bill- a measure which, if

1.1 Understanding the Rizal

passed through the legislative
Law process, becomes a law
unexpurgated- basically
untouched. In the case of the
novels of Rizal, unexpurgated
Hi! The first topic has the versions were those that were
following Intended Learning not changed or censored to
Outcomes (ILOs) : remove parts that might
offend people.
1. Locate the passage of
the Rizal law within bicameral - involving the
its historical context; two chambers of Congress;
2. State the opposing the Senate and the House of
group points of Representatives
contention and Introduction
determine the
interests of the According to Republic
contending groups Act 1425, better known as
regarding the Rizal Rizal Law, the teaching of
Law and : Jose Rizal's life with the
3. Draw parallels to the emphasis on his famous
present time. novels is mandatory. The law
was passed in 1956 after
many debates and
Let us begin learning! contestation.
Vocabulary:
 In the course of the
presentation, the process of
how a bill becomes law will
be traced to have an idea
about the country's legislative
process.
How a Bill Becomes a Law:
The Legislative Process
* The Senate and the House
of Representatives follow the
same legislative procedure.
*Legislative proposal
emanate from a number of
sources.
* Authored by the members
of the Senate or House as part
of their advocates and
agenda; produced through the
lobbying from various
sectors; or initiated by the
executive branch of the
government with the
president’s legislative
agenda.
Steps:
STEP 1 Bill is filed in the
Senate Office of the
Secretary. It is given a
number and calendared for
first reading.
STEP 2 First Reading. The
bill’s title, number, and the
author(s) are read on the
floor. Afterwards, it is
referred to the appropriate
committee .
STEP 3 Committee
Hearings. The bill is
discussed within the
committee and a period of
consultations is held. The
committee can approve (
approved without revisions,
approve with amendments, or
recommend substitution or
consolidation with similar
bills) or reject. After the
committee submits the
committee report, the bill is
calendared from second
reading.
STEP 4 Second Reading.
The bill is read and discussed
on the floor. The author
delivers a sponsorship
speech. The other members
of the Senate may engage in
discussions regarding the bill
and a period of debates will
be pursued. Amendments
may be suggested to the bill.
STEP 5 Voting on Second
Reading. The senators vote
on whether to approve or
reject the bill. If approved,
the bill is calendared for third
reading .
STEP 6 Voting on Third
Reading . Copies of the final
versions of the bill are
distributed to the members of
the Senate who will vote for
its approval or rejection.
STEP 7 Consolidation of
Version from the House. The
similar steps above are
followed by the House of
Representatives in coming up
with the approved bill. If
there are differences between
the Senate and House
versions, a bicameral
conference committee is
called to reconcile the two.
After this, both chambers
approve the consolidated
version.
STEP 8 Transmittal of the
Final Version to Malacañan.
The bill is then submitted to
the President for signing. The
President can either sign the
bill into law or veto and
return it to Congress.
Presentation
How did the Rizal Bill
become the Rizal Law? On
April 3, 1956, Senate Bill No.
438 was filed by Jose P.
Laurel, the then-Senate
Committee on Education
Chair, and delivered speeches
for the proposed legislation.
This proposal was met by
controversies, especially the
Catholic Church which
opposed its passage. The
Catholic Church was
influential so that it created a
fierce argument between
those who sided with the
Church and the allies of
Claro Recto. One of the
opposition members was
Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo.
Debates started on April 23,
1956.
The debates on the Rizal
Bill occurred in the House of
Representatives. House Bill
No. 5561, an identical
version of Senate Bill 438,
was filed by Representative
Jacobo Z. Gonzales on April
19, 1956. The House
Committee on Education
approved the bill without
amendment on May 2, 1956,
and the debates started on
May 9, 1956. A major point
of the debate was whether the
compulsory reading of the
novels Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo
appropriated in the bill was
constitutional. The call to
read the unexpurgated
versions was also challenged.
During the debate, it
seemed that it was not
possible to reach an
agreement. To move the
procedure to the next step,
Senator Jose P. Laurel
proposed amendments to the
bill on May 9, 1956. In
particular, he removed the
compulsory reading of Rizal's
novels and proposed that
Rizal's other works be
included in the subject.
However, he still stood in his
belief that the unexpurgated
version of the novels is read. 1956, the Senate and House
On May 14, 1956, similar versions were approved.
amendments were adopted to The approved versions
the House version. were transmitted to
The amended version of Malacanan and on June 12,
the bill was also subjected to 1956, President Magsaysay
scrutiny but was acceptable signed the bill into law which
to the members of Congress. became Republic Act No.
But the passage was almost 1425.
stopped by technicality since The Rizal Law
the House of Representatives
was about to adjourn in a few REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
days and President Ramon AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN
Magsaysay did not certify the THE CURRICULA OF
bill as a priority. The allies in ALL PUBLIC AND
the House skillfully avoided PRIVATE SCHOOLS,
the insertion of any other COLLEGES AND
amendment to prevent the UNIVERSITIES
need to reprint new copies COURSES ON THE LIFE,
(which would take time). WORKS AND WRITINGS
They also asked the Bureau OF JOSE RIZAL,
of Printing to use the same PARTICULARLY HIS
templates for the Senate NOVELS NOLI ME
version in printing the House TANGERE AND ELI
version. Thus, on May 17, FILIBUSTERISMO,
AUTHORIZING THE
PRINTING AND
DISTRIBUTION
THEREOF, AND FRO
OTHER PURPOSES
WHEREAS, today, more
than any other period of our
history, there is a need for a
re-dedication to the ideals of
freedom and nationalism for
which our heroes lived and
died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that
in honoring them, particularly
the national hero and patriot
Jose Rizal, were, a member
with special fondness and
devotion their lives and
works that have shaped the
national character;
WHEREAS, life works and
writing of Jose Rizal,
particularly his novels Noli
Me Tangtere and El
Filibusterismo, are a constant
and inspiring source of
patriotism with which the
minds of the youth,
especially during their
formative and decisive years
in school, should be suffused
;
WHEREAS all educational
institutions are under the
supervision of, and subject to
regulation by the State, and
all schools are enjoined to
develop moral character,
personal discipline, civic
conscience and to teach the
duties of citizenship: Now,
therefore,
SECTION 1. Course on the
life works, and writings of
Jose Rizal, particularly his
novels Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo, shall be
included the curricula of all
schools, colleges and
universities, public or private:
Provided, That in the
collegiate courses, the
original or unexpurgated
editions of the Nilo Me
Tangere and El
Filibusterismo or their
English translation shall be
used as basic texts.
SECTION 2. It shall be
obligatory on all schools,
colleges, and universities to
keep their libraries an
adequate number of copies of
the original and unexpurgated
editions of the Noli Me
Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as of
Rizal's other works and
biography. The said
unexpurgated editions of the
Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo or their
translations in English, as
well as other writings of
Rizal, shall be included in the
list of approved books for
required reading in all public
or private schools, colleges,
and universities.
The Board of
National Education shall
determine the adequacy of
the number of books,
depending upon the
enrollment of the school,
college, or university.
SECTION 3. The Board of
National Education shall
cause the translation of the
Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as
other writings of Jose Rizal
into English, Tagalog and the
Principal Philippine dialects;
cause them to be printed in
cheap, popular editions: and
cause them to be distributed,
free of charge, to persons
desiring to read them,
through the Purok
organizations and Barrio
Councils throughout the
country.
SECTION 4. Nothing in
this Act shall be construed as
amendment or repealing To understand the Rizal
section nine hundred law, it is necessary to
twenty-seven of the understand how a bill
Administrative Code, becomes a law by a
prohibiting the discussion of legislative process that
religious doctrines by public involves.
school teachers and other 1. Filing a Bill in the
persons engaged in any Senate Office of the
public school. Secretary
SECTION 5. The sum of 2. First Reading
three hundred thousand 3. Committee Hearings
pesos is hereby authorized to 4. Second Reading
be appropriated out of any 5. Voting on Second
fund not otherwise Reading
appropriated in the National 6. Voting on Third
Treasury to carry out the Reading
purposes of this Act. 7. Consolidation of
SECTION 6. This Act shall Version from the
take effect upon its approval. House
8. Transmittal of the
Approved: June 12, Final Version to
19561956. Malacanan
Published in the Official The Rizal Bill became the
Gazette, Vol.52,No.6.2971 in Rizal Law when:
June
1. Senate Bill No. 438
Summary was filed by the
 Senate Committee on
Education Good day! Module 1.2 has
2. Jose P. Laurel the following Intended
sponsored the bill Learning Outcomes:
3. Legislators and
Senators debated on 1. Define nationalism to
the Rizal Bill the concepts of
4. Legislators and nation, state, and the
Senators amended nation-state;
versions of the bill 2. Relate the concepts of
5. Malacanan approved kapwa and bayan to
the final version nation and
6. Malacanan issued nationalism;
Republic Act 1425 3. Appraise the
aka Rizal Law development of
nationalism in the
country; and
Therefore, it is a must that 4. Explain the relevance
students in all schools in the of nationalism in
Philippines study the life, nation-building at the
works, and writings of Rizal. present
1.2 Nation and Nationalism
Let us begin learning
Vocabulary:
Nation- a group of people
with a shared language,
culture, and history.
Nation-state- a state ruling
over a nation
Sovereignty - the authority to
govern a polity without
external
interference/incursions
State- A political entity that
wields sovereignty over a
defined territory.
Patriotism - a feeling of
attachment to one's homeland
bayan/banua - indigenous
Filipino concepts of
community and territory that
may be related to nationalism
Introduction
The previous topic stated
that one of the major reasons
behind the passage of the
Rizal Law was the strong
intent to instill nationalism in
the hearts and minds of the
Filipino youth. This topic
focuses on nation and
nationalism in the Philippine
context. it will explain the
concepts of nation, state, and
the nation-state as a precursor
to understanding nationalism
and the projects that lead to
it. Likewise, the discussion
will touch on some of Rizal's
work that deals with nation
and nationalism.
Presentation
Concepts of nation and
nationhood as well as state
and nation-state.
Nation Nation- State
State
 A state A ● Three theories that
governin political explain the roots of
A g a entity the nation and
group nation that national identity
of wields ○ Primordialis
people sovereig m - This
that nty over theory traces
shares a defined the root of the
a territory nation and
commo national
n identity to
culture, existing and
history, deep-rooted
langua features of a
ge, and group of
other people like
practic race,
es like language,
religion religion, and
, others.
affinity Proponents of
to a this theory
place, argued that
etc. national
identity has
Nation and Nationalism always existed
and nations
 have ethnic nationalism,
cores, and
whereas nationalism
division are results of
among discourses
citizens was socially
determined constructed
through and imagined
di-customizin by people
g 'us' and who identify
"them". with a group.
○ Modernity - Nation and Bayan
Nationalism
and national The actual articulations of
identity are nation and nationalism
products of started by Filipino heroes like
social Andres Bonifacio, Jose Rizal,
structure and and others culminated in the
culture anti-colonial revolution in
brought by Asia.
capitalism, However, many Filipino
urbanization, scholars traced the concept of
secularization, nation and nationalism
bureaucratizat through indigenous
ion. knowledge. Sikolohiyang
○ Constructivis Pilipino and Bagong
t approach - Kasaysayan understood
nation and nationalism in the with. It encompasses
context of Kapwa and bayan. both the spatial
community as well as
● Kapwa is an
the imagined
important concept in
community.
the country's social
relations and supports
the notion of unity Excerpts from Emilio
and harmony in a Jacinto's Kartilya ng
community. Kapwa Katipunan and Liwanag at
presupposed the Dilim
Filipino culture and
psyche anchored on
collective social Kartilya ng Katipunan:
practices that
Sa May Nasang Makisanib
manifest in linguistic
sa Katipunang Ito
terms such as
pakikipagkapwa, Sa pagkakailangan, na ang
pakikisama, lahat na nag-iibig pumasok sa
pakikipag-ugnay, and katipunang ito, ay magkaroon
pakikibaka. ng lubos na pananalig at
● Bayan or banua - is kaisipan sa mga layong
defined as the tinutungo at mga kaaralang
territory where the pinaiiral, minarapat na
people live or the ipakilala sa kanila ang mga
actual community bagay na ito, at ng bukas
they are identifying makalawa'y huwag silang
magsisi at tuparing maluwag
sa kalooban ang kanilang tinubuan at lubos na
mga tungkulin. pagdadamayan ng isa't isa.
Ang kabagayang pinag-uusig
ng katipunang ito ay lubos na Liwanag at Dilim
dakila at mahalaga;
papag-isahin ang loob at " Ang alinmang katipunan at
kaisipan ng lahat ng tagalog pagkakaisa ay
(*) sa pamamagitan ng isang nangangailanagn ng isang
mahigpit na panunumpas, pinakaulo, ng isang
upang sa pagkakaisang ito'y kapangyarihang
magkalakas na iwasan ang makapagbibigay ng ayos,
masinsing tabing na makapagpapanatili ng tunay
nakabubulag sa kaisipan at na pagkakaisa at
matuklasan ang tunay na makapag-aakay sa
landas ng Katuwiran at hangganang ninanais, katulad
Kaliwanagan. ng sasakyang itinutugpa ng
bihasang piloto, na kung ito'y
(*) Sa salitang tagalog mawawala ay nanganganib
katutura'y ang lahat nang na maligaw at abutin ng
tumubo sa Sangkapuluang kakila-kilabot na kamatayan
ito; sa makatuid, bisaya man, sa laot ng dagat, na di na
iloko man kapangpangan makaaasang makaduduong sa
man, etc., ay tagalog din. pampang ng maligaya at
Dito'y isa sa mga payapang kabuhayang
kauna-unahang utos, ang hinahanap. Ang pinakaulong
tunay na pag-ibig sa bayang ito ay tinatawag na
pamahalaan.
" Ang kadahilanan nga ng
mga pinuno ay ang byan, at
ang kagalingan at
kaginhawaan nito ay siyang
tanging dapat tunguhin ng
lahat nilang gawa at
kautusan. tungkol nila ang
umakay sa bayan sa
ikagiginhawa, kailan pa ma't
maghirap at maligaw ay
kasalanaan nila.
" Ang alinmang kaangyarihan
upang maging tunay at
matuwid ay sa Bayan lamang
at sa kanyang mga tunay na
pinakakatawan dapat na
manggaling. Sa madaling
salita, di dapat nating
kilalanin ang pagkatao ng
mga pinuno na mataas kaysa
madla. Ang pagsunod at
pagkilala sa kanila ay dahil sa
kapangyarihang ipinagkaloob
ng bayan, samakatuwid, ang
kabuuan ng kapangyarihan
ng bawat isa. Sa bagay na ito,
ang sumusunod sa pinunong
inilagay ng bayan ay dito
sumusunod at sa paraaang
ito'y nakikipag isa sa
kalahatan."
Summary
The concepts of nation and
nationhood, as well as state
and nation-state, are:
A nation is a group of people
that share a common culture,
history, language, and other
practices like religion,
affinity to a place, etc. A
nation-state is a state
governing a nation. A state is
a political entity that wields
sovereignty over a defined
territory.
Module 1 Summary
It is necessary to understand
the context of the Rizal Bill
as to how a bill becomes a 2. Jose P. Laurel
law by a legislative process sponsored the bill
which involves: 3. Legislators and
Filing a Bill in the Senate Senators debated on
the Rizal Bill
Office of the Secretary 4. Legislators and
1. First Reading Senators amended
2. Committee Hearings versions of the bill
3. Second Reading 5. Malacanan approved
4. Voting on Second the final version
Reading 6. Malacanan issued
5. Voting on Third Republic Act 1425
Reading aka Rizal Law
6. Consolidation of The concepts of nation and
Version from the nationhood as well as state
House and nation-state are:
7. Transmittal of the
Nation is a group of people
Final Version to
that shares a common culture,
Malacanan
history, language and other
The Rizal Bill was turned to practices like religion,
the Rizal Law when: affinity to a place, etc.
1. Senate Bill No. 438 Nation-state is a state
was filed by the governing a nation. State is a
Senate Committee on political entity that wields
Education sovereignty over a defined
territory.
 6. Identify the factors that led
to Rizal’s execution.
2.0 Intended Learning
Outcomes (ILOs) and Topics
Topics:
1. Remembering Rizal
2. The Life of Jose Rizal
Intended Learning
References:
Outcomes:
The Life and Works of Jose
At the end of this module you
Rizal -Rhodalyn Wani-Obias
are expected to:
, Aaron Abel Mallari, Janet
1. Evaluate Rizal ‘s heroism Reguindin-Estela
and importance in the content
2.1 Remembering Rizal
of Rizalista groups.
2. Discuss the history of
selected Rizalista
3. Compare and contrast the
different views on Rizal
among the Rizalistas. For our second module the
following Intended
4. Describe people and events
Learning Outcomes will be :
that influenced Rizal’s early
life; 1. Evaluate Rizal ‘s
heroism and
5. Explain Rizal’s growth as a
importance in the
propagandist; and
 content of Rizalista Colorum - a term used to
groups. refer to secret societies that
2. Discuss the history of fought against the colonial
selected Rizalista. government in the
3. Compare and contrast Philippines
the different views on Canonization- the act of
Rizal among the declaring a dead person as a
Rizalistas. saint
Vocabulary:
Millenarian groups- Introduction
socio-political movements
who generally believe in the Rizal's execution on
coming of a major social December 30, 1896 became
transformation with the an important turning point in
establishment of the the history of Philippine
Kingdom of God . revolution. His death
Rizalista - a religious activated the full-scale
movement that believes in the revolution that resulted in the
divinity of Jose Rizal. declaration of Philippine
independence by 1898.
Jove Rex Al- the Latin name Under the American colonial
of Jose Rizal according to government, Rizal was
Rizalistas; Jove means GOD; considered as one of the most
Rex means KING; and Al important Filipino heroes of
means ALL ( thus , GOD the revolution and was even
KING of ALL). declared as the National Hero
by the Taft Commissions of
1901. A Rizal monument was
built every town and
December 30, was declared
as a nation holiday to
commemorate his death and
heroism. In some provinces,
men-most of whom were
professionals -organized and
became members of
Caballeros de Rizal , now
known as the Knights of
Rizal.
Presentation
Rizal as the Tagalog Christ
In late 1898 and early 1899,
revolutionary newspapers La
Independencia and El
Heraldo de la Revolucion
reported about Filipinos
commemorating Rizal's
death in various towns in the
country . In Batangas , for
example, people were said to
have gathered " tearfully
wailing before a portrait of
Rizal " ( Ileto 1998) while
remembering how Christ
went through the same
struggles.
After Rizal's execution,
peasants in Laguna were
reported to have regarded
Rizal as "lord of a kind of
paradise in the heart of Mt.
Makiling''. In 1907, Miguel
de Unamuno gave Rizal the
title "Tagalog Christ" as a
religious organization
venerating him had been
formed in different parts of
the Philippines. Rizalistas
believe that Rizal, just like
Jesus Christ or reincarnation
of Jesus Christ, would
eventually return to life and
save mankind. In history
Apolinario dela Cruz (
1815-1841) who founded the
religious confraternity
Cofradia de san Jose was
also considered as the " redemption of
Tagalog Christ" by his his people
followers. More over , from
Filipino revolutionary Felipe oppression.
Salvador ( 1870-1912) , also ○ Both J&J
known as Apo Ipe , who were Asians,
founded the messianic had brilliant
society Santa Iglesia ( Holy mind, extra
Church) was called bu his ordinary
followers as the " Filipino talents.
Christ and the " King of the ○ Both J&J
Philippines. were
● Parallelism between reformers,
Jesus Christ and healers, non
Jose Rizal violent
○ Both Jesus (J) revolutionarie
and Jose (J) s, have
fulfilled a followers.
purpose/ call ○ Both died at a
or mission. young age and
Jesus is for at the hands of
the their enemies.
redemption of The Canonization of Rizal:
mankind from Tracing the Roots of
sin while Jose Rizalistas
is for the
● The Philippine ○A colorum
Independent Church sect in
(PIC) canonized Jose Tayabas
Rizal as saint and Quezon
published in the "acta ○ Rizalina in
de Canonization de Barrio
los Grandes Martires Caluluan
de la Patria Dr. Jose Conception
Rizal y PP. Burgos, Tarlac
Gomez y Zamora' that ○ Banal in many
the council of towns of
Bishops headed by Leyte (Dulag,
Gregorio Aglipay met Barauen and
in Manila on Limon)
September 24, 1903. ○ Pantay-pantay
● PIC observed that Society in
Rizal's followers is Legaspi city
increasing after his whose
canonization as saint members are
and influential in called
molding the Rizalinos.
socio-religious belief ○ Some
of mankind. 'colorum'
● Jose Rizal was sects also
revered as saint or venerated
god Rizal as god.
Major Groups Venerating is true god
Jose Rizal and man....
1. Adarnista 5. They believe
1. Founder: in the
following 1.
Candida
Balantac Rizal is a god
(engkantada/I of the Filipino
nang Adarna) People 2.
in 1901 Rizal is true
2. Branches: La god and a true
Union, man 3. Rizal
Pangasinan was not
and Tarlac, executed as
Zambales, has been
Nueva Ecija, mentioned by
Nueva historians. 4.
Vizcaya, Man is
Baguio city endowed with
and Manila a soul; as
3. Members: such, man is
10,000 capable of
4. Teachings: good deeds 5.
Rizal is a god Heaven and
of the Filipino hell exist but
people, Rizal are,
nevertheless, "
within us" 6.
 The abode of and El Fili)
the members shows the
of the sect in doctrine and
Bongabon, teachings of
Nueva Ecija is Rizal.
the New 5. The
Jerusalem or Sambahang
Paradise 7. Rizal
The caves in conducts
Bongabon are sacraments
dwelling place like baptism ,
in Jehovah or confirmation ,
God. marriage , and
2. Sambahang Rizal ceremonies
(Rizal Church) for the dead.
1. Founder: 3. Iglesia Watawat ng
Basilio Lahi (Factions:
Aromin in Watawat ng Lahi,
1918 Iglesia ng Watawat ng
2. Branches: Lahi, Inc. and Iglesia
Nueva Ecija ng Lipi ni Gat Dr.
and Jose P. Rizal, Inc.)
Pangasinan 1. Founder:
3. Members: Philippine
7,000 National
4. Teachings: Heroes (PNH)
Bible (Noli and Arsenio
 de Guzman in and to respect
1911 and venerate
2. Branches: the heroes of
Nationwide the race
3. Members: especially the
100,000 martyr of
4. Teachings: Bagumbayan,
Rizal was the Dr. Rizal , to
Christ and the follow , to
"Messenger of spread, and to
God".RizalRi support their
zal right
5. The aims of teachings ;
the and to serve
organization the country
are as follows with one's
(Foronda , whole hearth
2011) 1. To towards its
love God order,
above all progress and
things 2. To peace.
love one's 4. Suprema de la Iglesia
fellowman as de Cuidad Mistica de
one loves Dios Inc. (Supreme
himself 3. To Church of the
love the Mystical City of God)
motherland
1. Founder: 5. The Ciudad
Naria Mistica shares
Bernarda many
Balitaan elements with
(MBB) in the Catholic
1920s Church . They
2. Branches: hold masses
Foot of Mt. (every
Banahaw Sta. Saturday), and
Lucia have prayers
Dolores, and chants.
Quezon They
(Main) and commemorate
other the birth and
provinces in death
Luzon Island anniversaries
3. Members: of the twelve
100,000 lights with
4. Teachings: Rizal death
Jesus Christ's (December
works was 30) as the
continued by mostimportant
Jose Rizal and celebration.
the twelve Summary
lights (12
apostles) in This topic showed that Rizal
19th century. is not only regarded as the
Philippine national hero but
also venerated as the "
Filipino Jesus Christ" or the
Jove Rex Al ( God,King of
All) by most Rizalista
groups. The Canonization of
Rizal by L Iglesia Filipina
Independiente and the
eventual emergence of
Rizalista groups in different
parts of the country could be
associated with the long
struggle of the Filipino s for
freedom and independence .
Syncretism is also evident
among the Rizalista groups as
the nationalism visions are
included in their religious
beliefs and texts.
2.2 The Life of Jose Rizal
and Travels
At the end of the lesson the
students must be able to:
1.Describe people and events
that influenced Rizal’s early
life;
2.Explain Rizal’s growth as a
propagandist; and
3.Identity the factors that led
to Rizal’s execution.
Vocabulary:
Chinese mestizo - a person
of mixed Chinese and
Filipino ancestry
Principalia - the ruling and
usually educated upper class
in Spanish colonial
Philippines
Bachiller en Artes -
Bachelor of Arts degree
bestowed by colleges or
universities
Spanish Cortes - Spain's
lawmaking or legislative
body
Ilustrado - a term which
literally means " enlighten
ones" or the Filipinois
educated in Europe
Masonry - fraternal
organization which strives for
moral betterment
consciousness were already
being felt and progressive
ideas were being realized .
Studying Rizal's biography ,
therefore , will lead to a
better understanding of how
Rizal devoted his life in
shaping the Filipino
character.
Presentation

