BONGALON - Revised Proposal - ARCH 141

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN
College of Architecture
Quezon City, Philippines
DALUYAN
A Proposed Public Market-cum-PUJ and
Tricycle Terminal Landmark
in Ynares Avenue of Lupang Arenda
A Research Proposal
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Architectural Design VII: Integrative Design Project I
Submitted to:
Professor Richelle Rhea R. Baria
By
Christianne Clarisse Bongalon
2020-05163 | IV - BS Architecture
October 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 3
A. Background of the Study................................................................................................. 3
Significance of the Study..................................................................................................... 6
B. Problem Statement...........................................................................................................9
C. Objectives...................................................................................................................... 10
D. Rationale........................................................................................................................10
E. Scope, Limitations, and Assumptions............................................................................14
F. Glossary of Terms...........................................................................................................14
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...................................................................... 16
A. THE SITE CONTEXT.................................................................................................. 16
B. PARADIGMS FOR THE SOLUTION..........................................................................17
D. SYNTHESIS................................................................................................................. 28
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK....................................................................................... 30
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK......................................................................................... 31
III. METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................... 32
METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK........................................................................... 38
References............................................................................................................................... 39
ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 2

I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Lupang Arenda in Sitio Tapayan, Barangay Sta. Ana, Taytay, Rizal Province
was originally allocated as socialized housing by Former President Fidel Ramos
through Proclamation 704. However, due to the intense flooding of Typhoon Ondoy
in 2009, Former President Gloria Macapagal would revoke this through Executive
Order 854, declaring the site unfit for residence because of concerns on safety from
disaster (TAO-Pilipinas, Inc., n.d.).
Residents have, since, been fighting for the security of tenure in Lupang
Arenda. Palermo (2023, September 18) in Manila Bulletin reported that Members of
the Alliance of People’s Organizations in Lupang Arenda (APOLA) are still
campaigning for proclamation of land housing for over 19,000 families.
As flood and other physical risks and permanency of residence remain a large
talking point, life continues for Lupang Arenda.
The 2020 Census of Population and Housing by the Philippine Statistics
Authority (2020) found its barangay, Sta. Ana, as having 107,415 residents while
Lupang Arenda alone is home to 40,181 individuals—which are growing numbers.
They have built a local economy in the home community. The Ynares Avenue
in Lupang Arenda is an entire street of a variety of stores, such as wholesale and
resale, food, grocery, and pharmacies. Most of them are shophouses–business and
commercial on the ground floor, then residence above. These shophouses were built
without formal planning in relation to each other, or an indicated specific zoning, but
eventually became a designated market and commercial area.
Some institutional facilities are also in dispersed distances throughout: the
Ynares Elementary school, a community learning hub, a barangay basketball court,

and the barangay extension hall which houses the health center and rescue vehicles,
among others.
Its road is flooded due to inefficient and clogged drainage, however, it
remains an active public space having been informally established as a market and
commercial hub, with a sense of centrality for community needs, products, services,
events, and governmental concerns.
Accordingly, these environmental and socioeconomic conditions persisting in
Lupang Arenda, and particularly, in Ynares Avenue require a scheme of repair,
improvement, and sustainability. The community is in position for safeguarding and
development
Solutions in this regard align with the Comprehensive Development Plan of
Taytay (Local Government of Taytay, 2018) proposing the collaboration of public and
private sectors as the blueprint of action in elevating life and livelihood of the
socialized housing residents, particularly in Lupang Arenda.
In observation of the overall climate of progress, tapping into private capital
has brought major improvements in sprawling urban communities but a
well-structured public-private partnership (PPP) can also uplift small municipalities
and cities by providing essential support to produce the necessary but unavailable
resources, facilities, and infrastructure (Brown, 2020).
At present, PPPs in the Philippines have been crucial to nation building,
specifically, economic development. In the Philippines, PPPs best show in
infrastructure development. One of its lasting and oldest outputs is the North Luzon
Expressway (NLEX) connecting the northern Philippines to Metro Manila which
services 278,000 motorists everyday (Zaldarriaga, 2022).

Emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic, the current administration is eyeing
for an economic boost, a national affirmation of the local goals of Taytay. President
Ferdinand Marcos Jr. is encouraging local heads to look into PPPs as a framework for
the financing of projects for their constituents; and has broached the possibility of a
PPP-system for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) which account for
around 99.5% percent of businesses in the country (The Philippine Star, 2022).
This collaboration of sectors as a format of solution is further supported
through the framework, “Disaster Risk Reduction Private Sector Partnership'' by the
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015). It details five visions for a
resilient future by highlighting the collaboration of local, national, and private
stakeholders in mitigation, preparation, and response to disasters. Economically
attractive solutions by resilient-sensitive public and resilient-sensitive businesses
secures protection and sustainability for both parties and their communities.
Architecturally, to accommodate for the variety of functions that a
public-private partnership needs and aligns with the mix of spaces in Ynares Avenue,
a mixed-use typology is to be adapted. Parallel to PPPs, the mixed-use function of
architecture arose out of the multidisciplinary thinking and ways of recent times
through allowing for multiple types of function (Upadhyaya, 2022). On a spatial
level, transformable spaces allow a room or more to also have multiple functions
(Jain & Choudhari, 2018).
The residents and members of the APOLA have expressed that providing
formal structure to the marketspace is the immediate, most necessary solution in
Ynares Avenue.
The public market of today, beyond its straightforward program as a place of
selling and buying, is becoming a multidimensional space of experience where people
shop but also gather, eat, socialize, and learn (Mackenzie, 2015). The public market is

