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y Üyò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~£z ≤Ã¢ˆÏD xòƒyòƒ ÖˆÏ[˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Üyò
¢¡∫!úì˛ Ñ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛i Á Ü#!ì˛@˘Ãs˛i=!úÓ˚ òyˆÏõyˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎõò ¶˛yò%!¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôîyÓú# S1õ Ö[˛Vñ Ó˚yãy Á Ó˚yò# S°Ï¤˛ Ö[˛Vñ
üyÓ˚ˆÏîyÍ¢Óñ v˛yÑ˛áÓ˚ñ Ü#ì˛yO!ú S8õ Ö[˛Vñ Ó˚yãyñ Ü#!ì˛õyúƒñ Ü#ì˛y!úñ xâ˛úyÎ˚ì˛òñ ö˛yÄò# S9õ Ö[˛V £zì˛ƒy!î–
Ú≤ÃÓy!£í#Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Û
ÚÑ˛yÓƒ@˘Ãs˛iÛ SÜyò 10õ Ö[˛V ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z xÌÓy ¢õÑ˛yˆÏú£z ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈú Úö˛yÄò#Û S1323Vñ ÚáˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÈÓy£zˆÏÓ˚Û
S1323Vñ ÚÓúyÑ˛yÛ S1323Vñ Úâ˛ì%˛Ó˚DÛ S1323Vñ ÚˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ó˚y!eÛ S1323Vñ Ú=Ó˚&Û S1325V– ~£z¢Ó Ñ˛yÓƒñ òy›˛Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôòƒyˆÏ¢ !äÈú ¶˛yˆÏúy
¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ Üyò– ~Ó˚£z ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ú ÚÜ#ì˛ˆÏúÖyÛñ Ú˜Óì˛y!úÑ˛Ûñ ÚÜ#!ì˛Ó#!ÌÑ˛yÛñ ÚˆÑ˛ì˛Ñ˛#Ûñ Úˆüö˛yú#Û ÚÑ˛yÓƒÜ#!ì˛Û ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô@˘Ãs˛i–
1327 ~ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ú ÚxÓ˚*˛ôÓ˚ì˛òÛ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ñ˛!Ó ì˛Öò 59 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚– Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ xò%!¤˛ì˛Óƒ ÚÓ°Ï≈yõDúÛ S1328VÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒÁ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
66

~Ñ˛G§˛yÑ˛ òì%˛ò Üyò– ~õ!ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy e´õü ˆÓˆÏv˛¸£z â˛ú!äÈú– £z!ì˛õˆÏïƒ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ Üyò ~ÓÇ !îˆÏòwòyˆÏÌÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô¢£ A5
Ñ˛yÜˆÏãÓ˚ ¢y£zˆÏã x!¶˛òÓ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ÚÜ#ì˛˛ôeÛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ò ˆ≤Ã¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1325 ÓDyˆÏ∑ñ ãÜîyò® Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ì˛_¥yÓïyˆÏò–
~Ó˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ú≤ÃÓy!£ò#ÛÓ˚ ˛ôyúy–
≤ÃÓy!£ò#
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£Î˚– @˘Ãs˛i¶)˛!õÑ˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛!Ó fl˛∫Î˚Ç ãyòyò ÚÚ˛≤ÃÓy!£ò#ˆÏì˛ ˆÎÈÙÈ¢õhfl˛ Ó˚â˛òy ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y ££zú ì˛y£yÓ˚ ¢Ó=!ú£z Üyòñ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢yˆÏòy– ~£z Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôˆÏî äÈˆÏ®Ó˚ Ó§yïò òy£z– ì˛Í¢ˆÏ_¥Á ~£z=!úˆÏÑ˛ Ü#!ì˛Ñ˛yÓƒÓ˚*ˆÏ˛ô ˛ôv˛¸y Îy£zˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ó!úÎ˚y xyõyÓ˚ !ÓŸªy¢–ÛÛ
Ú≤ÃÓy!£ò#ÛˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ¢Ó fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ Üyò ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢=!ú £ú ≠
1325 ÓDyˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ÚÜ#ì˛˛ôM˛Èy!üÑ˛yÛ Á Ú˜Óì˛y!úÑ˛Û
1326 ÛÛ ÛÛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ÚÜ#!ì˛Ó#!ÌÑ˛yÛ ÚˆÑ˛ì˛Ñ˛#Û Úˆüö˛yú#Û ÚÑ˛yÓƒÜ#!ì˛Û
1329 ÛÛ ÛÛ ÚòÓÜ#!ì˛Ñ˛yÛ S1õ Á 2Î˚ Ö[˛V
1330 ÛÛ ÛÛ ÚÓ¢hs˛Û £zì˛ƒy!î–
Ú≤ÃÓy!£ò#ÛÓ˚ Üyò=!ú Ñ˛yúyò%e´!õÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢yãyˆÏòy ˆò£z– ÓÓ˚Ç ¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ÈÙÈxò%°ÏˆÏD Üyò=ˆÏúyÓ˚ ¢y!£ì˛ƒÓ˚¢ˆÏÑ˛ x«%˛] Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛
¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òÈÙÈ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ¢Ó˚ òyõ Ú≤ÃÓy!£ò#Û– ~£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ˆõy›˛ Ü#ì˛¢ÇÖƒy 235– ~£z Üyò=!úˆÏÑ˛ ˆõy›˛ äÈÎ˚!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ Óy ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !òˆÏâ˛
ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ≤Ãlfl˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú ≠ÈÙÈ
Ü#ì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ Ü#ì˛ÈÙÈ¢ÇÖƒy
Ü#ì˛Üyò 35
≤Ãì˛ƒyüy 33
˛ô)ãy 30
xÓ¢yò 21
!Ó!Óï 33
}ì%˛â˛e´ 83
67

