UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN

College of Architecture
Quezon City, Philippines

DALUYAN
A Proposed Public Market-cum-PUJ and
Tricycle Terminal Landmark
in Ynares Avenue of Lupang Arenda

A Research Proposal

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject

Architectural Design VII: Integrative Design Project I

Submitted to:
Professor Richelle Rhea R. Baria

By
Christianne Clarisse Bongalon
2020-05163 | IV - BS Architecture

October 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 3

A. Background of the Study................................................................................................. 3

Significance of the Study..................................................................................................... 6

B. Problem Statement...........................................................................................................9

C. Objectives...................................................................................................................... 10

D. Rationale........................................................................................................................10

E. Scope, Limitations, and Assumptions............................................................................14

F. Glossary of Terms...........................................................................................................14

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...................................................................... 16

A. THE SITE CONTEXT.................................................................................................. 16

B. PARADIGMS FOR THE SOLUTION..........................................................................17

D. SYNTHESIS................................................................................................................. 28

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK....................................................................................... 30

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK......................................................................................... 31

III. METHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................... 32

METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK........................................................................... 38

References............................................................................................................................... 39

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I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Lupang Arenda in Sitio Tapayan, Barangay Sta. Ana, Taytay, Rizal Province

was originally allocated as socialized housing by Former President Fidel Ramos

through Proclamation 704. However, due to the intense flooding of Typhoon Ondoy

in 2009, Former President Gloria Macapagal would revoke this through Executive

Order 854, declaring the site unfit for residence because of concerns on safety from

disaster (TAO-Pilipinas, Inc., n.d.).

Residents have, since, been fighting for the security of tenure in Lupang

Arenda. Palermo (2023, September 18) in Manila Bulletin reported that Members of

the Alliance of People’s Organizations in Lupang Arenda (APOLA) are still

campaigning for proclamation of land housing for over 19,000 families.

As flood and other physical risks and permanency of residence remain a large

talking point, life continues for Lupang Arenda.

The 2020 Census of Population and Housing by the Philippine Statistics

Authority (2020) found its barangay, Sta. Ana, as having 107,415 residents while

Lupang Arenda alone is home to 40,181 individuals—which are growing numbers.

They have built a local economy in the home community. The Ynares Avenue

in Lupang Arenda is an entire street of a variety of stores, such as wholesale and

resale, food, grocery, and pharmacies. Most of them are shophouses–business and

commercial on the ground floor, then residence above. These shophouses were built

without formal planning in relation to each other, or an indicated specific zoning, but

eventually became a designated market and commercial area.

Some institutional facilities are also in dispersed distances throughout: the

Ynares Elementary school, a community learning hub, a barangay basketball court,

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 and the barangay extension hall which houses the health center and rescue vehicles,

among others.

Its road is flooded due to inefficient and clogged drainage, however, it

remains an active public space having been informally established as a market and

commercial hub, with a sense of centrality for community needs, products, services,

events, and governmental concerns.

Accordingly, these environmental and socioeconomic conditions persisting in

Lupang Arenda, and particularly, in Ynares Avenue require a scheme of repair,

improvement, and sustainability. The community is in position for safeguarding and

development

Solutions in this regard align with the Comprehensive Development Plan of

Taytay (Local Government of Taytay, 2018) proposing the collaboration of public and

private sectors as the blueprint of action in elevating life and livelihood of the

socialized housing residents, particularly in Lupang Arenda.

In observation of the overall climate of progress, tapping into private capital

has brought major improvements in sprawling urban communities but a

well-structured public-private partnership (PPP) can also uplift small municipalities

and cities by providing essential support to produce the necessary but unavailable

resources, facilities, and infrastructure (Brown, 2020).

At present, PPPs in the Philippines have been crucial to nation building,

specifically, economic development. In the Philippines, PPPs best show in

infrastructure development. One of its lasting and oldest outputs is the North Luzon

Expressway (NLEX) connecting the northern Philippines to Metro Manila which

services 278,000 motorists everyday (Zaldarriaga, 2022).

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 Emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic, the current administration is eyeing

for an economic boost, a national affirmation of the local goals of Taytay. President

Ferdinand Marcos Jr. is encouraging local heads to look into PPPs as a framework for

the financing of projects for their constituents; and has broached the possibility of a

PPP-system for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) which account for

around 99.5% percent of businesses in the country (The Philippine Star, 2022).

This collaboration of sectors as a format of solution is further supported

through the framework, “Disaster Risk Reduction Private Sector Partnership'' by the

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015). It details five visions for a

resilient future by highlighting the collaboration of local, national, and private

stakeholders in mitigation, preparation, and response to disasters. Economically

attractive solutions by resilient-sensitive public and resilient-sensitive businesses

secures protection and sustainability for both parties and their communities.

Architecturally, to accommodate for the variety of functions that a

public-private partnership needs and aligns with the mix of spaces in Ynares Avenue,

a mixed-use typology is to be adapted. Parallel to PPPs, the mixed-use function of

architecture arose out of the multidisciplinary thinking and ways of recent times

through allowing for multiple types of function (Upadhyaya, 2022). On a spatial

level, transformable spaces allow a room or more to also have multiple functions

(Jain & Choudhari, 2018).

The residents and members of the APOLA have expressed that providing

formal structure to the marketspace is the immediate, most necessary solution in

Ynares Avenue.

