Term 1

1) Clavicle:
Top most bone of the upper limb. Is S shaped (kinda curved).

Acromial facet: Acromial end joins the arm. Acromial facet is the small oval surface at
the acromial tip. Acromial facet is near the big curve

Sternal facet: Sternal end joins the body. Sternal facet is the triangle-shaped end. Has a
straighter run up to it.

2) Scapula:
Only the Axe blade-shaped bone under the clavicle, next to the arm:

spine of scapula: only visible from the back (posterior), Juts out prominently and is
directly connected to the acromion. Has a shelf like projection

acromion: Connected to the spine of scapula and the acromial facet of clavicle. Long,
curves backwards (to the scapular spine), mostly visible from the posterior (back).
Forms top left edge of clavicle

Glenoid Cavity:
Circular, shallow space/depression under the acromion and coracoid process. Humerus
head joins this cavity

Supraspinous fossa: The smooth area of scapula above the scapular spine. Present on
the posterior (back) side.

Infraspious fossa: The smooth area of the scapula below the scapular spine Present on
the posterior (back) side.

Subscapular fossa: The large smooth area of the scapula on the dorsal ( front) side.

Pectoral gridle = scapula + clavicle

3) Humerus:
It is the Upper arm (long) bone. Connected to the glenoid joint.
Humerus head: At the top of the humerus. Basically a ball that places itself in the
glenoid cavity.

Anatomical neck of humerus: A imaginary line just below the head of the humerus, on
the curved part of the humerus. above the 2 ridges (tubercles)

Surgical neck of humerus: Another imaginary line. Below the anatomical line. On the
straight part of the upper humerus. 10% below where the straights start.

Greater tubercle: The higher of the 2 ridges (juts out) located at the top of the humerus,
below the head of the humerus. In between anatomical and surgical necks.

Lesser tubercle: The lower of the 2 ridges (juts out) allocated at the top of the humerus,
below the head of the humerus. In between anatomical and surgical necks

Intertubuclar sulcus: The area (indention) between the greater and lesser tubercle (2
ridges).

Deltoid tuberosity: A rough prominence present on the anterior of the humerus. Bang in
the middle.

Capitulum: at the bottom of the humerus. next to the trochlea. kinda rounded. only
visible from the front.

Trochlea: At the bottom of the humerus, half of the grey stuff. juts down a bit lower than
the other half, can be seen from the back and front. Next to the capitulum.

Groove for Ulnar nerve: can be seen from the backside. Arch next to the trochlea

Medial epicondyle: The part that juts out sideways at the bottom of the humerus. kinda
like an ankle. Is Medial

4) Ulna:
One of the 2 bones in the forearm (lower arm, after elbow). Is the medial one.

Olecranon: at the top of the ulna. Is the part of the bone behind the socket for humerus

Trochlear notch: Is in the socket at the top of the ulna. takes up the entire socket except
the lower right hand side. comes in contact with the trochlea
Radial notch: in the socket at the top of the ulna. takes up the lower right hand side that
caves off. comes in contact with the head of radius

Tuberosity of ulna: A rough patch near the top of the ulna (near humerus). bit circular
and indented

interosseus border: A distinct ridge on the ulna which runs downward from the top to
the bottom (could be on the left). visible from the front.

Ulna head: at the bottom of the ulna. is a bit like a club/ball. joins the ulnar notch of the
radius.

ulnar styloid process: most bottom part of the ulnar. juts out downwards just a bit.

5) Radius:
Is one of the two bones that make up the forearm. Laterally located

Articular facet: the upper surface of head of radius. bit of a shallow indent.

Articular circumference: the round perimeter of the cylindrical head of the radius.
basically the round part at the top of the humerus shaped like a soda can.

Articular facet + articular circumference = head of radius

neck of radius: area just under the radius head. is part of the flat bone.

radial tuberosity: near the top (head) of the humerus. roughish patch, juts out sideways,
only visible on the front side

interosseus border: present on the side of the radius (the side of the ulna). bit of a jut
out.

carpal articular surface: the smooth surface at the bottom of the radius bone. next to
the styloid process of radius

ulnar notch: a narrow indent of the radius on the bottom of the side opposite the styloid
process of the radius, it is the area where the ulna touches.
styloid process of radius: the part of the radius that juts out at the bottom. juts out
bottom and sideways.

6) Carpal bones: 8 bones of the wrist. connect radial and ulnar bones to the metacarpal
bones of the hand.

scaphoid: present at the extreme bottom side (thumb side). next to the lunate. makes
up 50% of the base, touches only the radius. under trapezium and trapezoid

lunate: next to the scaphoid. relatively large. touches ulna and radius. makes up 50% of
the base.

Triquetrum: under the pisiform. next to the lunate in the bottom line under the pinky
finger.

pisiform: on top of the triquetrum, pinky side. one of the smallest of the carpal.

trapezium: directly under the thumb. above scaphoid.

trapezoid: directly under the index finger (out finger). again above the scaphoid.

capitate: directly under the middle finger. above both scaphoid and lunate.

hamate: is directly under the ring finger and pinky finger. above

7) metacarpals: the 5 finger bones which join and are above the carpal bones. they are
slender, long and the bottom bones of the finger

metacarpal base: at the bottom of the metacarpal. touches the carpal bones. kinda
thick and bulgy.

metacarpal body/shaft: the main part of the metacarpal. long, slender, mid part of the
metacarpal.

metacarpal head: at the top of the metacarpal. joins the next, upper finger bone.

8) Phalanges: the 3 finger bones per finger above the metacarpals.

proximal phalanx: bottom bones of the phalanges. is above the metacarpals and below
the middle phalanx
middle phalanx: middle bone of the phalanx. above the proximal phalanx and below the
distal phalanx.

distal phalanx: very top bones and very tip bones of the phalanx and finger. above the
middle phalanx.

all joints are made up of bundles of fibres:

1) coraco - acromial ligament:

joins the acromion and the coracoid process (above the glemoid cavity). this ligament is
under the clavicle

2) glenoid labrum:
thick line of cartilage surrounding the shoulder socket. it is the outer boundary of the
glenoid cavity. just beyond the depression of the cavity

3) interosseus membrane:
the fibrous sheet (webbing) between the ulnar and the radius.

4) anular ligament of radius:

wraps around the head of the radius and attaches to the ulna. only slightly touches the
ulna. is a horizontal ligament.

5) carpal tunnel: a narrow passageway ( actual tunnel) on the palm of the hand. there is
space beneath.

6) midcarpal joint:
present between the 2 levels (the lower and the upper layer) of carpal bones.
between scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum and the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

7) carpometacarpal joint of thumb:

present between the top of the trapezium and the bottom metacarpal of the thumb

8) metacarpophalangeal joints II-V:

present between the top of the metacarpal and the bottom of the proximal phalange

9) interphalangeal joints of hand:

present between the proximal and middle phalange
and between the
middle and distal phalange.

Axillary artery is the thickest artery in the upper limb. comes from the neck region,
reaches the humerus at the bottom.

All nerves are present below the tubercles.

1) axillary nerve:
not touching axillary artery. most sideward nerve.comes from the same trunk as the
radial nerve. is next to the muscolocutaneous nerve. comes from c5 and c6.