UNIT – II
OEC - 4.1D (Theory)
 ≤ÃÓy!£ò# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yòÈÙÙÙÈ~Ñ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò S≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íV

Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò S!mì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íV
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò !mì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í Sì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛V
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ !ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô @˘Ãs˛iõyúy
≤ÃÓy!£ò# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yòÈÙÙÙÈ~Ñ˛ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òy

1332 ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ x@˘Ã£yÎ˚í õyˆÏ¢ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛úò@˘Ãs˛i Ú≤ÃÓy!£ò#Û– @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ £z!ì˛˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~£z @˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛õy¢ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ 1332 ¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛ôÔˆÏ°Ï !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ 200!›˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛e Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!îˆÏòwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏúò ÚÜ#!ì˛â˛â≈˛yÛÈÙÈòyõÑ˛ Ü#ì˛¢ÇÑ˛úò @˘Ãs˛i– ~£z @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ÚÚ!ÓˆÏü°Ï¶˛yˆÏÓ xy◊õÓy¢# äÈye Á äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
Ñ˛Ó˚yÛÛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– ≤ÃÑ˛yüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÓîˆÏò ãyòyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆÎ
ÚÚxy◊ˆÏõÓ˚ äÈye Á äÈye#Üí ≤Ã!ì˛!îò ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú Ñœ˛yü xyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓπ≈ñ Ó˚y!eˆÏì˛ üÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓπ≈ñ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ }ì%˛ˆÏì˛ñ v˛zÍ¢Ó Á
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õ£!°Ï≈ˆÏîˆÏÓÓ˚ Á ˛ô)ãò#Î˚ !mˆÏãwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ õ£yüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ î%£z!›˛ Üyòñ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˆÓî ÜyòÁ ~£z fl˛iyˆÏò ¢!ß¨ˆÏÓ!üì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ££zú–
Üyò=!ú ÓyäÈy£z Ñ˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚ Á Ñ˛ÌyˆÏì˛ Îy£yˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÌõ !ü«˛yÌ≈#!îˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# £Î˚ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ î,!‹T
Ó˚y!ÖÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛‹Ty Ñ˛Ó˚y ££zÎ˚yˆÏäÈ–ÛÛ
Ólfl˛ì˛É ~ @˘ÃˆÏs˛i Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚!äÈú õ£!°Ï≈ ˆîˆÏÓwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ Ú˛ô%íƒ˛ô%ˆÏOò Î!î ˆ≤ÃõïòÇ ˆÑ˛yh!˛ô úˆÏ¶˛ÍÛ
Üyò!›˛ó !mˆÏãwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ ÚÑ˛Ó˚ ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ ÜyòÛ Á ÚãyˆÏÜy ¢Ñ˛ú xõ,ˆÏì˛Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚#Û Üyò î%!›˛ ~ÓÇ ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Ó˚!â˛ì˛
Ú!òõ≈ú ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏì˛ !õ!ú ~Ñ˛¢yˆÏÌÛ ÜyòÖy!ò–
ÚÜ#!ì˛â˛â˛≈yÛ ÎÖò ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚ ì˛Öò Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ 64 ÓÍ¢Ó˚– xyÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ü#ì˛¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ xyÑ˛Ó˚@˘Ãs˛i ÚÜ#ì˛!Óì˛yòÛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
£ú Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ 71 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ó 1338ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xy!ŸªˆÏò– õyˆÏG˛Ó˚ ~£z Ñ˛ÛÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÎ˚ ~ú ÚˆüyïˆÏÓyïÛñ Úˆü°Ï Ó°Ï≈íÛñ ÚüyÓ˚ˆÏîyÍ¢ÓÛñ
ÚÓ¢hs˛Ûñ Ú¢%®Ó˚Ûñ Úö˛yÄò#Ûñ Úò›˛#Ó˚˛ô)ãyÛñ ÚÓ˚_´Ñ˛Ó˚Ó#Ûñ Ú}ì%˛Ó˚DÛñ Úˆü°ÏÓ˚«˛yÛñ Ú˛ô!Ó˚eyíÛñ Úì˛˛ôì˛#Ûñ Úõ˝Î˚yÛ Á Ó˝ òì%˛ò ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓ˚–
68

Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò S≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚íV

1930 S1337 ÓDy∑VÈÙÈ~ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ¢_Ó˚ ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ˛ôîy˛ô≈í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì§˛yÓ˚ 70 ì˛õ ãß√ãÎ˚hs˛#ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôú«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!ÓÓ˚ ~ÈÙÈÎyÓÍ Ó˚!â˛ì˛
˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy Á òì%˛ò ¢Ó Üyò=ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛e Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%Ó,£Í Ü#ì˛¢ÇÑ˛úò ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ÓäÈÓ˚ ÖyˆÏòÑ˛ xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛–
~£z Ü#ì˛¢ÇÑ˛úò ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zˆÏîƒy_ý !äÈˆÏúò fl˛∫Î˚Ç Ñ˛!Ó– 1929 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~£z Ü#ì˛¢ÇÑ˛úò!›˛Ó˚ ãˆÏòƒ Üyò¢Ç@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ˛yã ˛ô)í≈ v˛zîƒˆÏõ ÷Ó˚&
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2Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ î%£z ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏò !Ó°ÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ!Óòƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ≠

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Üyò 32 ãyÜÓ˚í 26 ˆü°Ï 34 Ó°Ï≈y 115
Óı%˛ 59 !òÉ¢ÇüÎ˚ 10 ˛ô!Ó˚íÎ˚ 9 üÓ˚Í 30
≤ÃyÌ≈òy 36 ¢yïÑ˛ 2 fl˛∫ˆÏîü 46 ˆ£õhs˛ 5
!ÓÓ˚£ 47 v˛zÍ¢Ó 7 ˆ≤Ãõ ü#ì˛ 12
¢yïòy Á ¢ÇÑ˛“ 17 xyò® 25 Üyò 27 Ó¢hs˛ 16
î%ÉÖ 49 !ÓŸª 29 ˆ≤ÃõÈÙÈ˜Ó!â˛eƒ 368 !Ó!â˛e 138
xyŸªy¢ 12 !Ó!Óï 143 ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ 9
xhs˛õ%≈ˆÏÖ 6 ¢%®Ó˚ 30 ¢yïyÓ˚í 9 ˛ô!Ó˚!ü‹T 2
xydˆÏÓyï 5 Óyv˛zú 13 @˘Ã#‹ø 16
2Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚ˆÏí Ú≤ÃÑ˛yüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛yÛÎ˚ ◊# â˛yÓ˚&â˛w ¶˛Ryâ˛yÎ≈ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ˆÎ ÚÜ#ì˛!Óì˛yòÛ î%£z Ö[˛ õ%!oì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛!Ó xyÓ˚Á
xˆÏòÑ˛=!ú Üyò Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚!äÈˆÏúò– ˆ¢£z Üyò=!ú ü#á£z ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÖˆÏ[˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆÖÎ˚yú òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ ˆÎ¢Ó Üyò ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ÖˆÏ[˛ Óyî
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Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yò !mì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í Sì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛V

