GRP15 Narvaez Sagaoinit Wagan Research

Republic of the Philippines
Calamba City School Division

Calamba City Science Integrated School
Chipeco Avenue, Barangay 3, Calamba City, Laguna
LimoTone: Utilization of D-Limonene from Orange

(Citrus x sinensis) Peels and Pure Chemical Acetone as a Liquid
Chemical Additive for dissolving Synthetic Latex Rubber
A Research Paper
Presented to the faculty of Calamba City Science Integrated School
In partial fulfillment to the requirements of Research 10
Nayah Meech D.V. Narvaez

Florence Chloe C. Sagaoinit
John Alex M. Wagan
Researchers
Rowena L. Acosta
Research Adviser
May 2023
Abstract
Rubber pollution is one of the reasons why the Philippines' environment is declining
with rubber tires as one of its leading sources, from automobile production. Many tires are
required to use vehicles, but the disadvantage is that they produce excess that are unlikely to
be used in the future. This study aimed to determine whether LimoTone, a product
synthesized from D-Limonene from Orange (Citrus x sinensis) peels and pure chemical
acetone as a liquid chemical additive for dissolving synthetic latex rubber, was effective.
Specifically, it investigated whether there was a significant difference in the product’s
performance between different amounts of D-Limonene and pure chemical acetone in its
effects. The experimentation procedure was divided into three set-ups, each with three trials:
nine individual test tubes containing LimoTone, to three different tests: mass assessment (g),
dissolution test (D:H:M), and elasticity test (cm). Set-up A had a ratio of 6:11 (6 mL of D-
Limonene to 11 mL of Acetone), Set-up B had a ratio of 1:2 (2 mL of D-Limonene to 4 mL
of Acetone), and Set-up C had a ratio of 1:3 (2 mL of D-Limonene to 6 mL of Acetone).
Steam distillation, product creation, and testing were all done at Calamba City Science
Integrated School (CCSIS).
Results were then analyzed using ANOVA (Single Factor). Data gathered testing
LimoTone’s ability to dissolve synthetic latex rubber was analyzed at 0.05 level of
significance, resulting in F value of 92.557 and F critical value of 5.143 for mass reduction,
and F value of 112.937 and F critical value of 3.106 for elasticity testing. For both mass
reduction and elasticity testing, the null hypotheses were rejected and alternative hypotheses
were accepted, indicating LimoTone’s effectiveness in dissolving synthetic latex rubber in
terms of mass and elasticity.
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Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................
Introduction......................................................................................................................................
Background of the Study.....................................................................................................
Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................................
Statement of the Hypotheses................................................................................................
Significance of the Study...................................................................................................
The Rubber Industry..............................................................................................
The General Public and Community......................................................................
The Environment...................................................................................................
The Future Proponents and Researchers................................................................
Scope and Limitation.........................................................................................................
Conceptual Framework......................................................................................................
Definition of Terms............................................................................................................
Review of Related Literature.........................................................................................................
An Overview on Rubber....................................................................................................
Rubber: Benefits and Beneficiaries...................................................................................
Rubber’s Environmental Impact on the World..................................................................
Rubber Pollution in the Philippines...................................................................................
Origin of Synthetic Latex Rubber......................................................................................
Synthetic Rubber................................................................................................................
Natural Rubber vs Synthetic Rubber.................................................................................
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Hydrocarbons.....................................................................................................................
Acetone..............................................................................................................................
Orange (Citrus x sinensis)..................................................................................................
Limonene...........................................................................................................................
D- Limonene......................................................................................................................
Steam Distillation...............................................................................................................
Steam Distillation: D-Limonene........................................................................................
Dissolving Synthetic Latex Rubber...................................................................................
Other Chemicals used in Dissolving Synthetic Latex Rubber...........................................
Production of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) additive from Acetone and D-Limonene
........................................................................................................................................................
Elasticity Test.....................................................................................................................
Indirect Weighing...............................................................................................................
Synthesis............................................................................................................................
Methodology..................................................................................................................................
Research Design.................................................................................................................
Source of Materials............................................................................................................
Location of the Study.........................................................................................................
Procedure...........................................................................................................................
Extraction of D-Limonene from Orange (Citrus x sinensis) peels........................
3
Creation of LimoTone............................................................................................
Experimentation using the Product........................................................................
Data Gathering Technique.................................................................................................
Statistical Test....................................................................................................................
Methodological Flowchart.................................................................................................
Results and Discussion..................................................................................................................
A. Quantitative Data...............................................................................................................
Mass Reduction Experiment..................................................................................
Elasticity Test (Before and After treatment)..........................................................
B. Interpretation of Data.........................................................................................................
Mass Reduction (Data Analysis)............................................................................
Elasticity Test (Data Analysis)...............................................................................
C. Qualitative Data.................................................................................................................
Source of Errors.................................................................................................................
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations.............................................................................
Summary............................................................................................................................
Summary of Findings.............................................................................................
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................
Recommendations..............................................................................................................
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................
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Appendix........................................................................................................................................
List of Figures
Figure 1. Paradigm showing the relationship of the variables in the study...................................
Figure 2. Shows the relationship between the variables and set-ups.............................................
Figure 3. The researchers thoroughly washed four (4) oranges to remove any dirt......................
Figure 4. The researchers completely zested the oranges using graters........................................
Figure 5. Shows the distillation set-up at the head proponent’s home..........................................
Figure 6. The Research Methodology Flowchart..........................................................................
Figure 7. Trials 1-3 of the Mass Assessment Experiment After One Day....................................
Figure 8. Sample setup of recording the mass of the balloons (Day 3, Trial 1)............................
Figure 9. Recording of observations (before treatment)................................................................
Figure 10. Soaking the trial in the treatment..................................................................................
Figure 11. Trial 1, Day 1: Close up view.......................................................................................
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List of Tables
Table 1. Mass Assessment of the three trials within three days....................................................
Table 2. Elasticity Test results of the three trials (before and after treatment)..............................
Table 3. Calculated results for F value and F critical value...........................................................
Table 4. Calculated results for F value and F critical value...........................................................
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Chapter I
Introduction
Background of the Study
Rubber is prevalent in our daily lives, emerging in everything from surgical gloves
and medical devices to clothing and car tires. However, the pursuit of convenience has gone
too far, and humans are wasting resources by not disposing of rubber waste effectively.
As of personal map surveying in the month of May 2023 in Calamba, Laguna, in the
approximate 9 kilometer traveling distance from Bucal to Canlubang, one can inquire about
rubber products in 21 different places. An estimated 10 of these shops are already established
corporations with prevalent names in the market industry that also have branches in different
locations in the Philippines, proving the demand for rubber. These shops offer various forms
of rubber products, ranging from rubber pads, plugs, rollers, linings, mattings, nosings,
footings, corner guards, window seals, anti-vibration pads, conveyor belts, wire stoppers,
bellows, blocks, bumpers, and some even offer custom-made rubber products and extending
to other materials, silicone-based ones.
One of its two forms, synthetic rubber, is made from petroleum. In addition to being
nonrenewable, the fossil fuel industry has significant environmental consequences such as
deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions.
A study conducted by World Wildlife in 2022 stated that the manufacture of synthetic
rubber contributes to the above problem by directly assisting the industry. Man-made rubber
production also contributes to air pollution because it emits toxins into the atmosphere when
heated for molding.
On the other side of the spectrum, the use of natural rubber latex in the production of
elastic medical products has also drawn a great deal of criticism due to the possibility of
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allergic responses. While the percentage of the general population affected by latex proteins
is modest and the consequences are typically not severe, according to a study of published
data, it is still imperative that it is taken notice of, before this concern escalates into
something far more threatening.
Consideration of the four alternative material categories—PVC, polyurethane, nitrile
and neoprene, and styrene copolymers—results in the conclusion that these materials have
also their own known toxic and allergic effects in addition to inferior performance, which
only contribute to increasing health and safety issues. (Morris, 2013)
Modern manufacturing and application techniques have led to improved latex
production, and research into the fundamentals of latex is also advancing. Some of the newer
latexes include functional groups produced by the use of unsaturated monomers, such as
those containing amino and carboxyl groups in the polymerization system, those made from
solid rubbers using the solvent emulsion technique, and those with higher solids content, such
as agglomerated latexes that have a minimum solid content of 68% at low viscosity. Most
growing applications may include elastomer rubber that is both sulfur-cured and so-called
self-curing (non-cured). The strength of the latter comes from polar groups such as functional
groups (carboxyl) and/or have a substantial amount of styrene in them. (Howland & Brown,
2014)
Seeing as both sides of the rubber industry have their own disadvantages, the
researchers aimed to use D-Limonene, a colorless liquid hydrocarbon found in orange (Citrus
x sinensis) peels and pure chemical acetone, a hydrocarbon derivative, as a liquid chemical
additive for dissolving latex rubber. All of these elements either contain hydrocarbons or are
hydrocarbons themselves, so when they come in contact with one another, they will react
with each other—through dissolving. Through this study, the researchers used this process to
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reduce rubber waste in the Philippines, specifically in their local communities in Calamba,
and Cabuyao, Laguna and possibly make products out of the dissolved latex rubber.
Statement of the Problem
Throughout the entirety of the study, the researchers aimed to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the effectiveness of using LimoTone as a liquid chemical additive for
synthetic latex rubber in terms of its:
A. Mass (g)
B. Dissolution (D:H:M)
2. Is there a significant difference in the characteristics of the synthetic latex rubber
before and after adding LimoTone in terms of its:
A. Elasticity (cm)
3. Is there a significant difference in the elasticity of the synthetic latex rubber in
proportion to the amount of time it was soaked in LimoTone by:
A. 15 minutes
B. 25 minutes
C. 35 minutes
Statement of the Hypotheses
Null Hypotheses
1. There is no significant effectiveness of using LimoTone as a liquid chemical additive
for synthetic latex rubber in terms of its:
A. Mass (g)
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2. There is no significant difference in the characteristics of the synthetic latex rubber
A. Elasticity (cm)
3. There is no significant difference in the elasticity of the synthetic latex rubber in
A. 15 minutes
B. 25 minutes
C. 35 minutes
Alternative Hypotheses
1. There is significant effectiveness of using LimoTone as a liquid chemical additive for
synthetic latex rubber in terms of its:
A. Mass (g)
2. There is a significant difference in the characteristics of the synthetic latex rubber
A. Elasticity (cm)
3. There is a significant difference in the elasticity of the synthetic latex rubber in
A. 15 minutes
B. 25 minutes
C. 35 minutes
Significance of the Study
This study aimed to provide more data on the efficiency of LimoTone, a mixture of
D-Limonene from orange peels and acetone as a liquid chemical additive for dissolving
synthetic latex rubber. The following were benefited by the study:
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The Rubber Industry
Given the unique properties of rubber materials, the overall use of rubber for a large
number of applications is constantly on the rise and becoming an ever increasing focus of
concern. Locally, the oversaturated rubber shops in Calamba, Laguna are able to utilize the
product to ethically dispose of rubber waste produced from their respective establishments.
As Calamba City is an urban-style location, Calambeños and officials alike cannot afford to
have massive rubber waste to lie round and about, especially without a safe method for long-
term management and disposal.
Currently, the only ways to dispose of rubber is through incineration and landfill, both
equally problematic in terms of efficiency and sustainability. Through this study, a new,
harmless way of processing rubber waste was made to remedy the longstanding problem of
how difficult rubber is to dispose of.
The General Public and Community
This study provided the necessary data about liquid chemicals derived from waste
materials that can dissolve rubber, specifically synthetic latex rubber. Moreover, it eliminates
the consumption of said rubber, which results in less polluted surroundings.
The Environment
Natural rubber is biodegradable because it is produced from plants. However, because
synthetic latex rubber is made from man-made polymers derived from petroleum, it will
dwell in the environment and continue to pollute it. Additionally, rubber takes 50–80 years to
break down due to its chemical components.
The development of LimoTone proved to have a significant impact on the
environment because the experimentation resulted in a cost-effective product that reduces
rubber waste. Furthermore, the resulting product also bases on waste materials that are not
harmful to the environment.
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The Future Proponents and Researchers
This study also provided the necessary information for future researchers on the
effectiveness of LimoTone (D-Limonene and acetone) in dissolving synthetic latex rubber.
This also encourages the next generation to conduct research studies regarding Limonene
from citrus products and use it to benefit the people and environment. Furthermore, future
researchers may use this study as a guide to conduct research on other liquid chemicals that
can dissolve rubber, with the goal of developing a new and improved product.
Scope and Limitation
The study was conducted to see if using LimoTone as a liquid chemical additive for
dissolving synthetic latex rubber was successful in its objectives. In relation to the timeframe
and population, the study’s experimentations were conducted at the researchers’ school
campus of Calamba City Science Integrated School, namely extraction using steam
distillation and comparison of the different concentration levels on the synthetic latex
rubbers, and the task of updating the Project Data Logbook being on the researchers’ homes
as well—for the entirety of the whole research study that lasted approximately 4 to 5 months.
The study focused on the narrowed scope of the D isomer of limonene combined with
acetone in its objective to be able to dissolve synthetic latex rubber, not taking into account
the L isomer of the compound and other transformed forms of the chemical acetone. In
gathering the data needed, the efficacy of LimoTone as a liquid chemical additive in regard to
materials that are not composed of rubber were not tested.
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Conceptual Framework
Figure 1. Paradigm showing the relationship of the variables in the study.
Figure 1 presents the conceptual framework of the study, consisting of the
independent (amount of D-Limonene and Pure Chemical Acetone) and dependent (mass, rate
of dissolution, and comparison of elasticity before and after treatment along with in
proportion to the amount of time the synthetic latex rubber was soaked in LimoTone)
variables, along with other factors. The product LimoTone was affected by the amounts of
the two main constituents of the study, which then affected the significant difference overall
regarding its accuracy, potency, and efficiency.
Definition of Terms
Acetone — a manufactured chemical that is also found naturally in the environment. It is a
colorless liquid with a distinct smell and taste. It evaporates easily, is flammable, and
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dissolves in water. In this study, the term referred to the chemical to be mixed with D-
Limonene to create a liquid chemical additive to dissolve synthetic latex rubber, LimoTone.
Chemical — any substance composed of identical molecules consisting of atoms of two or
more chemical elements. In this study, the term referred to D-Limonene and acetone as the
main constituents of the study.
Dissolution — the action or process of dissolving. In this study, the term referred to the rate
in which the synthetic latex rubber dissolved after it reacted as it was treated with LimoTone,
measured in Days:Hours:Minutes (D:H:M).
