Ilovepdf - Merged 2

1 Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate solution.
2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
(a) Explain why effervescence is seen during the reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid was titrated with sodium carbonate solution.
• 10.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid were placed in a conical flask.
• A few drops of methyl orange indicator were added to the dilute hydrochloric acid.
• The mixture was titrated with sodium carbonate solution.
• 16.2 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution were required to react completely with the acid.
(i) What colour would the methyl orange indicator be in the hydrochloric acid?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate how many moles of hydrochloric acid were used.
............................ mol [1]
(iii) Use your answer to (b)(ii) and the equation for the reaction to calculate the number of
moles of sodium carbonate that reacted.
............................ mol [1]
(iv) Use your answer to (b)(iii) to calculate the concentration of the sodium carbonate solution
in mol / dm3.
............................ mol / dm3 [2]
(c) In another experiment, 0.020 mol of sodium carbonate were reacted with excess hydrochloric
acid.
Calculate the maximum volume (at r.t.p.) of carbon dioxide gas that could be made in this
reaction.
............................ dm3 [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
[Total: 9]
2 (a) Alkanes and alkenes are examples of hydrocarbons.
(i) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give the general formula of straight-chain
alkanes, ..............................................................................................................................
alkenes. ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A compound X contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.
X contains 54.54% of carbon by mass, 9.09% of hydrogen by mass and 36.37% of oxygen by
mass.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
[2]
(ii) Compound X has a relative molecular mass of 88.
Deduce the molecular formula of compound X.
[2]
(c) An ester has the molecular formula C3H6O2.
Name and give the structural formulae of two esters with the molecular formula C3H6O2.
name of ester
structural formula
[4]
(d) Name the ester produced from the reaction of propanoic acid and methanol.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) A polyester is represented by the structure shown.
O O
C C O O
(i) What type of polymerisation is used for the production of polyesters?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which simple molecule is removed when the polyester is formed?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Complete the diagrams below to show the structures of the monomers used to produce
the polyester. Show all atoms and bonds.
C C O O
[2]
[Total: 16]
3 (a) A compound, X, contains 55.85% carbon, 6.97% hydrogen and 37.18% oxygen.
(i) How does this prove that compound X contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use the above percentages to calculate the empirical formula of compound X.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The Mr of X is 86.
What is its molecular formula?
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (i) Bromine water changes from brown to colourless when added to X.
What does this tell you about the structure of X?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Magnesium powder reacts with an aqueous solution of X. Hydrogen is evolved.
What does this tell you about the structure of X?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) X contains two different functional groups.
Draw a structural formula of X.
[1]
[Total: 8]
4 Two salts can be made from potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. They are potassium sulfate,
K2SO4, and the acid salt potassium hydrogen sulfate, KHSO4. They are both made by titration.
burette filled with

sulfuric acid
conical flask
25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution
(a) 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide, concentration 2.53 mol / dm3, was neutralised by 28.2 cm3 of
dilute sulfuric acid.
2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) o K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Calculate
the concentration of the sulfuric acid.
number of moles of KOH used = ............................
number of moles of H2SO4 needed to neutralise the KOH = ............................
concentration of dilute sulfuric acid = ............................ mol / dm3
[3]
(b) ! 4 ! 7!! !
indicator used in the titration.
(i) Describe how you could obtain a solution of potassium sulfate without the indicator.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Potassium hydrogen sulfate can be made by the following reaction.
KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) o KHSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
Suggest how you could make a solution of potassium hydrogen sulfate without using an indicator.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Describe a test which would distinguish between aqueous solutions of potassium
sulfate and sulfuric acid
test .................................................................................................................................
result ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 9]
5 The Atacama desert in Chile has deposits of the salt sodium nitrate. Very large amounts of this
salt were exported to Europe for use as a fertiliser. After the introduction of the Haber process in
1913, this trade rapidly diminished.
(a)
a) Explain why the introduction of the Haber process reduced the demand for
sodium nitrate.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why surface deposits of sodium nitrate only occur in areas with very low rainfall
such as desert areas.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The desert has smaller surface deposits of potassium nitrate.
Suggest why potassium nitrate is a better fertiliser than the sodium salt.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) All nitrates decompose when heated. The extent to which a nitrate decomposes is
determined by the metal in the salt.
(i) Sodium nitrate decomposes to form sodium nitrite, NaNO2.
Write the equation for decomposition of sodium nitrate.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Sodium nitrite is a reducing agent.
What would be observed if an excess of sodium nitrite solution was added to a solution
of acidified potassium manganate(VII)?
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Copper(II) nitrate decomposes to form copper(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.
What is the relationship between the extent of decomposition and the reactivity of the
metal in the nitrate?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The equation for the decomposition of copper(II) nitrate is given below.
2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
(i) Predict what you would observe when copper(II) nitrate is heated.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Copper(II) nitrate forms a series of hydrates with the formula Cu(NO3)2.xH2O.
All these hydrates decompose to form copper(II) oxide.
1 mole of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O forms 1 mole of CuO.
What is meant by 1 mole of a substance?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) 7.26 g of a hydrate, Cu(NO3)2.xH2O, formed 2.4 g copper(II) oxide.
number of moles of CuO formed = ......................
number of moles of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O in 7.26 g = ......................
mass of 1 mole of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O = ...................... g
mass of 1 mole of Cu(NO3)2 is 188 g
the value of x in this hydrate = ......................

[4]
[Total: 18]
6 Use your copy of the Periodic Table to help you answer these questions.
(a) Predict the formula of each of the following compounds.
(i) aluminium fl
uoride ........................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) arsenic
oxide ................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii) silicon
bromide ..............................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Deduce the formula of each of the following ions.
(i) phosphide .............................................................................................................

........ [1]
(ii) barium ...................................................................................................................
........ [1]
(iii) francium ................................................................................................................
........ [1]
(c) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one
molecule of the covalent compound carbon dioxide.
Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom. Use o to

represent an electron from an oxygen atom.
[3]
[Total: 9]
1 Iodine reacts with chlorine to form dark brown iodine monochloride.
I2 + Cl2 → 2ICl
This reacts with more chlorine to give yellow iodine trichloride.

An equilibrium forms between these iodine chlorides.
ICl(l) + Cl2(g) ⇌ ICl3(s)

dark brown yellow
(a) What do you understand by the term equilibrium?
[2]
(b) When the equilibrium mixture is heated, it becomes a darker brown colour.
Suggest if the reverse reaction is endothermic or exothermic. Give a reason for your choice.
[1]
(c) The pressure on the equilibrium mixture is decreased.
(i) How would this affect the position of equilibrium? Give a reason for your choice.
It would move to the
reason
[1]
(ii) Describe what you would observe.
[1]
(d) Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction between iodine and chlorine using the
bond energy values shown.
I2 + Cl2 → 2ICl
Bond Energy / kJ per mol
I–I 151
Cl – Cl 242
I – Cl 208
Show your working.
[3]
(e) Draw a labelled energy level diagram for the reaction between iodine and chlorine using the
information in (d).
[2]
[Total: 10]
2 Reversible reactions can come to equilibrium. The following are three examples of types of
gaseous equilibria.
A2(g) + B2(g) 2AB(g) reaction 1

A2(g) + 3B2(g) 2AB3(g) reaction 2
2AB2(g) 2AB(g) + B2(g) reaction 3
(a) Explain the term equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The following graphs show how the percentage of products of a reversible reaction at
equilibrium could vary with pressure.
For each graph, decide whether the percentage of products decreases, increases or
stays the same when the pressure is increased, then match each graph to one of the
above reactions and give a reason for your choice.
(i)
% product at
equilibrium
0
0 pressure
effect on percentage of products ...............................................................................
reaction ......................................................................................................................
reason ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii)
% product at
equilibrium
0
0 pressure
reaction ......................................................................................................................
reason ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(iii)
% product at
equilibrium
0
0 pressure
reaction ......................................................................................................................
reason ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 11]
3 Iodine reacts with chlorine to form dark brown iodine monochloride.
I2 + Cl2 → 2ICl
This reacts with more chlorine to give yellow iodine trichloride.

There is an equilibrium between these iodine chlorides.
ICl (l) + Cl2(g) ICl 3(s)

dark brown yellow
(a) Explain what is meant by equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) When the equilibrium mixture is heated it becomes a darker brown colour.
Is the reverse reaction endothermic or exothermic? Give a reason for your choice.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The pressure on the equilibrium mixture is decreased.
(i) How would this affect the position of equilibrium and why?
It would move to the ............................................................................................. [1]
reason ........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe what you would observe.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
4 Nitrogen dioxide is a brown gas. It can be made by heating certain metal nitrates.
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
(a)
a) Name another metal whose nitrate decomposes to give the metal oxide, nitrogen
dioxide and oxygen.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Complete the word equation for a metal whose nitrate does not give nitrogen dioxide
on decomposition.
metal nitrate → ..................................................... + oxygen

[1]
(b) At most temperatures, samples of nitrogen dioxide are equilibrium mixtures.
2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
dark brown pale yellow
(i) At 25 °C, the mixture contains 20 % of nitrogen dioxide. At 100 °C this has risen to
90 %. Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic?
Give a reason for your choice.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why the colour of the equilibrium mixture becomes lighter when the pressure
on the mixture is increased.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) A 5.00 g sample of impure lead(II) nitrate was heated. The volume of oxygen formed was
0.16 dm3 measured at r.t.p. The impurities did not decompose.
Calculate the percentage of lead(II) nitrate in the sample.
2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
Number of moles of O2 formed = .......................................
Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 in the sample = .......................................
Mass of one mole of Pb(NO3)2 = 331 g
Mass of lead(II) nitrate in the sample = ....................................... g
Percentage of lead(II) nitrate in sample = ..................................... [4]
[Total: 10]
5 Carbonyl chloride, COCl2, is a colourless gas. It is made by the following reaction.
cool
CO(g) + Cl2(g) COCl2(g)
heat
(a) When the pressure on the equilibrium mixture is decreased, the position of equilibrium
moves to left.
(i) How does the concentration of each of the three chemicals change?
[2]
(ii) Explain why the position of equilibrium moves to left.
[2]
(b) Using the information given with the equation, is the forward reaction exothermic or
endothermic? Give a reason for your choice.
[2]
(c) Carbonyl chloride reacts with water to form two acidic compounds.
Suggest which acidic compounds are formed.
1.
2. [2]
(d) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below.
Cl
O C
Cl
Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule
of this covalent compound.
Use x for an electron from a chlorine atom.
Use o for an electron from a carbon atom.
Use ● for an electron from an oxygen atom.
[4]
[Total: 12]
6 Reversible reactions can come to equilibrium. They have both a forward and a backward
reaction.
(a) When water is added to an acidic solution of bismuth(III) chloride, a white precipitate
forms and the mixture slowly goes cloudy.
forward
BiCl3(aq) + H2O(l) BiOCl(s) + 2HCl(aq)
colourless backward white
(i) Explain why the rate of the forward reaction decreases with time.
[2]
(ii) Why does the rate of the backward reaction increase with time?
[1]
(iii) After some time why does the appearance of the mixture remain unchanged?
[2]
(iv) When a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid are added to the cloudy
mixture, it changes to a colourless solution. Suggest an explanation.
[2]
(b) Both of the following reactions are reversible.
reaction 1 N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
reaction 2 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
(i) Suggest a reason why an increase in pressure does not affect the position of
equilibrium for reaction 1.
[1]
(ii) What effect would an increase in pressure have on the position of equilibrium for
reaction 2? Give a reason for your answer.
[2]
7 The simplest alcohol is methanol.
(a) It is manufactured by the following reversible reaction.
CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (g)

300 oC
30atm
(i) Reversible reactions can come to equilibrium. Explain the term equilibrium.
[1]
(ii) At 400 oC, the percentage of methanol in the equilibrium mixture is lower than at
300 oC. Suggest an explanation.
[2]
(iii) Suggest two advantages of using high pressure for this reaction.
Give a reason for each advantage.
advantage
reason
advantage
reason
[5]
(b)
b) ( Complete the equation for the combustion of methanol in an excess of oxygen.
CH3OH + O2 + [2]
(ii) Complete the word equation.
methanol + ethanoic acid +

[2]
(iii) Methanol can be oxidised to an acid. Name this acid.
[1]
1 There are two types of polymerisation, addition and condensation.
(a) Explain the difference between these two types of polymerisation.
[2]
(b) Some plastics, formed by polymerisation, are non-biodegradable.
Describe two pollution problems that are caused by non-biodegradable plastics.
[2]
(c) The polymer known as PVA is used in paints and adhesives. Its structural formula is shown
below.
―CH2―CH―CH2―CH―
│ │
OCOCH3 OCOCH3
Deduce the structural formula of its monomer.
[1]
(d) A condensation polymer can be made from the following monomers.
HOOC(CH2)4COOH and H2N(CH2)6NH2
Draw the structural formula of this polymer.
[3]
[Total: 8]
2 (a) Synthetic polymers are disposed of in landfill sites and by burning.
(i) Describe two problems caused by the disposal of synthetic polymers in landfill sites.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe one problem caused by burning synthetic polymers.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State two uses of synthetic polymers.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The structural formulae of two synthetic polymers are given below.
CH2 CH CH2 CH
polymer A
CH3 CH3
O O O O
polymer B
C C O O C C O O
(i) Draw the structural formula of the monomer of polymer A.
[2]
(ii) Identify the functional group circled in polymer B.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Deduce the two types of organic compound which have reacted to form polymer B.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Explain the difference between addition and condensation polymers. Classify A and B as
either addition or condensation polymers.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 12]
3 (a) Glucose, sucrose and starch are all carbohydrates. Their formulae are:
glucose, C6H12O6,
sucrose, C12H22O11,
starch, (C6H10O5)n.
(i) Identify two common features in the formulae of these carbohydrates.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Draw the structure of a complex carbohydrate, such as starch. The formula of glucose,
can be represented by
HO OH
Include three glucose units in the structure.
[2]
(b) Starch hydrolyses to glucose in the presence of the enzyme, amylase.

What is meant by the term enzyme?
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The effect of temperature on this reaction can be studied by the experiment shown below.
Starch and iodine form a blue-black colour.
Glucose and iodine do not form a blue-black colour.
teat pipette to add a

few drops of iodine
water at different
temperatures
aqueous starch and

amylase (enzyme)
The experiment is set up as in the diagram and the time measured for the mixture to change
from blue-black to colourless. The experiment is repeated at different temperatures.
Typical results of this experiment are given in the table below.
time for blue-black

temperature
experiment colour to disappear
/ °C
/ min
A 20 30
B 40 15
C 70 remained blue-black
(i) Put the experiments in order of reaction rate – slowest first and fastest last.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why the reaction rates in experiments A and B are different.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Suggest why the colour remains blue-black in experiment C.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 12]
4 Polymers are made by the polymerisation of simple molecules called monomers.
(a)
a) The structural formula of a polymer is given below.
CH CH
CH3 CH3 n
This polymer is made by addition polymerisation. Draw the structural formula of its
monomer.
[1]
(ii) The two monomers shown below form a nylon which is a condensation polymer.
H 2N NH2
HOOC COOH
Draw its structural formula showing one repeat unit of the polymer.
[3]
(iii) Name the natural macromolecule which contains the same linkage as nylon.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Explain the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Many polymers are non-biodegradable.
(i) Explain the term non-biodegradable.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State three problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable polymers.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Storage tanks for cold water are now made from polymers because they are cheaper than
metal tanks. Suggest two other advantages of making cold water tanks from polymers.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 14]
5 Many monomer molecules react together to form one molecule of a polymer. This reaction is
called polymerisation.
(a) The structural formula of the polymer, poly(chloroethene), is given below. This polymer
is also known as PVC.
H H
C C
H Cl n
(i) A major use of PVC is insulation of electric cables. PVC is a poor conductor of
electricity.
Suggest another property which makes it suitable for this use.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) One way of disposing of waste PVC is by burning it. This method has the disadvantage
that poisonous gases are formed.
Suggest two poisonous gases which could be formed by the combustion of PVC.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) (i) Deduce the structural formula of the monomer from that of the polymer.
H CH3
C C
H H n
structural formula of monomer
[1]
(ii) Deduce the structural formula of the polymer, poly(phenylethene), from the formula
of its monomer, phenylethene.
C 6H 5 H
C C
H H
structural formula of polymer
[2]
(c) The carbohydrate, glucose, polymerises to form the more complex carbohydrate starch.
If glucose is represented by
HO OH
then the structural formula of starch is as drawn below.
O O
How does the polymerisation of glucose differ from that of an alkene such as phenylethene?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
6 Domestic rubbish is disposed of in landfillsites.Rubbishcouldincludethefollowing
items.
approximate time for
item of rubbish
item to break down
newspaper one month

cotton rag six months
woollen glove one year
aluminium container up to 500 years
styrofoam cup 1000 years
(a) Explain why aluminium, a reactive metal, takes so long to corrode.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Both paper and cotton are complex carbohydrates. They can be hydrolysed to simple
sugars such as glucose.
The formula of glucose can be represented as:
HO OH
Draw the structural formula of a complex carbohydrate, such as cotton.

Include at least two glucose units.
[2]
(c) Wool is a protein. It can be hydrolysed to a mixture of monomers by enzymes.
(i) What are enzymes?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Name another substance which can hydrolyse proteins.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) What type of compound are the monomers formed by the hydrolysis of proteins?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) Which technique could be used to identify the individual monomers in the mixture?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(v) Proteins contain the amide linkage. Name a synthetic macromolecule which contains
the same linkage.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d)
d) What is the scientific term used to describe polymers which do not break down in
landfill sites?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Styrofoam is poly(phenylethene). It is an addition polymer. Its structural formula is

given below. Deduce the structural formula of the monomer, phenylethene.
CH2 CH
C 6H 5 n
[1]
[Total: 11]
7 Plastics are polymers. They are formed from their monomers by polymerisation.
(a) Two methods for the disposal of waste plastics are
● burning
● recycling.
Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of each method.
burning ..............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
recycling ...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b)
b) There are two types of polymerisation reaction. Give their names and explain the
differences between them.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(ii) Give the structural formula of a polymer which is formed from two different monomers.
[2]
[Total: 10]
1 The alcohols form an homologous series.
(a) Give three characteristics of an homologous series.
[3]
(b) The following two alcohols are members of an homologous series and they are isomers.
CH3 ― CH2 ― CH2 ― CH2 ― OH and (CH3)2CH ― CH2 ― OH
(i) Explain why they are isomers.
[2]
(ii) Deduce the structural formula of another alcohol which is also an isomer of these
alcohols.
[1]
(c) Copper(II) oxide can oxidise butanol to liquid X, whose pH is 4.
mineral wool
soaked in butanol copper(II) oxide
heat
liquid X
formed by
oxidation of
butanol.
(i) Give the name of another reagent which can oxidise butanol.
[1]
(ii) Which homologous series does liquid X belong to?
[1]
(iii) State the formula of liquid X.
[1]
(d) The alcohol ethanol can be made by fermentation. Yeast is added to aqueous glucose.
C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)
Carbon dioxide is given off and the mixture becomes warm, as the reaction is exothermic.
The graph shows how the rate of reaction varies over several days.
rate of
reaction
time
(i) Suggest a method of measuring the rate of this reaction.
[2]
(ii) Why does the rate initially increase?
[1]
(iii) Suggest two reasons why the rate eventually decreases.
[2]
[Total: 14]
2 The alcohols form a homologous series.
(a)
a) Give three characteristics which all members of a homologous series share.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Give the name of the third member of this series.
name ......................................... [1]
(iii) Deduce the molecular formula of the alcohol whose Mr = 158. Show your working.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain why the following two alcohols are isomers.
CH3
CH3 C OH CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
CH3
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) This question is based on typical reactions of butan-1-ol.
(i) When butan-1-ol, CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH, is passed over the catalyst silicon(IV) oxide,
water is lost.
Deduce the name and the structural formula of the organic product in this reaction.
name .........................................
structural formula
[2]
(ii) Suggest the name of the ester formed from butanol and ethanoic acid.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Butan-1-ol is oxidised by acidified potassium manganate(VII).
Deduce the name and the structural formula of the organic product in this reaction.
name .........................................
structural formula
[2]
[Total: 13]
3 Alcohols can be made by fermentation or from petroleum.
(a) Ethanol can be made by the fermentation of glucose.
yeast
C6H12O6(aq) 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g) exothermic reaction
Yeast are living single-cell fungi which ferment glucose by anaerobic respiration. This
reaction is catalysed by enzymes from the yeast.
(i) What is meant by the term respiration?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Anaerobic means in the absence of oxygen.
Name the products formed from respiration in the presence of oxygen.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What are enzymes?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Suggest a method of measuring the rate of this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The following observations were noted.
• When a small amount of yeast was added to the aqueous glucose the reaction started
and the solution went slightly cloudy.
• The reaction rate increased and the solution became cloudier and warmer.
• After a while, the reaction rate decreased and eventually stopped, leaving a 14%
solution of ethanol in water.
(i) Why did the reaction rate increase?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest an explanation for the increase in cloudiness of the solution.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Give two reasons why the fermentation stopped.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) One use of ethanol is in alcoholic drinks.
Give two other uses of ethanol.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Alcohols can be made from petroleum by the following sequence of reactions.
alkanes from petroleum → alkene → alcohol
Describe the manufacture of ethanol from hexane, C6H14. Include in your description an
equation and type of reaction for each step.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
[Total: 17]
4 Esters, polyesters and fats all contain the ester linkage.
(a) Esters can be made from alcohols and carboxylic acids. For example, the ester ethyl ethanoate
can be made by the following reaction.
CH3COOH + CH3CH2OH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O
(i) Name the carboxylic acid and the alcohol from which the following ester could be made.
CH3 CH2 CH2 C
O CH3
name of carboxylic acid ......................................................................................................
name of alcohol ..................................................................................................................

[2]
(ii) 6.0 g of ethanoic acid, Mr = 60, was reacted with 5.5 g of ethanol, Mr = 46.
Determine which is the limiting reagent and the maximum yield of ethyl ethanoate, Mr = 88.
number of moles of ethanoic acid = .............................................................................. [1]
number of moles of ethanol = ....................................................................................... [1]
the limiting reagent is .................................................................................................... [1]
number of moles of ethyl ethanoate formed = .............................................................. [1]
maximum yield of ethyl ethanoate = ............................................................................. [1]
(b) The following two monomers can form a polyester.
HOOC COOH HO OH
Draw the structural formula of this polyester. Include two ester linkages.
[3]
(c) Fats and vegetable oils are esters. The formulae of two examples of natural esters are given
below.
CH2 CO2 C17H33 CH2 CO2 C17H35
CH CO2 C17H33 CH CO2 C17H35
CH2 CO2 C17H33 CH2 CO2 C17H35
ester 1 ester 2
(i) One ester is saturated, the other is unsaturated.

Describe a test to distinguish between them.
test ......................................................................................................................................
result with unsaturated ester ..............................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
result with saturated ester ..................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) Deduce which one of the above esters is unsaturated. Give a reason for your choice.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Both esters are hydrolysed by boiling with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
What types of compound are formed?
............................................................... and .............................................................. [2]
[Total: 17]
5 The ester linkage showing all the bonds is drawn as
or more simply it can be written as –COO–.
(a) (i) Give the structural formula of the ester ethyl ethanoate.
[1]
(ii) Deduce the name of the ester formed from methanoic acid and butanol.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) Which group of naturally occurring compounds contains the ester linkage?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Draw the structural formula of the polyester formed from the following monomers.
HOOCC6H4COOH and HOCH2CH2OH
You are advised to use the simpler form of the ester linkage.
[3]
(c) Esters can be used as solvents in chromatography. The following shows a chromatogram
of plant acids.
solvent front
the cross represents

the centre of the spot
baseline
sample
sa sa
sample
An ester was used as the solvent and the chromatogram was sprayed with bromothymol
blue.
(i) Suggest why it was necessary to spray the chromatogram.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain what is meant by the Rf value of a sample.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Calculate the Rf values of the two samples and use the data in the table to identify
the plant acids.
plant acid Rf value
tartaric acid 0.22

citric acid 0.30
oxalic acid 0.36
malic acid 0.46
succinic acid 0.60
sample 1 Rf = ................ It is ..................... acid.
sample 2 Rf = ................ It is ..................... acid. [2]
[Total: 11]
1 Electroplating steel objects with silver involves a three-step process.
step 1 A coating of copper is applied to the object.
step 2 A coating of nickel is applied to the object.
step 3 The coating of silver is applied to the object.
(a) A diagram of the apparatus used for step 1 is shown.
+ –
copper (anode)
steel object (cathode)
aqueous copper(II) sulfate

electrolyte
(i) The chemical process taking place on the surface of the object is
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
Explain whether this process is oxidation or reduction.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the concentration of copper ions in the electrolyte remains constant throughout
step 1.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Give two changes which would be needed in order to coat nickel onto the object in step 2.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Copper, nickel and silver are transition elements.

Typical physical properties of transition elements are a high density and a high melting point.
Give three different properties of transition metals which are not typical of other metals.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]
2 Chemical reactions are always accompanied by an energy change.
(a) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture which contains aluminium
oxide, Al 2O3. This decomposes to form aluminium at the negative electrode and oxygen
at the positive electrode.
(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode.
..................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.
2O2– → ....... + .......

[2]
(iii) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................... [1]..
(b) The cell shown below can be used to determine the order of reactivity of metals.
magnesium copper
electrode electrode
MgSO4(aq) CuSO4(aq)
porous barrier
(i) Is the reaction in the cell exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the mass of the magnesium electrode decreases and the mass of the copper
electrode increases.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) How could you use this cell to determine which is the more reactive metal, magnesium or
manganese?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The combustion of propane, C3H8, is exothermic.
Give an equation for the complete combustion of propane.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Photosynthesis is an unusual endothermic reaction.
(i) Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give the word equation for photosynthesis.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 14]
3 Zinc is an important metal. Its uses include making alloys and the construction of dry cells (batteries).
(a) Name an alloy which contains zinc. What is the other metal in this alloy?
name of alloy .............................................................................................................................
other metal in alloy ....................................................................................................................

[2]
(b) The main ore of zinc is zinc blende, ZnS.
(i) The ore is heated in the presence of air to form zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide.
Write the equation for this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Give a major use of sulfur dioxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Zinc can be obtained from zinc oxide in a two step process. Aqueous zinc sulfate is made from
zinc oxide and then this solution is electrolysed with inert electrodes. The electrolysis is similar
to that of copper(II) sulfate with inert electrodes.
(i) Name the reagent which will react with zinc oxide to form zinc sulfate.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Complete the following for the electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate.
Write the equation for the reaction at the negative electrode.
.............................................................................................................................................
Name the product at the positive electrode.
.............................................................................................................................................
The electrolyte changes from zinc sulfate to .................................................................... .

[3]
(d) A dry cell (battery) has a central rod, usually made of graphite. This is the positive electrode which
is surrounded by the electrolyte, typically a paste of ammonium chloride and manganese(IV)
oxide, all of which are in a zinc container which is the negative electrode.
wire
electrons flow
graphite
when cell
electrode
produces
energy
zinc
electrode
electrolyte which is a paste of

ammonium chloride
and manganese(IV) oxide
(i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the direction of electron flow. [1]
(ii) Suggest why the electrolyte is a paste.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The following changes occur in a dry cell.

For each change, decide if it is oxidation or reduction and give a reason for your choice.
Zn to Zn2+
.............................................................................................................................................
manganese(IV) oxide to manganese(III) oxide
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 13]
4 A fuel cell produces electrical energy by the oxidation of a fuel by oxygen.
The fuel is usually hydrogen but methane and methanol are two other fuels which may be used.
A diagram of a hydrogen fuel cell is given below.
H2
e–
anode
V
cathode
e–
H2O O2
(a) When the fuel is hydrogen, the only product is water.

What additional product would be formed if methane was used?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Write the equation for the chemical reaction that takes place in a hydrogen fuel cell.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c)
c) At which electrode does oxidation occur? Explain your choice.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at this electrode.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Fuel cells are used to propel cars.

Give two advantages of a fuel cell over a gasoline-fuelled engine.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
5 Carbonyl chloride is made from carbon monoxide and chlorine.
CO(g) + Cl 2(g) COCl 2(g)
(a) Two methods of preparing carbon monoxide are from methane and oxygen, and from methane
and steam.
(i) The reaction between methane and oxygen can also form carbon dioxide. How can carbon
monoxide be made instead of carbon dioxide?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The following reaction is used to make carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
The reaction is carried out at 1100 °C and normal pressure.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
The reaction is reversible and comes to equilibrium. Suggest why a high temperature is
used.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) What is the disadvantage of using a high pressure for the reaction given in (a)(ii)?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Chlorine is made by the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.

Describe this electrolysis. Write ionic equations for the reactions at the electrodes and name
the sodium compound formed.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(c) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below.
Cl
C O
Cl
Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons around the atoms in one
molecule of this covalent compound.
Use ○ to represent an electron from an oxygen atom.

Use × to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
Use ● to represent an electron from a carbon atom.
[3]
[Total: 13]
6 Aluminium is obtained from purified alumina, Al 2O3, by electrolysis.
(a) Alumina is obtained from the main ore of aluminium.

State the name of this ore.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe the extraction of aluminium from alumina. Include the electrolyte, the electrodes and
the reactions at the electrodes.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [6]
(c) Aluminium is resistant to corrosion. It is protected by an oxide layer on its surface.

The thickness of this oxide layer can be increased by anodising.
(i) State a use of aluminium due to its resistance to corrosion.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Anodising is an electrolytic process. Dilute sulfuric acid is electrolysed with an aluminium
object as the anode. The thickness of the oxide layer is increased. Complete the equations
for the reactions at the aluminium anode.
.......OH– → O2 + 2H2O + ......e–
....Al + ......... → ......... Al 2O3 [4]
[Total: 12]
1 Sulfuric acid is produced by the Contact process. The steps of the Contact process are shown.
starting step 1 sulfur step 2 sulfur step 3 oleum

step 4 sulfuric
material dioxide trioxide acid
(a) Sulfur is a common starting material for the Contact process.
Name a source of sulfur.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe step 2, giving reaction conditions and a chemical equation. Reference to reaction
rate and yield is not required.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(c) Step 3 involves adding sulfur trioxide to concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum.
Complete the chemical equation for this reaction.
H2SO4 + SO3 → ................................

[1]
(d) Dilute sulfuric acid is a typical acid.
A student adds excess dilute sulfuric acid to a sample of solid copper(II) carbonate in a
test-tube.
(i) Give three observations the student would make.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Give the names of all products formed.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Concentrated sulfuric acid has different properties to dilute sulfuric acid.
When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to glucose, C6H12O6, steam is given off and a black
solid is formed.
(i) Name the black solid.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What type of reaction has occurred?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 12]
2 Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact process.
(a) Sulfur is burned by spraying droplets of molten sulfur into air.
Suggest and explain an advantage of using this method.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The following equation represents the equilibrium in the Contact process.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Oxygen is supplied from the air.

The composition of the reaction mixture is 1 volume of sulfur dioxide to 1 volume of oxygen.
What volume of air contains 1 dm3 of oxygen?
....................................................................................................................................... dm3 [1]
(c) Sulfur dioxide is more expensive than air.
What is the advantage of using an excess of air?
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) The forward reaction is exothermic. The reaction is usually carried out at a temperature between
400 and 450 °C.
(i) What is the effect on the position of equilibrium of using a temperature above 450 °C?
Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) What is the effect on the rate of using a temperature below 400 °C?
Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(e) A low pressure, 2 atmospheres, is used. At equilibrium, about 98% SO3 is present.
(i) What is the effect on the position of equilibrium of using a higher pressure?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why a higher pressure is not used.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Name the catalyst used in the Contact process.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) Describe how concentrated sulfuric acid is made from sulfur trioxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 15]
3 The main use of sulfur dioxide is the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
(a) State two other uses of sulfur dioxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) One source of sulfur dioxide is burning sulfur in air.

Describe how sulfur dioxide can be made from the ore zinc sulfide.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The Contact process changes sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

the forward reaction is exothermic
temperature 400 to 450 °C
low pressure 1 to 10 atmospheres
catalyst vanadium(V) oxide
(i) What is the formula of vanadium(V) oxide?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Vanadium(V) oxide is an efficient catalyst at any temperature in the range 400 to 450 °C.
Scientists are looking for an alternative catalyst which is efficient at 300 °C.
What would be the advantage of using a lower temperature?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The process does not use a high pressure because of the extra expense.
Suggest two advantages of using a high pressure?
Explain your suggestions.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
(d) Sulfuric acid is made by dissolving sulfur trioxide in concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum.
Water is reacted with oleum to form more sulfuric acid.
Why is sulfur trioxide not reacted directly with water?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 12]
4 Sulfuric acid is an important acid, both in the laboratory and in industry.
Sulfuric acid is manufactured in the Contact Process. Originally, it was made by heating metal
sulfates and by burning a mixture of sulfur and potassium nitrate.
(a) Give a major use of sulfuric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A group of naturally occurring minerals have the formula of the type FeSO4.xH2O where x is 1,
4, 5, 6 or 7. The most common of these minerals is iron(II) sulfate-7-water.
(i) When this mineral is heated gently it dehydrates.
FeSO4.7H2O FeSO4 + 7H2O

green pale yellow
Describe how you could show that this reaction is reversible.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) When the iron(II) sulfate is heated strongly, further decomposition occurs.
2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
The gases formed in this reaction react with water and oxygen to form sulfuric acid.
Explain how the sulfuric acid is formed.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) A mineral of the type FeSO4.xH2O contains 37.2% of water.

Complete the calculation to determine x.
mass of one mole of H2O = 18 g
mass of water in 100 g of FeSO4.xH2O = 37.2 g
number of moles of H2O in 100 g of FeSO4.xH2O = .................
mass of FeSO4 in 100 g of FeSO4.xH2O = ................. g
mass of one mole of FeSO4 = 152 g
number of moles of FeSO4 in 100 g of FeSO4.xH2O = .................
x = .................
[4]
(c) When a mixture of sulfur and potassium nitrate is burned and the products are dissolved in
water, sulfuric acid is formed.
(i) The sulfuric acid formed by this method is not pure. It contains another acid.
Deduce the identity of this acid.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The heat causes some of the potassium nitrate to decompose.

Write the equation for the action of heat on potassium nitrate.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 12]
5 Sulfuric acid is a strong acid. Hexanesulfonic acid is also a strong acid. It has similar properties
to sulfuric acid.
(a) Sulfonic acids are made from alkanes and oleum, H2S2O7.
C6H14 + H2S2O7 → C6H13SO3H + H2SO4
(i) Describe how oleum is made from sulfur by the Contact process. Give equations
and reaction conditions.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [6]
(ii) How is concentrated sulfuric acid made from oleum?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The formula of the hexanesulfonate ion is C6H13SO3–.
The formula of the barium ion is Ba2+. What is the formula of barium hexanesulfonate?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Complete the following equations.
(i) magnesium + hexanesulfonic → ............................. + .........................

acid [1]
.............................
(ii) calcium + hexanesulfonic → ............................. + .........................

oxide acid [1]
.............................
(iii) .....C6H13SO3H + Na2CO3 → ............................. + ............ + ............ [2]
(d)
d) ( Sulfuric acid is a strong acid.
You are given aqueous sulfuric acid, concentration 0.1 mol / dm3, and aqueous
hexanesulfonic acid, concentration 0.2 mol / dm3. Describe how you could show that
hexanesulfonic acid is also a strong acid.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Deduce why, for a fair comparison, the two acid solutions must have different
concentrations.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain the terms strong acid and weak acid.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 17]
1 The following table gives information about six substances.
melting point boiling point electrical conductivity electrical conductivity

substance
/ °C / °C as a solid as a liquid
A 839
39 1 good good
B –1
–1
18 poor poor
C 776
76 1 poor good
D –11 poor poor
E 1607
607 poor poor
F –5 1 poor good
(a) Which substance could be a metal?
[1]
(b) State all the substances that are liquid at room temperature?
[1]
(c) Which substance could have a macromolecular structure similar to that of silicon(IV) oxide?
[1]
(d) Which substance could be propane?
[1]
(e) Which substance could be sodium chloride?
[1]
[Total: 5]
(a) Potassium iodide is an ionic compound.
(i) Describe what happens, in terms of electron loss and gain, when a potassium atom reacts
with an iodine atom.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe the structure of solid potassium iodide. You may draw a diagram.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain why potassium iodide has a high melting point.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Potassium iodide and lead nitrate are both soluble. Lead iodide is insoluble.
(i) Describe how a pure dry sample of lead iodide could be made from solid potassium iodide
and solid lead nitrate.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the formation of lead iodide, PbI2, when potassium iodide and
lead nitrate react with each other.
State symbols are not required.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) When chlorine gas is bubbled through an aqueous solution of potassium iodide, a redox
reaction takes place.
2I – + Cl 2 → I2 + 2Cl –
(i) State the colour change expected in this reaction.
start colour ..........................................................................................................................
end colour ...........................................................................................................................

[2]
(ii) Identify the reducing agent in this reaction. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 16]
3 Carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide are oxides of Group IV elements.
(a) Complete the following table.
carbon dioxide silicon(IV) oxide
formula SiO2
melting point / °C –56 1610
physical state at 25 °C gas
conduction of electricity non-conductor
structure macromolecular
[4]
(b) (i) Name the type of bonds that exist between the atoms in silicon(IV) oxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why silicon(IV) oxide has a very high melting point.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why carbon dioxide has a very low
melting point.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Explain, in terms of particles, why carbon dioxide is a non-conductor of electricity.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Suggest a chemical equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and
carbon dioxide.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) (i) Name the type of chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide is produced from fossil fuels.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the chemical process in which green plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Name the chemical process in which living things produce carbon dioxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 13]
4 Iron pyrite, FeS2, is known as Fool’s Gold because it is a shiny yellow solid which is similar in
appearance to gold. Iron pyrite is an ionic compound. Gold is a metallic element.
(a) Iron pyrite, FeS2, contains positive and negative ions. The positive ion is Fe2+.
Deduce the formula of the negative ion.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A student is provided with a sample of iron pyrite and a sample of gold.
Suggest how the student could distinguish between the two substances.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Sulfur dioxide is produced on a large scale by heating iron pyrite strongly in air. The iron pyrite
reacts with oxygen in the air producing iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3, and sulfur dioxide.
(i) Construct a chemical equation for the reaction between iron pyrite and oxygen.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Give one use of sulfur dioxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
5 Carbon and silicon are elements in Group IV. They both form oxides of the type XO2.
(a) Silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2, has a macromolecular structure.
(i) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State three properties which silicon(IV) oxide and diamond have in common.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) How could you show that silicon(IV) oxide is acidic and not basic or amphoteric?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Explain why the physical properties of carbon dioxide are different from those of diamond and
silicon(IV) oxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]
6 Use your copy of the Periodic Table to help you answer some of these questions.
(a) Predict the formulae of the following compounds.
(i) nitrogen fluoride..................................................................................................................
(ii) phosphorus sulfide.............................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Deduce the formulae of the following ions.
(i) selenide ..............................................................................................................................
(ii) gallium ................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Use the following ions to determine the formulae of the compounds.
ions OH– Cr3+ Ba2+ SO42–
compounds
(i) chromium(III) sulfate ..........................................................................................................
(ii) barium hydroxide ................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 6]
7 Lithium bromide is an ionic compound. It can be electrolysed when it is molten or in aqueous
solution. It cannot be electrolysed as a solid.
(a) Solid lithium bromide is a poor conductor of electricity. The ions cannot move to the electrodes,
they are held in an ionic lattice by strong forces.
(i) Describe the motion of the ions in the solid state.
. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . [1]
(ii) Define the term ionic bonding .
................................................................. .................................... .................................. [2]
(iii) What is meant by the term ionic lattice?
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The diagram shows th,e electrolysis of molten lithium bromide.
- : .1=8
=- :::::::= - - Power pack
--® -i'""
carbon
l---A---:::::�electrodes
molten
lithium bromide
heat
(i) Mark on the diagram the direction of the electron flow. (1]
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . [1]
(iii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode) .
................................................................. .................................... .................................. [2]
(iv) Which ion is oxidised? Explain your answer .
................................................................. .................................... .................................. [2]
(c) When aqueous lithium bromide is electrolysed, a colourless gas is formed at the negative
electrode and the solution becomes alkaline.
Explain these observations and include an equation in your explanation.
............................................................................... ............................................................... (3)
[Total: 14)
1 When aqueous sodium thiosulfate and dilute hydrochloric acid are mixed, a precipitate of insoluble
sulfur is produced. This makes the mixture difficult to see through.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl (aq) → S(s) + 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
The time taken for the cross to disappear from view is measured.
A student adds the following volumes of aqueous sodium thiosulfate, dilute hydrochloric acid and
distilled water to the conical flask.
The time taken for the formation of the precipitate of sulfur to make the cross disappear from view
is recorded.
experiment volume of volume of volume of time taken for

number sodium thiosulfate hydrochloric acid distilled water cross to disappear
/ cm3 / cm3 / cm3 from view / s
1 10 10 40 56
2 20 10 30 28
(a) State the order in which the aqueous sodium thiosulfate, hydrochloric acid and distilled water
should be added to the flask.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) In experiment 3 the student wanted the sodium thiosulfate to be double the concentration used
in experiment 2.
(i) Complete the table to show the volumes which should be used and the expected time
taken for the cross to disappear from view in experiment 3. [2]
(ii) Use collision theory to explain why increasing the concentration of sodium thiosulfate
would change the rate of reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The student repeated experiment 1 at a higher temperature.
Use collision theory to explain why the rate of reaction would increase.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]
2 Hydrogen can be manufactured from methane by steam reforming.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
The reaction is carried out using a nickel catalyst at temperatures between 700 °C and 1100 °C and
using a pressure of one atmosphere.
The forward reaction is endothermic.
(a) What is meant by the term catalyst?
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Suggest two reasons why a temperature lower than 700 °C is not used.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Suggest one advantage of using a pressure greater than one atmosphere.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Suggest one disadvantage of using a pressure greater than one atmosphere.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) Hydrogen can also be manufactured by electrolysis. The electrolyte is concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride. The electrodes are inert.
The products of electrolysis are hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
(i) Define the term electrolysis.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name a substance that can be used as the inert electrodes.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction in which hydrogen is produced.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Where is hydrogen produced in the electrolytic cell?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) Describe a test for chlorine.
test ......................................................................................................................................
result ...................................................................................................................................
[2]
(f) The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride can be represented by the following
word equation.
sodium chloride + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen + chlorine
Construct a chemical equation to represent this reaction. Do not include state symbols.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(g) State one use of
chlorine, .....................................................................................................................................
sodium hydroxide, .....................................................................................................................
hydrogen. ...................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 18]
3 Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes into water and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst,
manganese(IV) oxide.
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
(a) What is meant by the term catalyst?
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A student studies the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide using the apparatus shown.
The student uses 20 cm3 of 0.1 mol / dm3 hydrogen peroxide and 1.0 g of manganese(IV) oxide.
The student measures the volume of oxygen given off at regular time intervals until the reaction
stops. A graph of the results is shown.
gas syringe
hydrogen peroxide
catalyst
volume
of oxygen
produced / cm3
0
0 time / s
(i) When is the rate of reaction highest?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one method of increasing the rate of reaction using the same amounts of hydrogen
peroxide and manganese(IV) oxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) (i) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen peroxide used in this experiment.
................. mol [1]
(ii) Use your answer to (c)(i) and the equation to calculate the number of moles of oxygen
produced in the reaction.
2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
................. mol [1]
(iii) Calculate the volume (at r.t.p.) of oxygen produced.
................. dm3 [1]
(iv) What would be the effect on the volume of oxygen produced if the mass of catalyst was
increased?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) Deduce the volume of oxygen that would be produced if 20 cm3 of 0.2 mol / dm3 hydrogen
peroxide was used instead of 20 cm3 of 0.1 mol / dm3 hydrogen peroxide.
................. dm3 [1]
(d) The student carries out a second experiment to investigate whether another substance,
copper(II) oxide, is a better catalyst than manganese(IV) oxide.
Describe how the second experiment is carried out. You should state clearly how you would
make sure that the catalyst is the only variable.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 12]
4 (a) The reactions between metals and acids are redox reactions.
Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2
(i) Which change in the above reaction is oxidation, Zn to Zn2+ or 2H+ to H2? Give a reason
for your choice.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Which reactant in the above reaction is the oxidising agent? Give a reason for your choice.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The rate of reaction between a metal and an acid can be investigated using the apparatus
shown below.
20 40 60 80 100
gas syringe
hydrochloric acid
zinc foil
A piece of zinc foil was added to 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, of concentration 2.0 mol / dm3. The
acid was in excess. The hydrogen evolved was collected in the gas syringe and its volume
measured every minute. The results were plotted and labelled as graph 1.
graph 2 (with copper)
graph 1
volume
0
0 time
The experiment was repeated to show that the reaction between zinc metal and hydrochloric
acid is catalysed by copper. A small volume of aqueous copper(II) chloride was added to the
acid before the zinc was added. The results of this experiment were plotted on the same grid
and labelled as graph 2.
(i) Explain why the reaction mixture in the second experiment contains copper metal. Include
an equation in your explanation.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain how graph 2 shows that copper catalyses the reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) If the first experiment was repeated using ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, instead of hydrochloric
acid, how and why would the graph be different from graph 1?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(d) Calculate the maximum mass of zinc which will react with 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, of
concentration 2.0 mol / dm3.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl 2 + H2
Show your working.
[3]
[Total: 16]
5 (a) Sodium chlorate(I) decomposes to form sodium chloride and oxygen. The rate of this reaction
is very slow at room temperature provided the sodium chlorate(I) is stored in a dark bottle to
prevent exposure to light.
2NaCl O → 2NaCl + O2
The rate of this decomposition can be studied using the following experiment.
20 40 60 80 100
oxygen collects
in syringe
sodium chlorate(I) solution
Sodium chlorate(I) is placed in the flask and 0.2 g of copper(II) oxide is added. This catalyses
the decomposition of the sodium chlorate(I) and the volume of oxygen collected is measured
every minute. The results are plotted to give a graph of the type shown below.
volume
of oxygen
0
0 time
(i) Explain why the gradient (slope) of this graph decreases with time.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Cobalt(II) oxide is a more efficient catalyst for this reaction than copper(II) oxide.
Sketch, on the grid, the graph for the reaction catalysed by cobalt(II) oxide.
All other conditions were kept constant. [2]
(iii) What can you deduce from the comment that sodium chlorate(I) has to be shielded from
light?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Explain, in terms of collisions between particles, why the initial gradient would be steeper
if the experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) The ions present in aqueous sodium chloride are Na+(aq), Cl –(aq), H+(aq) and OH–(aq).
The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride forms three products. They are
hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
(i) Explain how these three products are formed. Give ionic equations for the reactions at the
electrodes.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) If the solution of the electrolyte is stirred, chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide to form
sodium chlorate(I), sodium chloride and water.
Write an equation for this reaction.
Cl 2 + ...NaOH → ..................... + ..................... + .....................

[2]
[Total: 14]
1 The rate of a photochemical reaction is affected by light.
(a) The decomposition of silver bromide is the basis of film photography. This is a redox reaction.
2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2

cream black
step 1 2Br – → Br2 + 2e–
step 2 Ag+ + e– → Ag
(i) Which step is reduction? Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which ion is the oxidising agent? Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A piece of white paper was coated with silver bromide and exposed to the light. Sections of the
paper were covered as shown in the diagram.
paper coated with

silver bromide
not covered
covered with
thin paper
covered with
thick card
Predict the appearance of the different sections of the paper after exposure to the light and the
removal of the card. Explain your predictions.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) Photosynthesis is another example of a photochemical reaction. Green plants can make simple
carbohydrates, such as glucose. These can polymerise to make more complex carbohydrates,
such as starch.
(i) Write a word equation for photosynthesis.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name the substance which is responsible for the colour in green plants and is essential for
photosynthesis.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The structural formula of glucose can be represented by H O O H.
Draw part of the structural formula of starch which contains two glucose units.
[2]
(iv) Living organisms need carbohydrates for respiration.
What is meant by respiration?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 12]
2 For each of the following, give the name of an element from Period 3 (sodium to argon), which
matches the description.
(a) an element which is gaseous at room temperature and pressure
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) an element that is added to water to kill bacteria
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) an element that forms a basic oxide of the type XO
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) an element used as an inert atmosphere in lamps
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) an element that forms an amphoteric oxide
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) an element that reacts vigorously with cold water to produce hydrogen
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
3 A student is told to produce the maximum amount of copper from a mixture of copper and
copper(II) carbonate.
The student adds the mixture to an excess of dilute sulfuric acid in a beaker and stirs the mixture
with a glass rod. The copper(II) carbonate reacts with the sulfuric acid, forming a solution of
copper(II) sulfate but the copper does not react with the sulfuric acid.
The student then
• removes the unreacted copper from the mixture,

• converts the solution of copper(II) sulfate into copper by a series of reactions.
(a) Describe two things that the student would observe when the mixture is added to the dilute
sulfuric acid.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Describe how the student can produce pure dry copper from the mixture of copper and
copper(II) sulfate solution.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) The student then adds sodium hydroxide solution to the copper(II) sulfate solution to produce
copper(II) hydroxide.
(i) Describe what the student would observe.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Write an ionic equation for this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) After separating the copper(II) hydroxide from the mixture, the copper(II) hydroxide is heated
strongly. The copper(II) hydroxide decomposes into copper(II) oxide and steam.
(i) Write an equation for the decomposition of copper(II) hydroxide. Include state symbols.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name a non-metallic element that can be used to convert copper(II) oxide into copper.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 10]

4 The following reactivity series shows both familiar and unfamiliar elements in order of
decreasing reactivity. Each element is represented by a redox equation.
Rb Rb+ + e–
Mg Mg2+ + 2e–
Mn Mn2+ + 2e–
Zn Zn2+ + 2e–
H2 2H+ + 2e–
Cu Cu2+ + 2e–
Hg Hg2+ + 2e–
Two of the uses of the series are to predict the thermal stability of compounds of the metals
and to explain their redox reactions.
(a) Most metal hydroxides decompose when heated.
(i) Complete the equation for the thermal decomposition of copper(II) hydroxide.
Cu(OH)2 → ............... + ............... [1]
(ii) Choose a metal from the above series whose hydroxide does not decompose when
heated.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b)
b) Define in terms of electron transfer the term oxidation.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why the positive ions in the above equations are oxidising agents.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c)
c) Which metals in the series above do not react with dilute acids to form hydrogen?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe an experiment which would confirm the prediction made in (c)(i).
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d)
d) Which metal in the series above can form a negative ion which gives a pink / purple
solution in water?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe what you would observe when zinc, a reducing agent, is added to this
pink / purple solution.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 8]
5 The elements in Period 3 and some of their common oxidation states are shown below.
Element Na Mg Al Si P S l Ar
Oxidation
State +1 +2 +3 +4 –3 –2 –1 0
(a) (i) Why do the oxidation states increase from sodium to silicon?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) After Group(IV) the oxidation states are negative and decrease across the period.
Explain why.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The following compounds contain two elements. Predict their formulae.
aluminium sulphide ............................................
silicon phosphide ............................................ [2]
(c) Choose a different element from Period 3 that matches each description.
(i) It has a similar structure to diamond.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) It reacts violently with cold water to form a solution pH = 14.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) It has a gaseous oxide of the type XO2, which is acidic.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(d) The only oxidation state of argon is zero. Why it is used to fill light bulbs?
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in the
ionic compound sodium phosphide.
Use o to represent an electron from sodium.

Use x to represent an electron from phosphorus. [3]
(f) Sodium reacts with sulphur to form sodium sulphide.
2Na + S → Na2S
An 11.5 g sample of sodium is reacted with 10 g of sulphur. All of the sodium reacted but
there was an excess of sulphur.
Calculate the mass of sulphur left unreacted.
(i) Number of moles of sodium atoms reacted = .....................

[2 moles of Na react with 1 mole of S]
(ii) Number of moles of sulphur atoms that reacted = ..................
(iii) Mass of sulphur reacted = ...................g
(iv) Mass of sulphur left unreacted = .................g [4]

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1 Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate solution.

2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(a) Explain why effervescence is seen during the reaction.

(ii) Calculate how many moles of hydrochloric acid were used.

............................ mol [1]

............................ mol [1]

............................ mol / dm3 [2]

............................ dm3 [3]

(i) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

(ii) Give the general formula of straight-chain

(b) A compound X contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

(ii) Compound X has a relative molecular mass of 88.

Deduce the molecular formula of compound X.

(e) A polyester is represented by the structure shown.

(i) What type of polymerisation is used for the production of polyesters?

(ii) Which simple molecule is removed when the polyester is formed?

(iii) The Mr of X is 86.

What is its molecular formula?

What does this tell you about the structure of X?

(ii) Magnesium powder reacts with an aqueous solution of X. Hydrogen is evolved.

What does this tell you about the structure of X?

(iii) X contains two different functional groups.

Draw a structural formula of X.

burette filled with

25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution

2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) o K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Calculate

the concentration of the sulfuric acid.

number of moles of KOH used = ............................

number of moles of H2SO4 needed to neutralise the KOH = ............................

concentration of dilute sulfuric acid = ............................ mol / dm3

(ii) Potassium hydrogen sulfate can be made by the following reaction.

KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) o KHSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

(iii) The desert has smaller surface deposits of potassium nitrate.

(i) Sodium nitrate decomposes to form sodium nitrite, NaNO2.

Write the equation for decomposition of sodium nitrate.

(ii) Sodium nitrite is a reducing agent.

2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

What is meant by 1 mole of a substance?

(iii) 7.26 g of a hydrate, Cu(NO3)2.xH2O, formed 2.4 g copper(II) oxide.

number of moles of CuO formed = ......................

number of moles of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O in 7.26 g = ......................

mass of 1 mole of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O = ...................... g

mass of 1 mole of Cu(NO3)2 is 188 g

the value of x in this hydrate = ......................

(a) Predict the formula of each of the following compounds.

(b) Deduce the formula of each of the following ions.

(i) phosphide .............................................................................................................

Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom. Use o to

This reacts with more chlorine to give yellow iodine trichloride.

ICl(l) + Cl2(g) ⇌ ICl3(s)

(a) What do you understand by the term equilibrium?

(c) The pressure on the equilibrium mixture is decreased.

It would move to the

(ii) Describe what you would observe.

Bond Energy / kJ per mol

Show your working.

A2(g) + B2(g) 2AB(g) reaction 1

(a) Explain the term equilibrium.

effect on percentage of products ...............................................................................

effect on percentage of products ...............................................................................

effect on percentage of products ...............................................................................

This reacts with more chlorine to give yellow iodine trichloride.