Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday FRS (/ˈfærədeɪ, -di/; 22 Sept ember 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English
scient ist who cont ribut ed t o t he st udy of elect romagnet ism and elect rochemist ry. His main
discoveries include t he principles underlying elect romagnet ic induct ion, diamagnet ism and
elect rolysis. Alt hough Faraday received lit t le formal educat ion, as a self-made man, he was one
of t he most influent ial scient ist s in hist ory.[1] It was by his research on t he magnet ic field around
a conduct or carrying a direct current t hat Faraday est ablished t he concept of t he
elect romagnet ic field in physics. Faraday also est ablished t hat magnet ism could affect rays of
light and t hat t here was an underlying relat ionship bet ween t he t wo phenomena.[2][3] He similarly
discovered t he principles of elect romagnet ic induct ion, diamagnet ism, and t he laws of
elect rolysis. His invent ions of elect romagnet ic rot ary devices formed t he foundat ion of elect ric
mot or t echnology, and it was largely due t o his effort s t hat elect ricit y became pract ical for use
in t echnology.[4]

As a chemist , Faraday discovered benzene, invest igat ed t he clat hrat e hydrat e of chlorine,
invent ed an early form of t he Bunsen burner and t he syst em of oxidat ion numbers, and
popularised t erminology such as "anode", "cat hode", "elect rode" and "ion". Faraday ult imat ely
became t he first and foremost Fullerian Professor of Chemist ry at t he Royal Inst it ut ion, a
lifet ime posit ion. Faraday was an experiment alist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple
language; his mat hemat ical abilit ies, however, did not ext end as far as t rigonomet ry and were
limit ed t o t he simplest algebra. James Clerk Maxwell t ook t he work of Faraday and ot hers and
summarized it in a set of equat ions which is accept ed as t he basis of all modern t heories of
elect romagnet ic phenomena. On Faraday's uses of lines of force, Maxwell wrot e t hat t hey show
Faraday "t o have been in realit y a mat hemat ician of a very high order – one from whom t he
mat hemat icians of t he fut ure may derive
valuable and fert ile met hods."[5] The SI unit of
capacit ance is named in his honour: t he farad. Michael Faraday
Albert Einst ein kept a pict ure of Faraday on his
st udy wall, alongside pict ures of Art hur FRS
Schopenhauer and James Clerk Maxwell.[6]
Physicist Ernest Rut herford st at ed, "When we
consider t he magnit ude and ext ent of his
discoveries and t heir influence on t he progress
of science and of indust ry, t here is no honour
t oo great t o pay t o t he memory of Faraday,
one of t he great est scient ific discoverers of
all t ime."[1]

Biography
Born 22
Early life September
Michael Faraday was born on 22 Sept ember 1791
[7]
1791 in Newingt on But t s, Surrey (which is
now part of t he London Borough of Newington
[8]
Sout hwark). His family was not well off. His
fat her, James, was a member of t he Glasit e Butts,
sect of Christ ianit y. James Faraday moved his
wife, Margaret (née Hast well),[9] and t wo Surrey,
children t o London during t he wint er of 1790
from Out hgill in West morland, where he had England
been an apprent ice t o t he village
blacksmit h.[10] Michael was born in t he aut umn
of t hat year. The young Michael Faraday, who
was t he t hird of four children, having only t he
most basic school educat ion, had t o educat e
himself.[11] Died 25 August
At t he age of 14 he became an apprent ice t o
George Riebau, a local bookbinder and
1867
bookseller in Blandford St reet .[12] During his
seven-year apprent iceship Faraday read many
(aged 75)
books, including Isaac Wat t s's The
Improvement of the Mind, and he
Hampton
ent husiast ically implement ed t he principles
and suggest ions cont ained t herein.[13] During
Court,
t his period, Faraday held discussions wit h his
peers in t he Cit y Philosophical Societ y where
Middlesex,
he at t ended lect ures about various scient ific
t opics.[14] He also developed an int erest in
England
science, especially in elect ricit y. Faraday was
part icularly inspired by t he book Known for See list
Conversations on Chemistry by Jane
Marcet .[15][16] Faraday
inductio
Faraday
Adult life Faraday
Faraday
Faraday
Faraday
Faraday
electroly
Portrait of Faraday in 1842 by
Thomas Phillips
In 1812, at t he age of 20 and at t he end of his
apprent iceship, Faraday at t ended lect ures by
Faraday
t he eminent English chemist Humphry Davy of experim
t he Royal Inst it ut ion and t he Royal Societ y,
and John Tat um, founder of t he Cit y Faraday
Philosophical Societ y. Many of t he t icket s for
t hese lect ures were given t o Faraday by Faraday
William Dance, who was one of t he founders
of t he Royal Philharmonic Societ y. Faraday
(electro
subsequent ly sent Davy a 300-page book
based on not es t hat he had t aken during t hese
Faraday
lect ures. Davy's reply was immediat e, kind, and
Faraday
favourable. In 1813, when Davy damaged his
eyesight in an accident wit h nit rogen efficienc
t richloride, he decided t o employ Faraday as
an assist ant . Coincident ally one of t he Royal Faraday
Inst it ut ion's assist ant s, John Payne, was
sacked and Sir Humphry Davy had been asked Faraday
t o find a replacement ; t hus he appoint ed
Faraday as Chemical Assist ant at t he Royal Adsorpt
Inst it ut ion on 1 March 1813.[2] Very soon Davy refrigera
ent rust ed Faraday wit h t he preparat ion of
nit rogen t richloride samples, and t hey bot h Colloida
were injured in an explosion of t his very
sensit ive subst ance.[17] Homop
Faraday married Sarah Barnard (1800–1879) on
12 June 1821.[18] They met t hrough t heir
Lines of
families at t he Sandemanian church, and he
confessed his fait h t o t he Sandemanian
Magnet
congregat ion t he mont h aft er t hey were separat
married. They had no children.[7]

Faraday was a devout Christ ian; his

MHD co
Sandemanian denominat ion was an offshoot
of t he Church of Scot land. Well aft er his
Premelt
marriage, he served as deacon and for t wo
t erms as an elder in t he meet ing house of his
yout h. His church was locat ed at Paul's Alley in Regelat
t he Barbican. This meet ing house relocat ed in
1862 t o Barnsbury Grove, Islingt on; t his Nort h Rubber
London locat ion was where Faraday served
t he final t wo years of his second t erm as elder
Discove
prior t o his resignat ion from t hat post .[19][20] benzene
Biographers have not ed t hat "a st rong sense
of t he unit y of God and nat ure pervaded
Faraday's life and work."[21] Spouse Sarah Barnar

Awards Royal

Later life Medal

(1835,
1846)
Copley
Medal
Three Fellows of the Royal Society
offering the presidency to Faraday,
(1832,
1857
1838)
In June 1832, t he Universit y of Oxford grant ed
Faraday an honorary Doct or of Civil Law Rumford
degree. During his lifet ime, he was offered a
knight hood in recognit ion for his services t o Medal
science, which he t urned down on religious
grounds, believing t hat it was against t he word (1846)
of t he Bible t o accumulat e riches and pursue
worldly reward, and st at ing t hat he preferred
t o remain "plain Mr Faraday t o t he end".[22]
Elect ed a Fellow of t he Royal Societ y in 1824,
he t wice refused t o become President .[23] He Albert
became t he first Fullerian Professor of
Chemist ry at t he Royal Inst it ut ion in 1833.[24] Medal
In 1832, Faraday was elect ed a Foreign (1866)
Honorary Member of t he American Academy
of Art s and Sciences.[25] He was elect ed a
foreign member of t he Royal Swedish Scientific career
Academy of Sciences in 1838. In 1840, he was
elect ed t o t he American Philosophical
[26]
Fields Physics
Societ y. He was one of eight foreign
members elect ed t o t he French Academy of
[27]
Chemistry
Sciences in 1844. In 1849 he was elect ed
as associat ed member t o t he Royal Inst it ut e
of t he Net herlands, which t wo years lat er Institutions Royal
became t he Royal Net herlands Academy of
Art s and Sciences and he was subsequent ly Institutio
made foreign member.[28]

Signature

Faraday's grave at Highgate

Cemetery, London

Faraday had a nervous breakdown in 1839 but event ually ret urned t o his invest igat ions int o
elect romagnet ism.[29] In 1848, as a result of represent at ions by t he Prince Consort , Faraday was
awarded a grace and favour house in Hampt on Court in Middlesex, free of all expenses and
upkeep. This was t he Mast er Mason's House, lat er called Faraday House, and now No. 37
Hampt on Court Road. In 1858 Faraday ret ired t o live t here.[30]

Having provided a number of various service project s for t he Brit ish government , when asked by
t he government t o advise on t he product ion of chemical weapons for use in t he Crimean War
(1853–1856), Faraday refused t o part icipat e, cit ing et hical reasons.[31]

Faraday died at his house at Hampt on Court on 25 August 1867, aged 75.[32] He had some years
before t urned down an offer of burial in West minst er Abbey upon his deat h, but he has a
memorial plaque t here, near Isaac Newt on's t omb.[33] Faraday was int erred in t he dissent ers' (non-
Anglican) sect ion of Highgat e Cemet ery.[34]

Scientific achievements

Chemistry

Equipment used by Faraday to

make glass on display at the
Royal Institution in London

Faraday's earliest chemical work was as an assist ant t o Humphry Davy. Faraday was involved in
t he st udy of chlorine; he discovered t wo new compounds of chlorine and carbon:
hexachloroet hane which he made via t he chlorinat ion of et hylene and carbon t et rachloride from
t he decomposit ion of t he former. He also conduct ed t he first rough experiment s on t he diffusion
of gases, a phenomenon t hat was first point ed out by John Dalt on. The physical import ance of
t his phenomenon was more fully revealed by Thomas Graham and Joseph Loschmidt . Faraday
succeeded in liquefying several gases, invest igat ed t he alloys of st eel, and produced several
new kinds of glass int ended for opt ical purposes. A specimen of one of t hese heavy glasses
subsequent ly became hist orically import ant ; when t he glass was placed in a magnet ic field
Faraday det ermined t he rot at ion of t he plane of polarisat ion of light . This specimen was also t he
first subst ance found t o be repelled by t he poles of a magnet .[35][36]

Faraday invent ed an early form of what was t o become t he Bunsen burner, which is st ill in
pract ical use in science laborat ories around t he world as a convenient source of heat .[37][38]
Faraday worked ext ensively in t he field of chemist ry, discovering chemical subst ances such as
benzene (which he called bicarburet of hydrogen) and liquefying gases such as chlorine. The
liquefying of gases helped t o est ablish t hat gases are t he vapours of liquids possessing a very
low boiling point and gave a more solid basis t o t he concept of molecular aggregat ion. In 1820
Faraday report ed t he first synt hesis of compounds made from carbon and chlorine, C2Cl6 and
CCl4, and published his result s t he following year.[39][40][41] Faraday also det ermined t he
composit ion of t he chlorine clat hrat e hydrat e, which had been discovered by Humphry Davy in
1810.[42][43] Faraday is also responsible for discovering t he laws of elect rolysis, and for
popularizing t erminology such as anode, cat hode, elect rode, and ion, t erms proposed in large part
by William Whewell.[44]

Faraday was t he first t o report what lat er came t o be called met allic nanopart icles. In 1847 he
discovered t hat t he opt ical propert ies of gold colloids differed from t hose of t he corresponding
bulk met al. This was probably t he first report ed observat ion of t he effect s of quant um size, and
might be considered t o be t he birt h of nanoscience.[45]

Electricity and magnetism

Faraday is best known for his work on elect ricit y and magnet ism. His first recorded experiment
was t he const ruct ion of a volt aic pile wit h seven Brit ish halfpenny coins, st acked t oget her wit h
seven discs of sheet zinc, and six pieces of paper moist ened wit h salt wat er. Wit h t his pile he
decomposed sulfat e of magnesia (first let t er t o Abbot t , 12 July 1812).

Electromagnetic rotation
experiment of Faraday, 1821,
the first demonstration of the
conversion of electrical
energy into motion[46]

In 1821, soon aft er t he Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christ ian Ørst ed discovered t he
phenomenon of elect romagnet ism, Davy and William Hyde Wollast on t ried, but failed, t o design
an elect ric mot or.[3] Faraday, having discussed t he problem wit h t he t wo men, went on t o build
t wo devices t o produce what he called "elect romagnet ic rot at ion". One of t hese, now known as
t he homopolar mot or, caused a cont inuous circular mot ion t hat was engendered by t he circular
magnet ic force around a wire t hat ext ended int o a pool of mercury wherein was placed a
magnet ; t he wire would t hen rot at e around t he magnet if supplied wit h current from a chemical
bat t ery. These experiment s and invent ions formed t he foundat ion of modern elect romagnet ic
t echnology. In his excit ement , Faraday published result s wit hout acknowledging his work wit h
eit her Wollast on or Davy. The result ing cont roversy wit hin t he Royal Societ y st rained his ment or
relat ionship wit h Davy and may well have cont ribut ed t o Faraday's assignment t o ot her act ivit ies,
which consequent ly prevent ed his involvement in elect romagnet ic research for several
years.[47][48]
 One of Faraday's 1831 experiments
demonstrating induction. The liquid
battery (right) sends an electric
current through the small coil (A) .
When it is moved in or out of the large
coil (B) , its magnetic field induces a
momentary voltage in the coil, which
is detected by the galvanometer (G) .

From his init ial discovery in 1821, Faraday cont inued his laborat ory work, exploring
elect romagnet ic propert ies of mat erials and developing requisit e experience. In 1824, Faraday
briefly set up a circuit t o st udy whet her a magnet ic field could regulat e t he flow of a current in
an adjacent wire, but he found no such relat ionship.[49] This experiment followed similar work
conduct ed wit h light and magnet s t hree years earlier t hat yielded ident ical result s.[50][51] During
t he next seven years, Faraday spent much of his t ime perfect ing his recipe for opt ical qualit y
(heavy) glass, borosilicat e of lead,[52] which he used in his fut ure st udies connect ing light wit h
magnet ism.[53] In his spare t ime, Faraday cont inued publishing his experiment al work on opt ics
and elect romagnet ism; he conduct ed correspondence wit h scient ist s whom he had met on his
journeys across Europe wit h Davy, and who were also working on elect romagnet ism.[54] Two years
aft er t he deat h of Davy, in 1831, he began his great series of experiment s in which he discovered
elect romagnet ic induct ion, recording in his laborat ory diary on 28 Oct ober 1831 he was; "making
many experiment s wit h t he great magnet of t he Royal Societ y".[55]

A diagram of Faraday's iron ring-coil

apparatus
 Built in 1831, the Faraday disc
was the first electric
generator. The horseshoe-
shaped magnet (A) created a
magnetic field through the
disc (D) . When the disc was
turned, this induced an
electric current radially
outward from the centre
toward the rim. The current
flowed out through the
sliding spring contact m,
through the external circuit,
and back into the centre of
the disc through the axle.

Faraday's breakt hrough came when he wrapped t wo insulat ed coils of wire around an iron ring, and
found t hat , upon passing a current t hrough one coil, a moment ary current was induced in t he
ot her coil.[3] This phenomenon is now known as mut ual induct ance.[56] The iron ring-coil apparat us
is st ill on display at t he Royal Inst it ut ion. In subsequent experiment s, he found t hat if he moved a
magnet t hrough a loop of wire an elect ric current flowed in t hat wire. The current also flowed if
t he loop was moved over a st at ionary magnet . His demonst rat ions est ablished t hat a changing
magnet ic field produces an elect ric field; t his relat ion was modelled mat hemat ically by James
Clerk Maxwell as Faraday's law, which subsequent ly became one of t he four Maxwell equat ions,
and which have in t urn evolved int o t he generalizat ion known t oday as field t heory.[57] Faraday
would lat er use t he principles he had discovered t o const ruct t he elect ric dynamo, t he ancest or
of modern power generat ors and t he elect ric mot or.[58]
 Faraday (right) and John
Daniell (left), founders of
electrochemistry

In 1832, he complet ed a series of experiment s aimed at invest igat ing t he fundament al nat ure of
elect ricit y; Faraday used "st at ic", bat t eries, and "animal elect ricit y" t o produce t he phenomena of
elect rost at ic at t ract ion, elect rolysis, magnet ism, et c. He concluded t hat , cont rary t o t he
scient ific opinion of t he t ime, t he divisions bet ween t he various "kinds" of elect ricit y were
illusory. Faraday inst ead proposed t hat only a single "elect ricit y" exist s, and t he changing values
of quant it y and int ensit y (current and volt age) would produce different groups of phenomena.[3]

Near t he end of his career, Faraday proposed t hat elect romagnet ic forces ext ended int o t he
empt y space around t he conduct or.[57] This idea was reject ed by his fellow scient ist s, and
Faraday did not live t o see t he event ual accept ance of his proposit ion by t he scient ific
communit y. Faraday's concept of lines of flux emanat ing from charged bodies and magnet s
provided a way t o visualize elect ric and magnet ic fields; t hat concept ual model was crucial for
t he successful development of t he elect romechanical devices t hat dominat ed engineering and
indust ry for t he remainder of t he 19t h cent ury.
Diamagnetism

Faraday holding a type of

glass bar he used in 1845 to
show magnetism affects
light in dielectric material[59]

In 1845, Faraday discovered t hat many mat erials exhibit a weak repulsion from a magnet ic field:
an effect he t ermed diamagnet ism.[60]

Faraday also discovered t hat t he plane of polarizat ion of linearly polarized light can be rot at ed by
t he applicat ion of an ext ernal magnet ic field aligned wit h t he direct ion in which t he light is
moving. This is now t ermed t he Faraday effect .[57] In Sept 1845 he wrot e in his not ebook, "I have
at last succeeded in illuminating a magnetic curve or line of force and in magnetising a ray of
light".[61]

Lat er on in his life, in 1862, Faraday used a spect roscope t o search for a different alt erat ion of
light , t he change of spect ral lines by an applied magnet ic field. The equipment available t o him
was, however, insufficient for a definit e det erminat ion of spect ral change. Piet er Zeeman lat er
used an improved apparat us t o st udy t he same phenomenon, publishing his result s in 1897 and
receiving t he 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics for his success. In bot h his 1897 paper[62] and his Nobel
accept ance speech,[63] Zeeman made reference t o Faraday's work.

Faraday cage
In his work on st at ic elect ricit y, Faraday's ice pail experiment demonst rat ed t hat t he charge
resided only on t he ext erior of a charged conduct or, and ext erior charge had no influence on
anyt hing enclosed wit hin a conduct or. This is because t he ext erior charges redist ribut e such t hat
t he int erior fields emanat ing from t hem cancel one anot her. This shielding effect is used in what
is now known as a Faraday cage.[57] In January 1836, Faraday had put a wooden frame, 12 ft
square, on four glass support s and added paper walls and wire mesh. He t hen st epped inside and
elect rified it . When he st epped out of his elect rified cage, Faraday had shown t hat elect ricit y
was a force, not an imponderable fluid as was believed at t he t ime.[4]

Royal Institution and public

service

Michael Faraday meets

Father Thames, from Punch
(21 July 1855).

Faraday had a long associat ion wit h t he Royal Inst it ut ion of Great Brit ain. He was appoint ed
Assist ant Superint endent of t he House of t he Royal Inst it ut ion in 1821.[64] He was elect ed a
Fellow of t he Royal Societ y in 1824.[7] In 1825, he became Direct or of t he Laborat ory of t he
Royal Inst it ut ion.[64] Six years lat er, in 1833, Faraday became t he first Fullerian Professor of
Chemist ry at t he Royal Inst it ut ion of Great Brit ain, a posit ion t o which he was appoint ed for life
wit hout t he obligat ion t o deliver lect ures. His sponsor and ment or was John 'Mad Jack' Fuller,
who creat ed t he posit ion at t he Royal Inst it ut ion for Faraday.[65]

Beyond his scient ific research int o areas such as chemist ry, elect ricit y, and magnet ism at t he
Royal Inst it ut ion, Faraday undert ook numerous, and oft en t ime-consuming, service project s for
privat e ent erprise and t he Brit ish government . This work included invest igat ions of explosions in
coal mines, being an expert wit ness in court , and along wit h t wo engineers from Chance Brot hers
c. 1853, t he preparat ion of high-qualit y opt ical glass, which was required by Chance for it s
light houses. In 1846, t oget her wit h Charles Lyell, he produced a lengt hy and det ailed report on a
serious explosion in t he colliery at Haswell, Count y Durham, which killed 95 miners.[66] Their report
was a met iculous forensic invest igat ion and indicat ed t hat coal dust cont ribut ed t o t he severit y
of t he explosion.[66] The first -t ime explosions had been linked t o dust , Faraday gave a
demonst rat ion during a lect ure on how vent ilat ion could prevent it . The report should have
warned coal owners of t he hazard of coal dust explosions, but t he risk was ignored for over 60
years unt il t he 1913 Senghenydd Colliery Disast er.[66]

Lighthouse lantern room

from mid-1800s

As a respect ed scient ist in a nat ion wit h st rong marit ime int erest s, Faraday spent ext ensive
amount s of t ime on project s such as t he const ruct ion and operat ion of light houses and
prot ect ing t he bot t oms of ships from corrosion. His workshop st ill st ands at Trinit y Buoy Wharf
above t he Chain and Buoy St ore, next t o London's only light house where he carried out t he first
experiment s in elect ric light ing for light houses.[67]

Faraday was also act ive in what would now be called environment al science, or engineering. He
invest igat ed indust rial pollut ion at Swansea and was consult ed on air pollut ion at t he Royal Mint .
In July 1855, Faraday wrot e a let t er t o The Times on t he subject of t he foul condit ion of t he
River Thames, which result ed in an oft en-reprint ed cart oon in Punch. (See also The Great
St ink).[68]
 Faraday's apparatus for experimental
demonstration of ideomotor effect
on table-turning

Faraday assist ed wit h t he planning and judging of exhibit s for t he Great Exhibit ion of 1851 in
London.[69] He also advised t he Nat ional Gallery on t he cleaning and prot ect ion of it s art
collect ion, and served on t he Nat ional Gallery Sit e Commission in 1857.[70][71] Educat ion was
anot her of Faraday's areas of service; he lect ured on t he t opic in 1854 at t he Royal Inst it ut ion,[72]
and, in 1862, he appeared before a Public Schools Commission t o give his views on educat ion in
Great Brit ain. Faraday also weighed in negat ively on t he public's fascinat ion wit h t able-
t urning,[73][74] mesmerism, and seances, and in so doing chast ised bot h t he public and t he nat ion's
educat ional syst em.[75]

Faraday delivering a Christmas

Lecture at the Royal Institution in 1856

Before his famous Christ mas lect ures, Faraday delivered chemist ry lect ures for t he Cit y
Philosophical Societ y from 1816 t o 1818 in order t o refine t he qualit y of his lect ures.[76]

Bet ween 1827 and 1860 at t he Royal Inst it ut ion in London, Faraday gave a series of ninet een
Christ mas lect ures for young people, a series which cont inues t oday. The object ive of t he
lect ures was t o present science t o t he general public in t he hopes of inspiring t hem and
generat ing revenue for t he Royal Inst it ut ion. They were not able event s on t he social calendar
among London's gent ry. Over t he course of several let t ers t o his close friend Benjamin Abbot t ,
Faraday out lined his recommendat ions on t he art of lect uring, writ ing "a flame should be light ed
at t he commencement and kept alive wit h unremit t ing splendour t o t he end".[77] His lect ures
were joyful and juvenile, he delight ed in filling soap bubbles wit h various gasses (in order t o
det ermine whet her or not t hey are magnet ic), but t he lect ures were also deeply philosophical. In
his lect ures he urged his audiences t o consider t he mechanics of his experiment s: "you know very
well t hat ice float s upon wat er ... Why does t he ice float ? Think of t hat , and philosophise".[78] The
subject s in his lect ures consist ed of Chemist ry and Elect ricit y, and included: 1841: The
Rudiments of Chemistry, 1843: First Principles of Electricity, 1848: The Chemical History of a
Candle, 1851: Attractive Forces , 1853: Voltaic Electricity, 1854: The Chemistry of Combustion ,
1855: The Distinctive Properties of the Common Metals , 1857: Static Electricity, 1858: The
Metallic Properties , 1859: The Various Forces of Matter and their Relations to Each Other.[79]

Commemorations

Statue of Faraday in Savoy

Place, London. Sculptor
John Henry Foley.

A st at ue of Michael Faraday st ands in Savoy Place, London, out side t he Inst it ut ion of
Engineering and Technology. The Faraday Memorial, designed by brut alist archit ect Rodney
Gordon and complet ed in 1961, is at t he Elephant & Cast le gyrat ory syst em, near Faraday's
birt hplace at Newingt on But t s, London. Faraday School is locat ed on Trinit y Buoy Wharf where
his workshop st ill st ands above t he Chain and Buoy St ore, next t o London's only light house.[80]
Faraday Gardens is a small park in Walwort h, London, not far from his birt hplace at Newingt on
But t s. It lies wit hin t he local council ward of Faraday in t he London Borough of Sout hwark.
Michael Faraday Primary school is sit uat ed on t he Aylesbury Est at e in Walwort h.[81]
A building at London Sout h Bank Universit y, which houses t he inst it ut e's elect rical engineering
depart ment s is named t he Faraday Wing, due t o it s proximit y t o Faraday's birt hplace in
Newingt on But t s. A hall at Loughborough Universit y was named aft er Faraday in 1960. Near t he
ent rance t o it s dining hall is a bronze cast ing, which depict s t he symbol of an elect rical
t ransformer, and inside t here hangs a port rait , bot h in Faraday's honour. An eight -st ory building at
t he Universit y of Edinburgh's science & engineering campus is named for Faraday, as is a recent ly
built hall of accommodat ion at Brunel Universit y, t he main engineering building at Swansea
Universit y, and t he inst ruct ional and experiment al physics building at Nort hern Illinois Universit y.
The former UK Faraday St at ion in Ant arct ica was named aft er him.[82]

Without such freedom
there would have been
no Shakespeare, no
Goethe, no Newton, no
Faraday, no Pasteur
and no Lister.
St reet s named for Faraday can be found in many Brit ish cit ies
(e.g., London, Fife, Swindon, Basingst oke, Not t ingham, Whit by,
Kirkby, Crawley, Newbury, Swansea, Aylesbury and St evenage) as
well as in France (Paris), Germany (Berlin-Dahlem, Hermsdorf ),
Canada (Quebec Cit y, Quebec; Deep River, Ont ario; Ot t awa,
Ont ario), t he Unit ed St at es (The Bronx, New York and Rest on,
Virginia), and New Zealand (Hawke's Bay).[84][85]

—Albert Einst ein's

speech on int ellect ual
freedom at t he Royal
Albert Hall, London
having fled Nazi
Germany, 3 Oct ober
1933[83]

Plaque erected in 1876 by the

Royal Society of Arts in
Marylebone, London

A Royal Societ y of Art s blue plaque, unveiled in 1876, commemorat es Faraday at 48 Blandford
St reet in London's Marylebone dist rict .[86] From 1991 unt il 2001, Faraday's pict ure feat ured on
t he reverse of Series E £20 banknot es issued by t he Bank of England. He was port rayed
conduct ing a lect ure at t he Royal Inst it ut ion wit h t he magnet o-elect ric spark apparat us.[87] In
2002, Faraday was ranked number 22 in t he BBC's list of t he 100 Great est Brit ons following a UK-
wide vot e.[88]
Faraday has been commemorat ed on post age st amps issued by t he Royal Mail. In 1991, as a
pioneer of elect ricit y he feat ured in t heir Scient ific Achievement s issue along wit h pioneers in
t hree ot her fields (Charles Babbage (comput ing), Frank Whit t le (jet engine) and Robert Wat son-
Wat t (radar)).[89] In 1999, under t he t it le "Faraday's Elect ricit y", he feat ured in t heir World
Changers issue along wit h Charles Darwin, Edward Jenner and Alan Turing.[90]

The Faraday Inst it ut e for Science and Religion derives it s name from t he scient ist , who saw his
fait h as int egral t o his scient ific research. The logo of t he inst it ut e is also based on Faraday's
discoveries. It was creat ed in 2006 by a $2,000,000 grant from t he John Templet on Foundat ion
t o carry out academic research, t o fost er underst anding of t he int eract ion bet ween science and
religion, and t o engage public underst anding in bot h t hese subject areas.[91][92]

The Faraday Inst it ut ion, an independent energy st orage research inst it ut e est ablished in 2017,
also derives it s name from Michael Faraday.[93] The organisat ion serves as t he UK's primary
research programme t o advance bat t ery science and t echnology, educat ion, public engagement
and market research.[93]

Faraday's life and cont ribut ions t o elect romagnet ics was t he principal t opic of t he t ent h
episode, t it led "The Elect ric Boy", of t he 2014 American science document ary series, Cosmos: A
Spacetime Odyssey, which was broadcast on Fox and t he Nat ional Geographic Channel.[94]

Aldous Huxley wrot e about Faraday in an essay ent it led, A Night in Pietramala : "He is always t he
nat ural philosopher. To discover t rut h is his sole aim and int erest ... even if I could be
Shakespeare, I t hink I should st ill choose t o be Faraday."[95] Calling Faraday her "hero", in a speech
t o t he Royal Societ y, Margaret That cher declared: "The value of his work must be higher t han t he
capit alisat ion of all t he shares on t he St ock Exchange!" She borrowed his bust from t he Royal
Inst it ut ion and had it placed in t he hall of 10 Downing St reet .[4]

Awards named in Faraday's

honour
In honor and remembrance of his great scient ific cont ribut ions, several inst it ut ions have creat ed
prizes and awards in his name. This include:
The IET Faraday Medal[96]
The Royal Society of London Michael
Faraday Prize[97]
The Institute of Physics Michael Faraday
Medal and Prize[98]
The Royal Society of Chemistry Faraday
Lectureship Prize[99]
Gallery

Portrait Michael Michael Michael

of young Faraday Faraday's Faraday's
Michael in his study at flat at the
Faraday, laborator the Royal Royal
c. 1826 y, Institutio Institutio
c. 1850s n n
Artist
Harriet
Jane
Moore
who
documen
ted
Faraday's
life in
watercol
ours
Bibliography

Chemische Manipulation,
1828

Faraday's books, wit h t he except ion of Chemical Manipulation, were collect ions of scient ific
papers or t ranscript ions of lect ures.[100] Since his deat h, Faraday's diary has been published, as
have several large volumes of his let t ers and Faraday's journal from his t ravels wit h Davy in 1813–
1815.

Faraday, Michael (1827). Chemical

Manipulation, Being Instructions to
Students in Chemistry. John Murray. 2nd
ed. 1830 (https://archive.org/details/che
micalmanipula00fararich) , 3rd ed. 1842
(https://archive.org/details/chemicalma
nipul04faragoog)
Faraday, Michael (1839). Experimental
Researches in Electricity, vols. i. and ii (ht
tps://archive.org/details/experimentalre
se00faraiala) . Richard and John
Edward Taylor.; vol. iii. Richard Taylor
and William Francis, 1855
Faraday, Michael (1859). Experimental
Researches in Chemistry and Physics (htt
ps://archive.org/details/experimentalres
e00fararich) . Taylor and Francis.
ISBN 978-0-85066-841-4.
Faraday, Michael (1861). W. Crookes
(ed.). A Course of Six Lectures on the
Chemical History of a Candle (https://arc
hive.org/details/chemicalhistoryo00fara
iala) . Griffin, Bohn & Co. ISBN 978-1-
4255-1974-2.
Faraday, Michael (1873). W. Crookes
(ed.). On the Various Forces in Nature (ht
tps://archive.org/details/onvariousforce
so00farauoft) . Chatto and Windus.
Faraday, Michael (1932–1936). T. Martin
(ed.). Diary. G. Bell. ISBN 978-0-7135-
0439-2. – published in eight volumes;
see also the 2009 publication (http://ww
w.faradaysdiary.com/) of Faraday's
diary
Faraday, Michael (1991). B. Bowers and
L. Symons (ed.). Curiosity Perfectly
Satisfyed: Faraday's Travels in Europe
1813–1815. Institution of Electrical
Engineers.
Faraday, Michael (1991). F.A.J.L. James
(ed.). The Correspondence of Michael
Faraday. Vol. 1. INSPEC, Inc. ISBN 978-0-
86341-248-6. – volume 2, 1993; volume
3, 1996; volume 4, 1999
Faraday, Michael (2008). Alice Jenkins
(ed.). Michael Faraday's Mental
Exercises: An Artisan Essay Circle in
Regency London. Liverpool: Liverpool
University Press.
Course of six lectures on the various
forces of matter, and their relations to
each other (https://archive.org/details/c
ourseofsixlectu00fararich) London;
Glasgow: R. Griffin, 1860.
The Liquefaction of Gases, Edinburgh:
W.F. Clay, 1896.
The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein
1836–1862. With notes, comments and
references to contemporary letters (http
s://archive.org/details/lettersoffaraday0
0fararich) London: Williams & Norgate
1899. (Digital edition (http://nbn-resolvin
g.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-15600) by
 the University and State Library
Düsseldorf)

See also

Faraday (unit) – Physical constant:

Electric charge of one mole of electrons
Forensic engineering – Investigation of
failures associated with legal
intervention
Nikola Tesla – Serbian-American
inventor (1856–1943)
Timeline of hydrogen technologies
Timeline of low-temperature technology
 Zeeman effect – Spectral line splitting in
magnetic field

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2. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Faraday,

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 9. Jerrold, Walter (2018). Michael Faraday:
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10. The implication is that James discovered

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85. McNamara, John (1991). History in Asphalt.

Harrison, NY: Harbor Hill Books. p. 99. ISBN
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Sources

Cantor, Geoffrey (1991). Michael

Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist.
Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-58802-4.
Hamilton, James (2004). A Life of
Discovery: Michael Faraday, Giant of the
Scientific Revolution (https://archive.org/
details/lifeofdiscovery00jame) . New
York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-
6016-0.
Thomas, J.M. (1991). Michael Faraday
and The Royal Institution: The Genius of
Man and Place (PBK) (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=GN70U1tTe_EC&pg=
PA17) . CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-7503-
0145-9.
Thompson, Silvanus (1901). Michael
Faraday, His Life and Work (https://archiv
e.org/details/michaelfaradayh00thomg
 oog) . London: Cassell and Company.
ISBN 978-1-4179-7036-0.

Further reading

Biographies

Agassi, Joseph (1971). Faraday as a

Natural Philosopher (https://archive.org/
details/faradayasnatural0000agas) .
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 978-0226010465.
Ames, Joseph Sweetman (Ed.) (c.
1900). The Discovery of Induced Electric
Currents. Vol. 2. New York: American
Book Company (1890).
Bence Jones, Henry (1870). The Life and
Letters of Faraday (https://archive.org/d
etails/lifeandlettersf02jonegoog) .
Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott and
Company. "Faraday."
The British Electrical and Allied
Manufacturers Association (1931).
Faraday. Edinburgh: R. & R. Clark, Ltd.

Gladstone, J.H. (1872). Michael Faraday

(https://archive.org/details/michaelfara
day06gladgoog) . London: Macmillan.
"Faraday."
Gooding, David; James, Frank A.J.L.
(1985). Faraday rediscovered: essays on
the life and work of Michael Faraday,
1791–1867. Basingstoke, Hants,
England; New York: Macmillan Press;
Stockton Press. ISBN 978-0-333-39320-
8.
Gooding, David; Cantor, Geoffrey;
James, Frank A. J. L. (1996). Michael
Faraday. Amherst, New York: Humanity
Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-556-3.
Gooding, David; Tweney, Ryan D. (1991).
Michael Faraday's 'Chemical notes, hints,
suggestions, and objects of pursuit' of
1822. London: P. Peregrinus in
association with the Institution of
Engineering and Technology. ISBN 978-
0-86341-255-4.
Hamilton, James (2002). Faraday: The
Life. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-
00-716376-2.
Hirshfeld, Alan W. (2006). The Electric
Life of Michael Faraday. Walker and
Company. ISBN 978-0-8027-1470-1.
Russell, Colin A. (Ed. Owen Gingerich)
(2000). Michael Faraday: Physics and
Faith (Oxford Portraits in Science Series)
(https://archive.org/details/michaelfara
day00coli) . New York: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511763-9.
Thomas, John Meurig (1991). Michael
Faraday and the Royal Institution: The
Genius of Man and Place. Bristol: Hilger.
ISBN 978-0-7503-0145-9.
Tyndall, John (1868). Faraday as a
Discoverer (https://archive.org/details/f
aradayasdiscove00tyndrich) . London:
Longmans, Green, and Company.
 Williams, L. Pearce (1965). Michael
Faraday: A Biography (https://archive.or
g/details/michaelfaradaybi00will) . New
York: Basic Books.

External links

Wikisource
Biographies
has
original
Biography at The Royal works by
Institution of Great or about:
Michael
Britain (https://web.arc Faraday
hive.org/web/2004031
Wikimedia
2015850/http://www.ri Commons
has media
gb.org/rimain/heritage/
related to
faradaypage.jsp) Michael
Faraday.
Faraday as a Wikiquote
has
Discoverer by John
quotations
Tyndall, Project related to
Michael
Gutenberg (https://ww
Faraday.
w.gutenberg.org/ebook
s/1225) (downloads)
The Christian Character of Michael
Faraday (http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSC
F/1991/PSCF6-91Eichman.html)
The Life and Discoveries of Michael
Faraday (https://archive.org/details/life
discoverieso00crowrich) by J. A.
Crowther, London: Society for Promoting
Christian Knowledge, 1920
Others

Works by Michael Faraday (https://www.

gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/5541) at
Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Michael Faraday (http
s://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%
28subject%3A%22Faraday%2C%20Mich
ael%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Micha
el%20Faraday%22%20OR%20creator%3
A%22Faraday%2C%20Michael%22%20O
R%20creator%3A%22Michael%20Farada
y%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Michael%2
0Faraday%22%20OR%20description%3
A%22Faraday%2C%20Michael%22%20O
R%20description%3A%22Michael%20Far
aday%22%29%20OR%20%28%221791-1
867%22%20AND%20Faraday%29%29%2
0AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29)
at Internet Archive
Works by Michael Faraday (https://libriv
ox.org/author/1940) at LibriVox (public
domain audiobooks)
Complete Correspondence of Michael
Faraday (https://epsilon.ac.uk/search?s
ort=date;f1-collection=Michael%20Fara
day) Searchable full texts of all letters
to and from Faraday, based on the
standard edition by Frank James
Video Podcast (https://web.archive.org/
web/20060516234558/http://www.ch.ic.
ac.uk/video/index.rss) with Sir John
Cadogan talking about Benzene since
Faraday
The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein
1836–1862. With notes, comments and
references to contemporary letters
(1899) (https://archive.org/details/letter
soffaraday00fararich) full download
PDF (https://archive.org/download/lette
rsoffaraday00fararich/lettersoffaraday0
0fararich.pdf)
Faraday School, located on Trinity Buoy
Wharf (https://web.archive.org/web/200
90106205502/http://www.newmodelsch
 ool.co.uk/faraday) at the New Model
School Company Limited's website
"Profiles in Chemistry: Michael Faraday"
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qV
hiwi6AvQM) on YouTube, Chemical
Heritage Foundation

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