D-Limonene — also known as R-limonene, a clear colorless mobile liquid with a pleasant
lemon-like odor. In this study, the term referred to one of the two main components of the
product, LimoTone.
Elasticity — the ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size
when the forces causing the deformation are removed. In this study, the term referred to the
initial and final elasticity of the synthetic latex rubber as it was treated with LimoTone,
measured in centimeters (cm).
Hydrocarbon — any of a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of the
elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). They are the principal constituents of petroleum and
natural gas. In this study, the term referred to D-Limonene and acetone as descriptions, being
as they are aliphatic and a derivative, respectively.
Limonene — an oral dietary supplement containing a natural cyclic monoterpene, and a major
component of the oil extracted from citrus peels, with potential chemo-preventive and
antineoplastic activities. In this study, the term referred to the original compound in which the
D-Limonene is extracted from.
L-Limonene — also known as S-limonene, produced by caraway, dill, and bergamot plants;
its piney odor contributes to the flavors and aromas of the plants’ edible portions. In this
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study, the term referred to one of the two main subproducts of the content produced from
citrus products, Limonene.
Mass — the quantitative measure of inertia, a fundamental property of all matter. In this
study, the term referred to the initial and final mass of the synthetic latex rubber as it was
treated with LimoTone, measured in grams (g).
Natural Rubber — is obtained from latex, a milky liquid present in either the latex vessels
(ducts) or in the cells of rubber-producing plants. In this study, the term referred to one of the
two main forms of rubber, the target objective of the study.
Orange — any of several species of small trees or shrubs of the genus Citrus of the family
Rutaceae and their nearly round fruits, which have leathery and oily rinds and edible, juicy
inner flesh. In this study, the term referred to the fruit source of the compound D-Limonene
(derived from Limonene), one of the two main components of the product, LimoTone.
Rubber — an elastic substance obtained from the exudations of certain tropical plants
(natural rubber) or derived from petroleum and natural gas (synthetic rubber). In this study,
the term referred to the origin form of the material being tested for a liquid chemical additive,
synthetic latex.
Synthetic Rubber — is produced from petroleum and natural gas. It is obtained by
polymerization of 1, 3 – butadiene derivatives or by copolymerization of 1, 3 – butadiene
along with an unsaturated monomer. In this study, the term referred to one of the two main
forms of rubber, the target objective of the study.
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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
The researchers decided to conduct a study about utilizing organic materials such as
orange (Citrus x sinensis) peels and pure chemical acetone for dissolving synthetic latex
rubber because of the rapidly expanding trend and technological advancements in today’s
world. This chapter discusses related literature and studies that are relevant to this research.
This study was supported by literature from both local and foreign researchers. This research
has included aspects and topics pertaining to the use of D-Limonene from orange peels as an
additive solution for dissolving synthetic latex rubber. Overall, this chapter contains the
ideas, conclusions, and information needed to fully comprehend this research.
An Overview on Rubber
Rubber is one of the most commonly used materials in the world. It is generally
defined as an elastic substance that can be obtained from the exudations of certain tropical
plants (natural rubber) or derived from petroleum and natural gas (synthetic rubber). This
material is frequently seen in the tires of automobiles, aircrafts, and bicycles, but it is also
found in products such as toys and furniture. Furthermore, rubber is widely used due to its
basic properties, which include elasticity, thermal contraction, and durability.
Rubber has many properties that vary due to its various types. An example of this is
natural rubber, which as stated above, can be obtained from the exudations of tropical plants.
It is used in adhesives, flooring and roofing, gloves, and tires. Other types of rubber are
classified as synthetic rubber and silicone rubber. Additionally, Neoprene rubber, also known
as chloroprene, nitrile rubber, Buna-N, and EPDM rubber are also types of rubber. These
16
types provide excellent noise and thermal insulation. In addition, Styrene-Butadiene rubber
(SBR) is a type of rubber that is used in cutting boards, gaskets, and shoe soles. (Everything
You Need to Know About Different Types of Rubber: Names, Properties, and Uses, n.d.).
Rubber: Benefits and Beneficiaries
Because of its versatility as a material, rubber has set an industry standard for medical
supplies. Its numerous applications to the lifesaving and health-improving work done by all
types of doctors have benefited the medical business as a whole. Of course, rubber has use in
a variety of other industries. However, medical applications are more common and profitable.
Rubber's versatility is one of the reasons why it is useful in so many industries.
Rubber comes in a variety of forms, which means there are numerous options and types of
rubber to utilize for various treatments. Because there are many different types of rubber,
many people who are allergic to one or more types of rubber can use another type as an
alternative.
Other than that, rubber is highly involved in the medical industry at is needed there in
a lot of ways. One of its prime uses for it is the fact that rubber is compatible sterilization
procedures. Dry heat, steam autoclaving, ethylene oxide, gamma radiation, and electron
beams are some of the sterilizing procedures routinely utilized for medical devices.
Vulcanized rubber components can normally survive a variety of ways. Device manufacturers
should examine sterilizing procedures to see if they are appropriate for the rubber being used.
Rubber’s Environmental Impact on the World
Humans have indeed created rubber for society but other than having human society
impact, it also leaves a huge impact on our environment. Natural rubber is one of the most
significant polymers for human society; it is a vital raw material used in the manufacture of
over 40,000 goods, including medical gadgets, surgical gloves, airplane and vehicle tires,
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pacifiers, garments, toys, and so on. Regular elastic is generally viewed as a more eco-
accommodating and preferred item over manufactured elastic, however it actually presents a
few issues. Normal elastic adds to deforestation, biodiversity misfortune, contamination, and
the sky is the limit from there. Natural rubber is also under threat from disease and climate
change.
Rubber Pollution in the Philippines
Rubber pollution, along with plastic pollution, is one of the reasons why the
Philippines' environment is declining. Rubber tires are one of the sources of rubber pollution
in the country, with automobiles being one of the products that are being produced as
technology continues to improve and grow. Many rubber tires are required in order to use a
vehicle. The disadvantage of these tires is that they produce excess tires that are unlikely to
be used in the future.
On December 28, 2012, the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
issued a press release. According to reports, Rogelio L. Singson, the department’s Secretary,
issued an order prohibiting the burning of rubber tires on public roads. In previous years,
people were seen burning rubber tires and other materials as bonfires to celebrate the New
Year. Singson called on the Philippine National Police (PNP) and local governments to
strictly enforce the prohibition on burning rubber tires on public roads.
Origin of Synthetic Latex Rubber
Synthetic rubber (EPR) was first manufactured in 1961 using broad MWD multisided
vanadium catalysts (Abd-El-Aziz, A.S. et al., 2012). According to various studies, Gustave
Boucharde discovered in 1879 that heating isoprene with hydrochloric acid produced a
rubberlike polymer, which sparked the development of synthetic rubber technology. Natural
rubber price fluctuations, according to the American Chemical Society, influenced synthetic
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rubber research during the 1920s. Prices were generally low, but British export restrictions on
natural rubber from British Malaya imposed in 1922, combined with the resulting price
increase, prompted the establishment of modest synthetic rubber research programs in the
Soviet Union, Germany, and the United States between 1925 and 1932.
Synthetic Rubber
The synthetic rubber category includes several types of rubber. Synthetic rubbers,
such as buna rubbers, butyl rubbers, and neoprene, are generally developed for applications
requiring special properties.