no longer exclusive to stalls, shops, and/or stores of fresh produce, raw ingredients,
and/or general merchandise, and can now also include government service spaces,
leisure amenities, other commercial establishments, and other types of spaces for
convergence. It is essentially a community hub, a commercial civic center for the
locality (Mackenzie, 2015; Bryne, 2021). This new format, when applied in relation
to Ynares Avenue—which in itself is already innately a multidimensional zone—can
foster sustainable development as infrastructure that is able to tackle and aid as well
as harness potential and opportunities in several systems such as its environment, its
economy, and overall society.
Significance of the Study
The study aims to provide an architectural solution addressing the
socioeconomic and environmental conditions through a public market building or a
development of multiple buildings that generates opportunities of collaboration
between the local community, the government, and the private sector to further the
cause of disaster risk, reduction, and response (DRRR), tourism, and especially the
economy in Lupang Arenda.
Specifically, this aims to benefit the following:
The Lupang Arenda Community and Its Residents
The design’s priority is to contribute to the improvement
of the community’s overall environment and economy.
The provision of a formal public market structure
provides the Lupang Arenda residents with job
opportunities, a streamlined marketspace from where they
get daily needs and other purchases, a leisure space for
recreation and greenery to break the density of built
structures in the area. Furthermore, significant

consideration of physical hazards, especially flooding in
the area, will provide the barangay with disaster risk
reduction and response facilities.
The Local Business Stakeholders
Public market and commercial spaces will be made
available for lease to local MSMEs and other businesses
such that these said spaces are positioned to maximize
commercial attraction and turn good profit.
The Lupang Arenda Home Federations/Community Organizations
Stalls, shops, and/or store spaces are to be allotted for
livelihood projects in the community like the “Livelihood
Program Para sa Kababaihan” of Sitio Ynares Sa Lupang
Arenda Homeowners Association (SYLAHOA) to
showcase and sell garment works of their members.
Furthermore, the HOAs have expressed sentiment on the
flooding problem with which the design will seek
solution/s for.
The Local and National Government Unit/s
Fostering local socioeconomic and environmental
development through the public market is contributory to
the small and larger institutions of the country. Creating a
profit-generating commercial and touristic space
contributes to revenues of the government from the
barangay level, the municipal government of Taytay, to
the national economy.

Specific functions and programmatic goals of the space
also further the goals and objective, missions and visions
of different government agencies:
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
in the promotion of jobs for Lupang
Arenda residents.
Department of Tourism (DOT)
in the promotion of tourism as
employment and income-generating
activity, furthering socio-economic
welfare of the country.
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
in increasing competitiveness and
innovation of industry and services;
improvement of market and consumer
access.
National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC)
in imbibing disaster readiness and
response as well as providing facilities
and equipment to fulfill them to the
community.
The Private Sector
As financier and part-owner, the private sector earns
revenue while simultaneously uplifting the community
through its major support in the construction,

maintenance, and operation of the public market
development.
Tourist/s and the Tourism Sector
Integration of local crafts and products, commercial and
leisure amenities, recreational bike trail, and park spaces
aim for attracting tourists and, consequently, consumers
to the development as generating social activity and
profit.
B. Problem Statement
How can we harness the streetscape-marketplace relationship in Ynares Avenue
as a means of commercial, touristic, and communal activity through public
market architecture in order to promote community resilience?
1. What present conditions and developmental needs on the macro and
microscales surrounding and within the Ynares Avenue site need to
be aided and/or mobilized as opportunities through the public
market?
2. What spaces, spatial types and/or strategies can be employed or
incorporated to the public market in order to reflect, provide
solutions, or uplift identified present conditions and developmental
needs of the site?
3. What overarching concepts and theories can serve as guiding
framework in forming the reconfiguration of the public market
development in Ynares Avenue?

C. Objectives
The study endeavors to reconfigure the public market such that it can bring
about community resilience and development through harnessing environmental,
commercial, and touristic potentialities of Ynares Avenue.
Specifically, it seeks to:
1. Investigate present conditions and developmental needs on the macro
and microscales surrounding and within the Ynares Avenue site that
need to be aided and/or can be mobilized as opportunities through the
public market.
2. Define spaces, spatial types and/or strategies that can be employed or
incorporated to the public market in order to reflect, provide
solutions, or uplift identified present conditions and developmental
needs of the site.
3. Define concepts and theories that can serve as guiding framework in
forming the reconfiguration of the public market development in
Ynares Avenue.
4. Conceptualize a design scheme for a public market development
befitting the community resilience needs and opportunities of Lupang
Arenda, and particularly, Ynares Avenue.
D. Rationale
At the root of this project is recognizing the inherent characteristics of Ynares
Avenue as the site’s capability and catalyst for socioeconomic development.
Public Market Architecture
As established, Ynares Avenue is first and foremost a marketplace.
This can be understood as the zoning and function of the space, but also as
the character and/or the sense of the place where nationally shared Filipino

market culture exists–i.e., tawaran or the activity of price bargaining; and the
suki relationship.
The quality of a market in an urban area may consist of the
mentioned parameters above (the zoning, function, and sense of place) as
well as its spatial flexibility, convenience, and connection or access to the
outside environment (Tabak & Yücel, 2022). Some essential attributes of a
good market design include: its location must be a focal point of the
neighborhood or the city; provision of urban furniture and access
infrastructure of pedestrians and vehicles.
Accessibility
It is integral to the public market that access and circulation of
pedestrians and vehicles are efficiently designed and/or provided for. Other
than locating the building/s in adjacency to the busy streets, another strategy
in inviting higher foot traffic into the building/s is adjacency or inclusion of
transport systems in the development (Balea, 2023; Martinez, n.d.). High
foot traffic means more customers and then more sales (Balea, 2023) and
ultimately more profit. This is something that SM Malls highly bank on.
Notably, the retail and mall conglomerate has openly fought for involvement
in funding and construction of the planned common rail station in Metro
Manila that was projected to accommodate an approximate of millions of
passengers. Internal studies of the corporation posits that 30% of the
passenger population of a train station are likely to enter an adjacent mall
(Balea, 2023).
Applying this strategy to the context and proportion of Ynares
Avenue, a PUJ and Tricycle Terminal would be appropriate for the
development as existing PUJ and tricycle terminals and routes are dispersed.