The public market of today, beyond its straightforward program as a place of

selling and buying, is becoming a multidimensional space of experience where people

shop but also gather, eat, socialize, and learn (Mackenzie, 2015). The public market is

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 no longer exclusive to stalls, shops, and/or stores of fresh produce, raw ingredients,

and/or general merchandise, and can now also include government service spaces,

leisure amenities, other commercial establishments, and other types of spaces for

convergence. It is essentially a community hub, a commercial civic center for the

locality (Mackenzie, 2015; Bryne, 2021). This new format, when applied in relation

to Ynares Avenue—which in itself is already innately a multidimensional zone—can

foster sustainable development as infrastructure that is able to tackle and aid as well

as harness potential and opportunities in several systems such as its environment, its

economy, and overall society.

Significance of the Study

The study aims to provide an architectural solution addressing the

socioeconomic and environmental conditions through a public market building or a

development of multiple buildings that generates opportunities of collaboration

between the local community, the government, and the private sector to further the

cause of disaster risk, reduction, and response (DRRR), tourism, and especially the

economy in Lupang Arenda.

Specifically, this aims to benefit the following:

The Lupang Arenda Community and Its Residents

The design’s priority is to contribute to the improvement

of the community’s overall environment and economy.

The provision of a formal public market structure

provides the Lupang Arenda residents with job

opportunities, a streamlined marketspace from where they

get daily needs and other purchases, a leisure space for

recreation and greenery to break the density of built

structures in the area. Furthermore, significant

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 consideration of physical hazards, especially flooding in

the area, will provide the barangay with disaster risk

reduction and response facilities.

The Local Business Stakeholders

Public market and commercial spaces will be made

available for lease to local MSMEs and other businesses

such that these said spaces are positioned to maximize

commercial attraction and turn good profit.

The Lupang Arenda Home Federations/Community Organizations

Stalls, shops, and/or store spaces are to be allotted for

livelihood projects in the community like the “Livelihood

Program Para sa Kababaihan” of Sitio Ynares Sa Lupang

Arenda Homeowners Association (SYLAHOA) to

showcase and sell garment works of their members.

Furthermore, the HOAs have expressed sentiment on the

flooding problem with which the design will seek

solution/s for.

The Local and National Government Unit/s

Fostering local socioeconomic and environmental

development through the public market is contributory to

the small and larger institutions of the country. Creating a

profit-generating commercial and touristic space

contributes to revenues of the government from the

barangay level, the municipal government of Taytay, to

the national economy.

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 Specific functions and programmatic goals of the space

also further the goals and objective, missions and visions

of different government agencies:

Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

in the promotion of jobs for Lupang

Arenda residents.

Department of Tourism (DOT)

in the promotion of tourism as

employment and income-generating

activity, furthering socio-economic

welfare of the country.

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

in increasing competitiveness and

innovation of industry and services;

improvement of market and consumer

access.

National Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Council (NDRRMC)

in imbibing disaster readiness and

response as well as providing facilities

and equipment to fulfill them to the

community.

The Private Sector

As financier and part-owner, the private sector earns

revenue while simultaneously uplifting the community

through its major support in the construction,

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 maintenance, and operation of the public market

development.

Tourist/s and the Tourism Sector

Integration of local crafts and products, commercial and

leisure amenities, recreational bike trail, and park spaces

aim for attracting tourists and, consequently, consumers

to the development as generating social activity and

profit.

B. Problem Statement

How can we harness the streetscape-marketplace relationship in Ynares Avenue

as a means of commercial, touristic, and communal activity through public

market architecture in order to promote community resilience?

1. What present conditions and developmental needs on the macro and

microscales surrounding and within the Ynares Avenue site need to

be aided and/or mobilized as opportunities through the public

market?

2. What spaces, spatial types and/or strategies can be employed or

incorporated to the public market in order to reflect, provide

solutions, or uplift identified present conditions and developmental

needs of the site?

3. What overarching concepts and theories can serve as guiding

framework in forming the reconfiguration of the public market

development in Ynares Avenue?

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 C. Objectives

The study endeavors to reconfigure the public market such that it can bring

about community resilience and development through harnessing environmental,

commercial, and touristic potentialities of Ynares Avenue.

Specifically, it seeks to:

1. Investigate present conditions and developmental needs on the macro

and microscales surrounding and within the Ynares Avenue site that

need to be aided and/or can be mobilized as opportunities through the

public market.

2. Define spaces, spatial types and/or strategies that can be employed or

incorporated to the public market in order to reflect, provide

solutions, or uplift identified present conditions and developmental

needs of the site.

3. Define concepts and theories that can serve as guiding framework in

forming the reconfiguration of the public market development in

Ynares Avenue.

4. Conceptualize a design scheme for a public market development

befitting the community resilience needs and opportunities of Lupang

Arenda, and particularly, Ynares Avenue.

D. Rationale

At the root of this project is recognizing the inherent characteristics of Ynares

Avenue as the site’s capability and catalyst for socioeconomic development.

Public Market Architecture

As established, Ynares Avenue is first and foremost a marketplace.

This can be understood as the zoning and function of the space, but also as

the character and/or the sense of the place where nationally shared Filipino

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 market culture exists–i.e., tawaran or the activity of price bargaining; and the

suki relationship.