It is widely recognized that synthetic rubber refers to any artificial elastomer.
According to the American Chemical Society, synthetic rubber accounts for 70% of rubber
used in manufacturing processes today. Numerous tasks can be done with synthetic rubber.
Tire production in the transportation industry, hoses, tubes, and elevator belts in the
construction industry, and erasers, good footwear, and sports items for consumer goods are
some of its applications. For certain uses, synthetic rubber may be preferred over natural
rubber if the price difference is not excessive.
Natural Rubber vs. Synthetic Rubber
Rubber comes in two varieties: natural rubber and synthetic rubber. When it comes to
this topic, one of the most frequently asked questions is about their differences. Natural
rubber is made from the native Brazilian plant Hevea Brasiliense. Synthetic rubber is
synthesized from a number of polymers, which give the rubber its properties. Both natural
rubber and synthetic rubber (IR) have high tensile strength, low temperature flexibility, and
tear resistance despite being produced in different ways, naturally and artificially.
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Natural rubber, on the other hand, has a higher tensile strength, greater tear resistance,
and a lower odor than synthetic rubber. In general, synthetic rubber outperforms natural
rubber in terms of temperature resistance, aging resistance, and abrasion resistance. Synthetic
rubber is also less expensive to manufacture. Another factor to consider when deciding
between natural and synthetic rubber includes the fact that natural rubber contains natural
proteins that can cause allergic reactions when in contact with human skin for an extended
period of time.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are carbon and hydrogen compounds that comprise the vast majority of
crude oil, processed petroleum hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, and
lubricating oil), coal tar, creosote, dyestuff, and pyrolysis waste products (Treatise on
Geochemistry, 2007). The majority of hydrocarbons found in nature are found in crude oil,
which contains an abundance of carbon and hydrogen that can catenate to form seemingly
infinite chains when bonded (Penton, Kitson, & Sparkman, 2011).
The four subcategories of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic
hydrocarbons, which can have simple or relatively complex structures. Hydrocarbon research
may contribute to shed insight into the chemistry and production of other functional groups.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), which is made from hydrocarbons such as propane and
butane, is also used as a commercial fuel. Benzene, one of the most basic aromatic
hydrocarbons, is used as the primary building block in the production of many synthetic
drugs.
D-Limonene is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon found in orange (Citrus x sinensis)
peels and pure chemical acetone is a hydrocarbon derivative. All these elements either
20
contain hydrocarbons or are hydrocarbons themselves, so when they come into contact with
one another, they will react with each other through dissolving.
Acetone
Acetone is a chemical that is both manufactured and naturally occurring in the
environment. Its molecular formula is C3H6O, CH3-CO-CH3 or CH3COCH3. It is a
colorless liquid with a distinct odor and flavor. It easily evaporates, is flammable, and
dissolves in water. It is also known as dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, and beta-ketopropane.
Acetone is utilized in the production of plastic, fibers, drugs, and other chemicals.
Acetone is also used as a material dissolver. A chemical that can dissolve other
substances is called a solvent, like acetone. Because it can dissolve both polar and nonpolar
substances, acetone is a good solvent; other solvents can only dissolve one or the other.
Because acetone has elements in its chemical composition that are both polar and nonpolar, it
can be used with both organic and inorganic substances. The chemical has been identified as
the safest substance to dissolve rubber. Aside from rubber, acetone can dissolve many fats
and resins, as well as cellulose ethers, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, and other cellulose
esters.
Orange (Citrus x sinensis)
Citrus x sinensis, also known as navel orange, orange, or sweet orange, is an
evergreen tree in the Rutaceous family that can grow up to 30 feet tall in tropical and
subtropical climates, and its fruit is sold in supermarkets. It is a hybrid created by crossing a
mandarin orange and a pomelo, though the exact date of this creation is unknown. Its name,
however, means "from China," and most likely refers to where it was first grown and used.
(N.C. Cooperative Extension, n.d.).
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Oranges provide an abundance of benefits. Oranges, as a fruit, tend to be high in
Vitamin C, which benefits the human body in a variety of ways. Naturally, vitamin C protects
the body from harm. It also helps to produce the protein collagen, which soothes the skin and
aids in wound healing. Furthermore, it reduces the fight against anemia. In addition to the
other ingredients, orange contains D-Limonene. Orange Terpenes (D-Limonene) is a 100%
biodegradable product derived from orange oil fractional high vacuum distillation. Because
of the nature of the manufacturing process, a consistent product can be produced by carefully
controlling odor, purity, moisture, and color. Orange has higher solubility, a high level of
biodegradability, and is derived from renewable resources.
Limonene
Limonene is an essential oil derived from orange and other citrus fruit peels. It is
classified as a terpene, which is a group of compounds whose strong aromas protect plants by
deterring predators. Limonene is a monoterpene that has a methyl group at position 1 and a
prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 to substitute for cyclohex-1-ene. It plays a part as a human
metabolite. It is a cycloalkene and a p-menthadiene. Aside from that, limonene is an oral
dietary supplement containing a natural cyclic monoterpene found in citrus peel oil that may
have chemo preventive and antineoplastic properties. It has the molecular formula C10H16.
Limonene has two chemical forms: D-Limonene, which is commonly found in orange
peels, and L-limonene, which is primarily found in lemon peels. For centuries, people have
extracted essential oils such as limonene from citrus fruits. Today, limonene is commonly
used as a natural treatment for a variety of health issues and is a popular ingredient in
household items, according to health line.
D-Limonene
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Citrus Terpenes, or D-Limonene, have the primary chemical constituents found in
cold-pressed peel oils derived from all edible citrus fruits, specifically oranges, lemons, and
limes. D-Limonene has been produced and used as a flavor and fragrance additive in cleaning
and cosmetic products, food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals since 1995 (Behboudi &
Nikfar, 2014).
Since its production began in 1995, d-limonene has been utilized as a flavor and
fragrance additive in pharmaceuticals, food, beverages, and cosmetics. It is likewise
progressively utilized as a dissolvable. It is utilized in insect control, as a wetting and
dispersing agent, and in the production of resins.
D-Limonene has been used clinically to dissolve cholesterol-containing gallstones as
a cholesterol solvent. It can also dissolve some rubber components (Kuntzleman, Schaerer, &
Talaski, 2015). Rubber, like limonene, is a hydrocarbon and thus non-polar because it is a
chemical component of limonene. Non-polar substances dissolve well in other non-polar
substances, as chemists are well aware. As a result, when limonene oil contacts the surface of
a rubber balloon in an experiment, some of the rubber balloon dissolves in the limonene. As a
result, the balloon deflates and pops.
Steam Distillation
Utilizing the immiscible mixtures' low boiling point, steam distillation is a separation
method. Distillation at temperatures below the boiling point can be achieved using this
alternative method. It is useful when the material to be distilled is chemically nonreactive
with water and immiscible (incapable of mixing). Fatty acids and soybean are two examples
of such materials. It is mostly used to separate a non-volatile contaminant from temperature-
sensitive organic molecules. The natural particle should be immiscible in water.
Steam Distillation: D-Limonene
23
The steam distillation process or experiment is a crucial part in collecting limonene.