Two tricycle terminals were arbitrarily located in the avenue, thus,
complementing the need for coherent marketspace is a coherent
transportation station increasing and widening accessibility to the
development not just within the streets adjacent to the chosen site but to other
surrounding areas and cities.
Making a Landmark
A landmark, according to Kevin Lynch in The Image of the City,
forms the mental and physical image of a city such that its key characteristics
are ‘unique and memorable’ (Pham, 2021). It can be a particular object,
building, or place that has generated significant attention from its surrounding
community and beyond (Yun 2019).
Some features that make a landmark include a distinctive frontage or
exterior. Landmarks serve as “choice points” or indicators of a route-change.
It can provide information about locations, distances, and direction and
‘prime’ a decision on where to go. As such, a memorable exterior in the
context of a public market development may inform a viewer to explore it
and Ynares Avenue as a means of inviting visitors to the development and the
site.
Another feature is the uniqueness of its function. For instance, part of
the Burj Khalifa’s worldly appeal to tourists is the highest observation deck
and the sky restaurant (Mılyanı & Mofarhı, 2016) which elevates usual
touristic leisure through the space. In relation to the project, the direct
proximity of road to store in the marketplace has been an established way of
life in Ynares Avenue. With the need for a formal market, an opportunity to
incorporate this activity into the building both in maintaining a sense of place
but also creating a unique, safe public space for the residents. Provision of an

indoor recreational bike path not only responds to these goals but also
imbibes the circulation space with a new function.
Indoor Recreational Bike Path in a Market
With the goal of maintaining the streetscape identity of Ynares
Avenue in which the marketplace has a sense of connectivity to the streets,
the formal market will be integrated with a recreational function through
greenery and a cycling path which will provide a unique circulation function
for encouraging users to explore the extent of the market and commercial
space through recreational cycling.
Such a concept is derived from biking as a common form of
commute among the residents outside of walking as well as connectivity to
the C6 and C6 extension (also referred to as Laguna Lake Highway) in which
a cycling lane separate from motor vehicles is incorporated. Installed by the
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), this protected bike lane
connects Lower Bicutan, Taguig City to Taytay, Rizal particularly Lupang
Arenda. It is 3 meters wide and occupies 5.8 kilometers of the 6.94-kilometer
length of the highway. The bike lane is separated from the motorized vehicle
highway through a planting strip, with the 1.5-meter sidewalk on the opposite
end (Rey, 2019).
In connection to these existing conditions, recreational cycling will
specifically be the type of biking activity that the circulation space will be
allowed to host.

E. Scope, Limitations, and Assumptions
The study endeavors to provide Lupang Arenda and, particularly, Ynares
Avenue with a public market development responding and harnessing the
potentialities of the site to bring out resilience in the community.
Specifically, the study will investigate the prevailing socioeconomic,
environmental, and livelihood conditions of the site to identify said potentialities. In
line with the yielded available data and time constraint, methods and information
gathered are under the scope of the following.
● Existing national and local government data, both physical and online
(ie., Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) surveys, Comprehensive
Development Plan of Taytay, local informative brochure in Lupang
Arenda)
● Informal interviews with the officials, home association organization
(HOA) members, and residents
● On-site observation of researcher
● Precedents on contractual agreements; financial, industry, and
marketing analyses; as well as design inspiration or feasibility.
Analyses are the result of a combination of international, national, and/or
primarily local data, as such, the scope of the conclusions may be primarily
applicable to the setting of the study. That said, the process of conclusion and
synthesis for the study and the design may be replicated as a means of expanding the
methodologies of architectural research and design.
F. Glossary of Terms
Development
Refers to public market project unless otherwise stated or used to mean as a
process of progress

Public Market
Commercial complex where trade of merchandise, primarily produce and
other general goods, is held.
Recreation Cycling
Is a biking activity intended for leisure and entertainment rather than practical
purposes such as transportation. Typically held in a leisurely space.
Streetscape
Refer to the scenery of the street, primarily the visual elements such as roads
and sidewalks as well as the buildings, and/or the experiences within it.
Marketplace
Is an open space where economic activity, particularly, trade of merchandise
and sales are conducted.
Urban Area
“Density of human structures, such as houses, commercial buildings, roads,
bridges, and railways.”

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. THE SITE CONTEXT
The name Arenda originated from the Spanish term for ‘lease’ used for the
lease of fixed assets in the Encomienda system (forced labor) system that Taytay,
among many provinces in the Philippines, and specifically Lupang Arenda, was under
during the Hispanic colonial times. The large Lupang Arenda lot was donated by Don
Juan Valerio Gonzales and Don Cristobal Paramdam to the Taytay municipality and
used for farming and fishing from which some of the locals were able to make their
livelihood (Fernandez, 2023).
From agriculture and fishery, the lot would be of different function by more
or less a century later. Tao Pilipinas (n.d.) details the ongoing plight of the locality:
The Presidential Proclamation 704 in 1995 by Former President Fidel Ramos
declared the 80-hectare Lupang Arenda as relocation of informal settlers and the
families displaced by the Pasig River Rehabilitation. Flooding due to Typhoon Ondoy
(Ketsana) in 2009 would push then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to revoke this
proclamation through Executive Order 854. The umbrella organization, Alliance of
People’s Organizations in Lupang Arenda (APOLA), with 3 federations: Lupang
Arenda Homeowners Federation, Inc. (LAHOFI); Arenda Urban Poor Federation,
Inc. (AUPFI); and Koalisyon ng Pagbabago sa Lupang Arenda Council of Leaders,
Inc. (KOALISYON) are actively engaging with the local and national government in
re-establishing Lupang Arenda as a site for socialized housing and the residents’
security of tenure.
The Local Government of Taytay (2018) discussed at length the prevailing
conditions in the municipality and the corresponding improvements they propose in
the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) of Taytay:
Flooding Risk