The quality of a market in an urban area may consist of the

mentioned parameters above (the zoning, function, and sense of place) as

well as its spatial flexibility, convenience, and connection or access to the

outside environment (Tabak & Yücel, 2022). Some essential attributes of a

good market design include: its location must be a focal point of the

neighborhood or the city; provision of urban furniture and access

infrastructure of pedestrians and vehicles.

Accessibility

It is integral to the public market that access and circulation of

pedestrians and vehicles are efficiently designed and/or provided for. Other

than locating the building/s in adjacency to the busy streets, another strategy

in inviting higher foot traffic into the building/s is adjacency or inclusion of

transport systems in the development (Balea, 2023; Martinez, n.d.). High

foot traffic means more customers and then more sales (Balea, 2023) and

ultimately more profit. This is something that SM Malls highly bank on.

Notably, the retail and mall conglomerate has openly fought for involvement

in funding and construction of the planned common rail station in Metro

Manila that was projected to accommodate an approximate of millions of

passengers. Internal studies of the corporation posits that 30% of the

passenger population of a train station are likely to enter an adjacent mall

(Balea, 2023).

Applying this strategy to the context and proportion of Ynares

Avenue, a PUJ and Tricycle Terminal would be appropriate for the

development as existing PUJ and tricycle terminals and routes are dispersed.

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 Two tricycle terminals were arbitrarily located in the avenue, thus,

complementing the need for coherent marketspace is a coherent

transportation station increasing and widening accessibility to the

development not just within the streets adjacent to the chosen site but to other

surrounding areas and cities.

Making a Landmark

A landmark, according to Kevin Lynch in The Image of the City,

forms the mental and physical image of a city such that its key characteristics

are ‘unique and memorable’ (Pham, 2021). It can be a particular object,

building, or place that has generated significant attention from its surrounding

community and beyond (Yun 2019).

Some features that make a landmark include a distinctive frontage or

exterior. Landmarks serve as “choice points” or indicators of a route-change.

It can provide information about locations, distances, and direction and

‘prime’ a decision on where to go. As such, a memorable exterior in the

context of a public market development may inform a viewer to explore it

and Ynares Avenue as a means of inviting visitors to the development and the

site.

Another feature is the uniqueness of its function. For instance, part of

the Burj Khalifa’s worldly appeal to tourists is the highest observation deck

and the sky restaurant (Mılyanı & Mofarhı, 2016) which elevates usual

touristic leisure through the space. In relation to the project, the direct

proximity of road to store in the marketplace has been an established way of

life in Ynares Avenue. With the need for a formal market, an opportunity to

incorporate this activity into the building both in maintaining a sense of place

but also creating a unique, safe public space for the residents. Provision of an

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 indoor recreational bike path not only responds to these goals but also

imbibes the circulation space with a new function.

Indoor Recreational Bike Path in a Market

With the goal of maintaining the streetscape identity of Ynares

Avenue in which the marketplace has a sense of connectivity to the streets,

the formal market will be integrated with a recreational function through

greenery and a cycling path which will provide a unique circulation function

for encouraging users to explore the extent of the market and commercial

space through recreational cycling.

Such a concept is derived from biking as a common form of

commute among the residents outside of walking as well as connectivity to

the C6 and C6 extension (also referred to as Laguna Lake Highway) in which

a cycling lane separate from motor vehicles is incorporated. Installed by the

Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), this protected bike lane

connects Lower Bicutan, Taguig City to Taytay, Rizal particularly Lupang

Arenda. It is 3 meters wide and occupies 5.8 kilometers of the 6.94-kilometer

length of the highway. The bike lane is separated from the motorized vehicle

highway through a planting strip, with the 1.5-meter sidewalk on the opposite

end (Rey, 2019).

In connection to these existing conditions, recreational cycling will

specifically be the type of biking activity that the circulation space will be

allowed to host.

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 E. Scope, Limitations, and Assumptions

The study endeavors to provide Lupang Arenda and, particularly, Ynares

Avenue with a public market development responding and harnessing the

potentialities of the site to bring out resilience in the community.

Specifically, the study will investigate the prevailing socioeconomic,

environmental, and livelihood conditions of the site to identify said potentialities. In

line with the yielded available data and time constraint, methods and information

gathered are under the scope of the following.

● Existing national and local government data, both physical and online

(ie., Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) surveys, Comprehensive

Development Plan of Taytay, local informative brochure in Lupang

Arenda)

● Informal interviews with the officials, home association organization

(HOA) members, and residents

● On-site observation of researcher

● Precedents on contractual agreements; financial, industry, and

marketing analyses; as well as design inspiration or feasibility.

Analyses are the result of a combination of international, national, and/or

primarily local data, as such, the scope of the conclusions may be primarily

applicable to the setting of the study. That said, the process of conclusion and

synthesis for the study and the design may be replicated as a means of expanding the

methodologies of architectural research and design.

F. Glossary of Terms

Development

Refers to public market project unless otherwise stated or used to mean as a

process of progress

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 Public Market

Commercial complex where trade of merchandise, primarily produce and

other general goods, is held.

Recreation Cycling

Is a biking activity intended for leisure and entertainment rather than practical

purposes such as transportation. Typically held in a leisurely space.

Streetscape

Refer to the scenery of the street, primarily the visual elements such as roads

and sidewalks as well as the buildings, and/or the experiences within it.