ÚÜ#ì˛!Óì˛yòÛ 1õ Á 2Î˚ ÖˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ òÎ˚ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏòÓ˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ â˛yÓ˚&â˛w
¶˛Ryâ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ K˛y!˛ôì˛ !ÓK˛!Æ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÖˆÏ[˛ ≤ÃÌõ 2 ÖˆÏ[˛ ˆÎ¢Ó Üyò õ%oí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óyî ˛ôˆÏv˛¸!äÈú ˆ¢=!ú ~ÓÇ ò,ì˛ƒòy›˛ƒ
Ü#!ì˛òy›˛ƒ=!ú ¢ÇˆÏÎy!ãì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
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ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ !äÈú ¶˛yò%!¢ÇˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôîyÓú#Ó˚ 20!›˛ Üyòñ òy›˛ƒÜ#!ì˛Ó˚ 126!›˛ Üyòñ 16!›˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ñ 82!›˛ ˛ô)ãyÁ ≤ÃyÌ≈òyÓ˚ Üyòñ
17!›˛ xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ Üyòñ ˆ≤Ãõ Á ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ 102!›˛ Üyòñ 5!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!ü‹T ~ÓÇ Ü#!ì˛òy›˛ƒ ÚÓyÕ√#!Ñ˛≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yÛñ ÚÑ˛yúõ,ÜÎ˚yÛñ ÚõyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖúyÛñ ò,ì˛ƒòy›˛ƒ
Ú!â˛eyDîyÛñ Úâ˛[˛y!úÑ˛yÛñ ÚüƒyõyÛ £zì˛ƒy!î–
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ˆîÖy ˆÜúñ 1339 ÓDyˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ≤ÃÌõ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ˆõy›˛ 357!›˛ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 10!›˛ ÜyòˆÏÑ˛ 2Î˚ ¢Çñ 1õ Á
2Î˚ ÖˆÏ[˛ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏò ÎÌyÎÌ !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢ fl˛iyò ˆîÁÎ˚y £ú òy– !Ñ˛ls˛ 2Î˚ ¢Çñ 3Î˚ Ö[˛ Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏò S1357V ˆ¢£z 10!›˛ Üyò ÎÌyÎÌ !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢
¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ £ú– !òˆÏâ˛ !Ó¶˛yÜÈÙÈ!Óòƒy¢ ¢£ Üyò=!úÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y £ú ≠
72