To start, the steam distillation set-up for D-Limonene gathering requires apparatuses and
equipment that are eye protection, grater, Bunsen burner, heat resistant mat, tripod and gauze,
oranges, 110 °C thermometer, measuring cylinder (100 cm3), another measuring cylinder (50
cm3), distillation apparatus, 250 cm3 round bottomed flask, still head, thermometer pocket,
condenser , receiver adapter, test tubes and bungs, dropping pipette, anti-bumping granules,
and bromine water that no more than 0.2% v/v. These materials are what is generally needed
for it but there are also a fewer number of materials need if you have them available.
The steam distillation process happens by putting the grated peels of oranges in boiled
water. The oil produced by this process is the limonene however, it isn’t pure yet so the
distillate from the experiment must undergo a separation process by using a separation flask.
With this, the limonene can get separated from the oil to acquire pure D-Limonene.
Dissolving Synthetic Latex Rubber
There are plenty of methods and chemicals that can be used to dissolve rubber. An
example of that is using acetone to dissolve it as it is the safest chemical for it. A method of
continually dissolving a rubber to usually form a raw material for the synthesis of rubber-
modified polymer, by dissolving the rubber in a monomer liquid capable of interacting with
the rubber in the presence or absence of a solvent. When compared to traditional procedures,
the time required for dissolving can be reduced, and the size of a dissolution tank can be
reduced. In general, a method of batch-dissolving a rubber in a rubber dissolution tank was
used as one approach for thoroughly dissolving a rubber. (Matsuba, 1997)
Other Chemicals used in Dissolving Synthetic Latex Rubber
Other chemicals, in addition to acetone, can cause rubber to react negatively when
applied to it. Among the many industrial applications for synthetic rubber are seals and
24
gaskets. Thermal and chemical properties of rubber seals have high quality. However, due to
the nature of synthetic polymers, the proper rubber seal must be selected for certain chemical
services. Synthetic rubber seals (Teflon) include nitrile (Buna-N), Viton fluor elastomer,
EPDM rubber, and PTFE (Baer, n.d.). Rubber steals are an example of synthetic rubber, and
there are chemicals that may dissolve other applications of synthetic rubber.
To begin with, acids are chemical compounds with a pH less than 7.0. PH is a
measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution that can attack and degrade materials.
Acetic acid is a strong organic acid that is harmful to Viton and Buna-N rubber seals.
Hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfuric acid all attack and degrade Buna-N rubber
(What Chemicals are Harmful to Rubber Seals, n.d.).
Aside from acids, alkalis can be used as well for dissolving rubber. Alkalis are
chemical compounds with a pH greater than 7.0 and a high concentration of hydroxide ions in
solution. Because of this, the combination of rubber and alkali is harmful to rubber.
Magnesium and sodium hydroxide are two examples of alkalis. Alkali magnesium hydroxide
is harmful to Buna-N rubber. Sodium hydroxide is also damaging to Buna-N rubbers (at any
temperature), but particularly at high temperatures (What Chemicals Eat Through Rubber?,
n.d.).
Production of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) additive from Acetone and D-Limonene
Acetone is usually used for cleaning or for improving the efficiency of fuel. Fuel
additives help to maximize fuel efficiency. It also keeps rough idling, slow acceleration, and
engine stalling, as well as improving overall engine performance and thus keeping the
engines running impurity-fire. Bioethanol is one of the PMS additives used to supplement
PMS around the world, but it is also regarded as a viable energy source derived from
sugarcane, cassava, or corn. As a fuel additive, bioethanol reduces greenhouse gas emissions
25
and global warming. In Ijeoma, I., Uchechukwu, N., Osaruyi, O. M., & Francisca’s research
study, they intended to develop a new brand of PMS additive, which is ethanol-free. Ethanol
was entirely replaced. This new formula contains acetone, D-Limonene, and synthetic two
stroke oil. Acetone is a PMS additive because it has desirable properties such as high an
octane number and flash point as competitors' ethanol. Also, unlike ethanol, acetone is not
hygroscopic. Acetone increases the octane level of the fuels in which it is used. D-Limonene,
derived from citrus fruit peels, is extremely effective in injector cleaning. D-Limonene is
used as a dispersant and has good octane boosting properties because it is combustible and
has been considered as a biofuel. It also improves the stability of PMS. It is a colorless liquid
that is derived primarily from citrus fruit peel oil.
In addition to that, the study about PMS that was conducted before— mainly focusing
on using D-Limonene and Acetone, as well, as its main components along with two synthetic
oils. According to this study, the PMS additive from acetone, D-Limonene and two stroke
synthetic oil was produced in the ration of 2:1:1. With this, the blended PMS was reported to
last a significantly higher minutes compared to pure PMS. Although Premium Motor Spirit
may possibly dissolve some rubber, the study was focused to be as a PMS— utilizing them
for improvement of fuel for engines and such. (Iljeoma et al., 2022).
Elasticity Test
Modulus of elasticity testing is an effective method for determining the resistance of
your materials to elastic deformation. When materials are subjected to tension or stress, they
can distort, resulting in incorrect goods, wasteful waste, and dissatisfied customers.
This method of testing is used to determine the behavior of a sample under an axial
stretching load. Elastic limit, tensile strength, yield point, yield strength, elongation, and
26
Young's Modulus are all common tensile test results. Young's Modulus is commonly
expressed as N/mm2 (lbs/in2) or MPA (psi).
On the other hand, there is another kind of elasticity test to test on the elasticity of
rubber. The greatest distinctive feature of rubber is its dynamic elastic nature. Kinetic
elasticity is affected by crystallization variables and is time and temperature dependant.
Although various variables and factors influence kinetic elasticity, the most important factor
influencing this feature is low temperature. Rubber's flexibility rapidly decreases at lower
temperatures until it disappears entirely. Because low temperatures can cause cracking,
breaking, and failure of a rubber seal, testing its elasticity at low temperatures is critical to
guaranteeing seal performance.
Indirect Weighing
Indirect weighing is a technique where usually the sample is placed in a container
(such as a weighing bottle or a watch glass), and the mass of the container is deducted from
the overall mass to obtain the mass of the sample. According to Dr. David Chesney, weighing
by difference is the most precise method for quantifying the mass of a solid sample. This
process entails weighing a weighing vial carrying a quantity of solid reagent on a regular
basis. The mass of the weighing bottle contents reduces as the solid is removed to another
vessel. A lower mass is discovered after reweighing. The difference between the two masses
shows the amount of solid reagent added to the vessel.
Synthesis
The information and knowledge presented in this chapter helped the researchers
improve the product’s quality. Rubber pollution, along with plastic pollution, is one of the
reasons why the Philippines' environment is declining. Rubber tires are one of the sources of
rubber pollution in the country. Automobiles are one of the products that are being produced
27
as technology continues to improve and grow. Many rubber tires are required in order to use
a vehicle.
D-Limonene is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon found in orange (Citrus x sinensis)
peels and pure chemical acetone is a hydrocarbon derivative. All these elements either
contain hydrocarbons or are hydrocarbons themselves, so when they come into contact with
one another, they will react with each other through dissolving.
As mentioned in this chapter, citrus fruits contain D-Limonene, which is a cholesterol
scavenger and is used clinically to dissolve cholesterol-containing gallstones. Therefore, it is
very effective in dissolving rubber. Rubber, like Limonene, is a hydrocarbon, so it is non-
polar because it is the chemical component of Limonene. The addition of pure chemical
acetone to D-Limonene, which is also used as a solvent for the substance and is cited as the
safest substance for dissolving rubber, not only improves the solvent properties of the rubber,
but also improves the product’s effectivity. According to researchers' sources, the study can
help reduce rubber pollution in the Philippines and potentially in the world.