Marketplace

Is an open space where economic activity, particularly, trade of merchandise

and sales are conducted.

Urban Area

“Density of human structures, such as houses, commercial buildings, roads,

bridges, and railways.”

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II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. THE SITE CONTEXT

The name Arenda originated from the Spanish term for ‘lease’ used for the

lease of fixed assets in the Encomienda system (forced labor) system that Taytay,

among many provinces in the Philippines, and specifically Lupang Arenda, was under

during the Hispanic colonial times. The large Lupang Arenda lot was donated by Don

Juan Valerio Gonzales and Don Cristobal Paramdam to the Taytay municipality and

used for farming and fishing from which some of the locals were able to make their

livelihood (Fernandez, 2023).

From agriculture and fishery, the lot would be of different function by more

or less a century later. Tao Pilipinas (n.d.) details the ongoing plight of the locality:

The Presidential Proclamation 704 in 1995 by Former President Fidel Ramos

declared the 80-hectare Lupang Arenda as relocation of informal settlers and the

families displaced by the Pasig River Rehabilitation. Flooding due to Typhoon Ondoy

(Ketsana) in 2009 would push then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to revoke this

proclamation through Executive Order 854. The umbrella organization, Alliance of

People’s Organizations in Lupang Arenda (APOLA), with 3 federations: Lupang

Arenda Homeowners Federation, Inc. (LAHOFI); Arenda Urban Poor Federation,

Inc. (AUPFI); and Koalisyon ng Pagbabago sa Lupang Arenda Council of Leaders,

Inc. (KOALISYON) are actively engaging with the local and national government in

re-establishing Lupang Arenda as a site for socialized housing and the residents’

security of tenure.

The Local Government of Taytay (2018) discussed at length the prevailing

conditions in the municipality and the corresponding improvements they propose in

the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) of Taytay:

Flooding Risk

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 Lupang Arenda locates itself in the lowlands of Taytay where

there are noted poor internal drainage systems with most of them

being open creeks and canals that necessitated constant dredging.

Besides drainage, heavy rainfall ultimately causes the floods in the

municipality’s flatlands but is reported to be exacerbated by flood

control projects.

The Napindan Project involved a road dike and other flood

control infrastructures that flooded towns in Taguig, Taytay, and

other towns in Laguna and Rizal and obstructed saltwater flow from

Manila Bay to Laguna Lake, affecting the lake’s ecology.

The construction of the 10-kilometer artificial floodway,

Manggahan—which aims to lessen Metro Manila

flooding—redirected the floodwater to coastal and lakesides of

Laguna and Rizal.

Strengthening Community

In Lupang Arenda, the government aims to create a more

conducive dwelling. Specifically, this means a proper drainage

system, waste and pollution control, and disaster risk management

done with the involvement of national agencies and private investors.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are being encouraged in

promoting opportunities for comprehensive livelihood for the

residents.

B. PARADIGMS FOR THE SOLUTION

Resilience Theory

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 The Ball and Cup Model of System and Stability provides an overview of the

trends of paths and methods from which the practice of architecture can derive its use

and application of resilience from. The model looks into illustrating and

understanding the phenomena and approach to phenomena that engineering,

ecological, and socio-ecological or adaptive systems have such that the scopes and

limitations of each system can be identified and derived. Specifically, it showed that

engineering resilience alone, by purely technological and scientific ways, tend to lack

and fail especially long-term, because its defining character is primarily recovery time

and efficiency which is constrained to immediacy and time which also limits the

solution from being prepared of disturbances that are big in size and longer in the

time scale. Ecological resilience on the other hand, offers a broader scope through

encompassing multiple equilibriums rather than engineering's single. This enables for

more than one outcome (a new normal) rather than only two possibilities of going

back to original condition or ultimately, failure. Social-ecological resilience

recognizes the dynamism of context and derives a wider, long-term, adaptive

response than ecological and engineering resilience and consequently requires

architecture to provide an extensive solution. Social-ecological resilience translates

to understanding and incorporating the interconnection of technical, ecological, and

social domains in the design of buildings.

Blended Spaces

The Blending Theory is initially a theory of linguistics that was thereafter

applied to other fields such as mathematics and creativity (Han, 2017). Its main

principle says that original inputs coming from different domains can share some

structure and form a generic domain as illustrated in Figure 1 (Han, 2017). In relation,

a blended space is a new environment derived from physical and virtual environments

and is the result of mixed realities.

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 Figure 1. Concept of Blended Spaces (Benyon & Resmini, 2015).

Public-Private Partnerships

A public-private partnership (PPP) is a contractual arrangement entered by

public and private sectors in which risks and rewards from the use of skills, assets,

and/or financial resources of either or both parties are shared in complementary

manner, with the goal of servicing the community and its citizens. In this system, the

public entity holds the ultimate responsibility of providing the service, but the private

sector provides and supports the same for an extended period of time. In the

Philippines, between 1990 to 2019, 116 PPP projects of varying infrastructures (i.e.,

airports, electricity, information) succeeded in attaining financial closure, with the

highest investment in energy. Among the biggest sponsors of the sector are

Philippine-origin companies: Aboitiz Equity Ventures, Ayala Corporation, and San

Miguel Corporation. That said, there has been an increase in foreign sponsor

participation, with 39 current projects welcoming overseas investors. PPPs have long

served, since the 1980s, as one of the Government of the Philippines’ medium of

providing service and is, therefore, supported by comprehensive legal frameworks

regulating their execution. The PPP Center assists national and local bodies in project

selection and evaluation, including the financial viability. Primarily, it is an agency

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 for monitoring PPPs in the country under the National Economic and Development

Authority (NEDA) (Asian Development Plan, 2021).