Üyò !Ó¶˛yÜÈÙÈ!Óòƒy¢
1. ÓyãˆÏÓ˚ Ó§yü!Ó˚ ÓyˆÏãy òy›˛ƒÜ#!ì˛ ≠ 80
2. ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ï!›˛ ÛÛ ≠ 57
3. îÎ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ îÎ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÛÛ ≠ 79
4. ˆÑ˛yò ¶˛#Ó˚&ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛Î˚ ˆîÖy!Ó ˛ô)ãy Á ≤ÃyÌ≈òy ≠ 76
5. fl˛∫Ó˚*˛ô ì§˛y£yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ ãyˆÏò ÛÛ ≠ 46
6. ì%˛!õ ˆì˛y ˆ¢£z ÎyˆÏÓ£z â˛ˆÏú ˆ≤Ãõ Á ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ≠ 86
7. xˆÏÓúyÎ˚ Î!î ~ˆÏ¢äÈ ÛÛ ≠ 85
8. ˆÎò ˆÑ˛yò ¶%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãõ Á ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ ≠ 84
9. ÁˆÏÜy ãˆÏúÓ˚ Ó˚yò# ÛÛ ≠ 89
10. xy˛ôò£yÓ˚y õyˆÏì˛yÎ˚yÓ˚y ÛÛ ≠ 87
Ü#ì˛!Óì˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~£z Ö[˛!›˛Ó˚ ¢¡ôyîòyÎ˚ ◊#Î%_´ Ñ˛yòy£z ¢yõˆÏhs˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏD !Ó!¶˛ß¨ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ú˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%oíÛ xÓ!ï ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Î%_´˛ !äÈˆÏúò–
◊#õì˛# £z!®Ó˚y ˆîÓ#ñ ◊#˛ ô%!úò!Ó£yÓ˚# ˆ¢òñ ◊# xòy!îÑ%˛õyÓ˚ î!hfl˛îyÓ˚ñ ◊# üy!hs˛ˆÏîÓ ˆáy°Ïñ ◊# ˜üúãyÓ˚Oò õã%õîyÓ˚ ≤Ãõ%Ö–
˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~£z Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD !äÈˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈ
◊# x!õÎ˚â˛w â˛e´Óì≈˛#ñ ◊# x£#w ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#ñ ◊# !«˛!ì˛ˆÏõy£ò ˆ¢òñ ◊# ï#ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ îy¢ñ ◊# !òì˛ƒyò®!ÓˆÏòyî ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#ñ ◊# ≤Ãö%˛Õ‘Ñ%˛õyÓ˚
îy¢ñ ◊# ≤Ã¶˛yì˛Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ◊# ˆüy¶˛òúyú ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ◊# ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ˆ¢ò Á ◊# ¢%ï#Ó˚â˛w Ñ˛Ó˚ ≤Ãõ%Ö–
î%ú≈¶˛ ì˛Ìƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ Î§yÓ˚y ~ Ñ˛yˆÏã ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò ì§˛yÓ˚y £ˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈ
◊#õì˛# xÓ˚&ı˛ì˛# â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ◊# x!Ÿªò#Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ îyü=Æñ ◊# ì˛˛ôòˆÏõy£ò â˛ˆÏRy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ◊# ÓˆÏãwòyÌ ÜˆÏDy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ñ ◊# ˆÎyˆÏÜüâ˛w
ÓyÜú Á ◊# ¢òÍÑ%˛õyÓ˚ =Æ ≤Ãõ%Ö–
!ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛# @˘Ãs˛iò!Ó¶˛yÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ãs˛i!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ú–
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ Ö[˛ S2Î˚ ¢ÇV Ñ˛õ˛ôˆÏ«˛ 5 ÓyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy!ã≈ì˛ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚ˆÏí ˆÓÓ˚ £Î˚– ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È Üyò ¢ÇˆÏÎy!ãì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ˛ôM˛ÈõÓyÓ˚
~£z ¢ÇÑ˛úˆÏò 10!›˛ òì%˛ò Üyò ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~ äÈyv˛¸y ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í=!úˆÏì˛ !Óòƒy¢Üì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òÁ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
73

UNIT – III
OEC - 4.1D (Theory)
 Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚í !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛y ~ÓÇ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ü#!ì˛!ú!˛ô S1ÈÙÈ6Vñ Ü#ì˛ˆÏúÖy
S1ÈÙÈ3Vñ Ü#ì˛˛ôMÈ˛!üÑ˛yñ Ñ˛yÓƒÜ#!ì˛ñ Ü#ì˛Ó#!ÌÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!Óì˛yò ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô @˘Ãs˛i=!ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ÈÙÙÙÈ¢yïyÓ˚í K˛yò Á
˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛–
 ≤ÃŸ¿õyúy
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ¢Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚í

