Biodiversity Conservation: a Very Short

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Biodiversity Conservation: A Very Short Introduction
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Very Short Introductions available now:

ABOLITIONISM Richard S. Newman AMERICAN IMMIGRATION

THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS
Charles L. Cohen
ACCOUNTING Christopher Nobes
ADDICTION Keith Humphreys
ADOLESCENCE Peter K. Smith
THEODOR W. ADORNO
Andrew Bowie
ADVERTISING Winston Fletcher
AERIAL WARFARE Frank Ledwidge
AESTHETICS Bence Nanay
AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY
Jonathan Scott Holloway
AFRICAN AMERICAN RELIGION
Eddie S. Glaude Jr
AFRICAN HISTORY John Parker and
Richard Rathbone
AFRICAN POLITICS Ian Taylor
AFRICAN RELIGIONS
Jacob K. Olupona
AGEING Nancy A. Pachana
AGNOSTICISM Robin Le Poidevin
AGRICULTURE Paul Brassley and
Richard Soffe
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
Hugh Bowden
ALGEBRA Peter M. Higgins
AMERICAN BUSINESS HISTORY
Walter A. Friedman
AMERICAN CULTURAL HISTORY
Eric Avila
AMERICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS
Andrew Preston
AMERICAN HISTORY Paul S. Boyer
David A. Gerber
AMERICAN INTELLECTUAL
HISTORY
Jennifer Ratner-­Rosenhagen
THE AMERICAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM
Charles L. Zelden
AMERICAN LEGAL HISTORY
G. Edward White
AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY
Joseph T. Glatthaar
AMERICAN NAVAL HISTORY
Craig L. Symonds
AMERICAN POETRY David Caplan
AMERICAN POLITICAL HISTORY
Donald Critchlow
AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES
AND ELECTIONS L. Sandy Maisel
AMERICAN POLITICS
Richard M. Valelly
THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY
Charles O. Jones
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Robert J. Allison
AMERICAN SLAVERY
Heather Andrea Williams
THE AMERICAN SOUTH
Charles Reagan Wilson
THE AMERICAN WEST
Stephen Aron
AMERICAN WOMEN’S HISTORY
Susan Ware
AMPHIBIANS T. S. Kemp
ANAESTHESIA Aidan O’Donnell
ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
Michael Beaney
ANARCHISM Alex Prichard
ANCIENT ASSYRIA Karen Radner
ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ART AND
ARCHITECTURE Christina Riggs
ANCIENT GREECE Paul Cartledge
ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN
SCIENCE Liba Taub
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST
Amanda H. Podany
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Julia Annas
ANCIENT WARFARE
Harry Sidebottom
ANGELS David Albert Jones
ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman
THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
Tristram D. Wyatt
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
Peter Holland
ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia
ANSELM Thomas Williams
THE ANTARCTIC Klaus Dodds
ANTHROPOCENE Erle C. Ellis
ANTISEMITISM Steven Beller
ANXIETY Daniel Freeman and
Jason Freeman
THE APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS
Paul Foster
APPLIED MATHEMATICS
Alain Goriely
THOMAS AQUINAS Fergus Kerr
ARBITRATION Thomas Schultz and
Thomas Grant
ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn
ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne
THE ARCTIC Klaus Dodds and
Jamie Woodward
HANNAH ARENDT Dana Villa
ARISTOCRACY William Doyle
ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes
ART HISTORY Dana Arnold
ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Margaret A. Boden
ASIAN AMERICAN HISTORY
Madeline Y. Hsu
ASTROBIOLOGY David C. Catling
ASTROPHYSICS James Binney
ATHEISM Julian Baggini
THE ATMOSPHERE Paul I. Palmer
AUGUSTINE Henry Chadwick
JANE AUSTEN Tom Keymer
AUSTRALIA Kenneth Morgan
AUTISM Uta Frith
AUTOBIOGRAPHY Laura Marcus
THE AVANT GARDE David Cottington
THE AZTECS Davíd Carrasco
BABYLONIA Trevor Bryce
BACTERIA Sebastian G. B. Amyes
BANKING John Goddard and
John O. S. Wilson
BARTHES Jonathan Culler
THE BEATS David Sterritt
BEAUTY Roger Scruton
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN
Mark Evan Bonds
BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS
Michelle Baddeley
BESTSELLERS John Sutherland
THE BIBLE John Riches
BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
Eric H. Cline
BIG DATA Dawn E. Holmes
BIOCHEMISTRY Mark Lorch
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
David W. Macdonald
BIOGEOGRAPHY Mark V. Lomolino
BIOGRAPHY Hermione Lee
BIOMETRICS Michael Fairhurst
ELIZABETH BISHOP
Jonathan F. S. Post
BLACK HOLES Katherine Blundell
BLASPHEMY Yvonne Sherwood
BLOOD Chris Cooper
THE BLUES Elijah Wald
THE BODY Chris Shilling
THE BOHEMIANS David Weir
NIELS BOHR J. L. Heilbron
THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER
Brian Cummings
THE BOOK OF MORMON
Terryl Givens
BORDERS Alexander C. Diener and
Joshua Hagen
THE BRAIN Michael O’Shea
BRANDING Robert Jones
THE BRICS Andrew F. Cooper
BRITISH CINEMA Charles Barr
THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION
Martin Loughlin
THE BRITISH EMPIRE Ashley Jackson
BRITISH POLITICS Tony Wright
BUDDHA Michael Carrithers
BUDDHISM Damien Keown
BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown
BYZANTIUM Peter Sarris
CALVINISM Jon Balserak
ALBERT CAMUS Oliver Gloag
CANADA Donald Wright
CANCER Nicholas James
CAPITALISM James Fulcher
CATHOLICISM Gerald O’Collins
CAUSATION Stephen Mumford and
Rani Lill Anjum
THE CELL Terence Allen and
Graham Cowling
THE CELTS BarryCunliffe
CHAOS Leonard Smith
GEOFFREY CHAUCER David Wallace
CHEMISTRY Peter Atkins
CHILD PSYCHOLOGY Usha Goswami
CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
Kimberley Reynolds
CHINESE LITERATURE Sabina Knight
CHOICE THEORY Michael Allingham
CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson
CHRISTIAN ETHICS D. Stephen Long
CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
Russell Foster and Leon Kreitzman
CITIZENSHIP Richard Bellamy
CITY PLANNING Carl Abbott
CIVIL ENGINEERING
David Muir Wood
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Thomas C. Holt
CLASSICAL LITERATURE William Allan
CLASSICAL MYTHOLOGY
Helen Morales
CLASSICS Mary Beard and
John Henderson
CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard
CLIMATE Mark Maslin
CLIMATE CHANGE Mark Maslin
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
Susan Llewelyn and
Katie Aafjes-van Doorn
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL
THERAPY Freda McManus
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
Richard Passingham
THE COLD WAR Robert J. McMahon
COLONIAL AMERICA Alan Taylor
COLONIAL LATIN AMERICAN
LITERATURE Rolena Adorno
COMBINATORICS Robin Wilson
COMEDY Matthew Bevis
COMMUNISM Leslie Holmes
COMPARATIVE LITERATURE
Ben Hutchinson
COMPETITION AND ANTITRUST
LAW Ariel Ezrachi
COMPLEXITY John H. Holland
THE COMPUTER Darrel Ince
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Subrata Dasgupta
CONCENTRATION CAMPS
Dan Stone
CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
Ross H. McKenzie
CONFUCIANISM Daniel K. Gardner
THE CONQUISTADORS
Matthew Restall and
Felipe Fernández-Armesto
CONSCIENCE Paul Strohm
CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore
CONTEMPORARY ART
Julian Stallabrass
CONTEMPORARY FICTION
Robert Eaglestone
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY
Simon Critchley
COPERNICUS Owen Gingerich
CORAL REEFS Charles Sheppard
CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY Jeremy Moon
CORRUPTION Leslie Holmes
COSMOLOGY Peter Coles
COUNTRY MUSIC Richard Carlin
CREATIVITY Vlad Glăveanu
CRIME FICTION Richard Bradford
CRIMINAL JUSTICE Julian V. Roberts
CRIMINOLOGY Tim Newburn
CRITICAL THEORY
Stephen Eric Bronner
THE CRUSADES
Christopher Tyerman
CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and
Sean Murphy
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY A. M. Glazer
THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION
Richard Curt Kraus
DADA AND SURREALISM
David Hopkins
DANTE Peter Hainsworth and
David Robey
DARWIN Jonathan Howard
THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS
Timothy H. Lim
DECADENCE David Weir
DECOLONIZATION Dane Kennedy
DEMENTIA Kathleen Taylor
DEMOCRACY Naomi Zack
DEMOGRAPHY Sarah Harper
DEPRESSION Jan Scott and
Mary Jane Tacchi
DERRIDA Simon Glendinning
DESCARTES Tom Sorell
DESERTS Nick Middleton
DESIGN John Heskett
DEVELOPMENT Ian Goldin
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Lewis Wolpert
THE DEVIL Darren Oldridge
DIASPORA Kevin Kenny
CHARLES DICKENS Jenny Hartley
DICTIONARIES Lynda Mugglestone
DINOSAURS David Norman
DIPLOMATIC HISTORY
Joseph M. Siracusa
DOCUMENTARY FILM
Patricia Aufderheide
DREAMING J. Allan Hobson
DRUGS Les Iversen
DRUIDS Barry Cunliffe
DYNASTY Jeroen Duindam
DYSLEXIA Margaret J. Snowling
EARLY MUSIC Thomas Forrest Kelly
THE EARTH Martin Redfern
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE Tim Lenton
ECOLOGY Jaboury Ghazoul
ECONOMICS Partha Dasgupta
EDUCATION Gary Thomas
EGYPTIAN MYTH Geraldine Pinch
EIGHTEENTH‑CENTURY BRITAIN
Paul Langford
THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball
EMOTION Dylan Evans
EMPIRE Stephen Howe
EMPLOYMENT LAW David Cabrelli
ENERGY SYSTEMS Nick Jenkins
ENGELS Terrell Carver
ENGINEERING David Blockley
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Simon Horobin
ENGLISH LITERATURE Jonathan Bate
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
John Robertson
ENTREPRENEURSHIP Paul Westhead
and Mike Wright
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
Stephen Smith
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Robin Attfield
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Elizabeth Fisher
ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS
Andrew Dobson
ENZYMES Paul Engel
EPICUREANISM Catherine Wilson
EPIDEMIOLOGY Rodolfo Saracci
ETHICS Simon Blackburn
ETHNOMUSICOLOGY Timothy Rice
THE ETRUSCANS Christopher Smith
EUGENICS Philippa Levine
THE EUROPEAN UNION
Simon Usherwood and John Pinder
EUROPEAN UNION LAW
Anthony Arnull
EVANGELICALISM
John G. Stackhouse Jr.
EVIL Luke Russell
EVOLUTION Brian and
Deborah Charlesworth
EXISTENTIALISM Thomas Flynn
EXPLORATION Stewart A. Weaver
EXTINCTION Paul B. Wignall
THE EYE Michael Land
FAIRY TALE Marina Warner
FAMILY LAW Jonathan Herring
MICHAEL FARADAY
Frank A. J. L. James
FASCISM Kevin Passmore
FASHION Rebecca Arnold
FEDERALISM Mark J. Rozell and
Clyde Wilcox
FEMINISM Margaret Walters
FILM Michael Wood
FILM MUSIC Kathryn Kalinak
FILM NOIR James Naremore
FIRE Andrew C. Scott
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Michael Howard
FLUID MECHANICS Eric Lauga
FOLK MUSIC Mark Slobin
FOOD John Krebs
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
David Canter
FORENSIC SCIENCE Jim Fraser
FORESTS Jaboury Ghazoul
FOSSILS Keith Thomson
FOUCAULT Gary Gutting
THE FOUNDING FATHERS
R. B. Bernstein
FRACTALS Kenneth Falconer
FREE SPEECH Nigel Warburton
FREE WILL Thomas Pink
FREEMASONRY Andreas Önnerfors
FRENCH LITERATURE John D. Lyons
FRENCH PHILOSOPHY
Stephen Gaukroger and Knox Peden
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
William Doyle
FREUD Anthony Storr
FUNDAMENTALISM Malise Ruthven
FUNGI Nicholas P. Money
THE FUTURE Jennifer M. Gidley
GALAXIES John Gribbin
GALILEO Stillman Drake
GAME THEORY Ken Binmore
GANDHI Bhikhu Parekh
GARDEN HISTORY Gordon Campbell
GENES Jonathan Slack
GENIUS Andrew Robinson
GENOMICS John Archibald
GEOGRAPHY John Matthews and
David Herbert
GEOLOGY Jan Zalasiewicz
GEOMETRY Maciej Dunajski
GEOPHYSICS William Lowrie
GEOPOLITICS Klaus Dodds
GERMAN LITERATURE Nicholas Boyle
GERMAN PHILOSOPHY
Andrew Bowie
THE GHETTO Bryan Cheyette
GLACIATION David J. A. Evans
GLOBAL CATASTROPHES Bill McGuire
GLOBAL ECONOMIC HISTORY
Robert C. Allen
GLOBAL ISLAM Nile Green
GLOBALIZATION Manfred B. Steger
GOD John Bowker
GÖDEL’S THEOREM A. W. Moore
GOETHE Ritchie Robertson
THE GOTHIC Nick Groom
GOVERNANCE Mark Bevir
GRAVITY Timothy Clifton
THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND
THE NEW DEAL Eric Rauchway
HABEAS CORPUS Amanda L. Tyler
HABERMAS James Gordon Finlayson
THE HABSBURG EMPIRE
Martyn Rady
HAPPINESS Daniel M. Haybron
THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE
Cheryl A. Wall
THE HEBREW BIBLE AS
LITERATURE Tod Linafelt
HEGEL Peter Singer
HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood
THE HELLENISTIC AGE
Peter Thonemann
HEREDITY John Waller
HERMENEUTICS Jens Zimmermann
HERODOTUS Jennifer T. Roberts
HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson
HINDUISM Kim Knott
HISTORY John H. Arnold
THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
Michael Hoskin
THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
William H. Brock
THE HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD
James Marten
THE HISTORY OF CINEMA
Geoffrey Nowell-Smith
THE HISTORY OF COMPUTING
Doron Swade
THE HISTORY OF EMOTIONS
Thomas Dixon
THE HISTORY OF LIFE Michael Benton
THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS
Jacqueline Stedall
THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE
William Bynum
THE HISTORY OF PHYSICS
J. L. Heilbron
THE HISTORY OF POLITICAL
THOUGHT Richard Whatmore
THE HISTORY OF TIME
Leofranc Holford‑Strevens
HIV AND AIDS Alan Whiteside
HOBBES Richard Tuck
HOLLYWOOD Peter Decherney
THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Joachim Whaley
HOME Michael Allen Fox
HOMER Barbara Graziosi
HORMONES Martin Luck
HORROR Darryl Jones
HUMAN ANATOMY
Leslie Klenerman
HUMAN EVOLUTION Bernard Wood
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Jamie A. Davies
HUMAN RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT Adrian Wilkinson
HUMAN RIGHTS Andrew Clapham
HUMANISM Stephen Law
HUME James A. Harris
HUMOUR Noël Carroll
IBN SĪNĀ (AVICENNA) Peter Adamson
THE ICE AGE Jamie Woodward
IDENTITY Florian Coulmas
IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Paul Klenerman
INDIAN CINEMA
Ashish Rajadhyaksha
INDIAN PHILOSOPHY Sue Hamilton
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Robert C. Allen
INFECTIOUS DISEASE Marta L. Wayne
and Benjamin M. Bolker
INFINITY Ian Stewart
INFORMATION Luciano Floridi
INNOVATION Mark Dodgson and
David Gann
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Siva Vaidhyanathan
INTELLIGENCE Ian J. Deary
INTERNATIONAL LAW
Vaughan Lowe
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Khalid Koser
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Christian Reus-Smit
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
Christopher S. Browning
INSECTS Simon Leather
IRAN Ali M. Ansari
ISLAM Malise Ruthven
ISLAMIC HISTORY Adam Silverstein
ISLAMIC LAW Mashood A. Baderin
ISOTOPES Rob Ellam
ITALIAN LITERATURE
Peter Hainsworth and David Robey
HENRY JAMES Susan L. Mizruchi
JAPANESE LITERATURE Alan Tansman
JESUS Richard Bauckham
JEWISH HISTORY David N. Myers
JEWISH LITERATURE Ilan Stavans
JOURNALISM Ian Hargreaves
JAMES JOYCE Colin MacCabe
JUDAISM Norman Solomon
JUNG Anthony Stevens
THE JURY Renée Lettow Lerner
KABBALAH Joseph Dan
KAFKA Ritchie Robertson
KANT Roger Scruton
KEYNES Robert Skidelsky
KIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner
KNOWLEDGE Jennifer Nagel
THE KORAN Michael Cook
KOREA Michael J. Seth
LAKES Warwick F. Vincent
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Ian H. Thompson
LANDSCAPES AND
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Andrew Goudie and Heather Viles
LANGUAGES Stephen R. Anderson
LATE ANTIQUITY Gillian Clark
LAW Raymond Wacks
THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Peter Atkins
LEADERSHIP Keith Grint
LEARNING Mark Haselgrove
LEIBNIZ Maria Rosa Antognazza
C. S. LEWIS James Como
LIBERALISM Michael Freeden
LIGHT Ian Walmsley
LINCOLN Allen C. Guelzo
LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews
LITERARY THEORY Jonathan Culler
LOCKE John Dunn
LOGIC Graham Priest
LOVE Ronald de Sousa
MARTIN LUTHER Scott H. Hendrix
MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner
MADNESS Andrew Scull
MAGIC Owen Davies
MAGNA CARTA Nicholas Vincent
MAGNETISM Stephen Blundell
MALTHUS Donald Winch
MAMMALS T. S. Kemp
MANAGEMENT John Hendry
NELSON MANDELA Elleke Boehmer
MAO Delia Davin
MARINE BIOLOGY Philip V. Mladenov
MARKETING
Kenneth Le Meunier-FitzHugh
THE MARQUIS DE SADE John Phillips
MARTYRDOM Jolyon Mitchell
MARX Peter Singer
MATERIALS Christopher Hall
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
Richard Earl
MATHEMATICAL FINANCE
Mark H. A. Davis
MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers
MATTER Geoff Cottrell
THE MAYA Matthew Restall and
Amara Solari
THE MEANING OF LIFE
Terry Eagleton
MEASUREMENT David Hand
MEDICAL ETHICS Michael Dunn and
Tony Hope
MEDICAL LAW Charles Foster
MEDIEVAL BRITAIN John Gillingham
and Ralph A. Griffiths
MEDIEVAL LITERATURE
Elaine Treharne
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
John Marenbon
MEMORY Jonathan K. Foster
METAPHYSICS Stephen Mumford
METHODISM William J. Abraham
THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION
Alan Knight
MICROBIOLOGY Nicholas P. Money
MICROBIOMES Angela E. Douglas
MICROECONOMICS Avinash Dixit
MICROSCOPY Terence Allen
THE MIDDLE AGES Miri Rubin
MILITARY JUSTICE Eugene R. Fidell
MILITARY STRATEGY
Antulio J. Echevarria II
JOHN STUART MILL Gregory Claeys
MINERALS David Vaughan
MIRACLES Yujin Nagasawa
MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Adam Sharr
MODERN ART David Cottington
MODERN BRAZIL Anthony W. Pereira
MODERN CHINA Rana Mitter
MODERN DRAMA
Kirsten E. Shepherd-Barr
MODERN FRANCE
Vanessa R. Schwartz
MODERN INDIA Craig Jeffrey
MODERN IRELAND Senia Pašeta
MODERN ITALY Anna Cento Bull
MODERN JAPAN
Christopher Goto-Jones
MODERN LATIN AMERICAN
LITERATURE
Roberto González Echevarría
MODERN WAR Richard English
MODERNISM Christopher Butler
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Aysha Divan
and Janice A. Royds
MOLECULES Philip Ball
MONASTICISM Stephen J. Davis
THE MONGOLS Morris Rossabi
MONTAIGNE William M. Hamlin
MOONS David A. Rothery
MORMONISM
Richard Lyman Bushman
MOUNTAINS Martin F. Price
MUHAMMAD Jonathan A. C. Brown
MULTICULTURALISM Ali Rattansi
MULTILINGUALISM John C. Maher
MUSIC Nicholas Cook
MUSIC AND TECHNOLOGY
Mark Katz
MYTH Robert A. Segal
NANOTECHNOLOGY Philip Moriarty
NAPOLEON David A. Bell
THE NAPOLEONIC WARS
Mike Rapport
NATIONALISM Steven Grosby
NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE
Sean Teuton
NAVIGATION Jim Bennett
NAZI GERMANY Jane Caplan
NEGOTIATION Carrie Menkel-Meadow
NEOLIBERALISM Manfred B. Steger
and Ravi K. Roy
NETWORKS Guido Caldarelli and
Michele Catanzaro
THE NEW TESTAMENT
Luke Timothy Johnson
THE NEW TESTAMENT AS
LITERATURE Kyle Keefer
NEWTON Robert Iliffe
NIETZSCHE Michael Tanner
NINETEENTH‑CENTURY BRITAIN
Christopher Harvie and
H. C. G. Matthew
THE NORMAN CONQUEST
George Garnett
NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS
Theda Perdue and Michael D. Green
NORTHERN IRELAND
Marc Mulholland
NOTHING Frank Close
NUCLEAR PHYSICS Frank Close
NUCLEAR POWER Maxwell Irvine
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Joseph M. Siracusa
NUMBER THEORY Robin Wilson
NUMBERS Peter M. Higgins
NUTRITION David A. Bender
OBJECTIVITY Stephen Gaukroger
OBSERVATIONAL ASTRONOMY
Geoff Cottrell
OCEANS Dorrik Stow
THE OLD TESTAMENT
Michael D. Coogan
THE ORCHESTRA D. Kern Holoman
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Graham Patrick
ORGANIZATIONS Mary Jo Hatch
ORGANIZED CRIME
Georgios A. Antonopoulos and
Georgios Papanicolaou
ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY
A. Edward Siecienski
OVID Llewelyn Morgan
PAGANISM Owen Davies
PAKISTAN Pippa Virdee
THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI
CONFLICT Martin Bunton
PANDEMICS Christian W. McMillen
PARTICLE PHYSICS Frank Close
PAUL E. P. Sanders
IVAN PAVLOV Daniel P. Todes
PEACE Oliver P. Richmond
PENTECOSTALISM William K. Kay
PERCEPTION Brian Rogers
THE PERIODIC TABLE Eric R. Scerri
PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD
Timothy Williamson
PHILOSOPHY Edward Craig
PHILOSOPHY IN THE ISLAMIC
WORLD Peter Adamson
PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY
Samir Okasha
PHILOSOPHY OF LAW
Raymond Wacks
PHILOSOPHY OF MIND
Barbara Gail Montero
PHILOSOPHY OF PHYSICS
David Wallace
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Samir Okasha
PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
Tim Bayne
PHOTOGRAPHY Steve Edwards
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Peter Atkins
PHYSICS Sidney Perkowitz
PILGRIMAGE Ian Reader
PLAGUE Paul Slack
PLANETARY SYSTEMS
Raymond T. Pierrehumbert
PLANETS David A. Rothery
PLANTS Timothy Walker
PLATE TECTONICS Peter Molnar
PLATO Julia Annas
POETRY Bernard O’Donoghue
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY David Miller
POLITICS Kenneth Minogue
POLYGAMY Sarah M. S. Pearsall
POPULISM Cas Mudde and
Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser
POSTCOLONIALISM
Robert J. C. Young
POSTMODERNISM Christopher Butler
POSTSTRUCTURALISM
Catherine Belsey
POVERTY Philip N. Jefferson
PREHISTORY Chris Gosden
PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY
Catherine Osborne
PRIVACY Raymond Wacks
PROBABILITY John Haigh
PROGRESSIVISM Walter Nugent
PROHIBITION W. J. Rorabaugh
PROJECTS Andrew Davies
PROTESTANTISM Mark A. Noll
PSEUDOSCIENCE Michael D. Gordin.
PSYCHIATRY Tom Burns
PSYCHOANALYSIS Daniel Pick
PSYCHOLOGY Gillian Butler and
Freda McManus
PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC
Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis
PSYCHOPATHY Essi Viding
PSYCHOTHERAPY Tom Burns and
Eva Burns-Lundgren
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Stella Z. Theodoulou and Ravi K. Roy
PUBLIC HEALTH Virginia Berridge
PURITANISM Francis J. Bremer
THE QUAKERS Pink Dandelion
QUANTUM THEORY
John Polkinghorne
RACISM Ali Rattansi
RADIOACTIVITY Claudio Tuniz
RASTAFARI Ennis B. Edmonds
READING Belinda Jack
THE REAGAN REVOLUTION Gil Troy
REALITY Jan Westerhoff
RECONSTRUCTION Allen C. Guelzo
THE REFORMATION Peter Marshall
REFUGEES Gil Loescher
RELATIVITY Russell Stannard
RELIGION Thomas A. Tweed
RELIGION IN AMERICA Timothy Beal
THE RENAISSANCE Jerry Brotton
RENAISSANCE ART
Geraldine A. Johnson
RENEWABLE ENERGY Nick Jelley
REPTILES T. S. Kemp
REVOLUTIONS Jack A. Goldstone
RHETORIC Richard Toye
RISK Baruch Fischhoff and John Kadvany
RITUAL Barry Stephenson
RIVERS Nick Middleton
ROBOTICS Alan Winfield
ROCKS Jan Zalasiewicz
ROMAN BRITAIN Peter Salway
THE ROMAN EMPIRE Christopher Kelly
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
David M. Gwynn
ROMANTICISM Michael Ferber
ROUSSEAU Robert Wokler
RUSSELL A. C. Grayling
THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY
Richard Connolly
RUSSIAN HISTORY Geoffrey Hosking
RUSSIAN LITERATURE Catriona Kelly
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
S. A. Smith
SAINTS Simon Yarrow
SAMURAI Michael Wert
SAVANNAS Peter A. Furley
SCEPTICISM Duncan Pritchard
SCHIZOPHRENIA Chris Frith and
Eve Johnstone
SCHOPENHAUER
Christopher Janaway
SCIENCE AND RELIGION
Thomas Dixon and Adam R. Shapiro
SCIENCE FICTION David Seed
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Lawrence M. Principe
SCOTLAND Rab Houston
SECULARISM Andrew Copson
SEXUAL SELECTION Marlene Zuk and
Leigh W. Simmons
SEXUALITY Véronique Mottier
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
Stanley Wells
SHAKESPEARE’S COMEDIES
Bart van Es
SHAKESPEARE’S SONNETS AND
POEMS Jonathan F. S. Post
SHAKESPEARE’S TRAGEDIES
Stanley Wells
GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
Christopher Wixson
MARY SHELLEY Charlotte Gordon
THE SHORT STORY Andrew Kahn
SIKHISM Eleanor Nesbitt
SILENT FILM Donna Kornhaber
THE SILK ROAD James A. Millward
SLANG Jonathon Green
SLEEP Steven W. Lockley and
Russell G. Foster
SMELL Matthew Cobb
ADAM SMITH Christopher J. Berry
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
John Monaghan and Peter Just
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Richard J. Crisp
SOCIAL WORK Sally Holland and
Jonathan Scourfield
SOCIALISM Michael Newman
SOCIOLINGUISTICS John Edwards
SOCIOLOGY Steve Bruce
SOCRATES C. C. W. Taylor
SOFT MATTER Tom McLeish
SOUND Mike Goldsmith
SOUTHEAST ASIA James R. Rush
THE SOVIET UNION Stephen Lovell
THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
Helen Graham
SPANISH LITERATURE Jo Labanyi
THE SPARTANS Andrew J. Bayliss
SPINOZA Roger Scruton
SPIRITUALITY Philip Sheldrake
SPORT Mike Cronin
STARS Andrew King
STATISTICS David J. Hand
STEM CELLS Jonathan Slack
STOICISM Brad Inwood
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
David Blockley
STUART BRITAIN John Morrill
SUBURBS Carl Abbott
THE SUN Philip Judge
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Stephen Blundell
SUPERSTITION Stuart Vyse
SYMMETRY Ian Stewart
SYNAESTHESIA Julia Simner
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY Jamie A. Davies
SYSTEMS BIOLOGY Eberhard O. Voit
TAXATION Stephen Smith
TEETH Peter S. Ungar
TERRORISM Charles Townshend
THEATRE Marvin Carlson
THEOLOGY David F. Ford
THINKING AND REASONING
Jonathan St B. T. Evans
THOUGHT Tim Bayne
TIBETAN BUDDHISM
Matthew T. Kapstein
TIDES David George Bowers and
Emyr Martyn Roberts
TIME Jenann Ismael
TOCQUEVILLE Harvey C. Mansfield
LEO TOLSTOY Liza Knapp
TOPOLOGY Richard Earl
TRAGEDY Adrian Poole
TRANSLATION Matthew Reynolds
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
Michael S. Neiberg
TRIGONOMETRY
Glen Van Brummelen
THE TROJAN WAR Eric H. Cline
TRUST Katherine Hawley
THE TUDORS John Guy
TWENTIETH‑CENTURY BRITAIN
Kenneth O. Morgan
TYPOGRAPHY Paul Luna
THE UNITED NATIONS
Jussi M. Hanhimäki
UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
David Palfreyman and Paul Temple
THE U.S. CIVIL WAR Louis P. Masur
THE U.S. CONGRESS Donald A. Ritchie
THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
David J. Bodenhamer
THE U.S. SUPREME COURT
Linda Greenhouse
UTILITARIANISM
Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek and
Peter Singer
UTOPIANISM Lyman Tower Sargent
VATICAN II Shaun Blanchard and
Stephen Bullivant
VETERINARY SCIENCE James Yeates
THE VIKINGS Julian D. Richards
VIOLENCE Philip Dwyer
THE VIRGIN MARY
Mary Joan Winn Leith
THE VIRTUES Craig A. Boyd and
Kevin Timpe
VIRUSES Dorothy H. Crawford
VOLCANOES Michael J. Branney and
Jan Zalasiewicz
VOLTAIRE Nicholas Cronk
WAR AND RELIGION Jolyon Mitchell
and Joshua Rey
WAR AND TECHNOLOGY
Alex Roland
WATER John Finney
WAVES Mike Goldsmith
WEATHER Storm Dunlop
THE WELFARE STATE David Garland
WITCHCRAFT Malcolm Gaskill
WITTGENSTEIN A. C. Grayling
WORK Stephen Fineman
WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohlman WRITING AND SCRIPT
WORLD MYTHOLOGY David Leeming Andrew Robinson
THE WORLD TRADE ZIONISM Michael Stanislawski
ORGANIZATION Amrita Narlikar ÉMILE ZOLA
WORLD WAR II Gerhard L. Weinberg Brian Nelson

Available soon:
IMAGINATION THE VICTORIANS Martin Hewitt
Jennifer Gosetti-Ferencei

For more information visit our website

www.oup.com/vsi/
 David W. Macdonald

BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION
A Very Short Introduction
 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© David W. Macdonald 2023
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2023930670
ISBN 978–0–19–959227–2
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
For Dawn
‘It seems to me that the natural world is the greatest source of excitement;
The greatest source of visual beauty; the greatest source of intellectual interest.
It is the greatest source of so much in life that makes life worth living.’
Sir David Attenborough
Contents

Acknowledgements xix

List of illustrations xxiii

Part 1: Setting the scene

1 What is biodiversity, and why does it matter? 3

2 What’s the problem? 19

3 What is the purpose of biodiversity conservation? 39

Part 2: The Big Five

4 Invasive species 59

5 The trade in wildlife 77

6 Wildlife disease 92

7 Human–wildlife conflict 106

8 Climate change 121

Part 3: The way ahead

9 Who pays, and how? 137

10 What next? 157

 Species list 179

References 185

Further reading 198

Index 201
Biodiversity Conservation

xviii
Acknowledgements

Almost everything worth saying seems to have been said already

by Mark Twain: ‘I didn’t have time to write a short letter, so
I wrote a long one instead.’ Having been tasked to write a very
short book about a very big topic, I can confirm it takes time.
Further, as readers will learn within, biodiversity is so diverse that
an egalitarian book, especially a very short one, could devote less
than a punctuation mark to each species, so inevitably I have
fallen prey to bias: my examples draw disproportionately on
vertebrates, especially mammals, for which I don’t much
apologize—­they illustrate well the problems and principles of
biodiversity conservation, which is what matters. I also draw more
than randomly on the work of the Wildlife Conservation Research
Unit (WildCRU) at the University of Oxford for the good reasons
that, as its founding Director, I know it best, and its mission ‘to
achieve practical solutions to conservation problems through
original scientific research’ goes to the heart of the topic of this
book. Even the examples I have mentioned generate a
bibliography too vast to include: for those hungry for the full
story the references are given at www.wildcru.org/VSI_
Biodiversity_Conservation/.

Above all I am grateful to my wife Dr Dawn Burnham—­who has

read, shaken, and stirred every word—­for her professional insights
and personal support. I also thank particularly my friend and
 colleague Dr Christopher O’Kane for his unfailing effectiveness
(made possible by Peter and Gyongyver Kadas). In addition to
Dawn and Christopher, the whole book was fruitfully criticized by
risen conservation stars Drs Darragh Hare and Laura Perry, and
by rising representatives of the next generation, Chrishen Gomez
and Claire Marr, to whom I’m limitlessly grateful, along with John
Salmon who also read the whole manuscript as my representative
normal reader (if that’s an apt description of a top surgeon). To
these stalwarts, I add thanks to specialist critics of individual
chapters, Dr Luca Chiaverini, Dr Alayne Cotterill, Professor Chris
Dye, Dr Kim Jacobsen, Dr Kerry Kilshaw, Professor Andrew
Loveridge, Dr Ewan Macdonald, Dr Silvio Marchini, Dr Axel
Moehrenschlager, Dr Chris Newman, Dr Ugyen Penjor, Professor
Alex Teytelboym, Dr Peter Tyrrell, and others of the extraordinary
WildCRU diaspora (all of whom, but none more than me, have
Biodiversity Conservation

been enabled by the remarkable support of Tom and Dafna

Kaplan).

I am so pleased to be years late in delivering this book. Had I been

punctual I’d have pre-­empted biodiversity conservation’s
formative growth spurt that has left the subject almost
unrecognizably metamorphosed from its persona just a few years
ago (although I haven’t forgotten the help of Drs Ros Shaw and
Ruth Feber with an earlier instar). My relief at not writing the
book while the topic was still larval is tempered only by my apology
for the frustration I caused to OUP’s Latha Menon, the series’
mother. I am particularly grateful to her for providing me with
comfort that the era of editors that edit is not entirely past.

Readers will see, in these pages, just how radical have been the
accelerating impacts on biodiversity and biodiversity conservation,
within scarcely a professional lifetime. I began my career in
Borneo, and so too did my son, Ewan, but between our
generations a third of the forest had gone. A vocation once
rewarded by reading a pawprint in the mud, or by staring deeply
into the eyes of another species, or even getting sufficiently into its
xx
skin to know what it would do next, and to understand why,
arrives now at the shuddering intersection of teragrams of carbon,
global pollutants, viral genomes, market forces, property rights,
and geopolitics, with its meta-­analyses and models. There is both
thrill and chill in this new reality. Twenty years ago the present
would have been barely imaginable, so writing now, on her first
birthday, I can only wonder how things will seem when my
granddaughter, Hannah, is old enough to read this book.
Wherever biodiversity conservation’s journey from groundedness
to geopolitics may go next, it is perilously urgent.

Acknowledgements

xxi
List of illustrations
1 Popa langur 4
©Thaung Win
2 The major biomes of
the world 12
From <http://evans9j.blogspot.com/
2015/02/biomes-­our-­first-­activity-­
will-­be-­to.html>, with permission
3 Biodiversity hotspots situated
within high (black) biodiversity
areas 15
From Myers, N., Mittermeier,
R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca,
G. A. and Kent, J., 2000. Biodiversity
hotspots for conservation priorities.
Nature, 403(6772), pp. 853–8, with
permission
4 (a) Predictive map of species
richness in mainland
South-­East Asia, Borneo, and
Sumatra; (b) the locations of
the same hotspots depicted
relative to the locations of
current protected areas 17
Adapted from Macdonald, D. W.,
Chiaverini, L., Bothwell, H. M.,
Kaszta, Ż., Ash, E., Bolongon, G., Can,
Ö. E., Campos-­Arceiz, A., Channa, P.,
Clements, G. R., and Hearn, A. J.,
2020. Predicting biodiversity richness
in rapidly changing landscapes:
climate, low human pressure or
protection as salvation? Biodiversity
and Conservation, 29(14),
pp. 4035–57, with permission
5 African lion density across (a)
recent historical (1960–1970s)
lion distribution; and (b)
extant range showing lion
population densities 21
From Loveridge, A. J., Sousa, L. L.,
Cushman, S., Kaszta, Ż., and
Macdonald, D. W. (2022). Where
have all the lions gone? Establishing
realistic baselines to assess decline
and recovery of African lions.
Diversity and Distributions, 28,
2388–2402. https://doi.org/10.1111/
ddi.13637, with permission
6 Cecil the lion 22
Andrew Loveridge
7 Main threats to globally
threatened birds 25
From Birdlife International 2016.
http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/
casestudy/a-­range-­of-­threats-­drives-­
 declines-­in-­bird-­populations, with
permission
8 Lord Howe Island stick
insect or tree lobster 52
9 Orchid Dracula
mendozae 52
10 Geographical distribution of
the costs due to alien species
for 1970–2017 62
From Diagne, C., Leroy, B., Vaissière,
A. C., Gozlan, R. E., Roiz, D., Jarić, I.,
Salles, J. M., Bradshaw, C. J., and
Courchamp, F., 2021. High and rising
economic costs of biological invasions
worldwide. Nature, 592(7855),
pp. 571–6, with permission
Biodiversity Conservation
11 The 10 costliest taxa for
cumulative damage and
management costs (2017
prices) 1970–2017 63
From Diagne, C., Leroy, B., Vaissière,
A. C., Gozlan, R. E., Roiz, D., Jarić, I.,
Salles, J. M., Bradshaw, C. J., and
Courchamp, F., 2021. High and rising
economic costs of biological invasions
worldwide. Nature, 592(7855),
pp. 571–6, with permission
12 Parakeets peek out of holes in
a tree in Richmond Park 64
Bruno Guerreiro/Getty
13 Global invasion threat for
the 21st century 73
From Early, R., Bradley, B. A., Dukes,
J. S., Lawler, J. J., Olden, J. D.,
Blumenthal, D. M., Gonzalez, P.,
Grosholz, E. D., Ibañez, I., Miller,
L. P., and Sorte, C. J., 2016. Global
threats from invasive alien species in
the twenty-­first century and national
response capacities. Nature
xxiv
communications, 7(1), pp. 1–9,
with permission
14 Regions with contiguous
countries where an invasive
species spreads from the
country of first establishment,
where it has no impact, into
countries of subsequent
invasion, where it has an
impact 75
From Faulkner, K. T., Robertson,
M. P., and Wilson, J. R., 2020.
Stronger regional biosecurity is
essential to prevent hundreds of
harmful biological invasions. Global
Change Biology, 26(4), pp. 2449–62,
with permission
15 The unacceptable face of
bushmeat 78
16 Causes and effects of illegal or
unsustainable wildlife trade
on species, ecosystems,
and society 79
From Cardoso, P., Amponsah-­
Mensah, K., Barreiros, J. P., Bouhuys,
J., Cheung, H., Davies, A., Kumschick,
S., Longhorn, S. J., Martínez-­Munoz,
C. A., Morcatty, T. Q., and Peters, G.,
2021. Scientists’ warning to
humanity on illegal or unsustainable
wildlife trade. Biological
Conservation, 263, p. 109341,
with permission
17 The spread of African Swine
Fever threatens South-­East
Asia’s 11 wild pig species 97
From Luskin, M. S., Meijaard, E.,
Surya, S., Walzer, C., and Linkie, M.,
2021. African Swine Fever threatens
Southeast Asia’s 11 endemic wild pig
species. Conservation Letters, 14(3),
p.e12784, with permission
18 Incidence rate of bovine
tuberculosis in cattle within
and outside 30 badger cull
areas of the High Risk Area of
England, during badger cull
years (September to August)
2013/14–2018/19 101
From Langton, T. E., Jones, M. W.,
and McGill, I., 2022. Analysis of the
impact of badger culling on bovine
tuberculosis in cattle in the high-­risk
area of England, 2009–2020.
Veterinary Record, 190(6), p.e1384,
with permission
23 Global average sea level has
19 Integrated wildlife monitoring
as the combination of
population monitoring,
passive (scanning), and active
(targeted) disease
surveillance 104
22 Conservation problems, and
their solutions, can occur
anywhere along a continuum
of species recovery 117
From Macdonald, D. W. and
Sillero-­Zubiri, C., 2004.
Conservation: from theory to
practice, without bluster. In
Macdonald, D. W. and Sillero-­Zubiri,
C., eds., The Biology and
Conservation of Wild Canids. Oxford
University Press, pp. 353–72, with
permission
risen by about 16 cm
(6 inches) since the late 19th
century, and faster
recently 124
From Shum, C. K. and Kuo, C. Y.,
2010. Observation and geophysical

List of illustrations
causes of present-­day sea-­level rise.
From Cardoso, B., García-­Bocanegra, In Climate Change and Food Security
I., Acevedo, P., Cáceres, G., Alves, in South Asia. Springer, pp. 85–104,
P. C,, and Gortázar, C., 2021. Stepping with permission
up from wildlife disease surveillance
to integrated wildlife monitoring in
24 The doughnut of social and
Europe. Research in Veterinary
Science, 144, pp. 149–56, with planetary boundaries 140
permission From Raworth, K., 2017. Why it’s
time for Doughnut Economics. IPPR
Progressive Review, 24(3),
20 The ground inside (treated)
pp. 216–22, with permission
and outside (untreated) the
bomas, and the resulting
25 Under anthropocentric
difference in number of maize
economics the intended uses
cobs and cob length 112
of (and impacts on) natural
capital are constrained to
21 Common approaches used to
preclude overexploitation that
mitigate human–wildlife
diminishes human well-­being,
conflict and promote
and uses of human capital are
human–wildlife
constrained to preclude unfair
coexistence 116
or undignified treatment of
From Nyhus, P. J., 2016. Human–
other humans 142
wildlife conflict and coexistence.
Annual Review of Environment and From Vucetich, J. A., Damania, R.,
Resources, 41, pp. 143–71, with Cushman, S. A., Macdonald, E. A.,
permission Burnham, D., Offer-­Westort, T.,

xxv
 Bruskotter, J. T., Feltz, A., Eeden,
L. V., and Macdonald, D. W., 2021.
A minimally nonanthropocentric
economics: what is it, is it necessary,
and can it avert the biodiversity
crisis? BioScience, 71(8), pp. 861–73,
with permission
26 ‘Living with Tigers’ Project
conceptualized pathway for
interventions, intended
outcomes, and impacts 149
From Fitzmaurice, Amy, Liedekerke,
V., Carter, Neil, Trout, E., Parker, B.,
Manandhar, Prajwol, Dickson, G.,
Senn, H., Alibhai, S., Chaudhary, T.,
Chapagain, P., Poudel, Prabin, Thapa,
Shyam, Zimmermann, A.,
Macdonald, D., Subedi, Bishnu,
Paudel, Sakuntala, Thapa, Sima, and
Chaudhary, Gautam (2022). Impact
Biodiversity Conservation
evaluation of the Living with Tigers
Project: Do human–felid coexistence
interventions benefit both wildlife
and local people? Final Report 2021,
with permission
27 Cost per head of livestock
incurred by attempted
protection against predators
by lethal and non-­lethal
means 153
Based on McManus, J. S., Dickman,
A. J., Gaynor, D., Smuts, B. H., and
Macdonald, D. W., 2015. Dead or
alive? Comparing costs and
benefits of lethal and non-­lethal
human–wildlife conflict mitigation
on livestock farms. Oryx, 49(4),
pp. 687–95, with permission
28 Flow diagram of The Nature
Conservancy (TNC) ‘Blue
Bonds for Ocean
Conservation’
programme 156
xxvi
From TNC (<https://www.nature.
org/en-­us/newsroom/blue-­bonds-­
belize-­conserve-­thirty-­percent-­of-­
ocean-­through-­debt-­conversion/>)
with permission
29 Success/failure of
conservation translocation
according to major taxa 160
From Soorae, P. S. ed., 2021. Global
Conservation Translocation
Perspectives, 2021: Case Studies from
Around the Globe. IUCN SSC
Conservation Translocation Specialist
Group, Environment Agency, with
permission
30 Global distribution of
critically endangered
megafauna 163
From Farhadinia, M. S., Johnson,
P. J., Zimmermann, A., McGowan,
P. J., Meijaard, E., Stanley-­Price, M.,
and Macdonald, D. W., 2020. Ex situ
management as insurance against
extinction of mammalian megafauna
in an uncertain world. Conservation
Biology, 34(4), pp. 988–96, with
permission
31 Wild boar sow with
piglets 168
Philip Mugridge/Alamy
32 Remaining ranges of Persian,
Arabian, Indochinese, and
Amur leopard subspecies, and
the locations of
borderlands 172
From Farhadinia, M. S., Rostro-­García,
S., Feng, L., Kamler, J. F., Spalton, A.,
Shevtsova, E., Khorozyan, I.,
Al-­Duais, M., Ge, J., and Macdonald,
D. W., 2021. Big cats in borderlands:
challenges and implications for
transboundary conservation of
 Asian leopards. Oryx, 55(3),
pp. 452–60, with permission
33 The Conservation Quartet,
which, in 1986, I designed to
conceptualize the four
interacting components of the
mission of the WildCRU 174
xxvii
34 Nature-­based Solutions as an
umbrella term for ecosystem-­
related approaches 176
From Cohen-­Shacham, E., Walters,
G., Janzen, C., and Maginnis, S., 2016.
Nature-­based solutions to address
global societal challenges. IUCN:
Gland, Switzerland, 97, pp. 2016–36,
with permission.
List of illustrations
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
orange-blossoms, and covered at the instant it is dished, with
strawberry, apple, or any other clear jelly.
 A COMMON RICE PUDDING.

Throw six ounces of rice into plenty of cold water, and boil it gently
from eight to ten minutes; drain it well in a sieve or strainer, and put it
into a clean saucepan with a quart of milk; let it stew until tender,
sweeten it with three ounces of sugar, stir to it, gradually, three large,
or four small eggs, beaten and strained; add grated nutmeg, lemon
rind, or cinnamon to give it flavour, and bake it one hour in a gentle
oven.
Rice, 6 oz.: in water, 8 to 10 minutes. Milk, 1 quart: 3/4 to 1 hour.
Sugar, 3 oz.; eggs, 3 large, or 4 small; flavouring of nutmeg lemon-
rind, or cinnamon: bake 1 hour, gentle oven.
 QUITE CHEAP RICE PUDDING.

Boil the rice in water, as for a currie, and while it is still warm, mix
with it a pint and a half of milk, and three fresh or four or five French
eggs (at many seasons of the year these last, which are always
cheap, are very good, and answer excellently for puddings.)
Sweeten it with pale brown sugar, grate nutmeg on the top, and bake
it slowly until it is firm in every part.
 RICHER RICE PUDDING.

Wash very clean four ounces of whole rice, pour on it a pint and a
half of new milk, and stew it slowly till quite tender; before it is taken
from the fire, stir in two ounces of good butter, and three of sugar;
and when it has cooled a little, add four well-whisked eggs, and the
grated rind of half a lemon. Bake the pudding in a gentle oven from
thirty to forty minutes. As rice requires long boiling to render it soft in
milk, it may be partially stewed in water, the quantity of milk
diminished to a pint, and a little thick sweet cream mixed with it,
before the other ingredients are added.
Rice, 4 oz.; new milk, 1-1/2 pint; butter, 2 oz.; sugar, 3 oz.; eggs, 4;
rind of 1/2 lemon: 30 to 40 minutes, slow oven.
 RICE PUDDING MERINGUÉ.

Swell gently four ounces of Carolina rice in a pint and a quarter of

milk or of thin cream; let it cool a little, and stir to it an ounce and a
half of butter, three of pounded sugar, a grain or two of salt, the
grated rind of a small lemon, and the yolks of four large, or of five
small eggs. Pour the mixture into a well-buttered dish, and lay lightly
and equally over the top the whites of four eggs beaten as for
sponge cakes, and mixed at the instant with from four to five heaped
tablespoonsful of sifted sugar. Bake the pudding half an hour in a
moderate oven, but do not allow the meringue to be too deeply
coloured; it should be of a clear brown, and very crisp. Serve it
directly it is taken from the oven.
Rice, 4 oz.; milk, or cream, 1-1/4 pint; butter, 1-1/2 oz.; sugar, 3
oz.; rind, 1 lemon; yolks of eggs, 4 or 5; the whites beaten to snow,
and mixed with as many tablespoonsful of sifted sugar: baked 1/2
hour, moderate oven.
Obs.—A couple of ounces of Jordan almonds, with two or three
bitter ones, pounded quite to a paste, will improve this dish, whether
mixed with the pudding itself, or with the meringué.
 A GOOD GROUND RICE PUDDING.

Mix very smoothly five ounces of flour of rice (or of ground rice, if
preferred), with half a pint of milk, and pour it into a pint and a half
more which is boiling fast; keep it stirred constantly over a gentle fire
from ten to twelve minutes, and be particularly careful not to let it
burn to the pan; add to it before it is taken from the fire, a quarter of
a pound of good butter, from five to six ounces of sugar, roughly
powdered, and a few grains of salt; turn it into a pan, and stir it for a
few minutes, to prevent its hardening at the top; then mix with it, by
degrees but quickly, the yolks of eight eggs, and the whites of two,
the grated or rasped rind of a fine lemon, and a glass of brandy. Lay
a border of rich paste round a buttered dish, pour in the pudding,
strain a little clarified butter over the top, moisten the paste with a
brush, or small bunch of feathers dipped in cold water, and sift plenty
of sugar on it, but less over the pudding itself. Send it to a very
gentle oven to be baked for three-quarters of an hour.
Rice-flour (or ground rice), 5 oz.; new milk, 1 quart: 10 to 12
minutes. Butter, 4 oz.; sugar, 5 to 6 oz.; salt, 1/2 saltspoonful; yolks,
8 eggs; whites, 2; rind, 1 large lemon; brandy, large wineglassful: 3/4
hour, slow oven.
Obs.—These proportions are sufficient for a pudding of larger size
than those served usually at elegant tables; they will make two small
ones; or two-thirds of the quantity may be taken for one of moderate
size. Lemon-brandy or ratifia, or a portion of each, may be used to
give it flavour, with good effect; and it may be enriched, if this be
desired, by adding to the other ingredients from three to four ounces
of Jordan almonds, finely pounded, and by substituting cream for
half of the milk.
 COMMON GROUND RICE PUDDING.

One pint and a half of milk, three ounces and a half of rice, three
of Lisbon sugar, one and a half of butter, some nutmeg, or lemon-
grate, and four eggs, baked slowly for half an hour, or more, if not
quite firm.
 GREEN GOOSEBERRY PUDDING.

Boil together, from ten to twelve minutes, a pound of green

gooseberries, five ounces of sugar, and rather more than a quarter of
a pint of water: then beat the fruit to a mash, and stir to it an ounce
and a half of fresh butter; when nearly, or quite cold, add two ounces
and a half of very fine bread-crumbs, and four well whisked eggs.
Bake the pudding gently from half to three-quarters of an hour. To
make a finer one of the kind, work the fruit through a sieve, mix it
with four or five crushed Naples biscuits, and use double the quantity
of butter.
Green gooseberries, 1 lb.; sugar, 5 oz.; water, full 1/4 pint: 10 to 12
minutes. Bread-crumbs, 2-1/2 oz.; eggs, 4: 1/2 to 3/4 hour.
 POTATO PUDDING.

With a pound and a quarter of fine mealy potatoes, boiled very dry,
and mashed perfectly smooth while hot, mix three ounces of butter,
five or six of sugar, five eggs, a few grains of salt, and the grated rind
of a small lemon. Pour the mixture into a well-buttered dish, and
bake it in a moderate oven for nearly three-quarters of an hour. It
should be turned out and sent to table with fine sugar sifted over it;
or for variety, red currant jelly, or any other preserve, may be spread
on it as soon as it is dished.
Potatoes, 1-1/4 lb.; butter, 3 oz.; sugar, 5 or 6 oz.; eggs, 5 or 6;
lemon-rind, 1; salt, few grains: 40 to 45 minutes.
Obs.—When cold, this pudding eats like cake, and may be served
as such, omitting, of course, the sugar or preserve when it is dished.
 A RICHER POTATO PUDDING.

Beat well together fourteen ounces of mashed potatoes, four

ounces of butter, four of fine sugar, five eggs, the grated rind of a
small lemon, and a slight pinch of salt; add half a glass of brandy,
and pour the pudding into a thickly-buttered dish or mould,
ornamented with slices of candied orange or; pour a little clarified
butter on the top, and then sift plenty of white sugar over it.
Potatoes, 14 oz.; butter, 4 oz.; sugar, 4 oz.; eggs, 5; lemon-rind, 1;
little salt; brandy, 1/2 glassful; candied peel, 1-1/2 to 2 oz.: 40
minutes.
Obs.—The potatoes for these receipts should be lightly and
carefully mashed, but never pounded in a mortar, as that will convert
them into a heavy paste. The better plan is to prepare them by
Captain Kater’s receipt (Chapter XVII.), when they will fall to powder
almost of themselves; or they may be grated while hot through a wire
sieve. From a quarter to a half pint of cream is, by many cooks,
added always to potato puddings.
 A GOOD SPONGE CAKE PUDDING.

Slice into a well-buttered tart-dish three penny sponge biscuits,

and place on them a couple of ounces of candied orange or lemon
rind cut in strips. Whisk thoroughly six eggs, and stir to them boiling
a pint and a quarter of new milk, in which three ounces of sugar have
been dissolved; grate in the rind of a small lemon, and when they are
somewhat cooled, add half a wineglassful of brandy, while still just
warm, pour the mixture to the cakes, and let it remain an hour; then
strain an ounce and a half of clarified butter over the top, or strew
pounded sugar rather thickly on it, and bake the pudding three
quarters of an hour or longer in a gentle oven.
Sponge cakes, 3; candied peel, 2 oz.; eggs, 6; new milk, 1-1/4
pint; sugar, 3 oz.; lemon-rind, 1; brandy, 1/2 glass; butter, 1 oz.;
sifted sugar, 1-1/2 oz.: 3/4 hour.
 CAKE AND CUSTARD, AND VARIOUS OTHER INEXPENSIVE
PUDDINGS.

Even when very dry, the remains of a sponge or a Savoy cake will
serve excellently for a pudding, if lightly broken up, or crumbled, and
intermixed or not, with a few ratifias or macaroons, which should also
be broken up. A custard composed of four eggs to the pint of milk if
small, and three if very large and fresh, and not very highly
sweetened, should be poured over the cake half an hour at least
before it is placed in the oven (which should be slow); and any
flavour given to it which may be liked. An economical and clever
cook will seldom be at a loss for compounding an inexpensive and
good pudding in this way. More or less of the cake can be used as
may be convenient. Part of a mould of sweet rice or the remains of a
dish of Arocē Docē (see Chapter XXIII.), and various other
preparations may be turned to account in a similar manner; but the
custard should be perfectly and equally mingled with whatever other
ingredients are used. Macaroni boiled tender in milk, or in milk and
water, will make an excellent pudding; and sago stewed very thick,
will supply another; the custard may be mixed with this last while it is
still just warm. Two ounces well washed, and slowly heated in a pint
of liquid, will be tender in from fifteen to twenty minutes. All these
puddings will require a gentle oven, and will be ready to serve when
they are firm in the centre, and do not stick to a knife when plunged
into it.
 BAKED APPLE PUDDING, OR CUSTARD.