The 1987 Constitution recognized the private sector as significant in national

growth but it would be in 1990, when the Republic Act No. 6957 (RA 6957) or the

Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) law that the sector would be placed in the frontlines of

development as private sectors would undertake the capital investments of projects

typically initiated and implemented by the government. The law provided two

contract schemes: (1) Build-operate-transfer (BOT) in which the private sector

undertakes financing and construction, and not for more than 50 years, the operation

and maintenance of the project until they are able to recover initial investment; after

which the ownership will be transferred to a national or local government agency; (2)

build-transfer in which the ownership is immediately on the national or local

government agency after private sector-supported construction (Arellano Law

Foundation, n.d.; Asian Development Plan, 2021).

The Republic Act No. 7718 (RA 7718) or the Amended BOT Law added

more public-private contract schemes to the existing two in RA 6957: (1)

build-transfer-operate (BTO), (2) build-own-operate (BOO), (3) build-lease-transfer

(BLT), (4) contract-add-operate (CAO), (5) develop-operate-transfer, (6)

rehabilitate-operate-transfer. Of all the schemes, only BOO requires the president’s

green light upon the NEDA Board’s Investment Coordination Committee (ICC)

recommendation (Asian Development Plan, 2021; Kagalingan, B. T., n.d.).

As it shows, the Philippine Government has made significant space for the

private sector’s service with the goal of enriching communities and ultimately the

nation. It is entwined in their mandates, local and national, as a viable solution to

problems plaguing society.

FIVE PRIVATE SECTOR VISIONS FOR A RESILIENT FUTURE

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 An example of the ways PPPs can serve as a solution framework to a specific

problem is through providing materials and/or infrastructure accommodating disaster

resilience, risk reduction, and response.

The Disaster Risk Reduction Private Sector Partnership by the United

Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015) outlines the following visions

which ultimately positions the private sector in the promotion of disaster resilience:

(1) Strong Public Private Partnerships drive disaster risk reduction

and resilience at the local and national level;

(2) Resilience in the built environment is driven by the public

sector raising minimum standards, and enabling the private

sector to work voluntarily towards optimum practices;

(3) All financial invest and accounting decisions, public and

private, are risk-sensitive;

(4) A resilience-sensitive businesses drive each other towards

resilient societies;

(5) Identification and disclosure of risks carried, and their

proactive management, becomes a standard business practice.”

The Mandaluyong Marketplace

Mandaluyong City employed RA 6957's Build-Operate-Transfer to

produce one of the 'earliest successful BOT projects in the world', The

Marketplace. It is a commercial complex hosting a variety of

profit-generating spaces such as a public market, leisure places like an

amusement plaza with a bowling center, fast food, shopping facilities, and

parking (Manasan & Mercado, 1999).

The establishment was able to maintain jobs of vendors in the area

and provide more work opportunities. Besides that, it has helped reduce

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 physical hazards within the area in minimizing flooding, and providing waste

management systems through modern garbage collection and wastewater

pollution control systems (Manasan & Mercado, 1999).

The Marketplace has proven to be the precedent of an effective PPP

arrangement working to aid the community by architecture providing

livelihood and improving the physical improvement following the laws

established by the government and the needs of the local community.

TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

Incorporating a small terminal and small transportation mode within the

public market disposes it as a transit-oriented development. Transit-oriented

developments aim to create a convergence of people and/or structures together

through efficiency in use of mobility modes. Interdependent elements and agencies

congregate to form such complex development which include infrastructure, street,

building planning and design as well as institutions, professionals, civic

organizations, and many others (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy,

2019).

Iloilo City Terminal Public Market

Iloilo City envisioned a mixed-use Terminal Public Market with the

aim of boosting local economy through business growth and maintaining the

economic value of the old Central Business District (CBD). The project

aimed to generate jobs, optimize land value, and improve tourist destinations.

The six-storey structure will host its public market on the first and second

floor, and the commercial spaces upwards. The development will include a

public transport terminal as well as facilities for delivery/loading/unloading,

parking, waste management and sewage treatment.

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 C. TYPOLOGY CONCEPTS

In translation of the socioeconomic and environmental needs and

opportunities as well as the national and local laws and the public-private frameworks

that can be employed in Lupang Arenda, architectural concepts and typologies can be

explored:

The General Typology: Mixed-Use Typology

In consideration of pre-existing diversity of typologies in Ynares

Avenue, where outside of fresh produce stores and stalls, there are

pharmacies, government buildings, schools, merchandise, and hardware

stores, a mixed-used type of development is the appropriate typology to

encompass the functions and spaces inclusive of these establishments.

The mixed-use typology maximizes the number of potential functions

that a structure can do, it can comprise of the following: “commercial,

residential, coworking, institutional, health and wellness, cultural, hospitality,

sports and recreation, transportation and more” (Upadhyaya, 2022).