Lupang Arenda locates itself in the lowlands of Taytay where
there are noted poor internal drainage systems with most of them
being open creeks and canals that necessitated constant dredging.
Besides drainage, heavy rainfall ultimately causes the floods in the
municipality’s flatlands but is reported to be exacerbated by flood
control projects.
The Napindan Project involved a road dike and other flood
control infrastructures that flooded towns in Taguig, Taytay, and
other towns in Laguna and Rizal and obstructed saltwater flow from
Manila Bay to Laguna Lake, affecting the lake’s ecology.
The construction of the 10-kilometer artificial floodway,
Manggahan—which aims to lessen Metro Manila
flooding—redirected the floodwater to coastal and lakesides of
Laguna and Rizal.
Strengthening Community
In Lupang Arenda, the government aims to create a more
conducive dwelling. Specifically, this means a proper drainage
system, waste and pollution control, and disaster risk management
done with the involvement of national agencies and private investors.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are being encouraged in
promoting opportunities for comprehensive livelihood for the
residents.
B. PARADIGMS FOR THE SOLUTION
Resilience Theory

The Ball and Cup Model of System and Stability provides an overview of the
trends of paths and methods from which the practice of architecture can derive its use
and application of resilience from. The model looks into illustrating and
understanding the phenomena and approach to phenomena that engineering,
ecological, and socio-ecological or adaptive systems have such that the scopes and
limitations of each system can be identified and derived. Specifically, it showed that
engineering resilience alone, by purely technological and scientific ways, tend to lack
and fail especially long-term, because its defining character is primarily recovery time
and efficiency which is constrained to immediacy and time which also limits the
solution from being prepared of disturbances that are big in size and longer in the
time scale. Ecological resilience on the other hand, offers a broader scope through
encompassing multiple equilibriums rather than engineering's single. This enables for
more than one outcome (a new normal) rather than only two possibilities of going
back to original condition or ultimately, failure. Social-ecological resilience
recognizes the dynamism of context and derives a wider, long-term, adaptive
response than ecological and engineering resilience and consequently requires
architecture to provide an extensive solution. Social-ecological resilience translates
to understanding and incorporating the interconnection of technical, ecological, and
social domains in the design of buildings.
Blended Spaces
The Blending Theory is initially a theory of linguistics that was thereafter
applied to other fields such as mathematics and creativity (Han, 2017). Its main
principle says that original inputs coming from different domains can share some
structure and form a generic domain as illustrated in Figure 1 (Han, 2017). In relation,
a blended space is a new environment derived from physical and virtual environments
and is the result of mixed realities.

Figure 1. Concept of Blended Spaces (Benyon & Resmini, 2015).
Public-Private Partnerships
A public-private partnership (PPP) is a contractual arrangement entered by
public and private sectors in which risks and rewards from the use of skills, assets,
and/or financial resources of either or both parties are shared in complementary
manner, with the goal of servicing the community and its citizens. In this system, the
public entity holds the ultimate responsibility of providing the service, but the private
sector provides and supports the same for an extended period of time. In the
Philippines, between 1990 to 2019, 116 PPP projects of varying infrastructures (i.e.,
airports, electricity, information) succeeded in attaining financial closure, with the
highest investment in energy. Among the biggest sponsors of the sector are
Philippine-origin companies: Aboitiz Equity Ventures, Ayala Corporation, and San
Miguel Corporation. That said, there has been an increase in foreign sponsor
participation, with 39 current projects welcoming overseas investors. PPPs have long
served, since the 1980s, as one of the Government of the Philippines’ medium of
providing service and is, therefore, supported by comprehensive legal frameworks
regulating their execution. The PPP Center assists national and local bodies in project
selection and evaluation, including the financial viability. Primarily, it is an agency

for monitoring PPPs in the country under the National Economic and Development
Authority (NEDA) (Asian Development Plan, 2021).
The 1987 Constitution recognized the private sector as significant in national
growth but it would be in 1990, when the Republic Act No. 6957 (RA 6957) or the
Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) law that the sector would be placed in the frontlines of
development as private sectors would undertake the capital investments of projects
typically initiated and implemented by the government. The law provided two
contract schemes: (1) Build-operate-transfer (BOT) in which the private sector
undertakes financing and construction, and not for more than 50 years, the operation
and maintenance of the project until they are able to recover initial investment; after
which the ownership will be transferred to a national or local government agency; (2)
build-transfer in which the ownership is immediately on the national or local
government agency after private sector-supported construction (Arellano Law
Foundation, n.d.; Asian Development Plan, 2021).
The Republic Act No. 7718 (RA 7718) or the Amended BOT Law added
more public-private contract schemes to the existing two in RA 6957: (1)
build-transfer-operate (BTO), (2) build-own-operate (BOO), (3) build-lease-transfer
(BLT), (4) contract-add-operate (CAO), (5) develop-operate-transfer, (6)
rehabilitate-operate-transfer. Of all the schemes, only BOO requires the president’s
green light upon the NEDA Board’s Investment Coordination Committee (ICC)
recommendation (Asian Development Plan, 2021; Kagalingan, B. T., n.d.).
As it shows, the Philippine Government has made significant space for the
private sector’s service with the goal of enriching communities and ultimately the
nation. It is entwined in their mandates, local and national, as a viable solution to
problems plaguing society.
FIVE PRIVATE SECTOR VISIONS FOR A RESILIENT FUTURE