2) median nerve:
touching the axillary artery, opposite radial and axillary nerve. is a big joining point
c6,c7,c8,t1

3) ulnar nerve:
below the median nerve. not touching the axillary artery. lowest thick nerve. c8, t1

4) radial nerve:
opposite the median nerve. touches the axillary artery. c5, c6,c7,c8. same trunk as
axillary nerve

5) musculocutaneous nerve:
above the radial nerve. also touches the axillary artery c5,c6

Hip/Pelvis bone: Shaped like a 8, above the femur

1) Acetabulum: Is the socket, where the bone attaches (indent),

2) Lunate Surface: The curved, smooth surface inside the acetabulum.

3) Obturator foramen: The large hole at the bottom of the hip

4) Linea terminalis: inner circle outline of pubic + sacral bone. From one end of sacrum
to other (by circling)
Ilium: Top of the hip bone. Makes up the spade and top part that juts up and out.
LArgest part

1) Ala/wing of ilium: Visible from lateral view. The large, kinda flat part just above the
acetabulum.

2) Iliac crest: The top, middle edge of the ilium. Not near the sides. relatively thicker.

3) Anterior superior iliac spine: The top, edge of the illium that hangs over the
acetabulum and femur.

4) Auricular surface of ilium: Part of the pelvis that is attached to the sacrum. Is under
the posterior superior iliac spine. Different texture area.

Ischium: The bottom most part of the hop bone. Under the obturator foramen.

1) Ischial tuberosity: Visible from lateral view. At the bottom corner of the pelvis, next to
the hole. Bit off a jut out and is under the lesser sciatic notch.

2) Ischial spine: The boundary of the bone that juts out (pointed process) directly under
the greater sciatic notch. Points toward the body

3) Greater sciatic notch: The larger, more curved C boundary facing the body. Under the
auricular surface of ilium and above ischial spine

4) Lesser sciatic notch: The lesser curved boundary, directly under the ischial spine

Pubis: The part of the pelvis that touches each other. Looks like > and </

1) The parts of the pubis that are closest to touching each other in front of the sacrum.
Like II. The joint which connects the 2 pubis is on top

Femur: The long bone attached to the hip/pelvis. Thigh bone.

i) top part (proximal end)

1) Head of femur: Circular part (the ball) at the top of the femur. Attaches to the
acetabulum

2) Neck of femur: The curved part of the bone directly under the head of the femur.
Above the ridges though

3) Greater trochanter: The larger of the 2 bulges (bit like an ankle) at the top of the
femur shaft bone. Higher than the lesser trochanter.

4) Lesser trochanter: The smaller of the two bulges (bit like an ankle) at the top of the
femur shaft bone. Lower than the higher trochanter.

5) Intertrochanteric crest: The slide that goes down from the greater to the lesser
trochanter. (PV)s

ii) bottom part (distal end)

1) Medial condyle of femur: One of the two parts at of the bottom of the femur bone
that is closer to the body.

2) Lateral condyle of femur: One of the two parts at the bottom of the femur bone that
is further away from the body.

3) Intercondylar fossa: The gap between the 2 condyles at the bottom of the femur.

Patella: The kneecap bone. On top of the intercondylar fossa. Very hard. Attached to the
femur.

Tibia: The thicker of the 2 leg bones. Under the femur.

i) top part (proximal part)

1) Medial condyle of tibia: Top right jutting out on the tibia bone (towards the body, away
from fibula). Just under the flat plateu surfaces.
2) Lateral condyle of tibia: Top left juting out of the tibia bone (away from body), it rests
on the fibula. Is just under the flat plateu

3) Fibular articular facet: Where the fibula head is articulated with (joins) the lateral
condyle of the tibia.

4) Tibial tuberosity: A moderate prominence near the top and at the center of the tibia
bone.

ii) middle part (shaft)

1) Interosseuos border: The part of the tibia that is attached to the interosseuos
membrane. Present on the side near the fibula.

iii) distal end (bottom part)

1) Medial malleolus: The curved, edged point of the tibia at the bottom. Is the lowest
point of tibia.

2) Inferior articular surface: The very bottom surface of the tibia. Is under the bone
(bottom part)

Fibula: The thinner bone of the leg bone. Away from body.

1) Head of fibula: The top part of the fibula. Rounded out jutting out.

2) Interosseuous border: The part of the fibula that is attached to the interosseuos
membrane. Present on the tibia side

3) Lateral malleolus: Most bottom part of the fibula. Process that points down. Shaped
a bit like a spoon.

Talus: bone that form the ankle. Made up of highest bone and the part under it (toe
side)

1) Head of talus: Is on the lower part of the talus. Part of the bone closer to the toe
(touching the bone ahead of it)
2) Trochlea of talus: Top part of the talus. Is in contact with the tibia

3) Anterior, Posterior, middle facet for calcaneus: These are the areas where the talus
meets the calcaneus. Anterior means the joining nearer the toes. Posterior means the
joining near the back.

Calcaneus: Largest bone in the foot, At the back of the foot, next to the talus

1) Calcaneal tuberosity: Visible from the top. At the back (heel) of the bone

2) Anterior, middle, posterior talar articular surface: These are the areas where the talus
meets the calcaneus. Anterior means the joining nearer the toes. Posterior means the
joining near the back.

3) Sustentaculum tail: The part of the bone under the middle talar articular surface.
Visible from the bottom. Right next to the body of the talus.

Navicular bone: The curved bone (big toe side) just in front of the talus.

Cuboid bone: The longish bone (small toe side) just in front of the calcaneus.

Cuneiform bones: The 3 bones in front of the navicular, next to the cuboid and under the
phalanges.

I) Scapular Muscles
1) Deltoid:
The large muscle in the shoulder. shaped like a shoulder guard. attached to the scapular
spine and the clavicle.

2) Supraspinatus:
the muscle on the supraspinous fossa. above the scapular spine. only visible from the
back

3) Infraspinatus:
the muscle on the infraspious fossa below the scapular spine. only visible from the
backside. (pizza slice shaped)

4) Teres minor:
Below infraspinatus and above teres major. kinda curved upward toward the bone.
thinner than the teres major. only visible from the back side

5) Teres major:
Joins the bottom of scapula to the arm. clear gap above it usually. thicker than the teres
minor. bottom most muscle of the scapula.

II) Humerus muscles

note: bicep brachii is attached to the humerus bone. originates from scapula. top layer
of muscle on humerus.
6) Biceps brachii - long head:
the long head is located lateral from the body.

7) Coracobrachiallis:
attached to the coracoid process on the scapula. is a downward muscle, next to the
bone (arm side). behind/below the bicep brachii short head.

8) Brachialis:
muscle from middle part of humerus to top part of ulna. Beneath the bicep brachii

9) Tricep brachii - long head:

Situated on the backside of the humerus. long head is medial to the body

III) Radialis muscles: facing laterally

10) Brachioradialis:
A very long muscle. Attached to radiu facing laterally. Extensor carpi radialis longus is
medial to it. On top of the arm. Lateral and above the pronator teres

17) Extensor carpi radialis longus:

In between brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis brevis. Also humerus orginating
and attached to radius. Facing laterally

18) Extensor capri radialis brevis:

Next to the extensor carpi radialis longus. Also humerus orginating and attached to
radius. Facing laterally. Most medial of the radialis muscles Possibly hidden beneath
other 2 radialis muscles.

IV) Flexors (on the front)

a) Superficial

11) Pronator teres:

Distinctly curved muscle present across radius and ulna. 1st and top kost curved
muscle thumb side. most diagnol muscle present.