Transformable Space

Promoting maximum use of space, transformable spaces are

multi-functional that vary depending on the hour or day and the activities

corresponding to it. These spaces can conserve space, reduce material and

construction costs, and ultimately, are economic and sustainable (Jain &

Choudhari, 2018).

Espina (2000) advocated for flexibility of space in her framework,

expounding that the space can benefit from occasionally lodging changing

services or events in certain spaces. With Ynares Avenue, where the

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 23

 basketball court acts as an event space or evacuation site on some days,

multi-uses of space is a practiced norm worth retaining in developing the site.

Public Market for Socioeconomic Betterment

Public markets endure as they “spark urban revitalization” (Byrne, 2021).

Figure 2 shows several benefits that make public markets a vital part of the growing

urban society. Public markets encourage local business growth, raise estate and tax

bases and the local economic revenue (Byrne, 2021). Furthermore, large markets can

serve, in essence, as a civic center, hosting events and other community-building

activities (Byrne, 2021).

Figure 2. The Benefits of Public Markets (Byrne, 2021).

Markets maintain rural-urban links (Caramaschi, 2014). There is inherent

dependence on the natural ecosystems but with increasingly urban areas, greenery and

consequently, direct food sources, become scarce. With the public market, sustainable

food and resources are provided for and overall well-being of the community is

optimized (Caramaschi, 2014).

PUBLIC MARKET ARCHITECTURE

Espina (2000) discussed revitalizing and updating the urban context of Quinta

Market in Quiapo, Manila in “The Architecture of Public Markets: A Study on Quinta

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 24

 Market” in which the definition of a Filipino market is thoroughly described.

Primarily, it is a convergence of people, the trade of merchandise, and the building/s

upon which these activities happen; and that the said people consist of customers,

vendors, administrators, and goods deliverers. In the local genre, the market is the

palengke where tawaran or bargaining of prices and the loyal suki-vendor

relationship that’s almost familial to a degree. Such activities and relationships define

the Filipino cultural character of a market, which Espina would find, is affected by

the rise of large supermarkets (goods obtained from racks rather than vendors

themselves) and shopping malls (provides that largest variety of goods and services).

In the context of Quinta Market, shopping centers began to take away from the

normal market setup. Quiapo became congested with large infrastructures, its streets

with vehicles, and the Quinta Market ‘lost its flavor.’

Espina (2000) provided a spatial framework for the desired shopping place

from the general site to the building. The following list is under the building

architecture context:

1. A strong and clear statement of arrival.

2. Adequate provision of spacious and secure parking spaces.

3. The legibility of the interior space.

4. The flexibility of use of the interior space.

5. The defensibility of the interior space.

6. The adequacy and efficiency of building and operation systems.

The frameworks would be applied to the proposed changes aligning to the

urban needs of Quiapo and Quinta Market which included improvement of vehicular

and pedestrian circulation, ‘architectural and landscape face-lifts’ providing

ornamentation highlighting and upholding the sense of place. More specific to Quinta

Market, Espina proposed that the market space remain a fresh produce and whole

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 25

 market cooperative but that it would extend its purpose to entertainment, education,

and tourism. Among the improvements are the efficiency of utility services, internal

circulation system, and beautification of the stalls.

RECREATIONAL BIKING AND BIKE TRAILS

Recent Social Weather Station (SWS) surveys conducted nationwide between

2020 to 2023 show that 1 of 3 Filipino families uses bicycles. From April 2022 to

March 2023 the number of households with at least one member cycling rose from

29% or 7.3 million families to 36% or around 10 million households. Twenty-seven

percent of these households cycle recreationally and 24% cycle for essential

activities. Under these recreational activities: sightseeing and exercising; under

essential activities are market or grocery runs, going to and from work, and other

places outside of work.

Myk (2023) detailed the distinction between urban and recreational activities

by bicycle:

Urban cycling is transportation in urban settings through bicycle with

practical goals. Some specific activity types include:

● Commuting

● Bike-sharing, which involves renting of bikes for a short amount of

time from designated docking stations

● Cargo cycling, which involves transportation of goods

Recreational cycling is an outdoor pastime activity which constitutes a range

of activities according to intensity, from leisurely rides to the more athletic

mountain biking. Recreational cycling, other than personal physical fitness,

also offers opportunities for social interaction. Some specific activity types

under this includes:

● Road cycling, done in groups, involving recreational biking with

speed and distance on paved roads.

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 26

 ● Mountain biking, which involves off-road biking on varying terrain

and is a sport requiring specialized equipment.

● Leisure rides, which involves casual cycling at a slow pace, without

pressure, with family and/or friends.

● Cycling tourism, which involves bike tours to scenic and/or

bike-friendly destinations.

There is increased hesitancy with bike riding, particularly in busy roads

heavily used by motor vehicles. Off-street trails or paths are the preferred safe and

comfortable place for bike rides (McNeil & Monsere, 2015).

In Cameña and Castro’s (2019) literature review enlists the variables that

affect bicycle usage in their paper, “Cycling Odds: Factors Affecting the Propensity to

Use Bicycles in a Highly Urbanized City in the Philippines” which includes the

following physical environmental factors:

Features of the built environment affect people's usage of bicycles. Among

them: functionality of the space such as the physical attributes of streets and paths,

their utility, routes, and traffic volumes. Cycling was shown to be positively attributed

and practiced in bicycle lanes and paths. Accessibility to public bicycle stations, safe

parking spaces, as well as a general sense of safety in any cycling environment

encourages bike ridership. With regards to aesthetics of the surroundings, the

encouraging features were greenness and higher levels of urban canopy. In relation, a

moderate temperature and minimal rain were identified as ideal weather and climate

conditions for bicycle use.