Jose Rizal was born on June

19, 1861 in the town of
Introduction
Calamba, Laguna
A biography narrates how JOSE PROTACIO
a person has lived during a MERCADO RIZAL
certain period of time . It ALONZO Y REALONDA
presents not only the life of
an individual and hos he/she ● Doctor - completed
has influenced the society but his medical course in
also how an individual and Spain and was
his/her have been shaped by conferred the degree
historical events . Jose Rizal of Licentiate in
lived in the nineteenth Medicine by the
century, a period in Universidad Central
Philippines history when de Madrid
changes in public
● Jose- was chosen by ● Realonda - it was
his mother who was a used by Doña
devotee of the Teodora from the
Christian saint San surname of her
Jose (St. Joseph) godmother based on
● Protacio - from the culture by that
Gervacio P. which time
come from a ● June 19, 1861-
Christian calendar moonlit of
● Mercado - adopted in Wednesday between
1731 by Domigo eleven and midnight
Lamco (the paternal Jose Rizal was born
great-great- in the lakeshore town
grandfather of Jose of Calamba, Laguna
Rizal) which the ● June 22, 1861- aged
Spanish term mercado three days old, Rizal
means ‘market’ in was baptized in the
English Catholic church
● Rizal- from the word ● Father Rufino
‘Ricial’ in Spanish Collantes - a
means a field where Batangueño, the
wheat, cut while still parish priest who
green, sprouts again baptized Rizal
● Alonzo - old surname ● Father Pedro
of his mother Casanas - Rizal’s
● Y- and godfather, native of
Calamba and close
 friend of the Rizal -died in Manila on January 5,
family 1898 at the age of 80
● Lieutenant-General -Rizal affectionately called
Jose Lemery- the him “a model of fathers”
governor general of
the Philippines when Doña Teodora Alonso
Rizal was born Realonda (1826-1911)