12) Flexor carpi radialis:

. long muscle directly next to/under the pronator teres. also slightly curved. a covers
both forearm bones, attaches at the radius bottom. Longer and bigger than pronator
teres

13) Flexor carpi ulnaris:

present on the side of the ulna, facing the body. long muscle

14) Flexor digitorum superficialis:

Makes up the intermediate (2nd) muscle layer. largest middle muscle. is underneath the
flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus. Visible towards middle and lower part of
forearm

b) Deep layer flexors

15) Flexor digitorum profundas:

Preseny on top of the ulna bone and spans its entire length. Under flexor digitorum
superficialis.

V) Extensors (from the back)

a) Superficial

16) Extensor digitorum:

on top of the radius bone. center right muscle. Goes to 3 fingers
19) Extensor carpi ulnaris:
Next to the extensor digitorum. Center left. On top of ulnar bone

b) Deep

20) Abductor pollicis longus:

highest of the curving muscles towards the thumb, below the lower part of the extensor
digitorum. Right above extensor pollicis brevis. ends on the thumb metacarpal.

21) Extensor pollicis longus:

Next to/below the abductor pollicius longus. Straighter muscle to thumb. Also covered
by extensor digitorum

22) Extensor pollicis brevis:

sandwiched between the lower parts of the extensor pollicis longus and the abductor
pollicis longus. Present beneath the extensor digitorum but a part of it sticks out.
Curving muscle to the thumb

23) Anatomical snuffbox:

on the skin. that little depression/triangle that happens below the thumb when it is
raised for the backward thumbs up

24) Quadrangular space:

The square shaped space above the teres major. the gap closer to the arm.

25) Trianguar shape:

the triangle shaped space above the teres major. the gap further away from the arm.

1) Axillary artery:
Thickest artery on the upper limb. clearly visible from the anterior pov. goes under the
pectoralis minor muscle (on ribs) and along the humerus. next to first rib - above the
latissimus dorsi (curved downward muscle)

2) Brachial Artery
Continuation of the axillary artery. separates into several branches above the humerus
bottom.

3) Ulnar artery:
on the bottom part of ulna (is medial)

4) Radial artery:
on the bottom part of the radius (lateral)

5) Superficial palmar arch:

The curve of arteries closest to the fingertips, located midway through the metacarpals.

6) Cephalic vein:
Is a superficial vein (visible from top). lateral highest vein. Above elbow area

7) Basilic vein:
High medial vein above elbow area, same height hs ce[thalic vein

8) Median Cubital vein:

Newly branched vein (1sr ight branching from basilic) right in the middle of the arm,
above the forearm and humerus meeting point (down, right from basilisc)

9) axillary vein:
A deep vein, it runs with the axillary artery along the humerus.

10) brachial vein:

A deep vein, shaped a bit like a ladder (2 sides and all) present squarely on top of the
humerus.

11) Dorsal venous network of hand:

Is superficial. Venous network present on the metacarpals.

1) Vertebral body: Opposite the spinous process. The circular, thick, cylindrical structure

2) Vertebral arch: The outline of the vertebral formaen (the inner circle outline)
3) Vertebral foramen: The large, central hole in the vertebrae

4) Spinous process: Opposite the vertebral body. The long straight process that extends.

5) Transverse process: The two processes on either side of the spinous process. Extend
sideways

6) Superior articular process: The 2 process that juts upwards. Near the spinous and
transverse process

7) Inferior articular process: Straight down from the superior articular process. They
both jut down.

8) Intervertebral foramen: Gap between two vertebrates. Formed behind the vertebral
body and ahead of the spinous process. Made up of inferior vertebral notch of upper
vertebrate and superior vertebral notch of lower vertebrate. (These are gaps are above
and below the pedicles - connect vertebral body to processes and holes)

1) Cervical vertebrae:
The top 7 bones of the spinal column. Has 2 side holes (transverse foramen) and the
spinous process branches into 2 (bifurcates)

2) Thoracic vertebra: The next 12 bones. Spinous process curves down, transverse
process curves upward towards spinous process. Small, circular vertebral foramen.
Heart shaped vertebral body

3) Lumbar vertebra: Thick, big, circular vertebral body. Spinous process has thick roots

4) Atlas: C1. Top most cervical bone. Has no spinous process. Has 2 clear facet
(depressions) on upper and lower side on ring like circle.

5) Axis: C2. 2nd cervical bone. Under the Atlas. Has spinous process and a Dens. (Erect
structure, perpendicular to spinous process, goes through vertebral foramen of atlas)

6) Sacral promontory: Anterior part of sacrum. Flat part just under the circular joining
surface, in between ala
7) Auricular surface of sacrum: On the side of the sacrum next to the wing. Part where
sacrum joins ilium

1) Head of rib: The end of the rib that is closer to the tubercle. Joins the vertebra

2) Tubercule of rib: The part that juts outward very close to one end of the rib. Joins the
transverse processes

3) Costal groove: On the inner surface, same side as the tubercle. A groove (basically a
line on the inner surface causes another part to develop). This other part is the costal
groove

Sternum: divides the ribcage into two

1) Manubrium of sternum: Top part of the sternum. shaped like a big cats head

2) Sternal angle: The part where manubrium of sternum becomes body of sternum. Aka
the border between the 2.

3) Body of Sternum: The long, straight part of the sternum, under the manubrium.

4) Xiphoid process: Small tongue like projection below the body of the sternum.

Arteries

1) Internal iliac artery:

Common Iliac artery branches off the abdominal artery (visible anterior, is on the spine).
Internal iliac artery is the first branching off the common iliac artery. It itself has many
braches.
2) Superior gluteal artery:
3rd branch of the internal iliac artery on piriformis side. Goes under the piriformis
muscle to the gluteus muslce

3) Inferior gluteal artery:

4th branch of internal iliac artery. Is straight down and goes over the piriformis muscle
to the gluteus muscle

4) Obturator artery:
Branches on other side of internal iliac artery. Goes through the obturator foramen (near
edge of hole, nearly touching it)

5) Femoral artery:
Large, thick, superficial prominent artery. Runs down the whole thigh, medial to the
femur.

6) Popliteal artery:
Runs directly behind the patella. Comes from femoral artery

7) Anterior tibial artery:

Runs down the entire leg, over the interosseus membrane and then tibia. Pretty
prominent, only artery on the anterior leg side.

8) Dorsal artery of foot:

Once anterior tibial artery raches the foot, it is called dorsal artery of foot/ dorsal pedis
artery

9) Posterior tibial artery:

Runs down the entire back of the leg below the tibia.

Plantar artery comes from leg

10) Medial plantar artery:

At the bottom of the foot. Visible from the bottom. Artery closer to the body. On big toe
11) Lateral plantar artery:
At the bottom of the foot. Visible from the bottom. Artery lateral to the body. On
calcaneus
VEINS

1) Femoral vein:
Thickest vein. Runs under the femoral artery. Along the femur from pelvis.

2) Popliteal vein:
The part behind the patella. Runs with the popliteal artery, thicker part

3) Great saphenous vein:

Superficial vein. This is the long, medial vein which extends from foot to pelvis.

4) Short saphenous vein:

On the lateral side. Only present over foot and fibula

5) Dorsal venous arch of foot:

2nd curve of veins from the talus.

NERVES

I) Lumbar plexus: Upto L4

1) Femoral nerve: From L2-L4, goes through hole of ligament+bone. Runs with the
femoral artery and veins. Branches out under the inguinal ligament

2) Obturator nerve: Very medial. Goes from L2-L4 to the thigh via the obturator foramen
(hole). Has 2 braches.

II) Sacral plexus: arising from the sacrum

1) Superior gluteal nerve:

From the upper part of the sacrum. Goes to gluteus muscle. Goes above the piriformis
muscle.

2) Inferior gluteal nerve: From upper part of sacrum, goes to gluteus muscle and goes
below the piriformis muscle.

3) Sciatic nerve:
Largest nerve of the body. Behind the femur, straight from the sacrum. Runs till the
popliteal fossa (back of patella). Quite recognizable.

4) Tibial nerve:
The sciatic nerve becomes the tibial nerve at the popliteal fossa

5) Medial plantar nerve:

Accompanies medial plantar artery (on foot toward big toe). Comes from tibial nerve
6) Lateral plantar nerve: Accompanies lateral plantar artery (on foot towards small toe).
Comes from tibial nerve.

7) Common fibular nerve:

Branch of the sciatic nerve that is present on top of the fibula bone.
8) Superficial fibular nerve:
From the common fibular nerve. Is superficial
9) Deep fibular nerve:
From the common fibular nerve, is deep, supplies stuff to anterior muscles.

Ligaments of hip bone:

1) Inguinal ligament:
Is curved and long. and Connects the anterior superioriliac spine to the pubic
symphysis.

2) Sacrospinous ligament:
Below the greater sciatic notch. Joins the side of sacrum and the ischial spine (middle
pelvis)

3) Sacrotuberus ligament:
Visible from the back. On the side of the greater sciatic notch. Connects the bottom of
the pelvis, bottom part of sacrum and iliac crest.

4) Obturator membrane:
Membrane that covers the obturator foramen (the hole).

1) Sacroiliac joint:
Connects the hip joint (from the auricular surface) to the sacrum (triangular bone at the
bottom of the spine)

2) Pubic symphysis:
Joint that is sandwiched between left and right pelvic bone (pubic parts). present at
Pubic region at the front.

I) Hip joint

1) Ligament of head of femur:

The ligament that is attached to the hole in the head of the femur. (fovea)

2) Acetabular labrum:
The ring of cartilage that surrounds the inside of the acetabulum (on the lunate surface)

II) Knee joint

1) Medial meniscus:
The ring of cartilage on top of the medial condyle of the tibia. Is medial

2) Lateral meniscus:
The ring of cartilage on top of the lateralca condyle of the tibia. Is lateral

3) Anterior cruciate ligament:

Connects femur to tibia. Behind the patella/condyle. Visible from the front. Curves
leftward

4) Posterior cruciate ligament:

Clearly visible from the back. Is the thickest ligament between the tibia and femur.
Straight upward.

5) Patellar ligament:
Ligament on top of the patella (present at the bottom of the femur).

6) Tibial collateral ligament:

The ligament on the side (closer to the body) that connects the tibia to the femur

7) Fibular collateral ligament:

The ligament on the side (Away from the body) that connects the fibula to the femur

Superior tibiofibular joint:

The area where the tibia meets the fibula at the top.

Interosseous membrane of leg:

The membrane between the tibia and fibula

III) Ankle Joint

Formed by talus, tibia, and fibula. The part where the tibia and fibula touch the foot
bones.

1) Deltoid/Medial ligament:
From the front view: Its the ligament that connects the bottom of the tibia to the
navicular bone. Kinda curved ligament. Goes around talus. Big toe side.

2) Lateral ligament of ankle:

Made up of 3 ligaments (2 talofibular ligaments and calcaneofibular ligament). They are
attached to the fibula and are present on the outer side of the leg.

I) Muscles of the hip:

1) Iliopsoas: inner hip. Made up of 2 muscles (psoas major and iliacus). Inserts near the
the top of the femur. Part of the muscles under inguinal ligament is the Iliopsoas.

2) Piriformmis: outer hip, 2nd layer: the gluteus medius see thoda neeche. Origintaes
from anterior lower part of sacrum. Inserts onto greater trochanter of femur.

3) Gluteus Maximus: outer hip. Present on the posterior side. The biggest chunk on the
superficial layer.

4) Gluteus medius: outer hip. present in the layer beneath the gluteus Maximus. Is large
and at the top, attaches from iliac crest and inserts to greater trochanter of femur.
5) Gluteus minimus: The muscle under the gluteus minimus. Same insertion point, same
shape just smaller.

6) Tensor fasciae latae: Located on the side of the leg. Origin is Anterior superior iliac
spine.

7) Iliotibial tract: On the side of the leg. Comes from the gluteus Maximus and runs
down the entire femur. Attaches to the tibia top.

II) Muscles of the thigh:

a) Extensors (front of the leg)

Quadriceps femoris: Group of muscles at the front of the leg

1) Rectus femoris: The center, thick muscle on front of the leg. Inserts onto the tibial
tuberosity. Orginates from the illiac spine

2) Vastus medialis: The muscle next to the rectus femoris (closer to the body). Runs
parallel to rectus femoris

3) Vastus lateralis: The muscle next to the rectus femoris (away from the body). Runs
parallel to rectus femoris.

4) Sartorius: Longest muscle. Is thin compared to other extensors. Runs above and then
next to the vastus medialis. Inserts at the tibia.

b) Flexors (back of the leg)

1) Semitendinosus: Top layer from the back. Middle muscle, medial to bicep femoris.

2) Semimembranosus: Most medial of the flexors. Is medial to the semitendionsus.

3) The thickest of the thigh flexors. Most lateral of the thigh flexors. Lateral to
semitendinosus.

c) Adductors (on the side of the leg, connect hip to femur)

1) Adductor longus: Thickest of the adductor muscles. Is in the middle. Origin is 2nd
from pubic symphysis.

2) Adductor magnus: This muscle goest straight down from pelvis. Is clearly visible
medial to the bottom part of adductor longus.

3) Gracilis: The most medial adductor muscle. Straight down from pelvis. Kinda thin and
origin is closest to pubic symphysis.

III) Muscles of the leg.

a) Extensors (visible from the front)

1) tibialis anterior: Most medial of the extensors. Thickest muscle in the center region of
the leg.

2) Extensor hallucis longus: Middle muscle. Directly lateral to tibialis anterior. Only
visible at the bottom of the leg.

3) Extensor digitorum longus: Most lateral of the extonsors. Present on the lateral side.

b) Flexor (at the back of the leg)

1) Triceps surae: The 2 thick muscles that are on the back of the leg make up the tricep
surae.

Lateral muscles of the leg: all present on the lateral side of the leg. (Fibular brevis and
fibular longus attached to head of fibula)

Muscles

1) Pectoralis major: The masive, superficial muscle that makes up the pecs. Covers
most of the top part of the ribcage and attaches to the humerus

2) Pectoralis minor: Below pectoralis minor muscle. Attaches from 3-5 rib to the
coracoid process on arm. Curves upwards
3) Trapezius: Most superficial muscle on the back. Shaped like 2 triangles next to each
other. Goes from bottom of skull down to where last rib is. Cuz its like 2 triangles, there
are insertions on the shoulder girdles.

4) Intercostal muscles: Are the muscles between individual ribs.

5) Diaphgram: Below the ribs. The dome shape muscle that separates the thoracic and
dome shaped cavity.

Blood Vessels

1) Anterior intercostal artery: Arteries below/between the ribs. Present on the front

2) Posterior intercostal artery: Arteries below/between the ribs present on the back of
the rib

3) Anterior intercostal vein:

Runs with the anterior intercostal artery.

Nerves

1) Intercostal nerve: Runs between the ribs as well with other vascular bundle.

Central part of thoracic cavity. Between lungs.

Aorta: (thick, main artery) that goes slightly up from the heart and then curves down on
the left side.

1) Aortic arch:
The part of the aorta where it curves downwards from upward. (The curve)

2) Ascending aorta: The part of the aorta where it goes slightly upwards

3) Brachiocephalic trunk:
The most rightwardward branch on top of the aortic arch. Itself branches into 2 more
things.

4) Right Common Carotid artery:

The branch of the Brachiocephalic trunk that goes upward to the neck. Right side

5) Right Subclavian artery:

The branch of the brachiocephalic trunk that curves onto the right arm.

6) Left Common Carotid artery:

The middle branch on top of the aortic arch. Goes up the neck on the left side

7) Left subclavian artery:

The most leftward branch ontop of the aortic arch. Curves onto the left arm.

8) Subclavian vein:
Comes from the brachiocephalic vein. Goes with the subclavian arteries onto the arm.

9) Internal jugular vein:

Comes from the brachiocephalic vein. Goes straight up the neck on either side.

10) Venous angle:

Angle formed by the junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein.

11) Brachiocephalic vein:

The first branching of the Superior Vena Cava. Present on left & right side. Subclavian
and internal jugular vein comes from this vein.

12) Superior Vena Cava:

The main vein of the heart. Present on the top of the aortic arch. Has 2 branches.

13) Pulmonary artery:

Behind vena cava. It has 2 parts and goes to the lungs. Both branches on top of the
heart.

14) Pulmonary vein:

The paired vessels on either side of the heart. Narrow and below the pulmonary arteries.

15) Vagus nerve:

Runs with the common carotid arteries down the neck. Is the more medial nerve

1) Nasal Vestibule: Area *just* inside the nose hole (nostril)

2) Nasal Conchae: Directly behind the nose, in front of sphenoidal sinus. Made up of 3
pairs of flaps (dagger shaped flap)

3) Nasal Meati: The area directly below the nasal conchae (flaps). Not under it. (neeche)

4) Nasal Septum: Middle wall that divides the nasal cavity into two.

5) Frontal Sinus: Small Holes that are above the eyes. Behind the medial side of the
eyebrows. Directly above the nose. (seen from cross section)

6) Sphenoid sinus: Slightly larger hole behind the superior nasal conchae (cross
section). Midway through the skull.

7) Trachea: Goes down the chest and splits into 2. Has C shaped cartilage.

8) Main Bronchus: The two first and main divisions of the trachea. (Right & Left)

Lung: Fin shaped, Apex is at the top

1) Diaphragmatic Surface of Lung: The side of the lung that faces downward towards
the diaphragm. (Base of fin)

2) Costal Surface of Lung: The side of the lung that faces the rib (outer part)

3) Mediastinal Surface of the Lung: The inner side of the lung (with the holes)

4) Lingula of Left Lung: Present anteriorly on the base of the left lung. Is the small jut
(tail like) thing towards the center.

5) Cardiac Notch of Left Lung: The curve on the left lung just above the lingula.

6) Oblique fissure: The line that runs through both the lungs. Is near the bottom.
7) Superior Lobe of the Left Lung: The upper part/lobe of the left lung (includes the
lingula)

8) Inferior Lobe of Left Lung: The lower part/lobe of the left lung

9) Horizontal fissure of Right Lung: A second, horizontal line only on the right lung.
Above the oblique fissure.

10) Superior lobe of Right Lung: The upper part/lobe of the right lung.

11) Middle lobe of Right Lung: The middle part/lobe of the right lung

12) Inferior Lobe of Right Lung: The lowest part/lobe of the right lung.

1) Hyoid Bone: Uppermost horseshoe shaped bone

2) Thyroid Cartilage: Butterfly shaped figure below the hyoid bone. Largest cartilage

3) Cricoid Cartilage: The slighlty thicker cartilage that is under the thyroid cartilage. On
the back side, it is large, tooth shaped.

4) Arytenoid cartilage: The 2 triangular cartilages on top of the cricoid cartilage on the
back side.

5) Epiglottic Cartilage:

6) Epiglottis: Leaf shaped structure, behind the hyoid bone

7) Thyrohyoid membrane: The membrane that connects the hyoid bone and thyroid
cartilage. (Under hyoid bone)

8) Cricothyroid ligament: Connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage (under
the thyroid cartilage)

9) Cricothyroid Joint: The point where the cricoid cartilage joins the thyroid cartilage. On
the back, and the side of the cricoid cartilage. (like a bat wings)
10) Cricoarytenoid joint: The point where the cricoid cartilage and the arytenoid
cartilage meet. At the bottom of the arytenoid and top of the cricoid.

11) Vocal Folds: The straight, perpendicular opening within/behind the epiglottis.

12) Rima Glottidis: Behind the epiglottis. Lower and bigger of the 2 flaps that control
entry

13) Cricothyroid muscle:

Just above the cricoid cartilage. Curves and joins the thyroid cartilage on anterior side

14) Posterior Circoarytenoid muscle: On the back, joins the cricoid cartilage to the
arytenoid cartilage. Muscle goes straight down.
Term 2
1) Oesophagus
Long tube going downward behind trachea. From mouth to stomach.

2) Trachea
Tube in front of oesophagus. Goes downward. Bifurcates into 2 tubes. Has C shaped
cartilage rings.

3) Right/Left main Bronchi

Continuation of the trachea (when it bifurcates). Right is on right side. Left on left side.

4) Ascending aorta
Part of the aorta that goes up (ascends). Is under and connected to the aortic arch.

5) Aortic arch
The part of the aorta that curves. Between ascending and descending aorta.
Contains the 3 structures.

6) Thoracic Aorta
Descending part of the aorta. After aortic arch. Goes down the body.

7) Brachiocephalic trunk
The first major branch off (most rightward) of the aortic arch. Goes up and divides into
right subclavian and right common carotid artery.

8) Right/Left common carotid artery

Right common carotid artery is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk that goes up the
neck on right side.
Left common carotid artery is the 2nd (middle) branch off of the aortic arch. Goes up
the neck on left side.

9) Right/Left subclavian artery

Right subclavian artery is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk that goes to the right
arm.
Left subclavian artery is the 3rd (most leftward) branch off of the aortic arch. Goes to
the left arm
10) Superior Vena Cava.
On the right side of the heart. Sticks out above the heart. Is a straight tube right to the
aortic arch.

11) Brachiocephalic vein

Superior Vena Cava divides into 2 trunks/vessels. Both of these are brachiocephalic
veins.

12) Internal Jugular vein

Each brachiocephalic vein divides into 2 veins. The veins that go up (to the neck) on
both sides are internal jugular veins

13) Venous angle

The junction between the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein - where they unite to
form brachiocephalic vein.

14) Caval openings of diaphragm

In the central tendon. Center left. Is the highest hole (closest to the bone)

15) Azygos vein

Vein that runs directly on top of the (usually right side of the) thoracic vertebra only.
Quite neeche

16) Pulmonary Artery

Artery from heart that goes to lungs. Comes from the right ventricle and divides into 2
(right and left) under the aortic arch. Goes horizontal on both sides. Pulmoanry trunk is
left of the Ascending Aorta

17) Pulmonary vein

The 4 little veins (tubes) on the back side of the heart (2 on each side). Might juts be a
pair of holes on the sides of the posterior view.

18) Vagus nerve

This nerve runs down both sides of the neck. It is the nerve that is closer to the midline
of the body . Very close to it. Is very close to the aortic arch. Left vagus nerve runs with
the left common carotid artery

19) Sympathetic trunk

paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. On both
sides of the vertebral column. Is that part that runs down on both sides HAs horizontal
branches at every rib level

20) Phrenic nerve

This nerve is further away from the midline. 20% away from midline. Both outline the
heart and it goes down to the diaphgram.

1) Base of Heart
At the top of the heart, on the backside. Mainly the left atrium (where the pulmonary
veins join the heart)

2) Apex of Heart
The part at the bottom of the heart that juts out sideways. The very edge of the jutting
out part.

3) Anterior/Sternocostal surface of heart

The heart side that faces the ribs. Front side. Made up of mainly right atrium and right
ventricle. Normal view with vena cava most rightward and then aorta, then pulmonary
trunk

4) Diaphragmatic/Inferior surface of heart

The bottom of the heart which faces/touches the diapghram.

5) Right atrium
Top chamber on the right side of the heart (left when u face it). Superior Vena Cava is
attached to it

6) Left atrium
Top chamber on the left side (right when u face the heart). Pulmonary veins enter here

7) Right ventricle
Bottom chamber on right side (left when u face it). Pulmonary Trunk comes from here.

8) Left ventricle
Bottom chamber on left side (right when u face it). It has thickest walls and aorta is
attached to it

9) Bicuspid/Mitral/Left atrioventricular valve

The valve between the the left atrium and left ventricle. Valve isn't lines like tendons but
slightly thicker and shaped like a tiny tube but not long at all.

10) Tricuspid/Right atrioventricular valve

Between the right atrium and right ventricle. Has 3. Like a small tube but not long at all.

11) Aortic valve

The valve present between the ascending aorta and left ventricle.

12) Ascending aorta

Comes out of the left ventricle. The aorta when it goes upward. Until aortic arch

13) Pulmonary valve

The valve present between the pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle.

14) Pulmonary trunk

Originates from the right ventricle. Bifurcates into right and left pulmonary artery under
the aortic arch.

15) Superior Vena Cava

Straight tube that goes up and bifurcates into 2 brachiocephalic veins. Is the most
rightward vessel pointing it of the heart (leftward when u face it)

16) Inferior Vena Cava

Straight down, from Superior Vena Cava. Straight vessel down. Is below the heart on its
right side.

Auricles are wrinkly flappy flaps that are extensions on top of atriums. Both auricles
point together at the center and have pulmonary trunk between them

17) Right auricle is on top of the right atrium

18) Left auricle is on top of the left atrium

19) Sinus of vena cavae

The cavity in the heart between the superior and inferior vena cava. Its on the right side
of the right atrium, directly in line with the 2 vena cava. Easily seen from the POSTERIOR
VIEW Directly in line with 2 vena cavae.

INSIDE RIGHT ATRIUM

20) Crista terminalis

Inside the right atrium. Forms a ridge. Many pectinate muscles originate from it. Its a
groove/ridge inside the right atrium like a river from which pectinate muscles originate.

21) Opening of coronary sinus

Its in the right atrium. It is a small hole below the fossa ovalis (big hole). It is just above
the tricuspid valve. The hole ka tube goes backwards to the back of the heart.

22) Pectinate muscles

Rough part of the right atrium on the right atrium most right wall.. PArallel lines ontop of
each other. Connected to ridge (crista terminalis)

23) Fossa Ovalis

Oval depression on right atrium floor above the opening of coronary sinus. It is the
larger hole in the right atrium. Fossa ovalis --> Opening of coronary Sinus ---> Tricuspide
valve

24) All pulmonary veins

Easily visible from the posterior view of heart. Made up of 4 holes. 2 on right and left
side. One on top of another. They all join into the left atrium (quadrangular structure just
above the thick branch which is coronary sinus)

Since you're facing it from the posterior side, the 2 holes on the left are the left
pulmonary veins and 2 holes on the right side are the right pulmonary veins. The vein on
the top of each pair is the superior and the vein below is inferior.
Thus left/right superior/inferior pulmonary vein

INSIDE RIGHT VENTRICLE

25) Trabecule Carneae

The absolute mess/spaghetti present in the right ventricle of the heart. It is most
neeche and below the papillary muscles which are attached to the tendons.

26) Papillary muscles

Thick tubes ontop of the spaghetti (Trabecule Carneae). Only the part Attached to the
thin tendinous cords.

27) Tendinous chords'

From tricuspid valve, it is several very thin lines (cords) that attach to the papillary
muscles. These cords run parallel to each other and are ontop of the trabecule Carneae

28) Coronary/Atrioventricualr sulcus

a prominent groove (indent) on the surface of the heart directly below the right auricle
that separates the atria from the ventricles.

29) Left Coronary artery

2 arteries on the left side of the heart (circumflex - going backward and anterior
interventricular artery - going straight down) join together just below/under the left
auricle. Where they join is the left coronary artery. Jooins ascending aorta

30) Circumflex branch

From the left coronary artery, the branch that goes backwards, to the posterior part of
the heart.

31) Anterior interventricular branch

From the left coronary artery, the branch that goes straight down on the anterior surface
is the anterior interventricular branch.

32) Right coronary artery

Also from the ascending aorta. Curves and Goes down the right side of the heart just
under the right atrium/auricle.

33) posterior interventricular branch

From right coronary artery when it goes to the posterior side and then goes straight
down on the right side of the back..

34) Great Cardiac Vein

Comes form the coronary sinus which is a prominent, thick,horizontal vessel on
backside that separates atrium and ventricles. The great cardiac vein is a branch of this
that goes down the heart on the left, anterior side. Goes all the way down.

35) Middle cardiac/Posterior interventricular vein

Runs with the posterior interventricular branch of right coronary atery. Runs between
ventricles on the right of posterior side. Continuation of coronary sinus.

36) Coronary Sinus

a prominent, thick,horizontal vessel on backside that separates atriums and ventricles,
Has several branches which go down.

37) Transverse Pericardial Sinus

On the cadaver. When they place the forceps horizontally under the ascending aorta.

38) Oblique pericardial Sinus

On the cadaver. When the force is placed erect, at the bottom of the heart (apex)
1) Rectus abdominis muscle
The 6 pack abs. Top most muscle in the dead center of the abdominal area. Divided into
2 vertical parts by line alba.

2) Linea alba
Divides the rectus abdominis muscle into 2. Is a clear white line/segment which runs
through the middle of the abdominal cavity on the topmost part.

3) External abdominal oblique muscles.

Topmost layer of the abdominal layer. Next to the rectus abdominis muscle on both
sides. Is the muscle that curves downwards (not straight lines)

4) Transversus abdominis muscle

Under the internal abdominal oblique muscle (thus its the 3rd layer in the lateral
abdominal muscle layers). Its tendons are straight horizontal unlike other abdominal
oblique muscles.

5) Median umbilical fold

A fold/wall on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall. Comes from the
umbilicus and the median is NOT paired. Fold goes straight down from umbilicus

6) Umbilicus
Navel. Belly button.

1) Oral Cavity Proper -

the mouth cavity behind dental arches.. Basically everything in the area behind and
between the dental arches. Is a area (cavity)

2) Oral vestibule -
The area of the mouth that is in front of dental arches

3) Hard Palate -
Part of the oral cavity. Roof of the mouth behind the upper row of teeth. The hard palate
is closer to the row of teeth and is hard when u touch it.

4) Soft palate -
Part of the oral cavity. Roof of the mouth behind the upper row of teeth and also behind
the hard palate. It is closer to the uvula and further away from the row of teeth. Soft to
touch

5) Parotid gland -
Near the ear. Specifically below and in front of the ear. Is a vertical but thick blob.
Largest gland. Looks like the doner meat thing which is cut.

6) Submandibular gland -
Gland which is under the jaw (mandible). Is horizontally based. Paired gland.

7) Oesophagus -
Tube that goes down from the mouth and connects to the stomach (J shaped pouch).
Runs behind the trachea, in front of vertebral column.

8) Cardia of Stomach -
The small section where the esophagus connects to the stomach is cardia of stomach.

9) Fundus of Stomach -
The top part of the stomach. Highest part, most ascent of the pouch. Away from the
intestines. Has gas bubbles.

10) Body of Stomach -

Middle section of the stomach. Takes up most of the stomach.

11) Pylorus -
The ending section of the stomach. Part of the stomach which connects to the
duodenum.

12) Greater Curvature -

The longer curve of the stomach (outline of the lower part of the stomach. This outline
faces the intestines). The greater omentum attaches to the greater curvature.

13) Lesser Curvature -

The shorter curve of the stomach. (outline of the upper part of the stomach. This outline
faces the lungs). Hepatogastric ligament attaches here.

14) Superior part of Duodenum -

First segment of duodenum. Is horizontal, attached directly to the stomach (pylorus).
15) Descending part of Duodenum -
Second segment of duodenum. After the superior part. It goes downwards (descends).
Long vertical. Has hole (papilla of Vater)

16) Inferior part of Duodenum -

Third segment of duodenum. After the descending part. Is also horizontal.

17) Ascending part of duodenum -

4th part of duodenum. After the inferior part. Ascends upwards. Is very short.

18) Jejenum -
2nd part of intestine after duodenum. Top/First part of the spaghetti mess. Closer to the
stomach and duodenum.

19) Ileum
3rd part of the intestine. Bottom/last part of the spaghetti mess. Close to the Caecum
and genital area. Literally connected to the Caecum.

20) Ileal orifice -

A hole in the inner surface ka lower side of the caecum where the ileum joins the
caecum.

21) Caecum -
The first part of the large intestine. Directly attached to ileum (small intestine). Has
appendix attached to its bottom. Bit thicker than ascending colon

22) Ascending colon -

2nd part of the large intestine. On the right side of the body. Large intestine that goes
upwards (vertically up) on the right side. Ascends

23) Transverse Colon -

3rd part of the large intestine. After ascending colon. Goes horizontally across the body.
Is above the small intestine and the ascending/descending colons of large intestine.
Horizontal

24) Descending Colon -

4th part of the large intestine. On the left side of the body. After the transverse colon.
Large intestine that goes downwards on the left side of the body. Descends
25) Transverse Mesocolon
The transverse mesocolon is the yellow intermediate that is attached to the transverse
colon. Is attached from the bottom part of the trasnverse colon. Part of the mesentary (
the yellow in between thing attached to the jejunum and ileum).

26) Signoid Colon

After the descending colon it is the horizontal part. It curves medially slightly and is
horizontal .

27) Mesentery (Proper)

Yellow connecting tissue/fold in between the ileum and jejunum. The intestine is brown
in contrast and the mesentary is slightly shiny and yellow. Mesentary proper is
connected to ilem and jejunum.

28) Root of Mesentery

Origin of mesentery. Under the transverse colon. Is shiny, yellow like mesentary.

29) Appendix/Appendix Vermiformis

Attached to the caecum. Is that extra organ, that extra tail that protrudes downwards
from the caecum

30) Rectum
After the sigmoid colon (horizontal part), the large intestine goes vertically downwards.
This part that goes downwards is the rectum.

31) Greater Omentum -

Attached to the greater curvature of the stomach (bottom outline of stomach). Basically
a massive yellow flap that covers almost the whole abdominal cavity. Under it is the
intestines.

32) Hepatodudodenal ligament -

Connects the liver and the duodenum (first part of small intestine - next to stomach). It
is a vertical ligament between the 2 structures. Is thick because it contains the portal
triad.

33) Common Bile duct -

Due to fusion of cystic duct (from gall bladder) and common hepatic duct (from liver).
Part of portal triad, in the hepatoduodenal ligament.
34) Hepatic Portal Vein -
Thick vein below the liver and goes into the liver. Due to the joining of splenic vein and
superior mesenteric vein. Part of portal triad, in the hepatduodenal ligament

35) Hepatic Artery Proper -

Celiac Trunk ----> Common Hepatic Artery -----> Proper Hepatic Artery. Under the liver,
going into liver. Bifurcates into 2 just before it enters liver.
Part of portal triad, in the hepatoduodenal ligament.

36) Right Lobe of Liver -

Right half of the liver. Larger lobe. Has a part that curves downwards.

37) Left Lobe of Liver -

Left half of liver. Smaller lobe. Purely horizontal lobe.

38) Caudate Lobe -

On the backside of liver. Upper part between right and left lobe. Up from gall bladder

39) Quadrate Lobe -

On the backside of liver. Lower part between right and left lobe. Next to or below gall
bladder.

40) Inferior Vena Cava (On liver) -

On the backside of liver. Prominent, largest, widest vein on the back of the liver

41) Round ligament of Liver -

The free hanging edge of the falciform (divides liver into 2). Freely hangs down the liver.

42) Falciform Ligament -

Ligament that divides the liver into 2 lobes on the anterior surface.

43) Porta Hepatis -

The hole on the visceral surface of the liver where the portal triad goes into and leaves
the cell. Hilum of liver.

44) Common Hepatic Duct -

Is near porta hepatis - visceral surface of liver.Formed from right and left hepatic duct.
The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct (from gall bladder) to form
common bile duct.

45) Gall Bladder -

Small green pouch under the liver. On lower part of backside(visceral) of liver.

46) Cystic duct -

The duct that is directly connected to the gall bladder. Comes directly from gall bladder
and joins the common hepatic duct to form common bile duct.

47) Superior Mesenteric Vein -

Vein coming from superior mesenteric area. (made up of branches of small intestine
and large intestine first part) Vein so flat and collapsed. Joins the splenic vein to form
hepatic portal vein which goes into liver. Joining happens neeche of liver and behind the
duodenum.

48) Splenic vein

Comes from spleen and surrounding area (left side of body). Collapsed. Joins the
superior mesenteric artery to form hepatic portal vein which goes into liver.

49) Inferior Mesenteric Vein

Formed from various branches of 2nd part of large intestine ke veins. It drains into
splenic vein before splenic vein joins with superior mesenteric vein.

50) Pancreas -
longitudinal organ right below/behind the stomach. Very central in the body. Leaf
shaped with distinct patterned texture.

51) Inferior Vena Cava -

Goes straight down from the thoracic cavity. Runs with the abdominal aorta (slightly to
the right of it). Has 2 renal branches. Bifurcates into right and left common iliac veins. Is
very deep (on the lumbar vertebrae in fact)

52) Abdominal Aorta -

Runs downwards with the inferior vena cava. Slightly to the left and on top of the
abdominal aorta. Has 2 renal arteries and bifurcates into right and left common iliac
arteries.
53) Celiac Trunk -
Very short trunk that arises/protrudes from the abdominal aorta just above the
pancreas, next to stomach. Splits into 3 major branches.

54) Left Gastric Artery -

Most leftward branch of the Celiac trunk. Joins the right gastric artery and supplies the
stomach. (Lesser curvature)

55) Common Hepatic Artery -

Most rightward branch of the Celiac trunk. Becomes the Proper Hepatic Artery and
supplies the liver.

56) Splenic Artery

Middle branch of the Celiac trunk. Runs behind the stomach and goes to the spleen. Is
spiral.

57) Superior Mesenteric Artery

Originates from the front of the abdominal aorta. Is below the celiac trunk and above
the 2 renal arteries. Curves downwards. Has intestinal branches

58) Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Is 2 fingers above the abdominal aorta bifurcation. Thus below superior mesenteric
artery and curves downwards. 2nd part of long intestine branches.

59) Common Iliac Artery

The abdominal aorta bifurcates and divides into right and left common iliac arteries.
Thus they are continuations of the abdominal aorta.

60) Internal Iliac Artery

Branch of common iliac artery that goes towards the pelvic area. Goes medially. There
is a right and left present

61) External Iliac Artery

Continuation of Common Iliac Artery. Goes down, though the hip, continues as femoral
artery. There is a right and left present.

62) Common Iliac Vein

The inferior vena cava bifurcates and divides into right and left common iliac veins.
Thus they are continuations of the abdominal aorta.
63) Internal iliac vein
Branch of common iliac vein that goes towards the pelvic area. Goes medially. There is
a right and left present

64) External Iliac vein

Continuation of Common Iliac vein. Goes down, though the hip, continues as femoral
vein. There is a right and left present.

65) Spleen
On the left side to the stomach. Only one present. Purple. Has spiral splenic artery
attached.

1) Renal Artery
Vessel that exits/enters at the hilum of kidney. Is the thicker, circular vessel.

2) Renal vein
Vessel that exits/enters at the hilum of kidney. Is the flattened, collapsed vessel.

3) Left & Right kidneys

The ureter has to be the most posterior vessel of the hilum. No loop of ureter as it goes
down. Straight downward. Once this is done, its in the right position. Now compare it to
your own body and decide.

4) Renal pyramids
On the inner surface of the kidney, the triangular dark segments on the periphery

5) Renal medulla
The sum of the renal pyramids is called renal medulla. The area in which all the renal
pyramids are present.

6) Renal Columns
The thin light parts (columns) between the renal pyramids.

7) Hilum of Kidney
The hole on the curved surface where all the vessels enter/exit.

8) Renal Sinus
Fat filled part in middle of kidney. Not a vessel, just middle of kidney below all the
vessels.

9) Renal Pelvis
Part of ureter when its still in the kidney.

10) Renal calyces

The vessel that immediately drains (and thus is below) the renal pyramids. Eventually
becomes renal pelvis, then ureter.

11) Ureter
Tube that exits kidney and goes downward to the urinary bladder. Straight downward, no
loop while it goes down.

12) Urinary bladder

2 ureters (one from each kidney) join this organ. Located in pelvic area, it gives off one
tube at its bottom (urethra). Its inner lining is spotty.

13) Fundus of urinary bladder

Base of urinary bladder. Contains trigone. Postereoinferior part.

14) Prostatic Urethra (only in males)

First part of urethra after it leaves urinary bladder. Directly under urinary bladder, through
prostate.

15) Spongy Urethra (only in males)

Part of urethra in the upper/middle part of penis.

16) Navicular fossa (only in males)

Part of urethra just before the penile hole.

1) Ovary
Small ovals/circles to the top left and top right corner of uterus. Attached to the uterine
tube.

2) Uterine tube
The 2 tubes that extend from the top corners of the uterus

3) Fimbriae of Uterine Tube

Finger like projections at the end of the uterine tubes

4) Uterus
Behind urinary bladder. Triangular shaped box with 2 curved tubes at the top corners.

5) Fundus of Uterus
Top most part of the uterus

6) Body of Uterus
Middle part of Uterus

7) Cervix of Uterus
Lower part of Uterus which connects to the vagina

8) Supravaginal part of Uterus

Upper part of cervix

9) Vaginal part of cervix

Lower part of cervix, where it joins the vagina.

10) External os of uterus

Opening between cervix and vagina

11) Cervical Canal

The tube in the cervical area

12) Broad ligament of Uterus

Ligament on top of the uterus. Widest ligament, covers the whole uterus

13) Round ligament of Uterus

Attached to uterine tube

14) Proper Ovarian ligament

Attached to the ovaries. Very short, goes downward and attaches down.

15) Suspensory ligament of ovary

Contains ovarian artery and ovarian vein. Goes downward from kidney area to uterus
sides
16) Recto Uterine Pouch
Gap between the Uterus and Rectum - behind the uterus

17) Vesico-Uterine pouch

Gap between the Uterus and urinary bladder. In front of the uterus.

18) Vagina
The long canal which opens to the outside. Bottommost part

19) Posterior part of vaginal Fornix

Where vagina opens to the outside. The back part of this hole.

1) Testis
Circles/Balls under the penis.

2) Epididymis
The small layer/patch on top of the testis. Vas Deferens connected to it

3) Spermatic Cord
Cord like structure - contains blood vessels, nerves and vas deferens. Originates from
just above testis.

4) Ductus Deferens/Vas Deferens

The tube that originates from the testes and goes to the bladder.

5) Testicular artery
In the spermatic cord, next to the vas deferens.

6) Left and Right testicular vein

Once again in the spermatic cord, there are multiple of these vessels in the spermatic
cord as compared to one testicular artery and one vas deferense.

7) Seminal Vesicle
Seen only in sagittal section. Is a oval shaped organ behind the prostate, thus below
behind the urinary bladder. Vas deferense goes through it.

8) Prepuce
Foreskin on penis
9) Prostate
Under the urinary bladder. Kinda middle large organ, urethra runs through it.

10) Corpus Cavernosum of Penis

On the penis itself. The upper half of the dissected penis. Doesnt contain urethra

11) Corpus Spongiosum

On the dissected penis. Bottom half of dissected penis, has urthra.

12) Glans of Penis

Head of the penis/tip of penis.

1) Ischiorectal fossa
Present on the backside. The gap/area on either side of the anal canal. It is the gap
below the levator ani muscle (diagonally downward muscle next to anal canal)

2) Pudendal canal
Visible on the backside. The canal is present at the bottom, medial side of the obturator
internus muscle (straight muscle on the sides of anal canal).

3) Sacrotuberous ligament
Visible on the backside. A ligament which connects sacrum to ilialc tubersoity (bottom
of ilium)

4) External Anal Sphincter Muscle

The outermost muscle on the sides of the anal canal.

5) Bulb of Penis
Between the 2 crus of penis which are at the base of the penis.

6) Crus of Penis
Base of the penis - starting point from inside the body

1) Psoas Major
Big muscle on the pelvis that goes downwards

2) Internal Iliac atrery

Abdominal Aorta ------> Common iliac artery ------> External & Internal Illiac artery.
Internal goes towards pelvic area.

3) Internal ilac vein

Inferior Vena Cava ------> Common Iliac Vein ------> External and Internal Iliac Vein.
Internal goes towards pelvic area.

Obturator Artery, Vein, Nerve

All goes through the obturator foramen. Artery and vein come from internal iliac. Nerve
passes over the horns of sacrum.

6) Obturator Internus Muscle

The straight muscle on the far sides from anal canal.

7) Levator Ani
Next to the anal canal, the muscles that curve downwards.
Study posterior view of heart, interior view of chambers, blood supply to heart
https://www.imaios.com/en/e-anatomy/thorax/heart?slice=16&structureId=4029&isolat
e=true