Theory of Automotive

Name : Nguyễn Minh Thắng

Student’s ID : 20217588
Topic :

No Vehicle m (kg) Tire P M (hp) ω M (rpm) η v xmax (km/h)

38 Huyndai 2000 235/45R1 188 5500 0. 185
Accord 8 9

Input Parameters of the Vehicle:

 Total mass of the vehicle: m = 2000 (kg)
 Tire parameter, from which to calculate the radius Rw = 0.334 (m)
 Engine: With maximum power: P M =188 hp=138.27 kW , reached at the angular
speed of engine ω M =5500(rpm)=¿575.96 (rad/s)
 Overall power transmission efficiency: η=0.9
 Maximum speed of the car: v xmax =185(km/h)
 Rolling resistance coefficient of the road: f =0.02
 The slope angle of the road: α =12°
 The aerodynamic coefficient for frontal air resistance: Cd=0.28(reference)

Question 1: Build equations relating the power (Pe) and torque (Te) of the
engine to the angular speed of the motor (ωe).
Solution
The value of Pe (internal combustion engine) is a function of the engine’s
angular velocity 𝜔𝑒 . It also can be estimated by a third-order polynomial. The
formula to evaluate 𝑃𝑒 is represented in Equation (1) and Equation (2):

(1)

(2)
The torque of the engine 𝑇𝑒 is determined according to the equation (3)
Pe
Te = ω = P1 + P2ω e + P3ω 2e (3)
e

Question 2: Determine the working range when shifting gears: (𝜔1, 𝜔2) in the
power range of 90% to 95% of PM; Plot the power (𝑃𝑒), torque (𝑇𝑒)
characteristics against the angular speed of the motor (𝜔e), mark the main
working area.
Solution
According to equation (2), for power reaching 90% of the maximum power 𝑃𝑀 =
138.27 kW
We have:

Combine value of 𝑃1, 𝑃2, 𝑃3 and equation (1) and (3), we have:

(4)

(5)
We have a diagram for 𝑃𝑒 and 𝑇𝑒 related to 𝜔 in the Figure 1:

140
Pe (kW)
Te (Nm)
120

100
Magnitude

80

60

40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Angular Velocity (rad/s)

Figure 1: Diagram of Pe and Te with respect to angular velocity

According to the above diagram and equation (4), with a power reaching from
90% of the maximum power PM = 138.27 kW that means P hovers around 124.44
kW. The angular speed range to reach this power is from 438.7 rad/s (about
4189.276 rpm) to 698.58 rad/s (about 6670.95 rpm).
=> 𝜔1 = 438.7 rad/s and 𝜔2 = 698.58 rad/s

Question 3: Design a gearbox with 5 gears according to the geometric design

method, with a straight gear at the 4th gear ratio (n4 = 1), so that the acceleration
time of the car from vmin to v = 100 km/h is the smallest. (Vehicle speed reaches
100 km/h in straight gear (4th gear) at maximum angular speed ω2 of the engine)
Solution
Firstly, we determine the final gear ratio nd.
According to the initial data, the vehicle speed reaches 100 km/h (~ 27.78 m/s) at
the straight gear ω 2 of the engine, so we have:

(6)
After that we determine the gear ratio. The relationship between the angular
speed of the engine and the speed of the car at 𝑖 𝑡ℎ gear ratio is represented in
equation (7):

and (7)
At 𝑣𝑥 = 27.78 (m/s), 𝜔𝑒 = 𝜔2 = 698.58 (rad/s), the transmission operates at 4 𝑡ℎ
gear ratio (straight gear) =1

 At 4𝑡ℎ gear ratio: (8)

At lower range 𝜔𝑒 = 𝜔1 = 438.7 (rad/s), 𝑣𝑥 = 17.45 (m/s)
Gear down to 𝑛3, the engine jumps back to the higher range 𝜔𝑒 = 𝜔2 = 698.58
(rad/s)

=>

 At 3rd gear ratio: (9)