An effective trail for the recreational cyclist includes:

● Consideration for trip length and duration and links to the main trail

● Provision of facilities for refreshment and accomodation

● Sustainability of route and connection to public transport access

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 27

 ● Networks and circuits rather than linear trails

D. SYNTHESIS

The initial contextualization of the micro and macro environment of the site

yielded relevant findings that helped establish the focus of the study. Prevailing

physical risks such as flooding have pervaded Taytay, and consequently, the

community of Lupang Arenda. Observational study and informal interviews reveal

informal planning of the area, particularly, the flooded marketspace of Ynares

Avenue. As such, it was determined that a formal market and flooding provisions are

found to be primary concerns of the community.

Aligned to the detailed proposed goals of the local government in the

Comprehensive Development Plan of Taytay, it is expressed and written that there is a

necessity for economic measures for development. In particular, they encourage

economic and touristic developments and comprehensive livelihood opportunities for

communities through the arrangement of public-private partnerships.

Paradigms correlating to these initial literature findings relate to the

sustainability and resilience of the architectural solution warranted in Ynares Avenue.

Befitting the multi-system needs in the area is socio-ecological resilience under the

Ball and Cup Model of System and Stability. In relation, the framework determined

for the synthesis of ideas that will fall under these systems is the Blending Theory and

the formation of a blended concept and space. Real world conceptualization of these

frameworks are established through the public-private partnership paradigm which is

further guided by the ‘Five Private Sector Visions for a Resilient Future’ by the

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. The PPP setup is a solution

framework of collaboration on skills and assets with the goal of servicing the

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 28

 community through undertaking projects such as infrastructure that uphold specific

causes.

The specific cause in this matter is the construction and operation of a public

market-terminal landmark, a transit-oriented development aiming to serve, not only as

a space of trade, but as convergence of the community and connection to its

surrounding areas. Expounding on the architectural translation of this study, the

public market is viewed beyond the normal bounds of its typology as a social

infrastructure promoting resilience within the community.

Supporting precedents such as the Marketplace in Mandaluyong and the

Iloilo City Terminal Public Market provide initial evidentiary support on the

feasibility and effectivity of the public market as architecture for the community.

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 29

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 3. Synthesis of Theories of the Study.

The primary theory defining the path to an architecturally resilient public

market-terminal landmark in this study is the Ball and Cup Model of Stability, particularly the

Socio-Ecological Resilience paradigm which entails the significant consideration of multiple

systems, e.g., technical, ecological, and social. As such, from this theory, the study sought out

existing paradigms, principles, and/or theories that helped expound the multiple systems that

comprise the site. In particular, the socio-economy and environmental context of the area was

initially analyzed under existing local documents such as the Comprehensive Development

Plan of Taytay, which details regional and local needs of the area. Existing laws on

public-private partnerships such as RA 6957 and RA 7718 comprise the legal-technical

system in support of the study. In relation, socio-ecological resilience visions by the United

Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction provide a basis-framework for solution in

response to the resilience needs of the site.

In translation of these broader theories, the Blending Theory is used to form their

synthesis such that overarching concepts may form a new idea as solution and in response to

the objectives and goals of the study.

Summarily, the increasing shade in color aims to communicate the progressing

specificity of the theories that form the final synthesized typology.

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 30

 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 4. Conceptual Framework of the Study formulated through

the Framework Synthesis adapting the Blending Theory.

The conceptual framework significantly applies the Blending Theory, inspired by the

diagrammatic concept of blended spaces by Benyon & Resmini (2015) (see Figure 1) for the

organization and formulation of the yielded data of the preliminary and investigative phases

of the study. The yellow and blue are two domains sharing commonalities, forming a new

“environment” shown in the green domain. Broken blue lines also show correspondence

and/or relation between the yellow and blue domains of data that contribute to the “blend”

that forms the proposed study and architectural solution.

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 31

III. METHODOLOGY

The research aims to build the grounds in forming an architectural solution that can

bring about community resilience and development through harnessing environmental,

commercial, and touristic potentialities of Ynares Avenue. As such, several methodological

processes are undertaken to narrow down and synthesize a marketspace that will uphold the

determined objectives.

The study will follow three main stages: Preliminary studies, investigation, synthesis,

and design.

A. Preliminary Studies

Objectives:

The first stage of the study aims to establish the initial conditions on the

macro and micro scales of the correlating site, problem, and goals as well as

determine the overarching theories and concepts that will drive the rest of the

research.

Systems of Inquiry:

Constructivism. Constructivism is a learning theory in which knowledge is

constructed from information learned. Preliminary readings and research

behind the initial site, problem, and goals help shape and narrow the direction

and focus of the study.

Research Design & Tactic:

Integrative Systematic Review. Systematic review is a process that

approaches literature review as a methodology for the purpose of synthesis

(see Figure 5 for the specific approaches). In the study, an integrative

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 32

 systematic research is employed for the formulation of the theoretical

framework (see Figure 3).

Figure 5. Table of approaches to literature reviews.