[!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôe˛ô!eÑ˛y S¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôeV ~ÓÇ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ü#ì˛!ú!˛ô S1ÈÙÈ6V Ü#ì˛ˆÏúÖy S1ÈÙÈ3Vñ Ü#ì˛˛ôM˛Èy!üÑ˛yñ Ñ˛yÓƒÜ#!ì˛ñ Ü#!ì˛Ó#!ÌÑ˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!Óì˛yò ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô @˘Ãs˛i=!úÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í K˛yò Á ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛]
~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ !Ó˛ô%úì˛yñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ î#á≈Ñ˛yúÓƒy˛ô# Ó˚â˛òyÎ˚ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ hfl˛Ó˚ˆÏ¶˛î Á ¢%Ó˚ÈÙÈì˛yúÈÙÈäÈ®ÈÙÈúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜Ó!â˛eƒõÎ˚ ˜Ó!üˆÏ‹TƒÓ˚ ãòƒ
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy£z !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒó Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÁ ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!ì˛e´õ òÎ˚–
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ü#ì˛Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛y ì§˛yÓ˚ ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô !òˆÏã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyõy!íÑ˛ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢ÇüˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓÑ˛yü ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òyó !Ñ˛ls˛ñ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ì˛y £Î˚!ò– Ú~ !Ñ˛ ¢ì˛ƒ ¢Ñ˛ú£z ¢ì˛ƒÛ Üyò!›˛ äÈyv˛¸y ÓyîÓyÑ˛# ¢Ó Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò xòƒyòƒ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚Ó˚y– ≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛ñ
˛ô)í≈yD¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ôÓ˚ £z!ì˛Ó,_ Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ˆ¢£z ¢¡∫ˆÏı˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ˆÎ ˆÎ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô
˛ôk˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ˆ¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–
|ò!ÓÇü üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ì,˛ì˛#Î˚¶˛yˆÏÜ ˆ«˛eˆÏõy£ò ˆÜyfl˛∫yõ#ÈÙÈÑ,˛ì˛ î[˛õy!eÑ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ˛ôk˛!ì˛ñ Ñ,˛°åïò ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈÑ,˛ì˛ ˙Ñ˛ì˛y!òÑ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô
˛ôk˛!ì˛ ~ÓÇ !mˆÏãwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ÈÙÈÑ,˛ì˛ Ñ˛!¢õy!eÑ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ˛ôk˛!ì˛Û ÈÙÙÙÈ £zì˛ƒy!î ÓyÇúy fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎ !ì˛ò!›˛ !¶˛ß¨ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ v˛zqy!Óì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ
ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !mˆÏãwòyÌÈÙÈÑ,˛ì˛ Á ì§˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¢¡ôy!îì˛ ì˛_¥ˆÏÓy!ïò# ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ 1791 üÑ˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ S1869 !Öfi›˛y∑V Ñ˛y!ì≈˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
Úfl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô !ú!˛ôÓk˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãíyú#Û ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ– !mˆÏãwòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y v˛zqy!Óì˛ ~£z fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ≤Ãíyú#ˆÏÑ˛ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ e´õü
Úì˛_¥ˆÏÓy!ïò#Ûñ Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Ûñ ÚÓyúÑ˛Ûñ Ú¢yïòyÛ £zì˛ƒy!î ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ Ó˝ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛!ú!˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÷Ó˚& Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ¢Ó˚úyˆÏîÓ#ÈÙÈÑ,˛ì˛
Ú¢ÇÖƒyõy!eÑ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ˛ôk˛!ì˛ÛˆÏì˛ Ó˚!â˛ì˛ £Î˚ Úüì˛ÜyòÛ Îy ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#ˆÏì˛ õ%oíÎˆÏs˛f ¢yÇˆÏÑ˛!ì˛Ñ˛ !â˛£´ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ x¢%!ÓïyÓüì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒì˛y ˛ôyÎ˚!ò– ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#ˆÏì˛ ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ~£z ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛# Á ¢õ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢Ñ˛ú ≤Ãíyú#ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ï≈ì˛ Á ˛ô!Ó˚õy!ã≈ì˛
Ó˚*˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó≈ãòõyòƒ Á @˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒ ÚxyÑ˛yÓ˚õy!eÑ˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ˛ôk˛!ì˛Û v˛zqyÓò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ì,≈˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒyì˛
fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô Ü#!ì˛õyúy S1304 ÓDy∑VÈÙÈÎ˚ ~£z ˛ôk˛!ì˛ !Óhfl˛y!Ó˚ì˛ ÓƒyÖƒy¢£ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ì§˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ú¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üÑ˛y ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚Á !ì˛!ò
~£z ˛ôk˛!ì˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ¢yïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z ˛ôk˛!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓÓì≈˛òy!îÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ôÓ˚ xy!î Á ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ˛ôÓ≈ ¢Ç!Ÿ’‹T–
74

¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ Óúy£z Óy˝úƒ ˆÎñ Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ xy!î˛ôˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íyÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ ¢ı˛yˆÏò fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ôÈÙÈ˛ôk˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyã≈òÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚Óï≈ò Á v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏò
Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢%Ó˚ÈÙÈ¢ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏí ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ òyõ ¢Ó≈yˆÏ@˘Ã fl˛øÓ˚íˆÏÎyÜƒ–
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ã#ÓjüyÎ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ≠ ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôe Á @˘Ãs˛i¢õ)£

Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ã#ÓjüyÎ˚ ˆÎ¢Ó ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ôeÈÙÈ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Úì˛_¥ˆÏÓy!ïò#Û ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ òyõ
¢Ó≈yˆÏ@˘Ã v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÎ¢Ó ˛ô!eÑ˛yÎ˚ e´õü Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ˛≤ÃÑ˛yü £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢=!ú £ú Ú¢yïòyÛñ Ú¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Ûñ ÚÓyúÑ˛Ûñ
Úxyúy!˛ôò#Ûñ Ú¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üÑ˛yÛñ Ú¢ÇÜ#ì˛!ÓK˛yò ≤ÃˆÏÓ!üÑ˛yÛñ Úxyò®¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÛñ Ú≤ÃÓy¢#Ûñ Úüy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛òÛñ Ú!Ó!â˛eyÛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛–
¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!eÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏD ¢ˆÏD ˆÓü !Ñ˛ä%È @˘ÃˆÏs˛iÁ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô õ%!oì˛ £Î˚– ˆ¢=!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ó≈≤ÃÌˆÏõ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öƒ ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚wòyÌ
‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ Á ÓƒyÖƒyì˛ Úfl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô Ü#!ì˛õyúyÛ S1304 ÓDy∑V– â˛yÓ˚ ÖˆÏ[˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ ~£z @˘ÃˆÏs˛i ˆãƒy!ì˛!Ó˚wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ Á x«˛Î˚ ˆâ˛Ôï%Ó˚#Ó˚
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ì˛yˆÏì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô xyÑ˛yÓ˚õy!eÑ˛ ˛ôk˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £Î˚– ~äÈyv˛¸y xyˆÏäÈ ¢%ˆÏÓ˚wòyÌ ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyÎ˚ÈÙÈÑ,˛ì˛ Ú≤ÃyÎ˚!ÿ˛_Û S1316
ÓDy∑V Á ÚÜ#ì˛!ú!˛ôÛ S6 ÖˆÏ[˛Vñ S1317ÈÙÈ25 ÓDy∑V £zì˛ƒy!î– ì˛ˆÏÓ Úfl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô Ü#!ì˛õyúyÛ Úüì˛ÜyòÛ ~ÓÇ ÚÓ·˛¢ÇÜ#ì˛ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ôÛÈÙÈˆì˛
Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ äÈyv˛¸yÁ xòƒyòƒ Ü#ì˛Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚â˛òyÁ fl˛iyò ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ~ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy£z Óy˝úƒ–
Ó˚Ó#wòyˆÏÌÓ˚ ã#ÓjüyÎ˚ v˛z!Õ‘!Öì˛ @˘Ãs˛i=!ú ¢ˆÏõì˛ e´õü xyÓ˚ ˆÎ¢Ó Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô @˘Ãs˛i ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
˛ì˛y!úÑ˛y !òˆÏâ˛ ¢ÇÑ˛!úì˛ £ú ≠
@˘ÃˆÏs˛iÓ˚ òyõ ≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛yú Ó˚Ó#w¢D#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚
fl˛∫Ó˚!ú!˛ô ¢ÇÖƒy
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S1ÈÙÈ6 Ö[˛V
1õ Ö[˛ õyá 1311 ÓDy∑ 57 ÛÛ
2Î˚ Ö[˛ õyá 1312 ÓDy∑ 36 ÛÛ
3Î˚ Ö[˛ õyá 1313 ÓDy∑ 17 ÛÛ
4Ì≈ Ö[˛ ˜ÓüyÖ 1315 ÓDy∑ 23 ÛÛ
5õ Ö[˛ ˜ÓüyÖ 1316 ÓDy∑ 27+1 ÛÛ
6¤˛ Ö[˛ ˜ãƒ¤˛ 1318 ÓDy∑ 38 ÛÛ
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Ü#ì˛!ú!˛ô 1317ÈÙÈ25 ÓDy∑ 91 ÛÛ
S1ÈÙÈ6 Ö[˛V
1õ Ö[˛ 1317 ÓDy∑ 18 ÛÛ
2Î˚ Ö[˛ 1319 ÓDy∑ 17 ÛÛ
75