Rizal's Parents -born in Manila on November

8, 1826
Don Francisco Mercado
(1818-1898) -educated at the College of
Santa Rosa, a well-known
-born in Biñan, Laguna on college for girls in the city
May 11, 1818
-a remarkable woman,
-studied Latin and possessing refined culture,
Philosophy at the College of literary talent, business
San Jose in Manila ability, and the fortitude of
-became a tenant Spartan women
-farmer of the -is a woman of more than
Dominican-owned hacienda ordinary culture: she knows
literature and speaks Spanish
-a hardy and
(according to Rizal)
independent-minded man,
who talked less and worked -died in Manila on August
more, and was strong in body 16, 1911 at the age of 85
and valiant in spirit Rizal's Ancestry
Fathers' Side -Domingo
Lamco Ines de la Rosa (a
Chinese immigrant from
(Well-to-do Chinese the
Fukien city arrived in
Christian girl of Changchow
Manila about 1690)
Francisco Mercado Cirila
Bernacha Juan Mercado
(Rizal’s grandfather) Cirila
Alejandro . Had thirteen
children, the youngest being
Francisco Mercado (Rizal’s
father)
Mother's Side - Lakandula
(The last native king of
Tondo) Eugenio Ursua
(Rizal’s maternal Benigna
Great-great Grandfather of (a
Filipina) Japanese Ancestry)
Manuel de Quintos Regina (a
Filipino from Pangasinan)
Lorenzo Alberto Alonso
Brigida (a prominent Spanish
Filipino mestizo of Biñan)
Narcisa, Teodora (Rizal’s
mother), Gregorio, Manuel at
Jose
Childhood years in
Calamba
-Calamba was named after a
big native jar
-Calamba was a hacienda
town which belonged to the
Dominican Order, which also
owned all the lands around it
● Un Recuerdo A Mi
Pueblo (In Memory
of My Town)
● a poem about Rizal’s
beloved town written
by Rizal in 1876
when he was 15 years
old and was student in
the Ateneo de Manila
● The first memory of
Rizal, in his infancy,
was his happy days in
the family garden
 when he was three ● The Story of the
years old Moth- made the
● Another childhood profoundest
memory was the daily impression on Rizal
Angelus prayer. By -“died a martyr to its
nightfall, Rizal illusions”
related, his mother ● At the age of five,
gathered all the Rizal began to make
children at the house sketches with his
to pray the Angelus pencil and to mould
● Another memory of in clay and wax
Rizal’s infancy was objects which
the nocturnal walk in attracted his fancy
the town, especially ● Sa Aking Mga Kabata
when there was a (To My Fellow
moon Children)- Rizal’s
● The death of little first poem in native
Concha brought Rizal language at the age of
his first sorrow eight -reveals Rizal’s
● At the age of three, earliest nationalist
Rizal began to take a sentiment
part in the family ● At the age of eight,
prayers Rizal wrote his first
● When Rizal was five dramatic work which
years old, he was able was a Tagalog
to read haltingly the comedy
Spanish family bible
Influences on the Hero's ● Father Leoncio
Boyhood Lopez
(1) hereditary influence ● the old and learned
parish priest of
(2) environmental influence Calamba, fostered
(3) aid of Divine Providence Rizal’s love for
scholarship and
● Tio Jose Alberto
intellectual honesty
● studied for eleven
years in British Early Education in
school in Calcutta, Calamba and Binan
India and had traveled ● The first teacher of
in Europe inspired Rizal was his mother,
Rizal to develop his who was remarkable
artistic ability woman of good
● Tio Manuel character and fine
● a husky and athletic culture —her mother
man, encouraged ● Maestro Celestino
Rizal to develop his ● Rizal’s first private
frail body by means tutor
of physical exercises ● Maestro Lucas
● Tio Gregorio Padua
●a book lover, ● Rizal’s second tutor
intensified Rizal’s ● Leon Monroy
voracious reading of ● a former classmate of
good book Rizal’s father became
Rizal’s tutor that
 instructed Jose in ● Jose Guevara-
Spanish and Latin. Rizal’s classmate who
● Maestro Justiniano also loved painting,
Aquino Cruz became apprentices of
● Rizal’s teacher in a the old painter
private school in ● “the favorite painters
Biñan of the class”- because
of his artistic talent
-Rizal described his teacher
as follows: He was thin, ● Christmas in 1870
long-necked, with a sharp -Rizal received a letter from
nose and a body slightly his sister Saturnina,
bentforward informing him of the arrival
● Pedro- the teacher’s of the steamer Talim which
son which Rizal would take him from Biñan
challenged to a fight to Calamba
● Andres Salandanan
- challenged Rizal to Daily Life in Binan
an arm-wrestling
match -Heard the four o’ clock mass
● Juancho-an old then at ten o’ clock went
painter who was the home at once and went at
father-in-law of the school at two and came out at
school teacher; freely five -The day was unusual
give Rizal lessons in when Rizal was not laid out
drawing and painting on a bench and given five or
six blows because of fighting
Martyrdom of Gom-bur-za redeem his oppressed
people
● Night of January 20,
● Rizal dedicated his
1872- about 200
Filipino soldiers and second novel, El
workmen of the Filibusterismo, to
Cavite arsenal under Gom-Bur-Za
the leadership of Injustice to Hero's Mother
Lamadrid, Filipino
● Before June, 1872 -
sergeant, rose in
Doña Teodora was
violent mutiny
suddenly arrested on
because of the
a malicious charge
abolition of their
that she and her
usual privileges
brother, Jose Alberto,
● Fathers Mariano
tried to poison the
Gomez, Jose Burgos latter’s perfidious
and Jacinto Zamora- wife
were executed at
● Antonio Vivencio del
sunrise of February
Rosario
17, 1872, by order of
● Calamba’s
Governor General
gobernadorcillo, help
Izquierdo
arrest Doña Teodora
● The martyrdom of
● After arresting Doña
Gom-Bur-Za in 1872
Teodora, the sadistic
truly inspired Rizal to
Spanish lieutenant
fight the evils of
forced her to walk
Spanish tyranny and
from Calamba to
 Santa Cruz (capital of which was established
Laguna province), a by the city
distance of 50 government in 1817
kilometers ● Escuela Pia----à
● Doña Teodora was Ateneo
incarcerated at the Municipal---à
provincial prison, Ateneo de Manila
where she languished ● June 10, 1872 -
for two years and a Rizal accompanied by
half Paciano went to
● Messrs. Francisco de Manila
Marcaida and Manuel ● Father Magin
Marzan - the most Ferrando- was the
famous lawyers of college registrar,
Manila that defend refused to admit Rizal
Doña Teodora in Ateneo for two
Escuela Pia/Ateneo reasons:
Municipal (1) he was late for
● a college under the registration
supervision of the (2) he was sickly and
Spanish Jesuits undersized for his age
● Escuela Pia (Charity ● Manuel Xerez
School) Burgos-because of
● formerly name of his intercession,
Ateneo, a school for nephew of Father
poor boys in Manila Burgos, Rizal was
 reluctantly admitted (non-boarders); blue
at the Ateneo banner
● Jose was the first of ● Emperor- the best
his family to adopt student in each
the surname “Rizal”. “empire”
He registered under ● Tribune-the second
this name at Ateneo best
because their family ● Decurion - the third
name “Mercado” had best
come under the ● Centurion-the fourth
suspicion of the best
Spanish authorities ● Stand-bearer- the
Jesuits Sytem of Education fifth best
● The Ateneo students
-it trained the character of the in Rizal’s time wore a
student by rigid discipline uniform which
and religious instructions consisted of
-Students were divided into “hemp-fabric
two groups: trousers” and
“striped cotton coat”
● Roman Empire -
The coat material was
consisting of internos
called rayadillo
(boarders); red banner
● Carthaginian Ateneo
Empire - composed ● Father Jose Bech -
of the externos Rizal’s first professor
in Ateneo whom he
 described as a “tall Rizal which made a
thin man, with a body deep impression on
slightly bent forward, him
a harried walk, an ● Universal History by
ascetic face, severe Cesar Cantu- Rizal
and inspired, small persuaded his father
deep-sunken eyes, a to buy him this set of
sharp nose that was historical work that
almost Greek, and was a great aid in his
thin lips forming an studies
arc whose ends fell ● Dr. Feodor Jagor- a
toward the chin German
● A Religious picture- scientist-traveler who
Rizal’s first prize for visited the Philippines
being the brightest in 1859-1860 who
pupil in the whole wrote Travels in the
class Philippines
*Rizal took private lessons -Rizal was impressed in this
in Santa Isabel College book because of (1) Jagor’s
during the noon recesses. He keen observations of the
paid three pesos for those defects of Spanish
extra Spanish lessons colonization (2) his prophecy
● The Count of Monte that someday Spain would
Cristo by Alexander lose the Philippines and that
Dumas - the first America would come to
favorite novel of succeed her as colonizer
● Padre Francisco de from his Alma Mater,
Paula Sanchez- a Ateneo Municipal,
great educator and the degree of
scholar, one of Rizal’s Bachelor of Arts,
professors who with highest honors
inspired him to study ● Marian
harder and to write Congregation - a
poetry -Rizal religious society
described this Jesuiot wherein Rizal was an
professor as “model active member and
of uprightness, later became the
earnestness, and love secretary
for the advancement ● Rizal cultivated his
of his pupils” literary talent under
● Rizal topped all his the guidance of
classmates in all Father Sanchez
subjects and won five ● Father Jose
medals at the end of Vilaclara- advised
the school term Rizal to stop
● The most brilliant communing with the
Atenean of histime, Muse and pay more
he was truly “the attention to more
pride of the Jesuits” practical studies
● March 23, 1877- ● Rizal studied painting
Commencement Day, under the famous
Rizal, who was 16 Spanish painter,
years old, received Agustin Saez, and
 sculpture under dedicated to his
Romualdo de Jesus, mother on her
noted Filipino birthday; Rizal wrote
sculptor it before he was 14
● Rizal carved an image years old -In 1876,
of the Virgin Mary on Rizal wrote poems on
a piece of batikuling various
(Philippine topics-religion,
hardwood) with his education, childhood
pocket- knife memories and war.
● Father Lleonart- They were as follows:
impressed by Rizal’s ● Un Recuerdo a Mi
sculptural talent, Pueblo (In Memory
requested him to of My Town) - a
carve for him an tender poem in honor
image of Sacred of Calamba, the
Heart of Jesus hero’s natal town
*Alianza Intima Entre la
Religion y la Buena
Poems Written in Ateneo
Educacion (Intimate
● Mi Primera Alliance Between Religion
Inspiracion (My and Good Education) -
First Inspiration), Rizal showed the importance
1874- the first poem of religion in education
Rizal probably wrote
*Por la Educacion Recibe
during his days in
Lustre la Patria (Through
Ateneo which was
Education the Country ● April 1877- Rizal
Receives Light)- Rizal who was then nearly
believed in the significant 16 years old,
role which education plays in matriculated in the
the progress and welfare of a University of Santo
nation Tomas, taking the
Studies at the University of course on Philosophy
Sto Tomas (1887-1882) and Letters because
(1) his father like it
● After finishing the (2) he was “still
first year of a course uncertain as to what
in Philosophy and career to pursue”
Letters (1877-1878), ● Father Pablo
Rizal transferred to Ramon-Rector of
the medical Ateneo, who had
course-“Don’t send been good to him
him to Manila again; during his student
he knows enough. If days in that college,
he gets to know more, asking for advice on
the Spaniards will cut the choice of a career
off his head.” but unfortunately he
● Doña Teodora, was in Mindanao
vigorously opposed ● It was during the
the idea that Rizal following term
pursue higher (1878-1879) that
learning in the Rizal, having
university received the Ateneo
 Rector’s advice to ○A La
study medicine Juventud
● During Rizal’s first Filipina (To
school term in the the Filipino
University of Santo Youth) -
Tomas (1877-1878), Rizal, who
Rizal also studied in was then 18
Ateneo. He took the years old,
vocational course submitted thi-
leading to the title of is an inspiring
perito agrimensor poem of
(expert surveyor) flawless form.
● Rizal excelled in all Rizal
subjects in the beseeches the
surveying course in Filipino youth
Ateneo, obtaining to rise from
gold medals in lethargy, to let
agriculture and genius fly
topography swifter than
● Liceo the wind and
Artistico-Literario descend with
(Artistic-Literary art and
Lyceum) of Manila- science to
a society of literary break the
men and artists, held chains that
a literary contest in have long
the year 1879 bound the
 spirit of the and decorated with a
people -this gold ribbon
winning poem ● El Consejo de los
of Rizal is a Dioses (The Councils
classic in of the Gods) - an
Philippine allegorical drama
literature for written by Rizal
two reasons: which he entered in
(1) it was the great poem in the literary contest of
Spanish written by a Filipino, Artistic-Literary
whose merit was recognized Lyceum in 1880 to
by Spanish literary commemorate the
authorities fourth centennial of
the death of
(2) it expressed for the first Cervantes -was a
time the nationalistic concept literary masterpiece
that the Filipinos, and not the based on the Greek
foreigners, were the “fair classics
hope of the Fatherland” ● The prize was
● The Board of Judges, awarded to Rizal, a
composed of gold ring on which
Spaniards, was was engraved the bust
impressed by Rizal’s of Cervantes
poem and gave it the ● D.N. del Puzo- a
first prize which Spanish writer, who
consisted of a silver won the second prize
pen, feather-shaped
 ● Junto al Pasig Tomas suffocating to his
(Beside the Pasig) - a sensitive spirit. He was
zarzuela which was unhappy at this Dominican
staged by the institution of higher learning
Ateneans on because
December 8, 1880, on (1) the Dominican professors
the occasion of the were hostile to him
annual celebration of
the Feats Day of the (2) the Filipino students
Immaculate were racially discriminated
Conception, Patroness against by the Spaniards
of the Ateneo - Rizal (3) the method of instruction
wrote it as President was obsolete and
of the Academy of repressive-In Rizal’s novel,
Spanish Literature in El Filibusterismo, he
Ateneo described how the Filipino
● Compañerismo students were humiliated and
(Comradeship)- insulted by their Dominican
Rizal founded a secret professors and how backward
society of Filipino the method of instruction
students in University was, especially in the
of Santo Tomas in teaching of the natural
1880 sciences.He related in
Unhappy days at the UST Chapter XIII, “The Class in
Physics”
-Rizal found the atmosphere
at the University of Santo
Sunny Spain (1882-1885) detection by the Spanish
-After finishing the 4th year authorities and the friars
of the medical course in the • Jose Mercado- Rizal used
University of Santo Tomas, this name; a cousin from
Rizal decided to complete his Biñan
studies in Spain
● May 3, 1882- Rizal
-Aside from completing his departed on board the
studies in Spain, Rizal has his Spanish streamer
“secret mission”—was to Salvadora bound for
observe keenly the life and Singapore
culture,languages and
Naples and Marseilles
customs, industries and
commerce, and government ● Rizal visited the
and laws of the European famous Chateau d’If,
nations in order to prepare where Dantes, hero of
himself in the mighty task of the Count of Monte
liberating his oppressed Cristo, was
people from Spanish tyranny imprisoned
● Rizal stayed two and
-This Rizalian secret mission
a half days in
was likewise disclosed by
Marseilles
Paciano in his letter to his
younger brother dated Barcelona
Manila, May 20,1892 ● Rizal’s first
-Rizal’s departure for Spain impression of
was kept secret to avoid Barcelona, the
greatest city of
 Cataluña and Spain’s ● Basilio Teodoro
second largest city, Moran- a friend of
was unfavorable Rizal in Manila and
● Las Ramblas- the the publisher of
most famous street Diariong Tagalog
in Barcelona where Rizal sent this
● Amor Patrio (Love article
of Country)- ● Diariong Tagalog-
nationalistic essay, the first Manila
Rizal’s first article bilingual newspaper
written on Spain’s (Spanish and
soil -under his Tagalog)
pen-name Laong ● Los Viajes (Travels)-
Laan, appeared in Rizal’s second article
print in Diariong for Diariong Tagalog
Tagalog on August ● Revista de Madrid
20, 1882 -it was (Review of Madrid)-
published in two Rizal’s third article
texts—Spanish and written in Madrid on
Tagalog—the Spanish November 29, 1882
text was the one but returned to him
originally written by because the Diariong
Rizal in Barcelona, Tagalog had ceased
the tagalog text was a publication for lack of
Tagalog translation funds
made by M.H. del ● Rizal received sad
Pilar news about the
 cholera that was ● Circulo
ravaging Manila and Hispano-Filipino
the provinces (Hispano-Philippine
according to Circle) - a society of
Paciano’s letter, dated Spaniards and
September 15, 1882 Filipinos which Rizal
● Another sad news joined shortly after
from the Philippines his arrival in Madrid
was the chatty letter in 1882
of Chengoy ● Me Piden Versos
recounting the (They Ask Me For
unhappiness of Verses)- upon the
Leonor Rivera request of the
● In one of his letters members of this
(dated May 26, 1882), society, Rizal’s wrote
Paciano advised his this poem which he
younger brother to personally declaimed
finish the medical during the New
course in Madrid Year’s Eve reception
● Rizal left Barcelona of the Madrid
in the fall of 1882 and Filipinos held in the
established himself in evening of December
Madrid, the capital of 31, 1882 -in this sad
Spain poem, Rizal poured
out the cry of his
agonizing heart
Life in Madrid
 ● Beecher Stowe’s Mason on November
Uncle Tom’s Cabin 15, 1890
and Eugene Sue’s ● February 15, 1892-
The Wandering Jew- Rizal was awarded
these two books the diploma as Master
aroused Rizal’s Mason by Le Grand
sympathy for the Orient de France in
oppressed and Paris
unfortunate people ● Science, Virtue and
First Visit to Paris (1883) Labor- Rizal’s only
Masonic writing; a
● March 1883- Rizal lecture which he
joined the Masonic delivered in 1889 at
lodge called Acacia Lodge Solidaridad,
in Madrid Madrid
● Rizal’s reason for ● After Rizal’s
becoming a mason departure for Spain,
was to secure things turned from
Freemansory’s aid in bad to worse in
his fight against the Calamba:
friars in the
Philippines (1) harvests of rice and
sugarcane failed on account
● Lodge Solidaridad
of drought and locusts
(Madrid) – Rizal
transferred where he (2) the manager of the
became a Master Dominican-owned hacienda
increased the rentals of the Populacho), second
lands prize
(3) a dreadful pest killed ● These student
most of the turkeys. Due to demonstrations were
hard times in Calamba, the caused by the address
monthly allowances of Rizal of Dr. Miguel
in Madrid were late in arrival Morayta, professor of
and there were times when history, at the opening
they never arrived ceremonies of the
academic year on
● Evening of June 25, November 20, in
1884- a banquet was which he proclaimed
sponsored by the “the freedom of
Filipino community science and the
to celebrate the teacher”
double victory of the ● June 21, 1884- Rizal
Filipino artist in the completed his
National Exposition medical course in
of Fine Arts in Spain; he was
Madrid—Luna’s conferred the degree
Spoliarium winning of Licentiate in
the first prize and Medicine by the
Hidalgo’s Christian Universidad Central
Virgins Exposed to de Madrid • The next
the Populace academic year
(Virgenes Cristianas (1884-1885), Rizal
Expuestas al studied and passed all
 subjects leading to the this branch of medicine
degree of Doctor of because he wanted to cure his
Medicine but he did mother’s eye ailment
not present the thesis In Gay Paris (1185-1886)
required for
Maximo Viola- a medical
graduation nor paid student and a member of a
the corresponding rich family of San Miguel,
fees, he was not Bulacan, Rizal’s friend
awarded his Doctor’s
diploma ● Señor Eusebio
● June 19, 1885- on his Corominas- editor of
24th birthday, Rizal the newspaper La
was awarded the Publicidad and made
degree of Licentiate a crayon sketch of
in Philosophy and Don Miguel Morayta,
Letters by the owner of La
Universidad Central Publicidad
de Madrid with the ● Rizal gave Editor
rating of Corominas an article
“Excellent”: on the Carolines
(Sobresaliente) Question, then a
controversial issue,
Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)
for publication
-Rizal went to Paris and ● Dr. Louis de
Germany in order to Weckert
specialize in (1852-1906)- leading
ophthalmology—Rizal chose French
 ophthalmologist ● La Deportacion
wherein Rizal worked (Deportation)- a sad
as an assistant from danza which Rizal
November 1885 to composed in Dapitan
February 1886 during his exile
● Paz Pardo de
In Historic Heidelberg
Tavera- was a pretty
girl, who was ● Dr. Otto Becker-
engaged to Juan Luna distinguished German
● At the studio of Luna, ophthalmologist
Rizal spent many where Rizal
happy hours. Rizal worked—University
helped Luna by Eye Hospital
posing as model in ● April 22, 1886- Rizal
several paintings wrote a fine poem “A
● In Luna’s canvas Las Flores de
“The Death of Heidelberg” (To the
Cleopatra,“ Rizal Flowers of
posed as an Heidelberg)
Egyptian priest. In ● In the spring of 1886,
another of Luna’s Rizal was fascinated
great paintings, “The by the blooming
Blood Compact,” he flowers along the cool
posed as Sikatuna, banks of the Neckar
with Trinidad Pardo River. Among them
de Tavera taking the was his favorite
role of Legazpi flower—the light
 blue ● Rizal also translated
“forget-me-not” into Tagalog for his
● Wilhelmsfeld- a nephews and niece
mountainous village Hans Andersen’s
near Heidelberg Fairy Tales
where Rizal spent a ● Rizal found out that
three-month summer the cost of living in
vacation Leipzig was cheapest
● Dr. Karl Ullmer- a in Europe so that he
kind Protestant pastor stayed two months
where Rizal stayed, and a half
who became his good ● October 29, 1886-
friend and admirer Rizal left Leipzig for
In Leipzig and Dresden Dresden where he
met Dr. Adolph B.
● Dr. Hans Meyer- Meyer, Director of
German the Anthropological
anthropologist, a and Ethnological
friend of Rizal Museum
● In Leipzig, Rizal
Berlin
translated Schiller’s
William Tell from ● Rizal was enchanted
German into Tagalog by Berlin because of
so that Filipino might its scientific
know the story of that atmosphere and the
champion of Swiss absence of race
independence prejudice
● Rizal met for the first ● Rizal became a
time Dr. Feodor member of the
Jagor, celebrated Anthropological
German Society, the
scientist-traveler and Ethnological Society,
author of Travels in and the Geographical
the Philippines, a Society of Berlin,
book which Rizal upon the
read and admired recommendation of
during his student Dr. Jagor and Dr.
days in Manila Meyer
● Dr. Rudolf Virchow- ● Tagalische Verkunst
introduced to Rizal by (Tagalog Metrical
Dr. Jagor; famous Art)- Rizal wrote this
German scholarly paper in
anthropologist German which he
● Dr. Hans Virchow- read before the
son of Dr. Rudolf society in April 1887
Virchow, professor of -this paper was
Descriptive Anatomy published by the
● Dr. Ernest society in the same
Schweigger year, and elicited
(1830-1905)- famous favorable comments
German from all
ophthalmologist scientificquarters
where Rizal worked ● Rizal lived in Berlin,
famous capital of
 unified Germany for ● Tourist’s Club of
five reasons: (1) to Leitmeritz-which
gain further Blumentritt was the
knowledge of secretary; Rizal spoke
ophthalmology (2) to extemporaneously in
further his studies of fluent Germany to the
sciences and officers and members
languages (3) to ● Dr. Carlos Czepelak-
observe the economic renowned scientist of
and political Europe
conditions of the ● Professor Robert
German nation (4) to Klutschak- an
associate with famous eminent naturalist
German scientists and ● May 16, 1887 at 9:45
scholars (5) to publish AM- Rizal and Viola
his novel, Noli Me left Leitmeritz by
Tangere train
Lietmeritz Rizal in Italy
● Professor ● June 27, 1887- Rizal
Blumentritt- a reached Rome, the
kind-hearted, old “Eternal City” and
Austrian professor also called the “City
● May 13 to May 16, of the Caesars”
1887- Rizal and Viola ● Rizal was thrilled by
stayed in Leitmeritz the sights and
memories of the
 Eternal City. within Zamboanga del Norte)
Describing to was a remote town in
Blumentritt, the Mindanao which served as a
“grandeur that was politico-military's outpost of
Rome”, he wrote on the Spaniards in the
June 27, 1887 16 Philippines.
● June 29, 1887- the * It was headed by Captain
Feast Day of St. Peter Ricardo Carnicero, who
and St. Paul, Rizal became a friend of Rizal
visited for the first during his exile. He gave
time the Vatican, the Rizal the permission to
“City of the Popes” explore the place and
and the capital of required him to report once a
Christendom week in his office.
● Every night, after
sightseeing the whole * He practiced medicine,
day, Rizal returned to pursued scientific studies ,
his hotel, very tired. and continued his artistic
“I am tired as a dog,” pursuits in sculpture,
he wrote to painting, sketching, and
Blumentritt, “but I writing poetry.
will sleep as a God” * He established a school for
Exile in Dapitan boys and promoted
community development
* Rizal arrived in Dapitan on projects. He also found time
board the steamer CEBU on to study the Malayan
July 17, 1892 ( now a city
language and other Philippine
languages.
* He engaged himself in
farming and commerce and
even invented a wooden
machine for making bricks.
* Rizal won the second prize
in a lottery. A portion of
Rizal's winnings was used in
purchasing land
approximately one kilometer
away from Dapitan in a place
known as Talisay.He built his
house on the seashore of
Talisay as well as a school
and a hospital within the area.
*Rizal project is to improve
and beautify Dapitan, he
made a big relief map of
Mindanao in the plaza and
used it to teach geography.
Rizal also constructed a water
system to supply the town
with water for drinking and
irrigation. he also helped the
people in putting up lamppost
at every corner of the town.
* Having heard of Rizal's
fame as an ophthalmologist,
George Taufer who was
suffering from an eye ailment
traveled from Hong Kong to
Dapitan He was accompanied
by his adopted daughter,
Josephine Bracken, who
eventually fell in love with
Rizal. They lived as husband
and wife in Rizal's octagonal
house after being denied the
sacrament of marriage by
Father Obach, the parish
priest of Dapitan, due to
Rizal's refusal to retract his
statements against the Church
and to accept other
conditions.
* Dr. Pio Valenzuela visited
Rizal in Dapitan and
informed him about the
founding of Katipunan and
planned revolution. Rizal
objected to it, citing the
importance of a well-planned
movement with sufficient
arms.
* Rizal sending letters to
Gov. General Blanco. he ask
for a review of his case. he
said that if his request would
not be granted, he would
volunteer to serve as a
surgeon the Spanish army
fighting in the Cuban
revolution.
* Rizal's request to go to
Cuba was approved. The next
day, he left for Manila on
board the steamer Espana. He
boarded the steamer Isla de
Panay which bring him to
Barcelona. Upon arriving at
the fort, however,
Governor-General Despujol
told him that there was an
order to ship him back to
Manila. Rizal arrived in
Manila and was immediately
brought to Fort Santiago.
Trial and Execution
The preliminary
investigation of Rizal's case
began on Nov. 20, 1896. He
was accused of being the
main organizer of the
revolution by having
proliferated the ideas of
rebellion and of founding
illegal organizations. Rizal
pleaded not guilty and even
wrote a manifesto appealing
to the revolutionaries to
discontinue the uprising.
* Rizal's lawyer, Lt. Luis
Taviel de Andrade , tried his
best to save Rizal. The trial
ended and the sentence was
read. Jose Rizal was found
guilty and sentenced to death
by firing squad.
* On Dec. 28, 1896, Gov.
General Camilo de Polavieja
signed the court decision. He
later decreed that Rizal be
executed by firing squad at
7:00 am of December 30.
* Rizal, on his last remaining
days, composed his longest
poem, Mi Ultimo Adios,
which was about his farewell
to the Filipino people.
* Mother and sisters visited
him om December 29, 1896,
rizal gave away his
remaining possessions. He
handed his gas lamp to his
sister Trinindad and
murmered sofly in English, '
There is something inside."
Eventually, trining and her
sister Maria would extract
from the lamp the copy of
Rizal's last poem.
* At 6:30 in the morning of
December 30, 1896, Rizal , in
black suit with his arms tied
behind his back, walked to
Bagumbayan (Luneta) The
orders were given and shots
were fired. Consummatum
est! ( It's finished"!) Rizal
died offering his life for his
for his country and its
freedom .
Summary
This topic covered the
important stages of Rizal's
life from his family history to
his memorable childhood in
Calamba and his first taste of
education in the town of
Binan in Laguna. The
narrative also showed hoe
Rizal's ideas and works were
influenced by his education
in Manila and later in Europe.
His active participation in the
Propaganda Movement made
him one of the most known
reformist . Rizal's writings
and alleged involvement in
the Philippine Revolution of
1896 were used by the
Spanish colonial government
to justify his public execution
on December 30, 1896.
Module 2 Summary
This topic showed that Rizal
is not only regarded as the
Philippine national hero but
also venerated as the "
Filipino Jesus Christ" or the
Jove Rex Al ( God,King of
All) by most Rizalista
groups. The Canonization of
Rizal by L Iglesia Filipina
Independiente and the
eventual emergence of
Rizalista groups in different
parts of the country could be
associated with the long
struggle of the Filipino s for
freedom and independence .
Syncretism is also evident
among the Rizalista groups as
the nationalism visions are
included in their religious
beliefs and texts.
This topic covered the
important stages of Rizal's
life from his family history to
his memorable childhood in
Calamba and his first taste of
education in the town of
Binan in Laguna. The
narrative also showed hoe
Rizal's ideas and works were
influenced by his education
in Manila and later in Europe.
His active participation in the
Propaganda Movement made
him one of the most known
reformist . Rizal's writings
and alleged involvement in
the Philippine Revolution of
1896 were used by the
Spanish colonial government
to justify his public execution
on December 30, 1896.
3.1 The Econom
Ninetee y,
nth Society,
Century and the
Philippi Chinese
ne