Note: Adapted from Snyder’s “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” (2019).

Approach Semi-systematic Integrative

Typical purpose Overview research area and track Critique and synthesize
development over time

Research questions Broad Narrow or Broad

Search strategy May or may not be systematic Usually not systematic

Sample characteristics Research articles Research articles, books, and other

published texts

Analysis and evaluation Qualitative/quantitative Qualitative

B. Investigation

Objectives:

Following the theoretical formulation, the study moves forward with the

Present Conditions Analysis and Architectural Programming, which aims to

investigate present conditions and developmental needs on the macro and

microscales surrounding and within the Ynares Avenue site that need to be

aided and/or can be mobilized as opportunities through the public market and

the corresponding spaces, spatial types and/or strategies that can be employed

or incorporated to uphold said needs and opportunities.

Systems of Inquiry:

Socio-ecological approach. The multi-systems (economic, social, and

environmental) that comprise socio-ecological resilience will serve as the

baseline of organization. Vital verified data are to be acquired per system that

are deemed relevant to the site, problem, and goals.

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 33

 Integrative Systematic Review. This systematic review method entails

review of varying verified sources that may form the qualitative data of the

Present Conditions Analysis and Architectural Programming. With the

site-specific scope, a broad search on the social, economic, and

environmental conditions of the study may be conducted.

Research Design:

Market and Industry Analysis. Existing quantitative and qualitative data

surrounding the current conditions of the market and industry in the macro

and micro environment of the site are to be collected to determine

development needs in this community sector.

Legal Feasibility. Aims to assess the viability of the project in compliance

with the legal frameworks in place.

Grounded Approach. The Grounded Theory is a qualitative bottom-up

approach that provides a substantive theory derived from existing phenomena

and data. The study aims to reconfigure the public market as inspired by the

existing micro and macro conditions of the site and broader network of

information and frameworks.

Tactics:

Integrative Systematic Review. Evaluation and analysis of gathered data

will be similarly approached as the preliminary literature review such that

said data from the Present Conditions Analysis are to be formulated into a

framework that displays existing, discovered, and potential relationship of the

information.

Participant Observation. For sensory experiences and corroboration of

textual data, empirical experience is necessary as it provides context that can

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 34

 be crucial user and/or beneficiary experience of the public market

development. Thus, findings that are numerical or in paper can be

contextualized in this method.

Informal Interviews. Similar to participant observation, informal interviews

can obtain both subjective and objective data from the users and beneficiaries

themselves about the systems’ conditions in the site (economic, social, and

environmental) and the corresponding needs and opportunities they may

have.

Informal Interview Questions: (translated to Filipino during conduct

of interview)

1) What are the current economic conditions, here, in Lupang

Arenda that you deem are urgent issues?

2) What are the current environmental conditions, here, in

Lupang Arenda that you deem are urgent issues?

3) What are the current social conditions, here, in Lupang

Arenda that you deem are urgent issues?

4) What are dominant traditions (religious and/or cultural,

secular events, activities) in Lupang Arenda?

5) How would you describe your experience as a marketspace

consumer here in Ynares Avenue?

a) In terms of trade and marketspace activities (the use

of space)

b) In terms of navigating the marketspace

(store-to-store experience, entry, exit to and from the

area)

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 35

 c) In terms of safety? From physical hazards(i.e.,

flooding, proximity to the road)

6) What are the known livelihood products and activities in

Lupang Arenda and in Ynares Avenue?

Qualitative Mapping. This is a qualitative inquiry centered on “participant

experiences and perceptions” as a dialogical tool of the existing market types

and spaces in Ynares Avenue.

Financial Projections. To establish financial viability of the proposed

architectural development of the study, projection of costs and time-bound

estimate of revenue, profit, and return of investment can provide foundation

in the economic effectivity of the design translation of the proposed

development of the study.

Comprehensive Code Review. The legal feasibility of the study is examined

through research of relevant laws and other legal literature supporting and

providing regulations to the architectural solution.

C. Synthesis

Objectives:

To generate a cohesive solution and conclusion to the configuration

innovation of the public market in Ynares Avenue, data must be effectively

synthesized.

Research Design:

Critical Interpretive Synthesis. Synthesizing the data will consist of

determining literature and data quality by its relevance to the study, followed

by categorizing them according to specific systems, narrowing down by

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 36

 significance to the site and according to theories and frameworks governing

the study.

Framework Synthesis. This method synthesis requires identification of

existing framework or models that may guide a new theme or framework. In

the study, the Blending Theory is the basis in the formulation of the new

concluding framework of solution.

Blending Theory. After forming a refined list of relevant data per systems,

blending theory will be employed in forming the final synthesis of the study

which is the “new environment” formed by the data gathered from the

domains of the “Investigative” stage of the study.

Tactics:

Diagramming. Aims to illustrate the relation of data and results following

the underlying Blending Theory through framework synthesis/

D. Design

Objectives:

Is the architectural translation, integration, and/or application of the proposed

configuration of the public market in Ynares Avenue.

Tactics:

Iterative process of designing. Making of the schematics of the architectural

design, as derived from the findings of the “Investigative” and “Synthesis”

stages of the study.

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 37

 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 6. Diagrammatic view of the methodological process of the study.

ARCH 141 | BONGALON, CHRISTIANNE CLARISSE 38

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