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5õ Ö[˛ 1323 ÓDy∑ 16 ÛÛ
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2Î˚ Ö[˛ 1325 ÓDy∑ 28 ÛÛ
3Î˚ Ö[˛ 1327 ÓDy∑ 24 ÛÛ
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CENTRE FOR DISTANCE &

Semester C.C Unit

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATION

March, 2021 © Rabindra Bharati University

Printed at The Saraswati Printing Works, 2 Guru Prosad2Chowdhury Lane, Kolkata-700006

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 2

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 3

 ˆì˛Áv˛¸y ì˛yú– xò%Ó,!_ 30

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 4

Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛ !£®%ﬂ˛iyò# üyﬂ˛f#Î˚ ¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 5

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 6

Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ~ÓÇ Üíõyïƒõ

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 7

SáV Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 8

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 9

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 10

ˆÓì˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Sî)Ó˚îü≈ò ¢£V

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 11

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 12

â˛ú!Fâ˛ˆÏe Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 13

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 14

Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ â˛â≈˛yÓ˚ £z!ì˛£y¢

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 15

Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 16

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 17

Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛yúãÎ˚# !ü“#

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 18

 ò,ˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏú ì˛yˆÏú S1948V

 !äÈ !äÈ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ãˆÏú S1953V

 ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆòÁÎ˚y !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y S1959V

 Ñ,˛°åÑ˛!ú xy!õ ì˛yˆÏÓ˚£z Ó!ú S1961V

 xy=ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚üõ!í S1964V

 xyõyÓ˚ ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ ÓyÇúy S1971V

 ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ ãòõ xyõyÓ˚ S1971V

 ì˛Ó% õˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖy S1972V

 ü!_´Ó˚*˛ô ˆ£ˆÏÓ˚y ì§˛yÓ˚ S1972V

 ü)òƒ £yˆÏì˛ !ö˛!Ó˚ ˆ£ S1973V

 xyõyÓ˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ ì%˛!õ Ñ˛Ó˚ S1973V

 ÜÓ˚Ó õõ £ˆÏÓ˚äÈ ≤Ã¶%˛ S1975V

 ˆÓúy ˆÜú ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ S1978V

 ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ ¢yïò S1979V

 xyõyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ôyÌÓ˚ äÈv˛¸yˆÏòy S1982V

 ˛ôys˛i ì%˛!õ ˛ôys˛iãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Öy S1982V

 Î!î ˆì˛yÓ˚ v˛yÑ˛ ÷ˆÏò ˆÑ˛v˛z S1984V

 Ó!Ó˚°Ï ïÓ˚y õyˆÏG˛ S1984V

 ò£ õyì˛y ò£ Ñ˛òƒy S1986V

 ˆÑ˛ò ˆÓ˚ ~£z î%Î˚yÓ˚›%˛Ñ%˛ S1991V

 ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~ ÓyÓ˚ õy!Ü S1993V

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 19

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 20

M-2 E : Srikanta\Netaji (Raja)\Rabindra Sangit\Final (4th Proof) 21

● ˆÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏv≈˛ Ó˚Ó#wÑ˛ˆÏZ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!üì˛ Ó˚Ó#w¢ÇÜ#ì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚–