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Burnett Et Al (2010) Perceived Muscle Soreness in Recreational Female Runners
Burnett Et Al (2010) Perceived Muscle Soreness in Recreational Female Runners
Burnett Et Al (2010) Perceived Muscle Soreness in Recreational Female Runners
‡Denotes professional author † Denotes graduate student author *Denotes undergraduate student
ABSTRACT
Int J Exerc Sci 3(3): 108-116, 2010. The purpose of this study was to determine if rating of perceived
exertion correlated with perceived muscle soreness during delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
in female runners. This study examined the pre and post running economy measures and
perceived muscle soreness before and after a 30-min downhill run (DHR) at - 15% grade and 70% of
the subjects predetermined maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 peak). Six female recreational runners
(mean age = 24.5) performed level running at 65%, 75%, and 85% of their VO2 peak prior to DHR
(baseline economy runs), as well as, immediately following and 4 successive days after the DHR.
Results: Subjective response related to perceived muscle soreness increased significantly from a
mean of 2 (pre DHR) to 62 (2 days post DHR) on a scale of 1-100. Creatine kinase levels and oxygen
consumption increased post DHR compared to pre DHR. Rating of perceived exertion did not
change between the economy runs performed prior to or at any point after the DHR. Conclusion:
Perceived muscle soreness is a better tool than the RPE scale to monitor exercise intensity for
recreational female runners during periods of DOMS and running economy is adversely affected
by DOMS.
KEY WORDS: delayed onset muscle soreness, overuse injury, muscle strain, overtraining, recovery
Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale to monitor easily attainable. In order to validate the
muscle soreness and actual muscle damage RPE scale as a training tool the association
in recreational female runners. between RPE, HR, and lactate has been
examined (Green, McLester, Crews,
Downhill running produces a heavy Wickwire, Pritchett, and Lomax, 2006).
eccentric load on the quadriceps muscles as Heart rates have shown to be variable
they brace the forward momentum related during different periods of a training cycle
to running on a downward grade, and it’s due to overtraining or improved fitness,
been shown that eccentric muscular activity and therefore RPE has been substituted as a
can produce severe muscle pain as opposed method for exercise intensity prescription
to concentric work which did not elicit (Glass, Knowlton, and Becque, 1992).
muscle soreness 48 hours post exercise However, Green et al. identified that a
(Croisier, Camus, Forthomme, Maquet, relationship between HR, lactate, and RPE
Vanderthommen, and Crielaard, 2003). has been shown to be weak in different
Serum creatine kinase (CK) concentration workloads and training intensities, leading
has been widely used to estimate the us to examine another method of
amount of muscle damage induced by monitoring feedback during training,
exercise. (Ebbeling & Clarkson, 1989). Anti- especially during muscle soreness (2006).
inflammatory mediators congregating to
the site of muscle tissue damage is Certain situations during the training cycle
triggered by the accumulation of cellular can require specific tools for symptomatic
debris and further amplified by proteases, response to exercise, thus perceived muscle
phospholipases, and active oxygen species soreness is undeniably an important
(Croisier, et al., 2003). Since the sarcolemma symptom requiring attention when
swelling ultimately leads to breakdown on experienced by runners. Unique forms of
the membrane and release of enzymes from exercise predisposing the elite or
the intracellular space CK and other recreational athlete requires more work to
proteins will transfer to plasma, and the fully understand the utility of the RPE scale
accumulation of muscle tissue damage as a descriptive tool for relating perceptual
inhibitory chemical substances leads to and physiological variables (Green, et al,
intracellular pressure, thus inducing 2006). Investigating the validity of RPE
afferent stimuli leading to pain at the local during periods of DOMS provides
region (Croisier, et al., 2003). meaningful information for coaches and
athletes to use during training prescription,
Training involving endurance running has but more studies will help identify the
been regulated by the RPE scale during usefulness of RPE as a guide for exercise
high intensity efforts or long distance intensity during a variety of symptomatic
training since this measurement tool is events and training intensities, especially
commonly used to qualify overall feeling of when muscle soreness is present.
exertion. Rating of perceived exertion is a Prescription of exercise, recovery, and
convenient way to measure overall exertion training intensity necessitates consideration
when other physiological measures such as for proper use of feedback from the athletes
Maximum Oxygen consumption (VO2 and the need for consideration of
peak), lactate, and Heart Rate (HR) are not
standard venipuncture and centrifuged for DHR, and each economy run 4 successive
10-min to obtain plasma. Plasma samples days post DHR (P<0.05). Figure 2 indicates
were stored and frozen at -20° C for later economy runs that were performed at 65%,
CK analysis by the local hospital laboratory. 75%, and 85% of peak VO2 with RPE
measured during the last 30 seconds of each
Statistical Analysis stage.
Pre and post DHR markers of muscle
damage (perceived muscle soreness and Creatine Kinase
creatine kinase), specific parameters related Plasma creatine kinase levels were
to running economy (VO2 and RPE) were measured before DHR, immediately after
measured and statistically analyzed by one- DHR, and prior to each economy run
way repeated measures analysis of during the 4 successive days post DHR
variance. Tukey’s post hoc test was (P<0.05). Figure III shows creatine kinase
conducted to identify where differences
occurred. Statistical significance was set at
P < 0.05.
DISCUSSION
the implications of continuing to work should know how to gauge their training
through the pain associated with DOMS and recovery accordingly so the use of a
due to some deciding to train through the perceived muscle soreness scale may help
discomfort, while their RPE remains at a preserve their training schedule while
self-perceived “normal” level. possibly continuing advancement of their
Understanding the implication of muscle fitness levels.
soreness and resulting adverse effects will
help recreational runners guide their Power is a measurement of the amount of
training\recovery cycles properly. work that can be performed in a unit of
time, so when one looks at absolute VO2
Self-perceived rating of muscle soreness can peak (L\min), work corresponds to amount
be a useful tool in preventing DOMS as of oxygen consumed in a given amount of
well as alleviating the discomfort associated time. This study indicates that more work is
with muscle tissue damage in distance required to expend the same aerobic power
runners of all skill levels. Other studies output even though the RPE remained
have explored a number of treatment similar to baseline. Peak oxygen
methods for DOMS, however Hume, consumption increased 2 to 11% above
Cheung, Maxwell, and Weerapong (2004) baseline while RPE didn’t show significant
state prevention is the best “cure”. changes between tests on different days.
Realizing muscle soreness is a separate When taking the above aspects into
etiological event than RPE can serve as a consideration athletes must allow for
defense mechanism from adverse affects recovery during times of muscle soreness
associated with DOMS so awareness of after bouts of high intensity work or in the
perceived muscle soreness can warrant a presence of overtraining syndrome even if
rest\recovery cycle when RPE still remains the perceived exertion seems normal.
at its usual level for the same intensity. Trying to train during periods of muscle
Creating exercise and training programs in soreness will likely be detrimental to
a way that decreases the chance for pain performance since less power will be
and discomfort derived from DOMS may produced as indicated in this study
help maintain the integrity and consistency showing diminished peak measurement of
of the routine. Nosaka, Sakamoto, and oxygen uptake (aerobic power) while RPE
Newton (2001) noted that DOMS can be stays the same, but perceived muscle
reduced with a protective prior single bout soreness increases dramatically.
of exercise even at 50% of maximal Muscle cell damage derived from downhill
voluntary contraction. Recreational female running and other high intensity training is
runners may benefit from active recovery at seen as a precipitating factor for DOMS.
low intensity to help decrease the pain Integrity of the sarcolemma is likely
associated with muscle soreness due to disrupted and this cellular disturbance
heavy training loads. Building progressive produces mitochondrial swelling along
intensity and recovery into training with muscle damage caused by
programs can help reduce the symptoms degenerating muscle followed by the
associated with DOMS and prevent the release of CK due to destruction of the
related pain. However, when pain and muscle tissue contractile components
discomfort appears, recreational runners (McArdle, Katch, Katch, 2007). Uusitalo
Further investigation of DOMS can help are transpiring causing the need for rest or
identify effective strategies for exercise possible active recovery. Using an RPE
training in a variety of populations with the scale, as a measurement of RPE, may not
most evident being both genders while serve as the best tool to allow rebuilding of
comparing female to male recreational the affected muscle tissue versus paying
runners. Monitoring the perception of pain attention to perceived muscle soreness.
can help provide assistance in decreasing Therefore the importance of utilizing
the chance of muscle strain, muscle pull, or perceived muscle soreness to prescribe
connective tissue damage. Increasing exercise intensity is paramount. More
number of older adults are engaging in studies on DOMS relating to both genders
amateur running events and training and elite athletes are needed to clearly
programs while many are “weekend identify the importance for using a rating of
warriors” who participate in high intensity perceived muscle soreness scale rather
efforts. Exposing the aging muscle to high than, or as adjunct to the use of overall RPE
intensity or large volume without previous while referring to symptoms of training.
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