At lower range 𝜔𝑒 = 𝜔1 = 438.7 rad/s, 𝑣𝑥 = 10.96 (m/s)
Gear down to 𝑛2, the engine jump back to the higher range 𝜔𝑒 = 𝜔2 = 698.58
(rad/s)

=>

 At 2nd gear ratio: (10)

At lower range 𝜔𝑒 = 𝜔1 = 438.7 rad/s, 𝑣𝑥 = 6.88 (m/s)
Gear down to 𝑛1, the engine jump back to the higher range 𝜔𝑒 = 𝜔2 = 698.58
(rad/s)

=>

 At 1st gear ratio: (11)

At lower range 𝜔𝑒 = 𝜔1 = 476.55 rad/s, 𝑣𝑥 = 4.69 (m/s)
Gear down to 𝑛5, the engine jump back to the higher range 𝜔𝑒 = 𝜔1 = 438.7
(rad/s)

=>

 At 5th gear ratio: (12)

Finally, we have the value of gear ratios of the gearbox include:
𝑛1 = 4.22 ; 𝑛2 = 2.65 ; 𝑛3 = 1.66 ; 𝑛4 = 1.0 ; 𝑛5 = 0.66

Question 4: Plot the angular speed of the engine (ω e) and the car's speed (v) in
each gear.
Solution
According to equation (8), (9), (10), (11) and (12) the graph can be drawn
between the angular speed of the engine 𝜔𝑒 and car speed v under each gear.

Base on equation (7):

For 1𝑠𝑡 gear ratio:

For 2𝑛𝑑 gear ratio:

For 3𝑟𝑑 gear ratio:

For 4𝑡ℎ gear ratio:

For 5𝑡ℎ gear ratio:

Question 5: Plot the characteristic graph between traction torque ( T w) and car
speed (v) in each gear.
The traction torque (T w ,i) and car speed v is calculated by equation (13)
 (13)

For the problem:

η=0.9; Rw =0.334

P1 = 0.24 (kW/s); P2 = 4.17×10−4 (kW/s2); P3 = -7.237×10−7(kW/s3); 𝑛𝑑 =

8.04;

𝑛1 = 4.22; 𝑛2 = 2.65; 𝑛3 = 1.66; 𝑛4 = 1; 𝑛5 = 0.66

For 1𝑠𝑡 gear ratio: 𝑛1 = 4.22

(14)
For 2nd gear ratio: 𝑛2 = 2.65

(15)
For 3rd gear ratio: 𝑛3 = 1.66

(16)
For 4th gear ratio: 𝑛4 = 1.0

(17)
For 5th gear ratio: 𝑛5 = 0.66

(18)
Question 6: Assuming constant rolling resistance (maximum traction force
balances total rolling resistance when the vehicle is running at maximum speed),
plot the characteristic between traction force (Fx) and vehicle speed (v) in each
ratio.
Traction force at the active wheel at each gear ratio is determined by formula
(19)

(19)
Combining with formulas in Question 5, we have

Combined with the values 𝑣𝑥−𝑖 (8,9,10,11), it is possible to draw characteristic

curves of the relationship between the traction force (𝐹𝑥) and the car speed (v) at
each gear ratio.

Question 7: Assuming that ignoring the time of first gear setting and shifting
operation time, determine the acceleration time of the car from vmin to v = 100
km/h.

To evaluate the required time to reach the desired speed vx = 100km/h ≈ 27.78
m/s
Traction force Fx
At vx-max, ni = n5:

The required time to sweep the velocity from v = 0 to v = 6.88 m/s (1st gear
ratio) with n1=4.22

The sweep time in the second gear (from v = 6.88 to v = 10.96 m/s (2nd gear
ratio) with n2 =2.65

The sweep time in the third gear (from v = 10.96 to v = 17.45 m/s (3rd gear
ratio) with n3 =1.66

The sweep time in the fourth gear (from v = 17.45 to v = 27.78 m/s (100 km/h)
(4th gear ratio) with n 4=1.0
The total time to reach the speed 100 km/h is: