LECTURE 4

HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter 3 includes the following topics:

- Research Design
- Subjects of the Study
- Data Gathering Instruments
- Validation of the Instrument
- Data gathering Procedure
- Statistical treatment

RESEARCH DESIGN
• The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the
different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring
you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis of data.

• In this part, the method of research used whether historical, descriptive or

experimental should be explained briefly.

(To know more about the types of research design, you may visit the link below:
https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185902#s-lg-box-wrapper-
626728)

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

§ Descriptive research designs help provide answers to the questions of who,
what, when, where, and how associated with a particular research problem;
a descriptive study cannot conclusively ascertain answers to why.

§ Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current

status of the phenomena and to describe "what exists" with respect to
variables or conditions in a situation.

Example: supposed the descriptive method will be used in the study about the
MODERNIZATION OF THE WET MARKET IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF BAYAMBANG.
A brief discussion follows:

Research Design

Descriptive method of research will be used in this study. Descriptive method of

research is a fact-finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings.

It describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current conditions, practices,

situations, or any phenomena. Since the present study or investigation focuses on the

perceptions and the problems encountered by the customers and stall owners on the

modernization of the wet market in the municipality of Bayambang, the descriptive method

of research is the most appropriate method to be used.

SUBJECTS OF THE STUDY
- Subjects of respondents are the sources of your data
- Most researchers use people as subjects or respondents of their study.
- The characteristics, development, opinions, attitudes, knowledge, performance,
experiences, perceptions, and the like, of these respondents are used to answer
your research question.
- In this part of research, the proponents have to explain how and where the subjects
will be taken. It can be either using the entire population or a sample

Population
o a group from which your subjects or respondents are drawn.

Sample
o A small group that represents the whole population

- The researcher must explain very clear how he selected his sample.
- He must be able to show that his sample is representative of the population by
showing that he used the appropriate techniques of sampling.
- In determining the sample size of the population, a formula of Slovin is given

Slovin’s Formula
o Slovins Formula is developed by Robert Slovin.
o It is used to determine the appropriate number of
participants/sample in a survey. This determination of
sample size is based on the availability of the number of
populations.
o It is computed as:

𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒2

Wherein:

n = sample size
N = population size
e = desired margin error

Example:

Subjects of the Study

The subjects of this study are the 54 fish stall owners, 73 meat stall owners, and

the 100 customers of the modernized wet market in the Municipality of Bayambang. The

total number of the stall owners was determined based on the date provided by the

President of Market Vendors Association. As to the number of the customers, it was

determined based on a quota set by the researchers which was also recommended and

approved by the adviser and the members of the panel to assure the validity of the result.

Table 1 on the next page shows the distribution of the respondents.

 Table 1

Distribution of Respondents

Respondents No. of Respondents

Fish Stall Owners 54

Meat Stall Owners 73

Customers 100

Total 227

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

- The research instrument is either a questionnaire, test, interview, checklist,
observation, or rating scale. The researcher should describe how they designed
their instrument. Each part of the research instrument is explicitly stated

Example:

Data Gathering Instrument

The questionnaire checklist will be the principal instrument to gather the needed

data and information for this study.

The researcher prepared two sets of questionnaires. The first set is for the stall

owners and the second set is for the customers. Each set of questionnaire has two parts.

The first part of the questionnaire determined the profile of the respondents while the

second part determines the perception and problems encountered by the stall owners as

well as the customers on the modernization of the wet market in Bayambang. The

questionnaire was translated into Filipino to acquire reliable result.

The researchers prepared and constructed the items in the questionnaire,

nonetheless, the comments and recommendations of the adviser, critic reader, and other

experts were considered for the improvement of the data gathering instrument.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
§ The researcher should ask permission and approval from the head of the agency
where the subjects are employed or belong.
§ Once permitted, the researcher administers the questionnaire, the retrieval date
and the percentage retrieval of the research must be stated.

Example:

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the actual data gathering process, the researchers requested for the

permission and approval of the wet market supervisor of Bayambang.

The researchers will explain the objectives of the study to the respondents and will

guide them on how they will answer the questionnaire properly. As to the process of

collecting the data from the customers, the researchers will stay in the site for two (2)

weeks for the floating of the questionnaire. Explanation about their voluntary participation

in the study will be discussed as well; their identity will be kept confidential. They will

have the right to refuse and withdraw anytime during the study.

Hence, based on the data gathered, the researcher will tabulate, analyze, and

interpret the respondent’s answer.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

§ In this part, the statistical tools to be used to answer the research questions of
the study must be described and the formula must be explained.
§ A statistician can help you in this statistical part of your study.

Example:

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools that the research will use in this study to ensure better

and reliable results are shown below:

Problem no. 1 and 2 will be analyzed using frequency and percentage. The formula

for the percentage distribution is:

𝑛𝑓
𝑃= 𝑥100%
𝑁

Where:

P = percentage rate of frequency rate

NF = number of frequency

N = total population of respondents

 For problem number 3 and 4, which deals with the perception and problems of stall

owners and customers with regard to modernization of wet market in Bayambang, will be

determined using the Average Weighted Mean (AWM).

∑𝑓(𝑥)
𝐴𝑊𝑀 =
𝑁

Wherein:

f - frequency

x - weight in each frequency

N - total number of respondents

For problem number 3, the following range will be used in interpreting the Average

Weighted Mean:

Scale Range Descriptive rating

5 4.20 – 5.00 Strongly Agree

4 3.40 – 4.19 Agree

3 2.60 – 3.39 Undecided

2 1.80 – 2.59 Disagree

1 1.0 – 1.79 Strong Disagree

For problem number 4 which focus on the problems encountered by the stall

owners and customers, the following scale will be used:

Scale Range Descriptive rating

5 4.20 – 5.00 Always

4 3.40 – 4.19 Very Often

3 2.60 – 3.39 Sometimes

2 1.80 – 2.59 Rarely

1 1.0 – 1.79 Never

(Below is another example of Chapter 3.
Title of the study: LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF BAYAMBANG OFFFICIALS ON THEIR
DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS)

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the procedure on how the study will be performed. It

contains the research design, the description of the subjects, locale of the study, data-

gathering instruments, the procedure to be used in gathering data and the statistical

treatment on the data to be collected.

Research Design

This research study will use descriptive-survey method. According to Aggarwal

(2208), descriptive research is devoted to the gathering of information about prevailing

conditions or situations for the purpose of description and interpretation. This type of

research method is not simply amassing and tabulating facts but includes proper

analyses, interpretation, comparisons, identification of trends and relationships.

The significance of this method is that it is concerned not only with the

characteristics of the individuals but with the characteristics of the whole sample thereof.

It provides information useful to the solutions of local issues. (http://ijtbm.com)

Since the present study or investigation deals on the level of awareness of the

barangay officials on their duties and functions as provided in the Local Government Code

of 1991, the researchers believed that it is appropriate to use descriptive survey method

because it provides proper analysis, adequate and accurate interpretation of data which

is important in attaining reliable findings.

Subjects of the Study

The subjects of the study are the elected and appointed officials f the top five 95)

performing barangays in the municipality of Alcala as of the 1st quarter of 2019 as per the

existing records of DILG. According to DILG Alcala, the barangays were ranked based

on the timely and complete. Submission of reports and records on or before the deadline

required by the office.

 Specifically, the researchers will only gather the response of 1) the five Punong

Barangays, 2) thirty-five Sangguniang Barangay Members, 3) the five Barangay

Secretaries, and 4) the five Barangay Treasurers.

In addition to the elected and appointed officials who will serve as primary

respondents of the study, the following appointed officials per barangay will also be

included: 1) five Heads of the Lupong Tagapamayapa, 2) five Heads of Senior Citizens,

3) five Heads of the Barangay health Workers, 4) five Chief Barangay Tanods and, 5) five

Team Leaders of 4P’s.

Table 1

Respondents of the Study

Name of Barangay Barangay Officials Sectoral Total

Representative Respondents

Anulid 10 5 15

Poblacion East 10 5 15

Poblacion West 10 5 15

San Pedro Ili 10 5 15

Pindangan West 10 5 15

Total 50 25 75
Respondents

Data gathering Instrument

A questionnaire checklist will be utilized by the researchers as the main tool in

gathering data. Part I deals on the profile of each barangay officials which includes: age,

sex, civil status, highest educational attainment, length of service, seminars attended,

religion, monthly family income, and other sources of income. Part II will assess the level

of awareness of the barangay officials on their duties and responsibilities as provided on

the Local government Code of 1991, while part III centers on the extent of seriousness of

the problem encountered by the barangay officials in the performance of their duties,

functions, and responsibilities.

Data Gathering Procedure

A letter of request will be sent by the researchers to the Honorable mayor of the

Municipality of Alcala asking permission and approval to allow them to conduct the study

and administer the questionnaires. For the barangay officials of the top five (5) performing

barangays, a communication letter will be sent as well for the administration of the

questionnaires.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The statistical tools to be used by the researchers to analyze and interpret the

gathered date will be the frequency counts, percentages, and Average Weighted Mean

(AWM).

In problem number 1 which focus on the profile of the respondents, frequency counts and

percentages will be used. The formula in calculating the percentage is shown below:

𝑓
𝑃= 𝑥100%
𝑁

Where:

P = percentage

f = frequency

N = number of respondents

As to problem number 2 which determine the level of awareness of the barangay

officials on their duties, functions, and responsibilities as provided for in the Local

Government Code of 1991, Average Weighted Mean (AWM) will be used.

The formula in calculating AWM is:

∑𝑓(𝑥)
𝐴𝑊𝑀 =
𝑁

Wherein:

f - frequency

x - weight in each frequency

N - total number of respondents

 The following range will be used in interpreting the Average Weighted Mean.

Scale Range Descriptive rating

5 4.20 – 5.00 Very Much Aware

4 3.40 – 4.19 Aware

3 2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Aware

2 1.80 – 2.59 Less Aware

1 1.0 – 1.79 Not Aware

For problem number 3, the same statistical tool with the problem number 2 will be used.

It will be interpreted using the following scale:

Scale Range Descriptive rating

5 4.20 – 5.00 Very Serious

4 3.40 – 4.19 Serios

3 2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Serious

2 1.80 – 2.59 Less Serious

1 1.0 – 1.79 Not a Problem