An example of the ways PPPs can serve as a solution framework to a specific
problem is through providing materials and/or infrastructure accommodating disaster
resilience, risk reduction, and response.
The Disaster Risk Reduction Private Sector Partnership by the United
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015) outlines the following visions
which ultimately positions the private sector in the promotion of disaster resilience:
(1) Strong Public Private Partnerships drive disaster risk reduction
and resilience at the local and national level;
(2) Resilience in the built environment is driven by the public
sector raising minimum standards, and enabling the private
sector to work voluntarily towards optimum practices;
(3) All financial invest and accounting decisions, public and
private, are risk-sensitive;
(4) A resilience-sensitive businesses drive each other towards
resilient societies;
(5) Identification and disclosure of risks carried, and their
proactive management, becomes a standard business practice.”
The Mandaluyong Marketplace
Mandaluyong City employed RA 6957's Build-Operate-Transfer to
produce one of the 'earliest successful BOT projects in the world', The
Marketplace. It is a commercial complex hosting a variety of
profit-generating spaces such as a public market, leisure places like an
amusement plaza with a bowling center, fast food, shopping facilities, and
parking (Manasan & Mercado, 1999).
The establishment was able to maintain jobs of vendors in the area
and provide more work opportunities. Besides that, it has helped reduce

physical hazards within the area in minimizing flooding, and providing waste
management systems through modern garbage collection and wastewater
pollution control systems (Manasan & Mercado, 1999).
The Marketplace has proven to be the precedent of an effective PPP
arrangement working to aid the community by architecture providing
livelihood and improving the physical improvement following the laws
established by the government and the needs of the local community.
TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
Incorporating a small terminal and small transportation mode within the
public market disposes it as a transit-oriented development. Transit-oriented
developments aim to create a convergence of people and/or structures together
through efficiency in use of mobility modes. Interdependent elements and agencies
congregate to form such complex development which include infrastructure, street,
building planning and design as well as institutions, professionals, civic
organizations, and many others (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy,
2019).
Iloilo City Terminal Public Market
Iloilo City envisioned a mixed-use Terminal Public Market with the
aim of boosting local economy through business growth and maintaining the
economic value of the old Central Business District (CBD). The project
aimed to generate jobs, optimize land value, and improve tourist destinations.
The six-storey structure will host its public market on the first and second
floor, and the commercial spaces upwards. The development will include a
public transport terminal as well as facilities for delivery/loading/unloading,
parking, waste management and sewage treatment.

C. TYPOLOGY CONCEPTS
In translation of the socioeconomic and environmental needs and
opportunities as well as the national and local laws and the public-private frameworks
that can be employed in Lupang Arenda, architectural concepts and typologies can be
explored:
The General Typology: Mixed-Use Typology
In consideration of pre-existing diversity of typologies in Ynares
Avenue, where outside of fresh produce stores and stalls, there are
pharmacies, government buildings, schools, merchandise, and hardware
stores, a mixed-used type of development is the appropriate typology to
encompass the functions and spaces inclusive of these establishments.
The mixed-use typology maximizes the number of potential functions
that a structure can do, it can comprise of the following: “commercial,
residential, coworking, institutional, health and wellness, cultural, hospitality,
sports and recreation, transportation and more” (Upadhyaya, 2022).
Transformable Space
Promoting maximum use of space, transformable spaces are
multi-functional that vary depending on the hour or day and the activities
corresponding to it. These spaces can conserve space, reduce material and
construction costs, and ultimately, are economic and sustainable (Jain &
Choudhari, 2018).
Espina (2000) advocated for flexibility of space in her framework,
expounding that the space can benefit from occasionally lodging changing
services or events in certain spaces. With Ynares Avenue, where the

basketball court acts as an event space or evacuation site on some days,
multi-uses of space is a practiced norm worth retaining in developing the site.
Public Market for Socioeconomic Betterment
Public markets endure as they “spark urban revitalization” (Byrne, 2021).
Figure 2 shows several benefits that make public markets a vital part of the growing
urban society. Public markets encourage local business growth, raise estate and tax
bases and the local economic revenue (Byrne, 2021). Furthermore, large markets can
serve, in essence, as a civic center, hosting events and other community-building
activities (Byrne, 2021).
Figure 2. The Benefits of Public Markets (Byrne, 2021).
Markets maintain rural-urban links (Caramaschi, 2014). There is inherent
dependence on the natural ecosystems but with increasingly urban areas, greenery and
consequently, direct food sources, become scarce. With the public market, sustainable
food and resources are provided for and overall well-being of the community is
optimized (Caramaschi, 2014).
PUBLIC MARKET ARCHITECTURE
Espina (2000) discussed revitalizing and updating the urban context of Quinta
Market in Quiapo, Manila in “The Architecture of Public Markets: A Study on Quinta