Mestizo
s would sail to Mexico loaded with goods
Good day everyone before we discuss
our topics lets have identify our
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Explain the important role of
the Chinese Mestizos and
their ranks within the
changing Philippines
economy and society.
2.Discuss the interplay of several
factors that contributes to the changing
landscape of Philippine society and
economy.
3. Investigate the Rizal’s life in
the Philippines within the
wider context of the
developments in the
nineteenth century;
Vocabulary
cash crop - crops cultivated for export
decree- an order issued by a legal
authority; a policy pronouncement
Galleon trade- from 1565-1815, this
was the form of trade between the
Philippines and Mexico. The galleons
and return to the Philippines carrying the
payment in silver.
insulares - pure-blooded Spanish born
in the Philippines
mestizo- a person with mixed ancestry-
one parent is Chinese or Spanish and
the other is a native; an ipmortant sector
of the population in nineteenth century
Philippines
merchant houses- firms established in
MAnila and other cities by foreign
traders
pacto de retroventa- an agreement
that allowed a landowner to sell his/her
land with the guarantee that he/she
could by the land back at the same price
Parian-Chinese enclave established in
1581 outside the walls of Intramuros.
The Chinese were forced to live in the
Prian
peninsulares- pure-blooded Spanish
born in Spain
principalia- wealthy pure-blooded
natives said to have descended from the
kadatoan class
sangley- a term that proliferated in the
Spanish Philippines to refer tom people
of pure Chinese descent; came from the
Hokkien word " seng-li" meaning
business
social stratification- a way by which
people in a society are categorized
based on socio-economic as well as
political standards
Introduction
To fully appreciate the details of
Rizal's life related in the previous
module, one needs to locate him within
the wider context of the Philippines in
the nineteenth century. This module will
discuss the changing landscape of and
Philippine economy in the nineteenth
century and describe how these
developments had an impact on the
society in which Rizal grew up, matured
, and eventually was martyred. It will
begin by looking at the tremendous
economic development starting in the
late eighteen century as a product of
multiple factors. The module will then
map the effects of economic
developments on Spanish policies on
education, social life, and the people of
the Philippines. The role of an important
population, the Chinese mestizos, in
Philippine life and economy will also be
noted. These Chinese mestizos will be
locked in the context of the changing
social stratification in the Philippines.
Presentation
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF
PHILIPPINE ECONOMY AND
SOCIETY
● Late eighteenth century, the
monarchy in Spain
experienced a dynatic shift
from the Habsburg to the
Bpurbons
● Spain recalibrated colonial
policies that would have an
effect on the Philippines.
● With the goal of invigarating
the profatibility if the colonies
like the Philippines , Bourbon
policies and reforms were
carried out.
● First governor -general to the
Philippines under the Bourbon
mandate was Jose de Basco
y Varga
● Galleon Trade as main
economic institution existing
in the Philippines is already
losing enterprises during the
time of Jose de Basco y
Vargas.
● Basco established the Royal
Philippine company in 1785 to
finance agricultural projects
and manage the new trade as
well as other Asian market.
● Some of the major
investments came from British
and American traders.
● The first half of the
nineteenth century , majority
of the exports of the
Philippines came from cash
crops like tobacco, sugar,
cotton, indigo, abaca, and
coffee.
● The provinces shifted to
cultivating cash crops, land
 ownership and management
began to be a concern .
● Farmers felt the pressure of
the economy while the
hacenderos grabbed the
opportunity. For example,
when a small landowner
needed capital and money, he
would engage in a pacto de
retroventa, an agreement of
sale guaranteeing that he
could buy the land back at the
same price at which it was
sold.
● They would forfeit the land
and would be forced to
become tenant farmers , or
kasama
● As the growing economy
required better management
of lands, inquilinos emerged,
renting land to sublet it to
smaller farmers.
● Pre-colonial times , the
natives of the Philippines had
had trade relations with the
THE
chinese.
MESTIZOS
● Height of the Galleon Trade- it
was also Chinese products
that comprised most the
goods being traded.
● The influx of Chinese
settlements in the Philippines
made the Spaniards
suspicious of the Chinese.
● Stringent state policies
towards the sangley ranging
from higher taxes, the
restriction of movement with
the establishment of the
Chinese enclave ( the
Parian), to actual policies of
expulsion.
● Chinese , however, proved to
be "necessary outsiders" in
Philippine colonial economy
and society.
● Spaniards were wary of the
Chinese, they realized the
importance that the latter
played in sustaining the
economy.
● The goods loaded on the
galleons to the development
of retail trade, the Chinese
enlivened the economy.
● The Chinese became
integrated into colonial society
, giving rise to intermarriages
with indios that gave birth to
Chinese mestizos.
● The Chinese mestizos
assumed an important role in
the economy all throughout
the Spanish colonial period.
CHINES AND CHINESE
● Pre-colonial times , the
natives of the Philippines had
had trade relations with the
chinese.
● Height of the Galleon Trade- it
was also Chinese products
that comprised most the
goods being traded.
● The influx of Chinese
settlements in the Philippines
made the Spaniards
suspicious of the Chinese.
 ● Stringent state policies
towards the sangley ranging
from higher taxes, the
restriction of movement with
the establishment of the
Chinese enclave ( the
Parian), to actual policies of
expulsion.
● Chinese , however, proved to
be "necessary outsiders" in
Philippine colonial economy
and society
● Spaniards were wary of the
Chinese, they realized the
importance that the latter
played in sustaining the
economy.
● The goods loaded on the
galleons to the development
of retail trade, the Chinese
enlivened the economy.
● The Chinese became
integrated into colonial society
, giving rise to intermarriages
with indios that gave birth to
Chinese mestizos.
● The Chinese mestizos
assumed an important role in
the economy all throughout
the Spanish colonial period.
IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY
● The new economy
demanded a more literate
population to addess the
rising need for a more
professionalized workforce to
man the trading activities in
Manila and other centers.
● This demand compelled the
issuance of the colonial
government order in 1836 that
required all towns to set up
primary schools to teach the
population hoe to read and
write.
● The passage of an education
decree in 1863 that mandated
free primary education.
● The nineteenth century also
gave birth to many schools
that addressed the growing
demand established during
this time.
● Manila became a trading
center, it became a viable
destination for people seeking
better opportunities or those
wanting to escape the
worsening conditions in the
farmlands.
● Increased rate of internal
migration raised several
concerns. 1, people flocked
the centers of trade like
Manila . Overcrowding implied
issues in living quarters,
sanitation and public health,
and increase in criminality. 2.
the continuous movement of
people made tax collection
extra difficult., in order to
mitigate these concerns, one
measure implemented was
the 1849 decree of
Governor-General Narciso
Claveria that urged the people
in the colony to adopt
surnames.
 ● Catalogo de apellidos drawn
up, the colonial government
assigned surnames to people
and forbade changing names
at will.
● Policies like the registration
and possessions of a cedula
personal bearing one's name
and residence, the colonial
government sought to have a
better surveillance
mechanism.
● Guardia civil established.
RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
PENINSULAR - Pure blooded Spaniard
born in the Iberian Peninsula (i.e.,
Spain)
INSULAR- Pure-blooded Spaniard born
in the Philippines
MESTIZO- Born of mixed parentage, a
mestizo can be: 1. Spanish mestizo-
one parent is Spanish, the other is a
native ;or 2. Chinese mestiz0- one
parent is Chinese, the other is a native
PRINCIPALIA- Wealthy pure-blooded
native supposedly descended from the
kadatoan class
INDIO- Pure-blooded native of the
Philippines
CHINO INFIEL- Non-Catholic pure
blooded Chinese
Summary
This module aimed to situate Rizal's
within the larger context of the
nineteenth century, It focused on the
economic and social developments in
the century that shaped the world in
which Rizal lived. The Philippines, being
part of the wider Spanish empire,
underwent changes when the Spanish
Crown also had a dynastic shift in the
nineteenth century. With this came the
Bourbon reforms that brought new
policies of economic reorientation for the
colonies. With the development of the
cash crop economy and the opening of
Manila and other cities to world trade ,
the economy boomed in the nineteenth
century.
This development in the economy
also had a profound impact on the social
and political landscapes. The new
economy resulted in changes in policies
about education and heightened the
surveillance and regulatory mechanism
of the state . Furthermore , the
nineteenth century saw the ascendance
of the mestizo and principalia classes
that would assert their relevance in
society.
 1. Explain how the Hacienda de

3.2 Calamba issue as an

exemplary illustration of
agrarian conflicts in the late
nineteenth century; and
2. Describe the interplay of
several factors that contribute

Agraria
to the changing landscape of
Philippine society and
economy.

Vocabulary

Conquistador - a Spanish conqueror

n caballero -a small tract of land included

in a land grant

canon - a measure equal to 75 liters

hacienda - large estates that were used

for raising livestock and agricultural

Dispute production

inquilino – a tenat who rented land

from the friars and subleased the land to
sharecroppers

principales - ruling elite class

s sharecropper ( kasama) - an individual

who rented the land from an inquilino
and worked the land

sitio de ganado mayor - a large tract of

land included in a land grant

Hello everyone we are now in module 3
these are our :
Intended Learning Outcomes:
Introduction
In 1891, Jose Rizal was in Hong
Kong when he received distressing
news about his family who are, at that
time, embroiled in a litigation case land known as sitio de
concerning the Hacienda de Calamba . ganado mayor (measuring
He heard that the Spanish authorities 1,742 hectares) and smaller
were summoning his mother , Dona tracts of land known as
Teodora and two younger sisters caballerias ( measuring 42.5
Josefa, and Trinidad, for further hectares).
investigation . In a show of support , he ● The Spaniards hacenderos
wrote to his family, " I am following your failed to develop their lands
cavalry step by step. Do not be afraid , I for three reasons:
am doing all I can .... Patience , a little 1. The Spanish
patience. Courage!" population in the
Philippines was
Scholars and students of history
transient. It was a
agree that the conflict between his
common practice
family and the Dominicans over the
for Spanish
hacienda greatly affected Rizal.
administrator to
Presentation return to Spain
after having served
Jose Rizal was in Hongkong when he in the country.
received distressing news about his 2. The market for
family who were, at that time, embroiled livestock products,
in a litigation case concerning the which haciendas
Hacienda de Calamba. Scholars and offered, remained
students of history agree that the conflict relatively small until
between his family and the Dominicans the latter parts of
over the hacienda greatly affected Rizal. the Spanish
colonial period.
3. The Galleon Trade
BRIEF HISTORY OF FRIARS that was based in
ESTATES IN THE PHILIPPINES Manila offered
bigger economic
● The origin of the friars estates rewards and
can be traced back to land attracted more
grants awarded to the early Spaniards.
Spanish conquistadores ● Spanish hacenderos lacked
who arrived in the Philippines the interest and inclination to
during the late sixteenth and develop their lands, the
early seventeenth centuries. religious orders soon took
● 120 Spaniards were given over the task.
grants that were often
composed of a large tract of
● Land was acquired by the
religious orders through
various means.
● The lands were donated by
Spaniards seeking spiritual
benefits.
● There were cases, too, in
which estates that had been
heavily mortgaged to the
ecclesiastics were eventually
purchased by the religious
orders themselves.
● A number of Filipino
principales also contributed
to the formation of the friar
estates through donations
and sales.
● Despite these methods , there
persisted a commonly held
belief among the Filipinos that
the religious orders had no
titles to their lands and that
they had acquired these lands
through usurpation or other
dubious means.
● Religious estates in the
Tagalog region continued to
grow that by the nineteenth
century, they constituted
approximately 40 percent of
the provinces of Bulacan
,Tondo (presently Rizal),
Cavite ,and Laguna.
● Agrarian relations in the
haciendas developed in the
time.
● The sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries,the
social structure found in the
haciendas was primarily
composed of lay brother
administrators were under the
direct authority of the heads
of their religious orders, they
were relatively free to make
their own decisions on
administrative affairs.
● Tenants on the other hand,
were expected to work the
land and pay an annual rent,
which was usually a fixed
amount of harvest and in later
centuries, money.
● Mid-eighteenth century, an
expanding economy based on
exporting agricultural crops
ushered in change and
gradually put into place and
inquilino system.
● An individual rented land for a
fixed annual amount, known
as canon.
● The inquilino or lessee was
also expected to render
personal services to his
landlords.
● The inquilino failed to satisfy
these requirements, he could
face expulsion from the land.
● The inquilino,in turn would
sub-lease the land to a
kasama or sharecropper who
could then take on the task of
cultivating the soil.
● A three - tiered system
emerged with the landlords
at the top, the inquilinos at
the middle,and the
sharecroppers at the
bottom.
 ● The religious hacenderos the Jesuit monastery for the rest of his
freed themselves from the life.
social responsibilities borne
● 1803 - the government sold
from a direct interactions with
the property to a Spanish
the kasama.
layman, Don Clemente de
● The sharecroppers, on the
Azansa, for 44,507 pesos.
other hand, benefitted from
● When Don Clemente died
the arrangement because
1883 the Hacienda de Azansa
their labor obligations to the
which measured 16,424
religious estates allowed them
hectares was purchased by
to be exempted from the
the Dominicans for 52,000
responsibilities of forced labor
pesos
demanded by the Spanish
● Many families from
government .
neighboring towns had
● The inquilino paid his rent to
migrated to the hacienda in
the religious hacenderos and
search of economic
deducted his own share, the
opportunities
remaining amount of income
● Among the families that
would then be divided among
arrived at the hacienda were
all the sharecroppers.
Rizal’s ancestors, who
● Change in the social structure
eventually became one of the
and land tenure practices
principal inquilinos in the
would eventually render the
hacienda.
haciendas as sites of
● Rizal’s family rented one of
contestation among the
the largest leased lands,
Spanish religious hacenderos
measuring approximately 380
,the inquilinos ,and the
hectares.
sharecroppers.
● Sugar was a main commodity
planted in the hacienda as
there was a demand for the
HACIENDA DE CALAMBA CONFLICT
crop in the world market.
● 1759- Hacienda de Calamba ● 1883- Paciano Rizal wrote
owned by several Spanish that the friars were collecting
laymen rents without issuing the usual
● 1759, a destitute Spanish receipts.
layman, Don Manuel ● Two years later, the tenants
Jauregui, donated the lands failed to pay their tenants
to the Jesuits on the condition because the rent had
that he would be allowed to supposedly increased while
live in sugar prices had remained
 low. To punish the tenants for
not paying the rent, the
Dominicans declared the
lands vacant and invited
residents of other towns to
take over the tenancies.
● Only few outsiders responded
to the Dominican’s invitation,
the friars weakened their
positions.
● Most tenants, except for four
or five, were spared from
eviction.
● Charges against the friars
continued with Rizal’s
brother-in-law, Mariano
Herboso, specially
complaining about the yearly
increase in rentals, faulty
irrigation systems, and failure
to issue receipts.
● Coupled with these problems
was the fact that at this time,
the price of sugar continued
to decline in the world market.
● Paciano at one point,
considering giving back his
lands to the friars and clearing
land elsewhere
● Problem continued to
escalate when in 1887, the
colonial government
demanded from the tenants of
the hacienda a report on the
income and production of the
state because they suspected
that the Dominicans were
evading payment of their
taxes.
● The tenants complied and
submitted a report, but they
also attached a petition
authored by Jose Rizal.
● The petition presented a list of
grievances against the
hacienda owners including a
complaint on the increasing
amount of rent.
● Some of the tenant began to
withhold rents.
● As a form of retaliation, the
friars began to evict tenants
who refused to pay rent in
1891
● Those who persisted still in
resisting the friars were
eventually expelled
● They were exiled to remote
areas in the country were
Rizal’s parents, brother, and
sisters
● Rizal had worked on
reversing the decision of the
Philippine courts, his family’s
exile would only be lifted upon
the issuance of a decree from
the another governor-general
● The experience affected Rizal
deeply and the increasing
despair he felt from the event
would be reflected in his
second novel, El
Filibusterismo
Summary
This module presented a brief history
of the hacienda from its beginnings a
royal land grant rewarded to Spaniards
who had rendered to Spaniards who
had rendered exemplary service to the
Spanish Crown. Later, these lands came
into the possession of the friars by way
of purchase or donation. Also pointed
out this module was the in
landlord-tenant to a three-tiered one Hello!! This is the last topic for module 3
with landlords, inquilinos, and , the Intended Learning Outcomes are:
sharecroppers.
1. Examine the causes and
effects of the Cavite Mutiny;

3.3
and
2. Explain the conflict between
the Filipino secular priests
and the Spanish regular
priests.

Emergin Vocabulary

piscopal visitation-
visit conducted by
an official pastoral
the bishop on a
diocese to examine the conditions of a
congregation; often done once every

g three years

garrote- an apparatus used for capital

punishment in which an iron collar is
tightened around a condemned person’s
neck

National polo- system of forced labor that

required Filipino males from 16 to 60
years old to render service for a period
of 40 days

regular clergy- priests who belong to

ism
religious orders

secular clergy- priests who do not

belong to religious orders and are
engaged in pastoral work
tribute- system of taxation imposed by
the Spanish colonial government on the
Filipinos in order to generate resources
for the maintenance of the colony.
Introduction
When Rizal published El Filibusterismo
in 1891, he dedicated the book to the
three martyred priest, Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora. In his
dedication, he wrote:
I have the right to dedicate my
work to you as victims of the evil which I
undertake to combat. And while we
await expectantly upon Spain someday
to restore your good name and cease to
be answerable for your death, let these
pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried
leaves over your unknown tombs, and
let it be understood that everyone who
without clear proofs attacks your
memory stains his hands in your blood!
Rizal was 10 years old when the three
priest were executed, the events of
1872 would play a decisive role in
shaping Rizal’s ideas and decisions.
Presentation
The 1872 Cavite Mutiny
● One hundred and forty years
ago, on January 20, 1872,
about 200 Filipino military
personnel of Fort San Felipe
Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines,
staged a mutiny which in a
way led to the Philippine
Revolution in 1896. The 1872
Cavite Mutiny was
precipitated by the removal of
long-standing personal
benefits to the workers such
as tax (tribute) and forced
labor exemptions on order
from the Governor General
Rafael de Izquierdo.
● Izquierdo replaced Governor
General Carlos Maria de la
Torre some months before in
1871 and immediately
rescinded Torre’s liberal
measures and imposed his
iron-fist rule. He was opposed
to any hint of reformist or
nationalistic movements in the
Philippines. He was in office
for less than two years, but he
will be remembered for his
cruelty to the Filipinos and the
barbaric execution of the
three martyr-priests blamed
for the mutiny: Fathers
Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora,
later collectively called
“Gomburza.”
● The mutineers were led by
Sgt. Fernando La Madrid;
they seized the Fort and killed
the Spanish officers. Fearing
a general uprising, the
Spanish government in
Manila sent a regiment under
General Felipe Ginoves to
 recover the Fort. The
besieged mutiny was quelled,
and many mutineers including
Sgt. La Madrid were killed.
Later, others were sentenced
to death or hard labor.
● Izquierdo used the mutiny to
implicate Gomburza and other
notable Filipinos known for
their liberal leanings.
Prominent Filipinos such as
priests, professionals, and
businessmen were arrested
on flimsy and trumped-up
charges and sentenced to
prison, death, or exile. These
include Joaquin Pardo de
Tavera, Jose Basa, and
Antonio M. Regidor. It was
said that the Cavite mutineers
got their cue from Manila
when they saw and heard
fireworks across the Manila
Bay which was really a
celebration of the feast of the
Lady of Loreto in Sampaloc.
● When the Archbishop of
Manila, Rev. Meliton Martinez,
refused to cooperate and
defrock the priests, the
Spanish court-martial on
February 15 went ahead and
maliciously found Fathers
Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora
guilty of treason for instigating
the Cavite mutiny. Two days
later, the three priests were
put to death by garrotte in
Bagumbayan, now known as
Luneta. (Garrote was a
barbaric Spanish method of
execution in which an iron
collar was tightened around
the prisoner’s neck until death
occurred.)
● Father Burgos was of Spanish
descent, born in the
Philippines. He was a parish
priest of the Manila Cathedral
and had been known to be
close to the liberal Governor
General de la Torre. He was
35 years old at the time and
was active and outspoken in
advocating the Filipinization of
the clergy. He was quoted as
saying, “Why shall a young
man strive to rise in the
profession of law or theology
when he can vision no future
for himself but obscurity?”
● Father Zamora, 37, was also
Spanish, born in the
Philippines. He was the parish
priest of Marikina and was
known to be unfriendly to and
would not countenance any
arrogance or authoritative
behavior from Spaniards
coming from Spain. He once
snubbed a Spanish governor
who came to visit Marikina.
● Father Gomez was an old
man in his mid-’70,
Chinese-Filipino, born in
Cavite. He held the most
senior position of the three as
Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite.
He was truly nationalistic and
accepted the death penalty
 calmly as though it were his
penance for being
pro-Filipinos.
● The three priests were
stripped of their albs, and with
chained hands and feet were
brought to their cells after
their sentence. They received
numerous visits from folks
coming from Cavite, Bulacan,
and elsewhere. Forty
thousand Filipinos came to
Luneta to witness and quietly
condemn the execution, and
Gomburza became a rallying
catchword for the
down-trodden Filipinos
seeking justice and freedom
from Spain.
● In the dedication page of his
second book, El
Filibusterismo, published in
1891, Dr. Jose Rizal wrote, “I
dedicate my work to you as
victims of the evil which I
undertake to combat…”
● It is well to remember that the
seeds of nationalism that was
sown in Cavite blossomed to
the Philippine Revolution and
later to the Declaration of
Independence by Emilio
Aguinaldo which took place
also in Cavite. As for me, the
1872 Cavite Mutiny bolstered
the stereotypical belief that
Caviteños were the most
courageous of my fellow
Filipinos.
SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT
● Two kinds of priests served
the Catholic Church in the
Philippines. These were the
regulars and the seculars.
● Regular priests belonged to
religious orders. Their main
task was to spread
Christianity. Examples were
the Augustinians, Discalced
Franciscans, Dominicans.
Jesuits, Augustinians
Recollects,
● Secular priests did not belong
to any religious order. They
were trained specifically to
run the parishes and were
under the supervision of the
bishops.
● Secular clergy, on the other
hand, were priests who “live
in the world”. They were
under the authority of bishops
and not members of a
religious order. The primary
task was the management of
the religious communities and
ideally, the continuation of the
work already laid down by the
regular clergy.
● In the Philippines, the regular
clergy remained
administrators of the parishes
well into the nineteenth
century.
● Conflict began when the
bishops insisted on visiting
the parishes that were being
run by regular priests. It was
their duty, they argued, to
check on the administration of
 these parishes. But the
regular priests refused these
visits, saying that they were
not under the bishop’s
jurisdiction. They threatened
to abandon their parishes if
the bishops persisted.
● In 1774, Archbishop Basilio
Santa Justa decided to
uphold the diocese’s authority
over the parishes and
accepted the resignations of
the regular priests. He
assigned secular priests to
take their place. Since there
were not enough seculars to
fill all the vacancies the
Archbishop hastened the
ordination of Filipino seculars.
A royal decree was also
issued on November 9, 1774,
which provided for the
EXECUTION OF GOMEZ, BURGOS,
secularization of all parishes
AND ZAMORA
or the transfer of parochial
administration from the
regular friars to the secular
priests.
● The regulars resented the
move because they
considered the Filipinos unfit
for the priesthood. Among
other reasons they cited the
Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of
education, and inadequate
experience.
● The controversy became
more intense when the
Jesuits returned to the
Philippines. They had been
exiled from the country
because of certain policies of
the order that the Spanish
authorities did not like.
● The issue soon took on a
racial slant. The Spaniards
were clearly favouring their
own regular priest over
Filipino priests.
● Monsignor Pedro Pelaez,
ecclesiastical governor of the
Church, sided with the
Filipinos. Unfortunately, he
died in an earthquake that
destroyed the Manila
Cathedral in 1863. After his
death, other priests took his
place in fighting for the
secularization movement.
Among them were Fathers
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos
and Jacinto Zamora.
● Fathers Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos and Jacinto
Zamora were prominent
figures in the secularization
movement. They were
implicated as leaders of the
Cavite Mutiny. To instill fear
among Filipinos, they were
publicly executed in February
07, 1872 in the Bagumbayan.
● Fathers Gomez and Zamora
served as spiritual adviser of
the soldiers and workers who
joined the mutiny.
● Their execution was
witnessed by many Filipinos
 and have left them a great
feeling of indignation and
injustice. They considered it
as a way of Spanish
authorities to silence the
secularization movement.
This has also fueled the
hatred of Filipinos for the
Spaniards which ignited
nationalistic sentiments of the
Filipinos.
● The execution of the
GOMBURZA had also
inspired the Propaganda
movement and the Philippine
revolution. The Propaganda
A French writer-journalist named
Movement (1880- 1892)
Edmund Plauchut gave an account of
● Due to abuses of Spanish
the execution
authorities and clergies and
the curtailment of freedom of
expression, Filipinos,
specifically the IIustrados
campaigned for the
assimilation of the Philippines
to Spain by becoming a
province of Spain so that the
Filipinos and Spaniards will
be equal and Filipinos will
enjoy the liberties enjoyed by
the Spaniards.
● The Ilustrados organized the
Propaganda movement which
exposed the condition of the
Philippines under the Spanish
rule and campaigned for
reforms that the country
needed. They also
campaigned for
representation to Spanish
Cortes (legislature), freedom
of the press, economic
liberalization, secularization
and equality before the law of
Filipinos and Spaniards.
● The Propaganda movement
expressed their campaigns in
the La Solidaridad – the
official newspaper of the
movement. The
Propagandists did not only
expose the social conditions
of the Philippines and ask for
reforms but they also wrote
about Philippine history,
culture and identity.
● Late in the night of the 15th of
February 1872, a Spanish
court martial found three
secular priests, Jose Burgos,
Mariano Gomez and Jacinto
Zamora, guilty of treason as
the instigators of a mutiny in
the Cavite navy-yard a month
before, and sentenced them
to death. The judgement of
the court martial was read to
the priests in Fort Santiago
early in the next morning and
they were told it would be
executed the following day…
Upon hearing the sentence,
Burgos broke into sobs,
Zamora lost his mind and
never recovered it, and only
Gomez listened impassively,
 an old man accustomed to the committed? Is it possible that
thought of death. I should die like this. My God,
● When dawn broke on the 17th is there no justice on earth?”
of February there were almost ● A dozen friars surrounded him
forty thousand of Filipinos and pressed him down again
(who came from as far as upon the seat of the garrote,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Cavite pleading with him to die a
and Laguna) surrounding the Christian death. He obeyed
four platforms where the three but, feeling his arms tied
priests and the man whose round the fatal post, protested
testimony had convicted once again: “But I am
them, a former artilleryman innocent!”
called Saldua, would die. ● “So was Jesus Christ,’ said
● The three priests followed one of the friars.” At this
Saldua: Burgos ‘weeping like Burgos resigned himself. The
a child’, Zamora with vacant executioner knelt at his feet
eyes, and Gomez head held and asked his forgiveness. “I
high, blessing the Filipinos forgive you, my son. Do your
who knelt at his feet, heads duty.” And it was done.
bared and praying. He was
Although the public execution of the
next to die. When his
three priests was a meant to instill fear
confessor, a Recollect friar ,
in the Filipinos, it had the opposite
exhorted him loudly to accept
effect. In his work, La Revolucion
his fate, he replied: “Father, I
Filipina, Apolinario Mabini stated:
know that not a leaf falls to
the ground but by the will of ● The friars wanted to make an
God. Since He wills that I example of Burgos and his
should die here, His holy will companions so that the
be done.” Filipinos should be afraid to
● Zamora went up the scaffold go against them from then on.
without a word and delivered But that patent injustice , that
his body to the executioner; official crime, aroused not fear
his mind had already left it. but hatred of the friars and the
● Burgos was the last, a regime that supported them,
refinement of cruelty that and a profound sympathy and
compelled him to watch the sorrow for the victims. The
death of his companions. He sorrow worked a miracle: it
seated himself on the iron rest made the Filipinos realize
and then sprang up crying: their conditions for the first
“But what crime have I time.
 ● Conscious of pain, and thus
conscious of life, they asked
themselves what kind of a life
they lived. The awakening
was painful, and working to
Module
stay alive more painful still,
but one must live. How? They

3
did not know, and the desire
to know, the anxiety to learn,
overwhelmed and took
possession of the youth of the
Philippines.The curtain of
ignorance woven diligently for

Summa
centuries was rent at last: fiat
lux, let there be light, would
not be long in coming, the
dawn of a new day was
nearing.

Summary

The Cavite Mutiny and the

subsequent execution of the three
ry
priests- Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez,
and Jacinto Zamora-marked 1872 as a
This module aimed to situate Rizal's
significant year in Philippine history.
within the larger context of the
Although the clamor for a more liberal
nineteenth century, It focused on the
administration during this time was
economic and social developments in
temporarily silenced , nationalism was
the century that shaped the world in
gradually awakened , culminating in
which Rizal lived. The Philippines, being
more decisive events towards the end of
part of the wider Spanish empire,
the nineteenth century.
underwent changes when the Spanish
Crown also had a dynastic shift in the
nineteenth century. With this came the
Bourbon reforms that brought new
policies of economic reorientation for the
colonies. With the development of the
cash crop economy and the opening of
Manila and other cities to world trade ,
the economy boomed in the nineteenth
century.

This development in the economy

also had a profound impact on the social
4.1
and political landscapes. The new
economy resulted in changes in policies

Imagini
about education and heightened the
surveillance and regulatory mechanism
of the state . Furthermore , the
nineteenth century saw the ascendance
of the mestizo and principalia classes
that would assert their relevance in
society.

This module presented a brief history

of the hacienda from its beginnings a
royal land grant rewarded to Spaniards
ng a
who had rendered to Spaniards who
had rendered exemplary service to the

Nation
Spanish Crown. Later, these lands came
into the possession of the friars by way
of purchase or donation. Also pointed
out this module was the in
landlord-tenant to a three-tiered one
with landlords, inquilinos, and
sharecroppers.

The Cavite Mutiny and the

subsequent execution of the three
priests- Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez,
and Jacinto Zamora-marked 1872 as a
significant year in Philippine history.
Hop in and let's begin learning!
Although the clamor for a more liberal
administration during this time was Intended Learning Outcomes:
temporarily silenced , nationalism was
gradually awakened , culminating in 1. Discuss the Propaganda
more decisive events towards the end of Movement.
the nineteenth century. 2. Distinguish Rizal’s
involvement ; and
3. Explain how propaganda
works.
 At the end of the 19th century, economic
conditions had improved in the
Vocabulary:
Philippines.
Cortes - the legislative or lawmaking
body of the Spanish government
Creole - a Spaniard born in the
Philippines
Mestizo - an individual born of mixed
ancestry; may refer to a Spanish
mestizo or a Chinese mestizo
Propaganda - information used to
promote or publicize a particular cause
or point of view
Restoration - refers to the Spanish
restoration; a period in Spanish history
spanning the years 1874 - 1931 the saw
the restoration of the monarchy under
Alfonso XII together with the
establishment of a bicameral legislature.
Introduction
Towards the end of the nineteenth
century economic conditions in the
Philippines had improved in such a way
that it was possible for many creole and
mestizo families to send their sons to
school not only in Manila, but also in
Europe. The young Filipino students'
sojourn to the Peninsula would awaken
in their minds ideas about progress and
love for their motherland .
Presentation
● Creole and Mestizo family can
send their children to Europe
to study.
● Filipino students learned the
virtue of progress and love for
their motherland through their
sojourn in the Peninsula.
● In Europe, Filipino students
learned how to think,
question, and imagine what a
nation is.
● Circulo Hispano-Filipino
was the earliest attempt to
unite Filipinos studying in
Spain.
● It is an organization under the
leadership of a creole, Juan
Atayde.
● It had the support of
Spaniards who were
sympathetic towards the
Filipinos.
● It published a bi-weekly
newspaper titled Revista del
Circulo Hispano-Filipino in
1882.
● The newspaper and
organization lasted until 1883.
● In 1883, Los Dos Mundos
came out with the intention of
demanding for the overseas
Hispano Colonies equality of
rights and equal opportunities
for progress.
● Graciano Lopez Jaena and
Pedro Govantes y Azcarraga
were staff members.
● Rizal and Eduardo de Lete
were article contributors
concerned with socio-political
and economic reforms in the
Philippines.
● Another newspaper titled
Espana en Filipinas started
its publication through the
support of Filipinos, creoles,
and meztizos in Madrid.
● The newspaper was
short-lived due to glaring
diffences and internal feuding
among its staff.
● La Solidaridad
● It released its first issue on
February 15, 1889.
● The staff defined its program
as:
● to combat all reactions;
● to impede all retrogression;
● to applaud and accept every
liberal idea;
● to defend all progress.
● Reforms sought:
● Philippine representation in
the cortes
● Freedom of the press
● End of the practice of exiling
residents without due
process.
● It ran articles dealing with
Spanish politics, attacks on
friars, and reforms for the
Philippines.
● Article contributors:
● Jose Rizal
● Dominador Gomez
● Jose Maria Panganiban
● Antonio Luna
● Ferdinand Blumentritt
● Del Pilar gradually took on the
active role of running the
paper.
● Lopez Jaena was the editor in
name and known to be
incapable of sustained work.
● Del Pilar decided to move to
Madrid and the paper went
with him.
● The first issue printed in
Madrid came out on
November 15, 1889.
● A month later, Del Pilar took
the helm of editorship.
● In 1890, Rizal and Del Pilar
had differences with regard to
Philippines affairs.
● Rizal believes that to serve
the country better, one had to
bring the issues closer to
home.
● Del Pilar was a skillful
politician who felt that efforts
at persuading the Spanish
leaders and officials needed
to be continued and that this
was the best way to achieve
the reforms Filipinos were
seeking.
● At New Year’s Eve banquet in
1891, Filipinos in Madrid
proposed that they elect a
leader to unite their
community.
● Rizal agreed with the
proposal while Del Pilar
expressed initial misgivings;
nevertheless, the voting took
place.
 ● Rizal won the election, but
upon learning that he won
due to the manipulation of his
friend, Mariano Ponce, he felt
a shallow triumph so he left
4.2 Noli
Madrid.
● The newspaper released its

Me
final issue on November 15,
1895.
● Marcelo H. del Pilar wrote his
final editorial saying, ‘’We are
persuaded that no
sacrifices are too little to

Tangere
win the rights and the
liberty of a nation that is
oppressed by slavery.’’
Summary

Early efforts to unite the Filipino

community in Spain began as early as
1882 and reached its height with the
emergence of the newspaper La
Solidaridad in 1889. Journalism became
a means for Filipino to engage the
Spanish-reading public on issues
concerning the Philippines. Among the
reforms they sought were At the end of the lesson you must be
representation in the Spanish Cortes, able to:
freedom of the press, and the end of the
1. Appreciate the importance of
practice of exiling Filipino residents
Rizal as a thinker; and
without due process. By the mid-1890s,
2. Relate the issues raised in the
internal feuding and lack of funds would
novel to the changing
end the Propaganda Movement while a
landscape of the
few Filipinos, like Rizal, would bring the
contemporary world.
struggle closer to home.

Vocabulary:

novel- a long written story most often

about fictional events and characters
setting ( in a novel) - the context in
which the events take place; covers
geographical areas in particular periods
of time
plot - the flow of the narrative in a story
Introduction
Jose Rizal’s first novel, Noli Me Tangere,
is considered one of the most important
written outputs by the national hero at
the height of his intellectual endeavors
in Europe.
Rizal mustered his academic acumens
as he tapped his knowledge of various
fields and wove a narrative that aimed to
represent, if not expose, the realities of
nineteenth century colonial life in the
Philippines
Through the eyes of its characters, one
journey of love and deception, struggles
and triumphs; and in the process,
presents pressing questions about
power and social inequalities.
Presentation
The Publication of the Noli Me
Tangere
● Rizal participated in the
movement of the ilustrados to
utilized propaganda to
campaign for reforms in the
Philippines . Utilizing their
intellectual prowess, the
ilustrados released various
written outputs from news
bits, to feature articles, and
commentaries.
● Rizal’s exemplary mastery of
words was clearly evident in
one of his most celebrated
works, his first novel, Noli Me
Tangere
● The idea of publishing a book
was not alien to Rizal
● In a meeting with the
ilustrados in 1884, he
proposed to write a book
project to be done
collaboratively with his fellow
writers, the project did not
materialize
● He decided to write a novel
on his own
● Rizal influenced in the writing
of the Noli: 1. Juan Luna’s
painting Spolarium which
depicted the sufferings faced
by humanity in the face of
inequalities 2. Uncle Tom’s
Cabin, a novel by Harriet
Beecher Stowe that dealt with
slavery in America.
● Rizal finished the first half of
the novel in Spain,
supposedly the other half in
France, then completed the
draft in 1886. The novel was
published the following year in
Germany. Luck of funds
delayed the book’s publication
until a fellow ilusrado, Maximo
viola, insisted on lending him
300 pesos for the printing of
the first 2,000m copies
 ● March 29, 1887- Rizal, in
token of his appreciation and
gratitude, gave Viola the
galley proofs of the Noli
carefully rolled around the
pen that he used in writing it
and a complimentary copy,
with the following inscription:
“To my dear friend, Maximo
Viola, the first to read and
appreciate my work—Jose
Rizal”
Motivations behind Writing the Noli
● The title Noli Me Tangere is
a Latin phrase which means
“Touch Me Not”. It is not
originally conceived by Rizal,
for he admitted taking it from
the Bible
● Rizal, writing to Felix Hidalgo
in French on March 5, 1887,
said: “Noli Me Tangere, words
taken from the Gospel of St.
Luke, signify “do not touch
me” but Rizal made a
mistake, it should be the
Gospel of St. John (Chapter
20 Verses 13 to 17)
● Rizal dedicated his Noli Me
Tangere to the
Philippines—“To My
Fatherland”
● The cover of Noli Me Tangere
was designed by Rizal. It is a
ketch of explicit symbols. A
woman’s head atop a Maria
Clara bodice represents the
nation and the women,
victims of the social cancer.
One of the causes of the
cancer is symbolized in the
friar’s feet, outsized in relation
to the woman’s head. The
other aggravating causes of
oppression and discrimination
are shown in the guard’s
helmet and the iron chains,
the teacher’s whip and the
alferez’s scourge. A slight
cluster of bamboo stands at
the backdrop; these are the
people, forever in the
background of their own
country’s history. There are a
cross, a maze, flowers and
thorny plants, a flame; these
are indicative of the religious
policy, the misdirected ardor,
the people strangled as a
result of these all
● The novel Noli Me Tangere
contains 63 chapters and an
epilogue
● Antonio Ma. Regidor-
Filipino patriot and lawyer
who had been exiled due to
his complicity in the Cavite
Mutiny of 1872, read avidly
the Noli and was very much
impressed by its author
Plot
● Having completed his studies
in Europe, young Juan
Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin
came back to the Philippines
after a 7-year absence. In his
honor, Don Santiago de los
 Santos, a family friend
commonly known as Captain
Tiago, threw a get-together
party, which was attended by
friars and other prominent
figures. One of the guests,
former San Diego curate Fray
Dámaso Vardolagas belittled
and slandered Ibarra. Ibarra
brushed off the insults and
took no offense; he instead
politely excused himself and
left the party because of an
allegedly important task.
● The next day, Ibarra visits
María Clara, his betrothed,
the beautiful daughter of
Captain Tiago and affluent
resident of Binondo. Their
long-standing love was clearly
manifested in this meeting,
and María Clara cannot help
but reread the letters her
sweetheart had written her
before he went to Europe.
Before Ibarra left for San
Diego, Lieutenant Guevara, a
Civil Guard, reveals to him the
incidents preceding the death
of his father, Don Rafael
Ibarra, a rich hacendero of the
town.
● According to Guevara, Don
Rafael was unjustly accused
of being a heretic, in addition
to being a subservient — an
allegation brought forth by
Dámaso because of Don
Rafael’s non-participation in
the Sacraments, such as
Confession and Mass.
Dámaso’s animosity against
Ibarra’s father is aggravated
by another incident when Don
Rafael helped out on a fight
between a tax collector and a
child fighting, and the former’s
death was blamed on him,
although it was not deliberate.
Suddenly, all of those who
thought ill of him surfaced
with additional complaints. He
was imprisoned, and just
when the matter was almost
settled, he died of sickness in
jail. Still not content with what
he had done, Dámaso
arranged for Don Rafael’s
corpse to be dug up from the
Catholic church and brought
to a Chinese cemetery,
because he thought it
inappropriate to allow a
heretic a Catholic burial
ground. Unfortunately, it was
raining and because of the
bothersome weight of the
body, the undertakers decide
to throw the corpse into a
nearby lake.
● Revenge was not in Ibarra’s
plans, instead he carried
through his father’s plan of
putting up a school, since he
believed that education would
pave the way to his country’s
progress (all over the novel
the author refers to both
Spain and the Philippines as
two different countries, which
 form part of a same nation or
family, being Spain the mother
and the Philippines the
daughter). During the
inauguration of the school,
Ibarra would have been killed
in a sabotage had Elías — a
mysterious man who had
warned Ibarra earlier of a plot
to assassinate him — not
saved him. Instead the hired
killer met an unfortunate
incident and died. The
sequence of events proved to
be too traumatic for María
Clara who got seriously ill but
was luckily cured by the
medicine Ibarra sent.
● After the inauguration, Ibarra
hosted a luncheon during
which Dámaso, gate-crashing
the luncheon, again insulted
him. Ibarra ignored the
priest’s insolence, but when
the latter slandered the
memory of his dead father, he
was no longer able to restrain
himself and lunged at
Dámaso, prepared to stab
him for his impudence. As a
consequence, Dámaso
excommunicated Ibarra,
taking this opportunity to
persuade the already-hesitant
Tiago to forbid his daughter
from marrying Ibarra. The friar
wished María Clara to marry
Linares, a Peninsular who
had just arrived from Spain.
● With the help of the
Governor-General, Ibarra’s
excommunication was
nullified and the Archbishop
decided to accept him as a
member of the Church once
again. But, as fate would have
it, some incident of which
Ibarra had known nothing
about was blamed on him,
and he is wrongly arrested
and imprisoned. The
accusation against him was
then overruled because
during the litigation that
followed, nobody could testify
that he was indeed involved.
Unfortunately, his letter to
María Clara somehow got into
the hands of the jury and is
manipulated such that it then
became evidence against him
by the parish priest, Fray
Salví. With Machiavellian
precision, Salví framed Ibarra
and ruined his life just so he
could stop him from marrying
María Clara and making the
latter his concubine.
● Meanwhile, in Capitan Tiago’s
residence, a party was being
held to announce the
upcoming wedding of María
Clara and Linares. Ibarra, with
the help of Elías, took this
opportunity to escape from
prison. Before leaving, Ibarra
spoke to María Clara and
accused her of betraying him,
thinking that she gave the
 letter he wrote her to the jury.
María Clara explained that
she would never conspire
against him, but that she was
forced to surrender Ibarra’s
letter to Father Salvi, in
exchange for the letters
written by her mother even
before she, María Clara, was
born. The letters were from
her mother, Pía Alba, to
Dámaso alluding to their
unborn child; and that María
Clara was therefore not
Captain Tiago’s biological
daughter, but Dámaso’s.
● Afterwards, Ibarra and Elías
fled by boat. Elías instructed
Ibarra to lie down, covering
him with grass to conceal his
presence. As luck would have
it, they were spotted by their
enemies. Elías, thinking he
could outsmart them, jumped
into the water. The guards
rained shots on him, all the
while not knowing that they
were aiming at the wrong
man.
● María Clara, thinking that
Ibarra had been killed in the
shooting incident, was greatly
overcome with grief. Robbed
of hope and severely
disillusioned, she asked
Dámaso to confine her into a
nunnery. Dámaso reluctantly
agreed when she threatened
to take her own life,
demanding, “the nunnery or
death!”[2] Unbeknownst to
her, Ibarra was still alive and
able to escape. It was Elías
who had taken the shots.
● It was Christmas Eve when
Elías woke up in the forest
fatally wounded, as it is here
where he instructed Ibarra to
meet him. Instead, Elías
found the altar boy Basilio
cradling his already-dead
mother, Sisa. The latter lost
her mind when she learned
that her two sons, Crispín and
Basilio, were chased out of
the convent by the sacristan
mayor on suspicions of
stealing sacred objects. (The
truth is that, it was the
sacristan mayor who stole the
objects and only pinned the
blame on the two boys. The
said sacristan mayor actually
killed Crispín while
interrogating him on the
supposed location of the
sacred objects. It was implied
that the body was never found
and the incident was
covered-up by Salví).
● Elías, convinced that he
would die soon, instructs
Basilio to build a funeral pyre
and burn his and Sisa’s
bodies to ashes. He tells
Basilio that, if nobody reaches
the place, he come back later
on and dig for he will find
gold. He also tells him
(Basilio) to take the gold he
 finds and go to school. In his
dying breath, he instructed
Basilio to continue dreaming
about freedom for his
motherland with the words:
● “ I shall die without seeing the
dawn break upon my
homeland. You, who shall see
it, salute it! Do not forget
those who have fallen during
the night.” ”
● Elías died thereafter. In the
epilogue, it was explained that
Tiago became addicted to
opium and was seen to
frequent the opium house in
Binondo to satiate his
addiction. María Clara
became a nun where Salví,
who has lusted over her from
the beginning of the novel,
regularly used her to fulfill his
lust. One stormy evening, a
beautiful crazy woman was
seen at the top of the convent
crying and cursing the
heavens for the fate it has
handed her. While the woman
was never identified, it is
suggested that the said
woman was María Clara.
MAJOR CHARACTERS
● IBARRA
Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin,
commonly referred to the novel as
Ibarra or Crisóstomo, is the protagonist
in the story. Son of a Filipino
businessman, Don Rafael Ibarra, he
studied in Europe for seven years.
Ibarra is also María Clara’s fiancé.
Several sources claim that Ibarra is also
Rizal’s reflection: both studied in Europe
and both persons believe in the same
ideas. Upon his return, Ibarra requested
the local government of San Diego to
construct a public school to promote
education in the town.
In the sequel of Noli, El filibusterismo,
Ibarra returned with different character
and name: he called himself as Simoun,
the English mestizo.
● MARÍA CLARA
María Clara de los Santos y Alba,
commonly referred to as María Clara, is
Ibarra’s fiancée. She was raised by
Capitán Tiago, Binundok’s cabeza de
barangay and is the most beautiful and
widely celebrated girl in San Diego. In
the later parts of the novel, María
Clara’s identity was revealed as an
illegitimate daughter of Father Dámaso,
former parish curate of the town, and
Doña Pía Alba, wife of Capitán Tiago. In
the end she entered local covenant for
nuns Beaterio de Santa Clara. In the
epilogue dealing with the fate of the
characters, Rizal stated that it is
unknown if María Clara is still living
within the walls of the covenant or she is
already dead.
The character of María Clara was
patterned after Leonor Rivera, Rizal’s
first cousin and childhood sweetheart.
● CAPITÁN TIAGO
Don Santiago de los Santos, known by
his nickname Tiago and political title
Capitán Tiago is a Filipino businessman
and the cabeza de barangay or head of
barangay of the town of Binundok. He is
also the known father of María Clara.
In the novel, it is said that Capitán Tiago
is the richest man in the region of
Binondo and he possessed real
properties in Pampanga and Laguna de
Bay. He is also said to be a good
Catholic, friend of the Spanish
government and was considered as a
Spanish by colonialists. Capitán Tiago
never attended school, so he became a
domestic helper of a Dominican friar
who taught him informal education. He
married Pía Alba from Santa Cruz.
● PADRE DÁMASO
Dámaso Verdolagas, or Padre Dámaso
is a Franciscan friar and the former
parish curate of San Diego. He is best
known as a notorious character who
speaks with harsh words and has been
a cruel priest during his stay in the town.
He is the real father of María Clara and
an enemy of Crisóstomo’s father, Rafael
Ibarra. Later, he and María Clara had
bitter arguments whether she would
marry Alfonso Linares or go to a
convent.[13] At the end of the novel, he
is again re-assigned to a distant town
and is found dead one day.
In popular culture, when a priest was
said to be like Padre Dámaso, it means
that he is a cruel but respectable
individual. When one says a child is
“anak ni Padre Damaso” (child of Padre
Dámaso), it means that the child’s
father’s identity is unknown.
● ELÍAS
Elías is Ibarra’s mysterious friend and
ally. Elías made his first appearance as
a pilot during a picnic of Ibarra and
María Clara and her friends.[14] He
wants to revolutionize the country and to
be freed from Spanish oppression.
The 50th chapter of the novel explores
the past of Elías and history of his
family. In the past, Ibarra’s
great-grandfather condemned Elías’
grandfather of burning a warehouse
which led into misfortune for Elías’
family. His father was refused to be
married by his mother because his
father’s past and family lineage was
discovered by his mother’s family. In the
long run, Elías and his twin sister was
raised by their maternal grandfather.
When they were teenagers, their distant
relatives called them hijos de bastardo
or illegitimate children. One day, his
sister disappeared which led him to
search for her. His search led him into
different places, and finally, he became
a fugitive and subversive.
● PILOSOPO TACIO
Pilosopo Tacio, known by his Filipinized
name Pilosopo Tasyo is another major
character in the story. Seeking for
reforms from the government, he
expresses his ideals in paper written in
a cryptographic alphabet similar from
hieroglyphs and Coptic figures hoping
“that the future generations may be able
to decipher it” and realized the abuse Summary
and oppression done by the conquerors.
This module discussed Noli Me
His full name is only known as Don
Tangere , tracing its publication and
Anastacio. The educated inhabitants of
Rizal's motivation behind its writing. Noli
San Diego labeled him as Filosofo Tacio
Me Tangere was part of a publication
(Tacio the Sage) while others called him
agenda conceived by Rizal in the hopes
as Tacio el Loco (Insane Tacio) due to
of awakening his countrymen and the
his exceptional talent for reasoning.
wourld about the colonial conditions in
● DOÑA VICTORINA the Philippines. On the pages of the Noli
Rizal's genius shone through as he
Doña Victorina de Espadaña, commonly
assembled and harnessed his intellect
known as Doña Victorina, is an
to paint a picture of nineteenth century
ambitious Filipina who classifies herself
Philippines. The plot provided a story of
as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies
hope and struggle against the backdrop
by putting on heavy make-up.[12] The
of an elaborate setting filled with equally
novel narrates Doña Victorina’s younger
complex characters . Through the
days: she had lots of admirers, but she
novels' characters, varied points of view
didn’t choose any of them because
were gleaned from colonial life and
nobody was a Spaniard. Later on, she
through its plot, an allegory of colonial
met and married Don Tiburcio de
society was created.
Espadaña, an official of the customs
bureau who is about ten years her
junior.
childless.
However, their marriage is

Her husband assumes the title of

medical doctor even though he never
Module
attended medical school; using fake

4
documents and certificates, Tiburcio
practices illegal medicine. Tiburcio’s
usage of the title Dr. consequently
makes Victorina assume the title Dra.
(doctora, female doctor). Apparently,
she uses the whole name Doña
Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadaña,
with double de to emphasize her
marriage surname. She seems to feel
that this awkward titling makes her more
“sophisticated.”
 intellect to paint a picture of the

Summa nineteenth century Philippines. The plot

provided a story of hope and struggle
against the backdrop of an elaborate
setting filled with equally complex
characters . Through the novels'
characters, varied points of view were

ry
gleaned from colonial life and through its
plot, an allegory of colonial society was
created.

Early efforts to unite the Filipino

community in Spain began as early as
5.1
1882 and reached its height with the

Looking
emergence of the newspaper La
Solidaridad in 1889. Journalism became
a means for Filipino to engage the
Spanish-reading public on issues
concerning the Philippines. Among the
reforms they sought
representation in the Spanish Cortes,
were

freedom of the press, and the end of the

practice of exiling Filipino residents
at the
Filipino
without due process. By the mid-1890s,
internal feuding and lack of funds would
end the Propaganda Movement while a
few Filipinos, like Rizal, would bring the
struggle closer to home.

This module discussed Noli Me

Tangere , tracing its publication and
Rizal's motivation behind its writing. Noli
Me Tangere was part of a publication
Past
agenda conceived by Rizal in the hopes
of awakening his countrymen and the
wourld about the colonial conditions in
the Philippines. On the pages of the
Noli, Rizal's genius shone through as
he assembled and harnessed his

At the end of the session you must
be able to:
1. Argue the reason why Jose
Rizal decided to annotate
Antonio Morga’s work,
Sucesos de Las-islas Filipinas
2. Relate how Rizal’s annotation
conform with the overall aims
of the propaganda movement
3. Create their own annotations
of a sample
Vocabulary:
Audencia - the Royal Audencia or the
royal court of justice in Spain and its
colonies
Ecclesistics - the religious missionaries
secular - having ideas and attitudes not
determined by any religious bias
Introduction
During the Spanish colonial period,
Philippines history was primarily written
by the Spaniards. Early Spanish
historians took note of the native’s
appearance and the way of life. Jose
Rizal annotation of Antonio Morga’s
work, Sucesos de las Filipinas, was an
attempt to redress this biased view of
the Filipinos. Although Rizal’s
annotations have been “ largely
disregarded.” His work has been
credited as the first Philippine history to
be written from the viewpoint of a
Pilipino.
Presentation
● Auidencia- the Royal
Audencia or the royal court of
justice in Spain and its
colonies
● Ecclesiastics- the religious
missionaries
● Secular- having ideas and
attitudes not determined by
any religious bias
________________________________
________________________________
_____________________
● Antonio de Morga Sánchez
Garay was born in Seville. He
graduated from the University
of Salamanca in 1574 and in
1578 received a doctorate in
canon law. He taught briefly in
Osuna, and then returned to
Salamanca to study civil law.
In 1580 he joined the
government service as a
lawyer. Among other positions
in Spain, he held that of
auditor general of the galleys.
In 1582 he was serving as
mayor of Baracaldo in
Vizcaya when he first married,
to Juana de Briviesca de
Munotones.
● In August 1593 he was
notified that he had been
selected as Lieutenant to the
Governor-General of the
Philippines, starting what
 would become 43 years of
colonial service. He traveled
accompanied by his family, 14
servants, three black slaves
and his collection of books.
Following the route of that
time, he sailed from Cadiz in
February 1594, arriving in
Mexico in May. During the
following period of preparation
for the Pacific voyage, he
heard two important cases,
and supervised the supplying
of the two ships to be used.
He also recruited 200 soldiers
for the garrison in Manila.
They departed Acapulco on
March 22, 1595, reaching
Manila on June 11, 1595. He
had the second-most powerful
position in the colony.
SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS -
● He first served under
An account of Spanish observations
Governor-General Luis Pérez
about the Filipinos and the Philippines.
Dasmariñas, who was interim
after his father's death.
Francisco Tello de Guzmán
soon succeeded him, and
Morga reported to him during
most of his time in the colony.
In his account of the colonial
Philippines published in 1609,
Morga noted the miserable
condition suffered by many of
the Spanish/Mexican soldiers,
who were young, ill-paid and
suffered in that unfamiliar
environment. Few wanted to
settle in Manila, and
higher-level government
officials also sought to leave
the colony in a few years. His
first two reports to the Crown
covered a wide variety of
topics, mentioning Japan,
Mindanao, and China, in
addition to civil, military and
ecclesiastical activities within
the colony.
● He issued regulations for
administrative reform, known
as the Ordenzas. Among his
reforms was to restore the
audencia. In 1598 he
resigned as lieutenant
governor to assume the office
of oidor, or judge, in the newly
re-established Audiencia of
Manila. The position required
his removal from much public
life.
● Background information/
Important information about
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
● Antonio De Morga - Author of
Sucesos de las islas Filipinas
● This is one of the first books
ever to tackle Philippine
history.
● Book that describes the
events inside and outside of
the country from 1493 to
1603, including the history of
the Philippines.
● Consist of 8 Chapters
● Discuss the political, social
and economical aspects of a
 colonizer and the colonized
country.
● The content of the book is
based on documentary
research, observation and
personal experience of
Morga.
● Rizal is a secondary source of
the book due to his
Annotations.
● Antonio de Morga Spanish
lawyer and official in the
Philippines during the 17th
century.
● The Philippines was named in
honor of King Philip II of
Spain.
EVENTS, HAPPENINGS,
OCCURRENCE
● The Sucesos is the work of an
honest observer, a versatile
bureaucrat, who knew the
workings of the administration
from the inside.
● Rizal’s Objectives
1.To awaken the consciousness of the
Filipinos regarding their glorious ways of
the past
2. To correct what has been
distorted about the Philippines
due to Spanish conquest
3. To prove that Filipinos are
civilized even before the
coming of the Spaniards
● Blumentritt’s Influence on
Rizal Ferdinand Blumentritt
has encouraged Rizal to write
about the Philippines’
pre-colonial History.
ON RIZAL’s ANNOTATION
THE FIRST OBJECTIVE
● The Early Filipino Pride
Rizal strove to establish that the
Filipinos could be proud of their
pre-conquest past.
THE SECOND OBJECTIVE
● History as a Propaganda
Weapon
Rizal aimed to use history as a
propaganda weapon.
● EARLY GOVERNMENT
Our forefathers in the pre-colonial
Philippines already possessed a
working judicial and legislative system
● HIGH LITERACY RATE
The Spanish missionaries exploited the
baybayin for their own ends, learning
and using it to translate their goals
● EARLY ARTILLERY
Our ancestors were very proficient in the
art of war. Aside from wielding swords
and spears, they also knew how to
make and fire guns and cannons.
● SMOOTH FOREIGN
RELATIONS
The pre-colonial Filipinos had already
established trading and diplomatic
relations with countries as far away as
the Middle East
 ● SELF- SUFFICIENT
In terms of food, our forefathers did not
suffer from any lack thereof. Blessed
with such a resource-rich country, they
had enough for themselves and their
families
● ADVANCED CIVILIZATION
Our ancestors possessed a complex
working society and a culture replete
with works of arts and literature
IMPORTANT POINTS
● Sucesos De Las Islas
Filipinas is the first book to
tackle the Philippine history.
● The book discusses the
political, social and
economical aspects of a
colonizer and the colonized
country.
● The book that describes the
events inside and outside of
the country from 1493 to
1603, including the history of
the
Philippines.
● The pre-colonial Philippines
already possessed a working
judicial and legislative system
● Spanish missionaries put an
end to the baybayin written
system of the Philippines to
translate their goals
● Our ancestors possessed a
complex society and culture
filled with arts and literature
RIZAL’s Annotations
1. Philippines was NOT
DESERTED and was actually
HABITABLE.
2. Spaniards, like any other
nation, treat food to which
they are not accustomed or is
unknown to them with disgust.
This fish that Morga mentions
is bagoong (salted &
fermented fish)
Morga’s Sucesos
1. Philippines was DESERTED
and INHABITABLE.
2. Beef and fish they know it
best when it has started to rot
and stink Rizal’s Annotations
vs. De Morga’s Sucesos ...
RIZAL’S 3 PROPOSITIONS
1. The people of the Philippines
have a culture on their own,
before the coming of the
Spaniards
2. Filipinos were decimated,
demoralized, exploited, and
ruined by the Spanish
colonization
3. The present state of the
Philippines was not
necessarily superior to its
past
JOSE RIZAL AS PHILIPPINES’
NATIONAL HERO
● Rizal gave us freedom by
using goodness.
● Jose Rizal became the
Philippines’ National Hero
because he fought for
 freedom in a silent but
powerful way.
● He expressed his love for the
Philippines through his
novels, essays and articles
rather than through the use of
force or aggression.
“To foretell the destiny of a nation, it
is necessary to open the books that
tell of her past.” - Rizal
IMPORTANCE OF RIZAL’S
ANNOTATIONS TO THE PRESENT
GENERATION
1. To awaken in the Filipinos the
consciousness of our past
2. To devote ourselves to
studying the future
3. To first lay bare the past, in
order to better judge the
present and to survey the
road trodden during three
centuries
4. To prove Filipinos had a
culture of their own, prior to
colonization, that the Filipinos
were NOT inferior to the white
man
5. To shatter the myth of the
so-called “Indolence of the
Filipinos”
Filipino, with all its negative
connotations, and turn it into
one of dignity and nobility
Summary
Rizal's annotations of Sucesos de Las
Islas Filipinas may be considered an
attempt to write Philippine history from
the point of view of a Filipino . With the
publication of this work, Rizal provided a
linear view of history with Noli Me
Tangere showing a view of the present,
El Filibusterismo and "The Philippines a
Century Hence" illustrating a view of the
future, and the annotations clarifying a
view of the past.
In addition, Rizal's annotations should
also be understood within the context of
propaganda work that Filipinos in Spain
were engaged in. The annotations
explored the possibilities of creating a
Filipino identity anchored clearly on a
pre-Spanish past.
5.2