Weigh a pound of good boiling apples after they are pared and
cored, and stew them to a perfectly smooth marmalade, with six
ounces of sugar, and a spoonful or two of wine; stir them often that
they may not stick to the pan. Mix with them while they are still quite
hot, three ounces of butter, the grated rind and the strained juice of a
lemon, and lastly, stir in by degrees the well-beaten yolks of five
eggs, and a dessertspoonful of flour, or in lieu of the last, three or
four Naples’ biscuits, or macaroons crushed small. Bake the pudding
for a full half hour in a moderate oven, or longer should it be not
quite firm in the middle. A little clarified butter poured on the top, with
sugar sifted over, improves all baked puddings.
Apples 1 lb.; sugar, 6 oz.; wine 1 glassful; butter, 3 oz.; juice and
rind, 1 lemon; 5 eggs: 1/2 hour, or more.
Obs.—Many cooks press the apples through a sieve after they are
boiled, but this is not needful when they are of a good kind, and
stewed, and beaten smooth.
 DUTCH CUSTARD, OR BAKED RASPBERRY PUDDING.

Lay into a tart-dish a border of puff-paste, and a pint and a half of

freshly-gathered raspberries, well mixed with three ounces of sugar.
Whisk thoroughly six large eggs with three ounces more of sugar,
and pour it over the fruit: bake the pudding from twenty-five to thirty
minutes in a moderate oven.
Break the eggs one at a time into a cup, and with the point of a
small three-pronged fork take off the specks or germs, before they
are beaten, as we have directed in page 424.
Raspberries, 1-1/2 pint; sugar, 6 oz.; eggs, 6: 25 to 30 minutes.
 GABRIELLE’S PUDDING, OR SWEET CASSEROLE OF RICE.

Wash half a pound of the best Carolina rice, drain it on a hair-

sieve, put it into a very clean stewpan or saucepan, and pour on it a
quart of cold new milk. Stir them well together, and place them near
the fire that the rice may swell very gradually; then let it simmer as
gently as possible for about half an hour, or until it begins to be quite
tender; mix with it then, two ounces of fresh butter and two and a half
of pounded sugar, and let it continue to simmer softly until it is dry
and sufficiently tender,[151] to be easily crushed to a smooth paste
with a strong wooden spoon. Work it to this point, and then let it cool.
Before it is taken from the fire, scrape into it the outside of some
sugar which has been rubbed upon the rind of a fresh lemon. Have
ready a tin mould of pretty form, well buttered in every part; press the
rice into it while it is still warm, smooth the surface, and let it remain
until cold. Should the mould be one which opens at the ends, like
that shown in the plate at page 344, the pudding will come out easily;
but if it should be in a plain common one, just dip it into hot water to
loosen it; turn out the rice, and then again reverse it on to a tin or
dish, and with the point of a knife mark round the top a rim of about
an inch wide; then brush some clarified butter over the whole
pudding, and set it into a brisk oven. When it is of an equal light
golden brown draw it out, raise the cover carefully where it is
marked, scoop out the rice from the inside, leaving only a crust of
about an inch thick in every part, and pour into it some preserved
fruit warmed in its own syrup, or fill it with a compôte of plums or
peaches (see Chapter XXIII.); or with some good apples boiled with
fine sugar to a smooth rich marmalade. This is a very good as well
as an elegant dish: it may be enriched with more butter, and by
substituting cream for the milk in part or entirely but it is excellent
without either.
151. Unless the rice be boiled slowly, and very dry, it will not answer for the
casserole.
 Rice, 1/2 lb.; new milk, 1 quart: 1/2 hour. Fresh butter, 2 oz.;
pounded sugar, 2-1/2 oz.; rasped rind, 1 lemon: 1/2 hour or more.
Obs.—The precise time of baking the pudding cannot well be
specified: it only requires colour.
 VERMICELLI PUDDING WITH APPLES OR WITHOUT, AND
PUDDINGS OF SOUJEE AND SEMOLA.

Drop gradually into an exact quart of boiling milk four ounces of

very fresh vermicelli, crushing it slightly with one hand and letting it
fall gently from the fingers, and stirring the milk with a spoon held in
the other hand, to prevent the vermicelli from gathering into lumps.
Boil it softly until it is quite tender and very thick, which it will be
usually in about twenty minutes, during which time it must be very
frequently stirred; then work in two ounces of fresh butter and four of
pounded sugar; turn the mixture into a bowl or pan, and stir it
occasionally until it has cooled down. Whisk five good eggs until they
are very light, beat them gradually and quickly to the other
ingredients, add the finely grated rind of a lemon or a little lemon-
brandy or ratifia, and pour the pudding when nearly cold into a
buttered dish, and just cover the surface with apples pared, cored,
and quartered; press them into the pudding-mixture, to the top of
which they will immediately rise again, and place the dish in a very
gentle oven for three-quarters of an hour, or longer if needed to
render the fruit quite tender. The apples should be of the best quality
for cooking. This is an exceedingly nice pudding if well made and
well baked. The butter can be omitted to simplify it.
Milk, 1 quart; vermicelli, 4 oz.: boiled about 20 minutes. Butter 2
oz.; (when used) pounded sugar, 1/4 lb.; eggs, 5: baked slowly 3/4
hour or more.
For a plain common vermicelli pudding omit the apples and one
egg: for a very good one use six eggs, and the butter; and flavour it
delicately with orange-flower water, vanilla, or aught else that may be
preferred. We have often had an ounce or two of candied citron
sliced very thin mingled with it.
Puddings of soujee and semola are made in precisely the same
manner, with four ounces to the quart of milk, and ten minutes
boiling.
 RICE À LA VATHEK, OR RICE PUDDING À LA VATHEK.

(Extremely Good.)
Blanch, and then pound
carefully to the smoothest
possible paste four ounces of
fine Jordan almonds and half a
dozen bitter ones, moistening
them with a few drops of water
to prevent their oiling. Stir to
them by slow degrees a quart of boiling milk, which should be new,
wring it again closely from them through a thin cloth, which will
absorb it less than a tammy, and set it aside to cool. Wash
thoroughly, and afterwards soak for about ten minutes seven ounces
of Carolina rice, drain it well from the water, pour the almond-milk
upon it, bring it very slowly to boil, and simmer it softly until it is
tolerably tender, taking the precaution to stir it often at first that it
may not gather into lumps nor stick to the pan. Add to it two ounces
of fresh butter and four of pounded sugar, and when it is perfectly
tender and dry, proceed with it exactly as for Gabrielle’s pudding, but
in moulding the rice press it closely and evenly in, and hollow it in the
centre, leaving the edge an inch thick in every part, that it may not
break in the oven. The top must be slightly brushed with butter
before it is baked, to prevent its becoming too dry, but a morsel of
white blotting paper will take up any portion that may remain in it.
When it is ready to serve, pour into it a large jarful of apricot jam, and
send it immediately to table. If well made it will be delicious. It may
be served cold (though this is less usual), and decorated with small
thin leaves of citron-rind, cut with a minute paste-cutter. The same
preparation may be used also for Gabrielle’s pudding, and filled with
hot preserved fruit, the rice scooped from the inside being mixed with
the syrup.
 GOOD YORKSHIRE PUDDING.

To make a very good and light Yorkshire pudding, take an equal

number of eggs and of heaped tablespoonsful of flour, with a
teaspoonful of salt to six of these. Whisk the eggs well, strain, and
mix them gradually with the flour, then pour in by degrees as much
new milk as will reduce the batter to the consistence of rather thin
cream. The tin which is to receive the pudding must have been
placed for some time previously under a joint that has been put down
to roast one of beef is usually preferred. Beat the batter briskly and
lightly the instant before it is poured into the pan, watch it carefully
that it may not burn, and let the edges have an equal share of the
fire. When the pudding is quite firm in every part, and well-coloured
on the surface, turn it to brown the under side. This is best
accomplished by first dividing it into quarters. In Yorkshire it is made
much thinner than in the south, roasted generally at an enormous
fire, and not turned at all: currants there are sometimes added to it.
Eggs, 6; flour, 6 heaped tablespoonsful, or from 7 to 8 oz.; milk,
nearly or quite 1 pint; salt, 1 teaspoonful: 2 hours.
Obs.—This pudding should be quite an inch thick when it is
browned on both sides, but only half the depth when roasted in the
Yorkshire mode. The cook must exercise her discretion a little in
mixing the batter, as from the variation of weight in flour, and in the
size of eggs, a little more or less of milk may be required: the whole
should be rather more liquid than for a boiled pudding.
 COMMON YORKSHIRE PUDDING.

Half a pound of flour, three eggs (we would recommend a fourth),

rather more than a pint of milk, and a teaspoonful of salt.