Market” in which the definition of a Filipino market is thoroughly described.
Primarily, it is a convergence of people, the trade of merchandise, and the building/s
upon which these activities happen; and that the said people consist of customers,
vendors, administrators, and goods deliverers. In the local genre, the market is the
palengke where tawaran or bargaining of prices and the loyal suki-vendor
relationship that’s almost familial to a degree. Such activities and relationships define
the Filipino cultural character of a market, which Espina would find, is affected by
the rise of large supermarkets (goods obtained from racks rather than vendors
themselves) and shopping malls (provides that largest variety of goods and services).
In the context of Quinta Market, shopping centers began to take away from the
normal market setup. Quiapo became congested with large infrastructures, its streets
with vehicles, and the Quinta Market ‘lost its flavor.’
Espina (2000) provided a spatial framework for the desired shopping place
from the general site to the building. The following list is under the building
architecture context:
1. A strong and clear statement of arrival.
2. Adequate provision of spacious and secure parking spaces.
3. The legibility of the interior space.
4. The flexibility of use of the interior space.
5. The defensibility of the interior space.
6. The adequacy and efficiency of building and operation systems.
The frameworks would be applied to the proposed changes aligning to the
urban needs of Quiapo and Quinta Market which included improvement of vehicular
and pedestrian circulation, ‘architectural and landscape face-lifts’ providing
ornamentation highlighting and upholding the sense of place. More specific to Quinta
Market, Espina proposed that the market space remain a fresh produce and whole

market cooperative but that it would extend its purpose to entertainment, education,
and tourism. Among the improvements are the efficiency of utility services, internal
circulation system, and beautification of the stalls.
RECREATIONAL BIKING AND BIKE TRAILS
Recent Social Weather Station (SWS) surveys conducted nationwide between
2020 to 2023 show that 1 of 3 Filipino families uses bicycles. From April 2022 to
March 2023 the number of households with at least one member cycling rose from
29% or 7.3 million families to 36% or around 10 million households. Twenty-seven
percent of these households cycle recreationally and 24% cycle for essential
activities. Under these recreational activities: sightseeing and exercising; under
essential activities are market or grocery runs, going to and from work, and other
places outside of work.
Myk (2023) detailed the distinction between urban and recreational activities
by bicycle:
Urban cycling is transportation in urban settings through bicycle with
practical goals. Some specific activity types include:
● Commuting
● Bike-sharing, which involves renting of bikes for a short amount of
time from designated docking stations
● Cargo cycling, which involves transportation of goods
Recreational cycling is an outdoor pastime activity which constitutes a range
of activities according to intensity, from leisurely rides to the more athletic
mountain biking. Recreational cycling, other than personal physical fitness,
also offers opportunities for social interaction. Some specific activity types
under this includes:
● Road cycling, done in groups, involving recreational biking with
speed and distance on paved roads.

● Mountain biking, which involves off-road biking on varying terrain
and is a sport requiring specialized equipment.
● Leisure rides, which involves casual cycling at a slow pace, without
pressure, with family and/or friends.
● Cycling tourism, which involves bike tours to scenic and/or
bike-friendly destinations.
There is increased hesitancy with bike riding, particularly in busy roads
heavily used by motor vehicles. Off-street trails or paths are the preferred safe and
comfortable place for bike rides (McNeil & Monsere, 2015).
In Cameña and Castro’s (2019) literature review enlists the variables that
affect bicycle usage in their paper, “Cycling Odds: Factors Affecting the Propensity to
Use Bicycles in a Highly Urbanized City in the Philippines” which includes the
following physical environmental factors:
Features of the built environment affect people's usage of bicycles. Among
them: functionality of the space such as the physical attributes of streets and paths,
their utility, routes, and traffic volumes. Cycling was shown to be positively attributed
and practiced in bicycle lanes and paths. Accessibility to public bicycle stations, safe
parking spaces, as well as a general sense of safety in any cycling environment
encourages bike ridership. With regards to aesthetics of the surroundings, the
encouraging features were greenness and higher levels of urban canopy. In relation, a
moderate temperature and minimal rain were identified as ideal weather and climate
conditions for bicycle use.
An effective trail for the recreational cyclist includes:
● Consideration for trip length and duration and links to the main trail
● Provision of facilities for refreshment and accomodation
● Sustainability of route and connection to public transport access

● Networks and circuits rather than linear trails
D. SYNTHESIS
The initial contextualization of the micro and macro environment of the site
yielded relevant findings that helped establish the focus of the study. Prevailing
physical risks such as flooding have pervaded Taytay, and consequently, the
community of Lupang Arenda. Observational study and informal interviews reveal
informal planning of the area, particularly, the flooded marketspace of Ynares
Avenue. As such, it was determined that a formal market and flooding provisions are
found to be primary concerns of the community.
Aligned to the detailed proposed goals of the local government in the
Comprehensive Development Plan of Taytay, it is expressed and written that there is a
necessity for economic measures for development. In particular, they encourage
economic and touristic developments and comprehensive livelihood opportunities for
communities through the arrangement of public-private partnerships.
Paradigms correlating to these initial literature findings relate to the
sustainability and resilience of the architectural solution warranted in Ynares Avenue.
Befitting the multi-system needs in the area is socio-ecological resilience under the
Ball and Cup Model of System and Stability. In relation, the framework determined
for the synthesis of ideas that will fall under these systems is the Blending Theory and
the formation of a blended concept and space. Real world conceptualization of these
frameworks are established through the public-private partnership paradigm which is
further guided by the ‘Five Private Sector Visions for a Resilient Future’ by the
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. The PPP setup is a solution
framework of collaboration on skills and assets with the goal of servicing the

community through undertaking projects such as infrastructure that uphold specific
causes.
The specific cause in this matter is the construction and operation of a public
market-terminal landmark, a transit-oriented development aiming to serve, not only as
a space of trade, but as convergence of the community and connection to its
surrounding areas. Expounding on the architectural translation of this study, the
public market is viewed beyond the normal bounds of its typology as a social
infrastructure promoting resilience within the community.
Supporting precedents such as the Marketplace in Mandaluyong and the
Iloilo City Terminal Public Market provide initial evidentiary support on the
feasibility and effectivity of the public market as architecture for the community.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 3. Synthesis of Theories of the Study.
The primary theory defining the path to an architecturally resilient public
market-terminal landmark in this study is the Ball and Cup Model of Stability, particularly the
Socio-Ecological Resilience paradigm which entails the significant consideration of multiple
systems, e.g., technical, ecological, and social. As such, from this theory, the study sought out
existing paradigms, principles, and/or theories that helped expound the multiple systems that
comprise the site. In particular, the socio-economy and environmental context of the area was
initially analyzed under existing local documents such as the Comprehensive Development
Plan of Taytay, which details regional and local needs of the area. Existing laws on
public-private partnerships such as RA 6957 and RA 7718 comprise the legal-technical
system in support of the study. In relation, socio-ecological resilience visions by the United
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction provide a basis-framework for solution in
response to the resilience needs of the site.
In translation of these broader theories, the Blending Theory is used to form their
synthesis such that overarching concepts may form a new idea as solution and in response to
the objectives and goals of the study.
Summarily, the increasing shade in color aims to communicate the progressing
specificity of the theories that form the final synthesized typology.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 4. Conceptual Framework of the Study formulated through
the Framework Synthesis adapting the Blending Theory.
The conceptual framework significantly applies the Blending Theory, inspired by the
diagrammatic concept of blended spaces by Benyon & Resmini (2015) (see Figure 1) for the
organization and formulation of the yielded data of the preliminary and investigative phases
of the study. The yellow and blue are two domains sharing commonalities, forming a new
“environment” shown in the green domain. Broken blue lines also show correspondence
and/or relation between the yellow and blue domains of data that contribute to the “blend”
that forms the proposed study and architectural solution.

III. METHODOLOGY
The research aims to build the grounds in forming an architectural solution that can
bring about community resilience and development through harnessing environmental,
commercial, and touristic potentialities of Ynares Avenue. As such, several methodological
processes are undertaken to narrow down and synthesize a marketspace that will uphold the
determined objectives.
The study will follow three main stages: Preliminary studies, investigation, synthesis,
and design.
A. Preliminary Studies
Objectives:
The first stage of the study aims to establish the initial conditions on the
macro and micro scales of the correlating site, problem, and goals as well as
determine the overarching theories and concepts that will drive the rest of the
research.
Systems of Inquiry:
Constructivism. Constructivism is a learning theory in which knowledge is
constructed from information learned. Preliminary readings and research
behind the initial site, problem, and goals help shape and narrow the direction
and focus of the study.
Research Design & Tactic:
Integrative Systematic Review. Systematic review is a process that
approaches literature review as a methodology for the purpose of synthesis
(see Figure 5 for the specific approaches). In the study, an integrative

systematic research is employed for the formulation of the theoretical
framework (see Figure 3).
Figure 5. Table of approaches to literature reviews.

Note: Adapted from Snyder’s “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” (2019).
Approach Semi-systematic Integrative
Typical purpose Overview research area and track Critique and synthesize
development over time
Research questions Broad Narrow or Broad
Search strategy May or may not be systematic Usually not systematic
Sample characteristics Research articles Research articles, books, and other

published texts
Analysis and evaluation Qualitative/quantitative Qualitative
B. Investigation
Objectives:
Following the theoretical formulation, the study moves forward with the
Present Conditions Analysis and Architectural Programming, which aims to
investigate present conditions and developmental needs on the macro and
microscales surrounding and within the Ynares Avenue site that need to be
aided and/or can be mobilized as opportunities through the public market and
the corresponding spaces, spatial types and/or strategies that can be employed
or incorporated to uphold said needs and opportunities.
Systems of Inquiry:
Socio-ecological approach. The multi-systems (economic, social, and
environmental) that comprise socio-ecological resilience will serve as the
baseline of organization. Vital verified data are to be acquired per system that
are deemed relevant to the site, problem, and goals.

Integrative Systematic Review. This systematic review method entails
review of varying verified sources that may form the qualitative data of the
Present Conditions Analysis and Architectural Programming. With the
site-specific scope, a broad search on the social, economic, and
environmental conditions of the study may be conducted.
Research Design:
Market and Industry Analysis. Existing quantitative and qualitative data
surrounding the current conditions of the market and industry in the macro
and micro environment of the site are to be collected to determine
development needs in this community sector.
Legal Feasibility. Aims to assess the viability of the project in compliance
with the legal frameworks in place.
Grounded Approach. The Grounded Theory is a qualitative bottom-up
approach that provides a substantive theory derived from existing phenomena
and data. The study aims to reconfigure the public market as inspired by the
existing micro and macro conditions of the site and broader network of
information and frameworks.
Tactics:
Integrative Systematic Review. Evaluation and analysis of gathered data
will be similarly approached as the preliminary literature review such that
said data from the Present Conditions Analysis are to be formulated into a
framework that displays existing, discovered, and potential relationship of the
information.
Participant Observation. For sensory experiences and corroboration of
textual data, empirical experience is necessary as it provides context that can

be crucial user and/or beneficiary experience of the public market
development. Thus, findings that are numerical or in paper can be
contextualized in this method.
Informal Interviews. Similar to participant observation, informal interviews
can obtain both subjective and objective data from the users and beneficiaries
themselves about the systems’ conditions in the site (economic, social, and
environmental) and the corresponding needs and opportunities they may
have.
Informal Interview Questions: (translated to Filipino during conduct
of interview)
1) What are the current economic conditions, here, in Lupang
Arenda that you deem are urgent issues?
2) What are the current environmental conditions, here, in
Lupang Arenda that you deem are urgent issues?
3) What are the current social conditions, here, in Lupang
Arenda that you deem are urgent issues?
4) What are dominant traditions (religious and/or cultural,
secular events, activities) in Lupang Arenda?
5) How would you describe your experience as a marketspace
consumer here in Ynares Avenue?
a) In terms of trade and marketspace activities (the use
of space)
b) In terms of navigating the marketspace
(store-to-store experience, entry, exit to and from the
area)

c) In terms of safety? From physical hazards(i.e.,
flooding, proximity to the road)
6) What are the known livelihood products and activities in
Lupang Arenda and in Ynares Avenue?
Qualitative Mapping. This is a qualitative inquiry centered on “participant
experiences and perceptions” as a dialogical tool of the existing market types
and spaces in Ynares Avenue.
Financial Projections. To establish financial viability of the proposed
architectural development of the study, projection of costs and time-bound
estimate of revenue, profit, and return of investment can provide foundation
in the economic effectivity of the design translation of the proposed
development of the study.
Comprehensive Code Review. The legal feasibility of the study is examined
through research of relevant laws and other legal literature supporting and
providing regulations to the architectural solution.
C. Synthesis
Objectives:
To generate a cohesive solution and conclusion to the configuration
innovation of the public market in Ynares Avenue, data must be effectively
synthesized.
Research Design:
Critical Interpretive Synthesis. Synthesizing the data will consist of
determining literature and data quality by its relevance to the study, followed
by categorizing them according to specific systems, narrowing down by

significance to the site and according to theories and frameworks governing
the study.
Framework Synthesis. This method synthesis requires identification of
existing framework or models that may guide a new theme or framework. In
the study, the Blending Theory is the basis in the formulation of the new
concluding framework of solution.
Blending Theory. After forming a refined list of relevant data per systems,
blending theory will be employed in forming the final synthesis of the study
which is the “new environment” formed by the data gathered from the
domains of the “Investigative” stage of the study.
Tactics:
Diagramming. Aims to illustrate the relation of data and results following
the underlying Blending Theory through framework synthesis/
D. Design
Objectives:
Is the architectural translation, integration, and/or application of the proposed
configuration of the public market in Ynares Avenue.
Tactics:
Iterative process of designing. Making of the schematics of the architectural
design, as derived from the findings of the “Investigative” and “Synthesis”
stages of the study.

METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 6. Diagrammatic view of the methodological process of the study.

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UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN

Architectural Design VII: Integrative Design Project I

A. Background of the Study................................................................................................. 3

Significance of the Study..................................................................................................... 6

E. Scope, Limitations, and Assumptions............................................................................14

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...................................................................... 16

A. THE SITE CONTEXT.................................................................................................. 16

B. PARADIGMS FOR THE SOLUTION..........................................................................17

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 2

A. Background of the Study

was originally allocated as socialized housing by Former President Fidel Ramos

disaster (TAO-Pilipinas, Inc., n.d.).

the Alliance of People’s Organizations in Lupang Arenda (APOLA) are still

campaigning for proclamation of land housing for over 19,000 families.

talking point, life continues for Lupang Arenda.

The 2020 Census of Population and Housing by the Philippine Statistics

Lupang Arenda alone is home to 40,181 individuals—which are growing numbers.

in Lupang Arenda is an entire street of a variety of stores, such as wholesale and

eventually became a designated market and commercial area.

Some institutional facilities are also in dispersed distances throughout: the

Ynares Elementary school, a community learning hub, a barangay basketball court,

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 3

Its road is flooded due to inefficient and clogged drainage, however, it

events, and governmental concerns.

Accordingly, these environmental and socioeconomic conditions persisting in

Lupang Arenda, and particularly, in Ynares Avenue require a scheme of repair,

improvement, and sustainability. The community is in position for safeguarding and

Solutions in this regard align with the Comprehensive Development Plan of

socialized housing residents, particularly in Lupang Arenda.

In observation of the overall climate of progress, tapping into private capital

has brought major improvements in sprawling urban communities but a

well-structured public-private partnership (PPP) can also uplift small municipalities

resources, facilities, and infrastructure (Brown, 2020).

At present, PPPs in the Philippines have been crucial to nation building,

specifically, economic development. In the Philippines, PPPs best show in

Expressway (NLEX) connecting the northern Philippines to Metro Manila which

services 278,000 motorists everyday (Zaldarriaga, 2022).

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 4

This collaboration of sectors as a format of solution is further supported

resilient future by highlighting the collaboration of local, national, and private

stakeholders in mitigation, preparation, and response to disasters. Economically

attractive solutions by resilient-sensitive public and resilient-sensitive businesses

Architecturally, to accommodate for the variety of functions that a

a mixed-use typology is to be adapted. Parallel to PPPs, the mixed-use function of

through allowing for multiple types of function (Upadhyaya, 2022). On a spatial

(Jain & Choudhari, 2018).

formal structure to the marketspace is the immediate, most necessary solution in

The public market of today, beyond its straightforward program as a place of

selling and buying, is becoming a multidimensional space of experience where people

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 5

convergence. It is essentially a community hub, a commercial civic center for the

to Ynares Avenue—which in itself is already innately a multidimensional zone—can

economy, and overall society.

Significance of the Study

The study aims to provide an architectural solution addressing the

socioeconomic and environmental conditions through a public market building or a

development of multiple buildings that generates opportunities of collaboration

economy in Lupang Arenda.

Specifically, this aims to benefit the following:

The Lupang Arenda Community and Its Residents

The design’s priority is to contribute to the improvement

of the community’s overall environment and economy.

The provision of a formal public market structure