Indolen
6. To reduce those Filipinos who
denied their native tongue into
rotten fish
7. To seriously study Tagalog
and produce a
comprehensive Tagalog
dictionary
8. To embrace the generic term
“Indio”, or in today’s case,

ce or
Industry
Hello everyone! for our second module
the following Intended Learning
Outcomes will be realized:
1. Explain the factors that cause
the indolence of Filipinos;and
2. Defend their personal views
on the question of the
indolence of the Filipinos.
Introduction
In the opening scene of Noli Me
Tangere, a social gathering in the house
of Kapitan Tiago serves as a venue for
guests to mingle and converse. In one
such occasions, Father Damaso
explicitly states his opinion of the
indio.While speaking to a young man
about the native Filipinos, Damaso
exclaims, “ As I believe in the
Gospel!The Indian is so indolent!” To
this young man poses the question,
Does this indolence actually, naturally,
exist among the natives or is there some
truth in what a foreign traveler says that
with indolence we excuse our own, as
well backwardness and our colonial
system?” Indolence in the natives was a
view commonly held by foreigners who
came to the Philippines as evident in the
conversation narrated above. Rizal and
the other propagandists, however, felt
that this view was misguided and made
efforts for its rectification. One such
attempt was through Rizal’s essay, “
Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinas” (
On the Indolence of the Filipinos), which
will serve as the topic of this chapter.
Presentation
indio- a term used by the Spaniards to
refer to the native Filipinos; occasionally
used in a derogatory manner
Moro piracy – a series of raids in
several Philippine towns committed by
Muslims from Mindanao during the
seventeenth to eighteenth
centuries
________________________________
________________________________
_____________________
● Indolence or Industry Sobre la
Indolencia de los Filipinos
("On the Indolence of the
Filipinos" in Spanish) is a
socio-political essay
published in La Solidaridad in
 Madrid in 1890. It was written
by José Rizal as a response
to the accusation of Indio or
Malay indolence. Before the
Spaniards came, we were
active and honest in trading;
we use our abilities and
resources for our country’s
benefits, and we never
corrupt. Besides that, we are
industrious and passionate,
independent, value nature,
and protective and defensive
of our territory. When the
Spaniards came we became
gamblers, dependent,
powerless, corrupt,
amnesiacs (makakalimutin),
disloyal to our “identity”, and
indolent. Being discontent,
having continual wars and
tolerance, due to slavery,
getting deceits from the
Spaniards, allowing pirates
from the south (Mindanao
Muslim pirates), and lacking
unity, the Filipinos became
indolent.
● CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY:
Rizal admits that indolence does exist
among the Filipinos, but it cannot be
attributed to the troubles and
backwardness of the country; rather it is
the effect of the backwardness and
troubles experienced by the country.
Past writings on indolence revolve only
on either denying or affirming, and never
studying its causes in depth. One must
study the causes of indolence, Rizal
says, before curing it. He therefore
enumerates the causes of indolence
and elaborates on the circumstances
that have led to it. The hot climate, he
points out, is a reasonable
predisposition for indolence. Filipinos
cannot be compared to Europeans, who
live in cold countries and who must
exert much more effort at work. An
hour's work under the Philippine sun, he
says, is equivalent to a day's work in
temperate regions
● CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY:
Rizal says that an illness will worsen if
the wrong treatment is given. The same
applies to indolence. People, however,
should not lose hope in fighting
indolence. Even before the Spaniards
arrived, Rizal argues, the early Filipinos
were already carrying out trade within
provinces and with other neighboring
countries; they were also engaged in
agriculture and mining; some natives
even spoke Spanish. All this disproves
the notion that Filipinos are by nature
indolent. Rizal ends by asking what then
would have caused Filipinos to forget
their past.
● CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY:
Rizal enumerates several reasons that
may have caused the Filipinos' cultural
and economic decadence. The frequent
wars, insurrections, and invasions have
brought disorder to the communities.
Chaos has been widespread, and
destruction rampant. Many Filipinos
have also been sent abroad to fight
wars for Spain or for expeditions. Thus,
the population has decreased in
number. Due to forced labor, many men
have been sent to shipyards to construct
vessels. Meanwhile, natives who have
had enough of abuse have gone to the
mountains. As a result, the farms have
been neglected. The so-called indolence
of Filipinos definitely has deeply rooted
causes.
● CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY:
Filipinos, according to Rizal, are not
responsible for their misfortunes, as
they are not their own masters. The
Spanish government has not
encouraged labor and trade, which
ceased after the government treated the
country's neighboring trade partners
with great suspicion. Trade has
declined, furthermore, because of pirate
attacks and the many restrictions
imposed by the government, which
gives no aid for crops and farmers. This
and the abuse suffered under
encomenderos have caused many to
abandon the fields. Businesses are
monopolized by many government
officials, red tape and bribery operate on
a wide scale, and rampant gambling is
tolerated by the government. This
situation is compounded by the Church's
wrong doctrine which holds that the rich
will not go to heaven, thus engendering
a wrong attitude toward work. There has
also been discrimination in education
against natives. These are some of the
main reasons that Rizal cites as causing
the deterioration of values among the
Filipinos.
● CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY:
According to Rizal, all the causes of
indolence can be reduced to two factors.
The first factor is the limited training and
education Filipino natives receive.
Segregated from Spaniards, Filipinos do
not receive the same opportunities that
are available to the foreigners. They are
taught to be inferior. The second factor
is the lack of a national sentiment of
unity among them. Because Filipinos
think they are inferior, they submit to the
foreign culture and do everything to
imitate it. The solution, according to
Rizal, would be education and liberty.
● ISSUES AND CAUSES OF
INDOLENCE:
First, the establishment of the Galleon
Trade cut off all previous associations of
the Philippines with other countries in
Asia and the Middle East. As a result,
business was only conducted with Spain
through Mexico. Because of this, the
small businesses and handicraft
industries that flourished during the
pre-Spanish period gradually
disappeared.
Second, Spain also extinguished the
natives’ love of work because of the
implementation of forced labor. Because
of the wars between Spain and other
countries in Europe as well as the
Muslims in Mindanao, the Filipinos were
compelled to work in shipyards, roads,
and other public works, abandoning
agriculture, industry, and commerce.
Third, Spain did not protect the people
against foreign invaders and pirates.
With no arms to defend themselves, the
natives were killed, their houses burned,
and their lands destroyed. As a result of
this, the Filipinos were forced to become
nomads, lost interest in cultivating their
lands or in rebuilding the industries that
were shut down, and simply became
submissive to the mercy of God.
so that they could easily enter heaven
after they died. Lastly, the taxes were
extremely high, so much so that a huge
portion of what they earned went to the
government or to the friars. When the
object of their labor was removed and
they were exploited, they were reduced
to inaction.

Fourth, there was a crooked system of Summary

education, if it was to be considered an
education. What were being taught in
the schools were repetitive prayers and
other things that could not be used by
the students to lead the country to
progress. There were no courses in
Agriculture, Industry, etc., which were
badly needed by the Philippines during
those times.
Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad
example to despise manual labor. The
officials reported to work at noon and left
early, all the while doing nothing in line
with their duties. The women were seen
constantly followed by servants who
dressed them and fanned them –
Rizal's essay, "On the Indolence of the
Filipinos," provided a compelling
argument about the trait foreigners
criticized the Filipinos for - laziness.
Rather than accept the view that
indolence was an inherent
characteristics among Filipinos, Rizal
presented a persuasive view of the
circumstances that brought about the
Filipino's indolence and the factors that
might have maintained it. In the end,
Rizal contended that the Filipino's
predisposition through education and
freedom.

5.3 El
personal things which they ought to
have done for themselves.

Sixth, gambling was established and

widely propagated during those times.
Almost every day there were cockfights,

Filibuste
and during feast days, the government
officials and friars were the first to
engage in all sorts of bets and gambles.

Seventh, there was a crooked system

of religion. The friars taught the naïve
Filipinos that it was easier for a poor
man to enter heaven, and so they
preferred not to work and remain poor
 3. Examine current events

rismo : through the eyes of the

characters ; and
4. Evaluate Rizal as a novelist

Vocabulary:

Context filibustero - ( nineteenth century

context)- translated as " subversive", a
patriot who was usually associated with
revolutionary activities

guardia civil - police/military force

and
assigned by the colonial government to
maintain peace and order

cabeza de barangay - head of the

barangay

Content Introduction

Rizal's second novel, El

Filibusterismo , is a story set in twilight
years of the Spanish colonial
government in the Philippines . It was
first translated into English by Charles
Derbyshire in 1912 under the title ,
Reign of Greed. The book according to
the translator " represents Rizal's more
At the end of he lesson you must be
mature judgment on political and social
able to:
conditions in the islands , and in its
1.Trace the meaning of the term graver and less hopeful tone reflects
Filibusterismo across time; the disappointments and
discouragements which he had
2. Explain the historical context
encountered in his efforts to lead the
in which El Filibusterismo was
way to reform.
written;
Presentation
 ● El filibusterismo - Rizal
second novel sequel to the
Noli Me Tangere.
● The Reign of Greed -
traslated into english by
Charles Derbyshire in 1912.
● Filibustero - a patriot who was
usually associated with
revolutionary activities.
Don Jose Burgos - died 35
years old.-Don Jacinto
Zamora - died 37 years old.
● February 17, 1872 -
gomburza publicly executed
by garrote in Bagumbayan on
the early morning.
NOLI

________________________________ Themes that can be seen in the story "El

________________________________ Fili begins where the Noli leaves off
_____________________ where:

-Love
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
-Romance
THE PRINTING
-Aspiration
● February 1888 - rizal
continued working oh his -Heroism
novel and made some
-Mercy
revisions while he was in
London. -Idealism
● March 29, 1891 - complete
the novel after three years in EL FILI
biarittz france.
● September 18, 1891 - book Turns to :
published in Ghent with the -Hatred
help of his friend Valentin
Ventura. -Pain
● Rizal sent 2 copies to -Bitterness
Hongkong one for Basa and
the other to Sixto Lopez. The -Anger
original manuscript and a
-Disillusionment
printed copy gave to Valentin
Ventura with his autograph. -Vengeance
● El Fili - is dedicated to
Gomburza, the three priest
accused of being filibusters in ● In 1890, Wenceslao Retana
1872. wrote about the “ filibuster”
● Gomburza - Don Mariano and described the term as “
Gomez - died 73 years old.- the one who, eager for the
 independence of the country,
resorts to various extralegal
proceedings in order to reach
the objectives that he
pursues’ (Aguilar, 2011)
● By the end of the nineteenth
century, the Spanish colonial
government defined”
filibuster: as “someone who
works for the separation of
our overseas provinces”
SYNOPSIS
Plot
● The story of El Filibusterismo
revolved around the main
character, Simoun, who was
the rich jeweller. Simoun was
actually Crisostomo Ibarra of
the Noli whom everyone
thought was killed by the
guardia civil at the Laguna de
Bay thirteen years ago. He
was able to escape and fled
to Cuba. He became wealthy
and was able to establish
connections with prominent
Spaniards officials. Upon his
return to the Philippines,
Simoun became very
influential being the
consultant of the governor
general.
● Simoun came back with his
grand plan to exact revenge
on Spanish officials and to
rescue Maria Clara who
entered the convent after
learning the news of Ibbara’s
death. He planned to launch a
revolution. Planting a bomb at
the wedding ceremony which
he started by smuggling arms
and recruiting followers,
mainly from the exploited and
abused natives. One of his
recruits was Basilio, the son
of Sisa. With the help of
Capitan Tiago, Basilio was
able to study medicine in
Manila. Simoun also began to
establish an alliance with
Kabesang Tales and his
revolutionary group.
Kabesang Tales was a former
cabeza de barangay who was
maltreated by the friars. Using
his position, Simoun
encouraged corruption and
more oppressive government
policies to enrage the people
and thus provoke them to
revolt.
● Simoun’s plans of revolution
failed twice. In his first
attempt, he decided not to
give signal for the outbreak of
the uprising upon hearing the
news of Maria Clara’s death.
Basilio and the other students
were the arrested for
allegedly forming a seditious
organization. Simoun
arranged the release of
Basilio who became bitter and
vengeful. However, he was
very grateful to Simoun and
offered his full support for the
revolution. The second
attempt at starting a
 revolution entailed the
planting of a bomb at wedding
reception of Paulita Gomez
and Juanito Pelaez. Illustrious
guests at the mansion
included Padre Salvi and the
governor general. In
Simouns’s plan, the revolution
would be triggered by his gift
to the couple, a kerosene
lamp with an explosive. When
the lamp starts flickering and
someone turns the wick, there
would be an explosion,
signaling the revolutionaries
to attack all government
buildings in Manila.
● As planned, Simoun gave the
lamp during the reception.
Before leaving the venue, he
left a note with a message:
“You will die tonight,” signed
by Crisostomo Ibarra.
Meanwhile, when Basilo saw
all the people at the venue,
his conscience bothered him.
He saw his friend Isagani,
who was secretly watching his
love, Paulita, celebrating her
wedding. Basilio told Isagani
about the explosive and
asked him to leave the place.
● When Padre Salvi confirmed
Ibarra’s handwriting, the
guess began to panic. The
lamp flickered and Padre
Summary
Irene tried to turn the wick.
But Isagani, wanting to save
This topic traced the history of the term
Paulita, ran into the house,
filibustero and how the Filipinos defined
grabbed the lamp, and threw
the concept during Rizal's time. For the
it into the river where it
exploded.
● Simoun took refuge in the
house of a kind Filipino preist,
Padre Florentino. The
guardias civiles, however,
learned about the
whereabouts of the fugitive,
and informed the priest that
they would come in the
evening to arrest Simoun.
● Instead of surrending to the
authorities, Simoun poisoned
himself. As the poison started
to take effect on his body, he
confessed to Padre Florentino
his true identity and his plans
for revenge. After the long
and redius confession, the
priest told Simoun that his
plans might have failed
because of the unjust means
that were used. He assured
Simoun that there was still
hope for the freedom of the
country.
● The story ended with Padre
Florentino throwing Simouns’s
jewels into the sea so that
they would not be used by the
greedy. He also prayed that
when the right time comes,
the treasure would be
recovered and used for a
noble purpose.
Spaniards, a filibustero was someone
who reveled against the government
while for the indios, he was a patriot
who fought for the country's freedom.
Compared to Noli Me Tangere, El
Filibusterismo showed how Rizal
matured as a writer. This transformation
could be seen in the main character
Simoun who changed from being a
moderate ilustrado to a revolutionary
jeweler and planned to launch
revolution against the colonial
government. Through this novel, one
could see how a victim of oppression
and injustice could turn into an
influential revolutionary.
Module
5
Summa
ry
a
Rizal's annotations of Sucesos de Las
Islas Filipinas may be considered an
attempt to write Philippine history from
the point of view of a Filipino . With the
publication of this work, rizal provided a
liear view of history with Noli Me
Tangere showing a view of the present,
El Filibusterismo and "The Philippines a
Century Hence" illustrating a view of the
future, and the annotations clarifying a
view of the past.
In addition, Rizal's annotations should
also be understood within the context of
propaganda work that Filipinos in Spain
were engaged in. The annotations
explored the possibilities of creating a
Filipino identity anchored clearly on a
pre-Spanish past.
Rizal's essay, "On the Indolence of the
Filipinos," provided a compelling
argument about the trait foreigners
criticized the Filipinos for - laziness.
Rather than accept the view that
indolence was an inherent
characteristics among Filipinos, Rizal
presented a persuasive view of the
circumstances that brought about the could see how a victim of oppression
Filipino's indolence and the factors that and injustice could turn into an
might have maintained it. In the end, influential revolutionary.
Rizal contended that the Filipino's
predisposition through education and
freedom.

This topic traced the history of the term

filibustero and how the Filipinos defined
the concept during Rizal's time. For the
Spaniards, a filibustero was someone
who reveled against the government
while for the indios, he was a patriot
who fought for the country's freedom.
Compared to Noli Me Tangere, El
Filibusterismo showed how Rizal
matured as a writer. This transformation
could be seen in the main character
Simoun who changed from being a
moderate ilustrado to a revolutionary
jeweler and planned to launch a
revolution against the colonial
government. Through this novel, one