28
Chapter III
Methodology
This chapter presents research methodologies employed in developing the researchers’
product, LimoTone. It covers the research design, source of materials, location of the study,
research procedure, data gathering techniques, statistical test and a research methodology
flowchart estimated to complete the development of LimoTone. In addition, diagrams were
provided to further support the narrative of the study.
Research Design
The purpose of this study is to develop a liquid chemical additive made of D-
Limonene from orange (Citrus x sinensis) peels and pure chemical acetone that can be used
to dissolve synthetic latex rubber. The researchers aim to utilize organic materials such as
orange peels to reduce fruit waste and rubber pollution in the Philippines, specifically in the
researchers’ homes in Laguna. Various measuring tools and methods were used to determine
LimoTone’s ability to dissolve said rubber. The quasi-experimental research design was used
to obtain the data since it involves manipulating the effect of the independent variable(s) on
the dependent variable(s). Additionally, it is used to test casual relationships between
variables and has no random assignment. Furthermore, it contains data from both the
29
qualitative and quantitative research methods that were used to assess the mass, dissolution,
and elasticity of the synthetic latex rubber before and after LimoTone was added.
This study consists of three set-ups, each with three trials. The experimental group
involves nine individual test tubes containing LimoTone. This was then applied to nine
samples of black latex balloons, which were subjected to three different tests: mass
assessment (g), dissolution test (D:H:M), and elasticity test (cm). Set-up A had a ratio of 6:11
(6 mL of D-Limonene to 11 mL of Acetone). Set-up B had a ratio of 1:2 (2 mL of D-
Limonene to 4 mL of Acetone). Lastly, Set-up C had a ratio of 1:3 (2 mL of D-Limonene to 6
mL of Acetone).
The independent variables in this study are as follows: the concentration of LimoTone
per trial and the duration each balloon (in Set-up C) was soaked in LimoTone (15 minutes, 25
minutes, 35 minutes). On the other hand, the following are the dependent variables of the
study: the overall effectiveness of the product in dissolving synthetic latex rubber (in terms of
its mass and dissolution), the difference in the characteristics of the synthetic latex rubber
before and after treatment (in terms of its elasticity), and the difference in the elasticity of
each balloon based on the amount of time it was soaked in LimoTone (15 minutes, 25
minutes, 35 minutes).
Figure 2. Shows the relationship between the variables and set-ups.
30
Source of Materials
The following materials were obtained for this research study: 60 mL of Pure
Chemical Acetone, 25 pieces of black latex balloons, 23 pieces of oranges (Citrus x sinensis),
four dram vials, four graters, three beakers, three graduated cylinders, one liter of distilled
water (lukewarm), one distillation set-up, kitchen scale, separatory funnel (60 mL), ruler, and
12 test tubes along with its test tube rack. Materials such as the iron stand, 500 mL distillation
flask, condenser, laboratory thermometer, and magnetic stirrer were used as the major
materials for the distillation set-up.
The extraction process of D-Limonene from orange peels had an estimated amount of
23 pieces of oranges, which the researchers obtained from their local market in Mercado,
Laguna, Calamba City. The following were acquired in the researchers’ school laboratory in
CCSIS (Calamba City Science Integrated School): iron stand, three beakers, three graduated
cylinders, kitchen scale, laboratory thermometer, magnetic stirrer, and 12 test tubes along
with its rack.
The researchers’ homes contain additional supplies like the grater, ruler, and timer.
Other materials such as the 25 pieces of balloons and 1 liter of distilled water was purchased
at a local store in Calamba City. The researchers also purchased a distillation flask (500 mL),
condenser, and separatory funnel (60 mL) from Lazada. 60 mL of pure chemical acetone was
obtained via Mercury Drug in Calamba City, while four 15 mL dram vials was acquired in
Makiling Medica, Los Bañños.
Location of the Study
The study was held in the researchers’ school, Calamba City Science Integrated
School as well as the head proponent’s home in Apt. 6, Calle Brillante, Villa Remedios,
Halang, Calamba City, Laguna. This includes all stages of the experimentation process:
31
Extraction of D-Limonene from orange (Citrus x sinensis) peels using the steam distillation
process, creation of LimoTone, and the 3 different tests regarding the effectiveness of using
LimoTone as a liquid chemical additive for dissolving synthetic latex rubber, the difference in
the characteristics of the synthetic latex rubber before and after treatment (in terms of its
elasticity), and the difference in the elasticity of each balloon based on the amount of time it
was soaked in LimoTone (15 minutes, 25 minutes, 35 minutes). Additionally, the Project
Data Logbook (PDL) and final paper were written in the researchers’ homes.
Procedure
Extraction of D-Limonene from Orange (Citrus x sinensis) peels
The researchers used a number of processes in this study. Chronologically speaking,
preparing all the necessary materials was the first step in developing this product. This
includes the following: 60 mL of Pure Chemical Acetone, 25 pieces of black latex balloons,
23 pieces of oranges (Citrus x sinensis), four dram vials, four graters, three beakers, three
graduated cylinders, one liter of distilled water (lukewarm), one distillation set-up, kitchen
scale, separatory funnel (60 mL), ruler, and 12 test tubes along with its test tube rack. The
researchers also wore laboratory equipment for safety measurements. To start the steam
distillation process, prepare the following materials for the extraction of D-Limonene from
the orange (Citrus x sinensis) peels: 23 pieces of oranges (Citrus x sinensis), four dram vials,
four graters, three beakers, one liter of distilled water (lukewarm), and one distillation set-up
(includes iron stand, 500 mL distillation flask, condenser, laboratory thermometer, and
magnetic stirrer, and separatory funnel).
In accordance with the methodology, six oranges were thoroughly washed to remove
any dirt. The oranges were then completely zested using graters in order to remove the
32
oranges’ outer skin, leaving the actual fruit behind. Six (6) were grated and 250 mL of water
was used for the first steam distillation session. The researchers prepared the distillation set-
up, placing the distilling flask on top of the magnetic stirrer that was attached to the
condenser and supported by the iron stand. The distillate that was produced by this process
was transferred to a single beaker under the condenser. This process lasted for six hours,
starting at 11:30 AM and ending at 4:30 PM.
Figure 3. The researchers thoroughly washed four (4) oranges to remove any dirt.
33
Figure 4. The researchers completely zested the oranges using graters.
Having finished all the steam distillation sessions, the researchers prepared the
materials needed to separate D-Limonene from the water. The researchers have now gathered
a total of 273 mL of distillate. The separation procedure is performed as follows: First, pour
40 mL of distillate into the separatory funnel and cover the top with its glass stopper. Then,
gently shake it back and forth horizontally. Allow the two liquids to separate by placing the
separatory funnel vertically. This must be supported by the iron stand and a beaker must be
present below the funnel in order to collect the oil. Once two layers have formed, drain the
water using the stopcock to separate the two liquids. Be careful as you may accidentally drain
the oil as well. This process was repeated a few times until the researchers acquired a total of
25 mL. Once the oil was placed inside dram vials, the researchers began the
experimentations.
34
Figure 5. Shows the distillation set-up at the head proponent’s home.
Creation of LimoTone
After collecting 25 mL worth of oil, the researchers prepared the three set-ups. Set-up
A had a ratio of 6:11. Set-up B had a ratio of 1:2. Lastly, Set-up C had a ratio of 1:3. After
mixing the two liquids, the researchers begun the first experiment, which involves testing the
effectiveness of the product in dissolving synthetic latex rubber in terms of its mass. This is
set-up A, which had a ratio of 6:11 (6 mL of D-Limonene to 11 mL of Acetone). Following
this was testing the effectiveness of the product in dissolving synthetic latex rubber in terms
of its dissolution rate. This is set-up B, which had a ratio of 1:2 (2 mL of D-Limonene to 4
mL of Acetone). Lastly was the test regarding the significant difference in the physical
properties of the synthetic latex rubber before and after treatment in terms of its elasticity.
This is set-up C, which had a ratio of 1:3 (2 mL of D-Limonene to 6 mL of Acetone). A
35
graduated cylinder and glass funnel was utilized in order to measure the set-ups for more
accurate results. Before the actual experiments were conducted, the following materials were
prepared before conducting the experimentations: 25 pieces of black latex balloons, three
beakers, kitchen scale, ruler, and test tubes.
Experimentation using the Product
Upon gathering the materials, the researchers begun the first experiment which is the
mass assessment. Set-up A and a beaker was used in order to determine the difference in the
balloons’ mass throughout the course of three days. This process was repeated two more
times for a total of three trials. After conducting the first trial, the researchers begun the
second trial and so on. The researchers observed the trials for three days, then measured the
mass using a method called indirect weighing. Additionally, the researchers took notes about
their observations of the experimentation for the final paper.
To begin the dissolution test, place one balloon in one beaker. Then, pour set-up B and
begin mixing the two substances for 30-40 seconds. The researchers observed the balloon’s
appearance and degradation for three days. These steps were repeated two more times.
Following the completion of the first trial, the researchers begun the second trial, and so on.
After completing the experiments, the researchers moved on to the final test. A simple
elasticity test was carried out. Using a ruler, the researchers first determined the length of one
balloon. The balloon was then pulled and measured. Following that, the balloon was pulled
50 times by the researchers. This determined the balloon's elasticity. After determining the
elasticity of the balloon before treatment, the researchers placed it inside a beaker. The beaker
was then filled with set-up C which was mixed with the balloon and soaked for 15 minutes.
The steps for obtaining the elasticity were repeated by the researchers to determine the
balloon’s elasticity after treatment. After conducting the first trial and recording the
36
observations, the researchers proceeded to the second trial, which was soaked for 25 minutes
and the third trial, which was soaked for 35 minutes.
Data Gathering Technique
The data gathering techniques that were used for this study is through experimentation
and observation. The effectiveness of the product in dissolving synthetic latex rubber was
tested through mass and dissolution, whilst the significant difference in the characteristics of
the synthetic latex rubber was tested through its elasticity before and after treatment.
A ruler was used to determine the elasticity of the balloon before and after treatment.
On the basis of the qualitative data, a sensory analysis test was run to track the balloon’s
appearance and degradation over the course of three days. Finally, a kitchen scale and the
indirect weighing method was employed to determine the balloon’s mass, which also lasted
three days.
Statistical Test
For this research study, ANOVA (Single Factor) was used as the main statistical test.
It was used to determine the effectiveness of the product in terms of mass assessment and
elasticity. The researchers determined that there is a significant difference in the product’s
ability to dissolve rubber in terms of mass assessment and elasticity. The mass of the balloons
(three trials) within three days was analyzed as well as the measurements of the balloons’
elasticity before and after treatment. The researchers compared the f-value to a specific value
known as the F critical value. In general, the null hypothesis must be rejected, and the
alternative hypothesis must be accepted if the calculated F value in a test is greater than the F
critical value.
37
Methodological Flowchart
38
Figure 6. The Research Methodology Flowchart
Chapter IV
39
Results and Discussion
A. Quantitative Data
The researchers have gathered the quantitative data by presenting it through tables and
conducting the ANOVA (Single Factor) test that determined the effectiveness of the product
in dissolving synthetic latex rubber in terms of its mass assessment and elasticity.
Mass Reduction Experiment
The researchers determined the mass via the indirect weighing method. The formula
is as follows: Mass reduction (Indirect weighing using a rock and kitchen scale).
Balloons total = 19
(Rock mass + balloon's mass × 19) - (rock mass only) = mass of 19 balloons
altogether
Mass of 19 balloons altogether ÷ 19 = mass of one balloon
201 g - 170 g = 31 g
31 g ÷ 19 = 1.63 g
1.63 g = mass of one balloon before treatment
171.63 g = rock + one balloon mass
After determining the weight of one balloon, the researchers conducted the first
experiment, which involved measuring the mass of the said balloon before and after adding
LimoTone. (1) Place one latex balloon inside the beaker. (2) Pour 17 mL of LimoTone into
the beaker and gently soak and mix the two substances together. (3) The researchers observed
the balloon for a specific amount of time, then left it inside a container whilst in a safe area
40
within the school’s facilities. These processes were repeated an additional two times for a
total of three trials.
DAY 1 (05/16/23) DAY 2 (05/17/23) DAY 3 (05/18/23)
Trial 1 1.13 g 1.0 g 0.5 g
Trial 2 1.2 g 1.13 g 0.5 g
Trial 3 1.25 g 1.2 g 0.5 g
Table 1. Mass Assessment of the three trials within three days.
Figure 7. Trials 1-3 of the mass assessment experiment after one day.
41
Figure 8. Sample setup of recording the mass of the balloons (Day 3, Trial 1).
According to the researchers’ observations, the LimoTone turned a pinkish color and
had varying amounts of black and white specs as the days passed, presumably due to the
chemical reaction that occurred between the product and the rubber. It is therefore concluded
that the product was effective due to the mass reduction of the rubber.
42
Elasticity Test (Before and After treatment)
The researchers conducted a simple elasticity test by measuring the length of a
balloon (before and while stretching) and pulling it 50 times. After determining the elasticity,
the balloon was placed inside a beaker and 8 mL of LimoTone and was soaked in it for 15
minutes. The steps for obtaining the elasticity were repeated by the researchers to determine
the balloon’s elasticity after treatment. After conducting the first trial, the researchers
proceeded to the second trial, which was soaked for 25 minutes and the third trial, which was
soaked for 35 minutes.
Before adding LimoTone After adding LimoTone
Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement

before pulling while pulling after pulling before pulling while pulling after pulling
(cm) (cm) 50x (cm) (cm) (cm) 50x (cm)
1st trial 8.25 cm 22.86 cm 9 cm 8.73 cm 30 cm 9.4 cm

(15
mins)
2nd 8.25 cm 24.13 cm 8.63 cm 9 cm 32.4 cm 9.7 cm

trial
(25
mins)
3rd 8.25 cm 23.62 cm 9 cm 9.14 cm 38.1 cm 10 cm

trial
(35
mins)
Table 2. Elasticity Test results of the three trials (before and after treatment).
Based on the displayed results on the table above, it is therefore concluded that the
balloons’ material softened after the addition of LimoTone due to their higher elasticity. The
time each trial was soaked also resulted in significant effects. The longer a balloon was
soaked, the more elastic and softer the material becomes.
43
Figure 9. Recording of observations (before treatment).
Figure 10. Soaking the trial in the treatment.
44
B. Interpretation of Data
Mass Reduction (Data Analysis)
F value 92.557
F critical value 5.143
Table 3. Calculated results for F value and F critical value.
After conducting the ANOVA (Single Factor) test on table 1, the F value resulted in
92.5574162679426 which is more than the F critical value of 5.14325284978472. Therefore,
the null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is accepted. As a result, the
product was effective in dissolving the rubber.
Elasticity Test (Data Analysis)
F value 112.937
F critical value 3.106
Table 4. Calculated results for F value and F critical value.
After performing the ANOVA (Single Factor) test on table 2, the calculated result of
the F value is 112.936886157284 which is greater than the F critical value of
3.10587523908412. It is therefore concluded that the null hypothesis is rejected, and the
alternative hypothesis is accepted. As a result, there is a significant difference in the elasticity
of the synthetic latex rubber before and after treatment. The duration each balloon was soaked
also contributed to significant results.
45
C. Qualitative Data
The researchers gathered the qualitative data by performing a sensory analysis test on
the balloons’ appearance and degradation. Below are pictures of the researchers’ observations
from May 16, 2023, May 17, 2023, and May 18, 2023.
Figure 11. Trial 1, Day 1: Close up view
46
47
48
49
The figures above show the gathered data over the course of three days. As each day
passes, it can be seen that there are varying specs of black and white substances. The balloons
50
also had scratches and spots that have a faded color. The researchers therefore concluded that
the rubber material of the balloons degrades over a period of time.
Source of Errors
The grated orange (Citrus x sinensis) peels were not measured during the steam
distillation sessions. As a result, the researchers were unable to calculate the amount of D-
Limonene produced by four (4) oranges, let alone one. This has no bearing on the product
itself, but it is useful information that can be used in the future. Furthermore, a lack of proper
laboratory equipment may have an impact on the product. To reduce the waste of additional
distillate that could be used, the distilling flask should have a straight tube that connects
directly to the condenser.
51
Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
Summary
Rubber is everywhere in our daily lives; it can be found in clothing and car tires to
surgical gloves and other medical equipment. However, in their pursuit of convenience,
humans waste resources by improperly disposing of rubber waste. One of its two forms,
synthetic rubber, is made from petroleum. Fossil fuel production not only depletes renewable
resources, but it also has significant environmental consequences due to greenhouse gas
emissions and deforestation. This major environmental issue prompted the researchers to
develop the topic “LimoTone: Utilization of D-Limonene from Orange (Citrus x sinensis)
Peels and Pure Chemical Acetone as a Liquid Chemical Additive for dissolving Synthetic
Latex Rubber”. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the product in terms of the
rubber’s mass, dissolution, and elasticity.
The materials used in the study are as follows: 60 mL of Pure Chemical Acetone, 25
pieces of black latex balloons, 23 pieces of oranges (Citrus x sinensis), four dram vials, four
graters, three beakers, three graduated cylinders, one liter of distilled water (lukewarm), one
distillation set-up, kitchen scale, separatory funnel (60 mL), ruler, and 12 test tubes along
with its test tube rack. Materials such as the iron stand, 500 mL distillation flask, condenser,
laboratory thermometer, and magnetic stirrer were used as the major materials for the
distillation set-up.
In accordance with the methodology, six oranges were thoroughly washed to remove
any dirt. The oranges were then completely zested using graters in order to remove the
oranges’ outer skin, leaving the actual fruit behind. Six (6) were grated and 250 mL of water
52
was used for the first steam distillation session. The researchers prepared the distillation set-
up, placing the distilling flask on top of the magnetic stirrer that was attached to the
condenser and supported by the iron stand. After collecting 25 mL worth of oil, the
researchers prepared the three set-ups. Set-up A had a ratio of 6:11. Set-up B had a ratio of
1:2. Lastly, Set-up C had a ratio of 1:3.
The independent variables in this study are as follows: the concentration of LimoTone
per trial and the duration each balloon (in Set-up C) was soaked in LimoTone (15 minutes, 25
minutes, 35 minutes). On the other hand, the following are the dependent variables of the
study: the overall effectiveness of the product in dissolving synthetic latex rubber (in terms of
its mass and dissolution), the difference in the physical properties of the synthetic latex
rubber before and after treatment (in terms of its elasticity), and the difference in the elasticity
of each balloon based on the amount of time it was soaked in LimoTone (15 minutes, 25
minutes, 35 minutes).
Summary of Findings
For this research study, ANOVA (Single Factor) was used as the main
statistical test. The researchers used this test to determine the effectiveness of the
product in terms of mass assessment and elasticity.
After conducting the ANOVA (Single Factor) test on table 1, the F value
resulted in 92.5574162679426 which is more than the F critical value of
5.14325284978472. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternative
hypothesis is accepted. As a result, the product was effective in dissolving the rubber.
After performing the ANOVA (Single Factor) test on table 2, the calculated
result of the F value is 112.936886157284 which is greater than the F critical value of
3.10587523908412. It is therefore concluded that the null hypothesis is rejected, and
53
the alternative hypothesis is accepted. As a result, there is a significant difference in
the elasticity of the synthetic latex rubber before and after treatment. The duration
each balloon was soaked also contributed to significant results.
The researchers also discovered that as time passes, there are varying specs of
black and white substances. The balloons also had scratches and faded color spots. As
a result, the researchers concluded that the balloons' rubber material degrades over
time.
Conclusion
Rubber is an essential material in our lives. However, if one continues to use this
resource often but refuse to dispose of it properly, these actions result in a serious
environmental problem. This is the main reason as to why the researchers conducted this
study. Using LimoTone as an additive for dissolving rubber, the world may lessen rubber
pollution. After the experimentations, the researchers therefore concluded that the product
was successful. Rubber reacted with the product accordingly, creating a chemical reaction
that led to a softer and less elastic substance, with its mass reduced, elasticity weakened, and
degradation heightened.
Recommendations
LimoTone, a liquid chemical additive based on D-Limonene from Orange (Citrus x
sinensis) peels and pure chemical acetone, was found to be effective in dissolving synthetic
latex rubber throughout the duration of the study.
As opposed to what was done during the experimentation process, the researchers
recommend adding more D-Limonene in the product as well as increasing the amount of
LimoTone used per trial. It is also recommended to use a more sensitive weighing scale to
determine the exact mass (in grams) lost before and after treatment.
54
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62
Appendix
Appendix A & Appendix B. Screenshots of the conversation between the head proponent’s
mother and a member of the UPLP IC Laboratory. This is regarding the date of the
researchers’ experimentation period, which will take place at the said laboratory.
63
Appendix C. Displays the email request the researchers sent to ichem.uplb@up.edu.ph.
Appendix D. The response of the IC’s Director, Marivic S. Lacsamana, to the researchers’
email.
64
Appendix E & Appendix F. 18L Megabox and its receipt. This is for storing additional
materials that the researchers used for the duration of the study.
65
Appendix G. The head proponent bought the following items for the specified dates: 30 mL
of Acetone (x2) in Mercury Drug, Calamba City, and 15 mL dram vials (x4) in Makiling
Medica, Los Banos. However, there was no available laboratory equipment for the
distillation set-up. The researchers decided it would be best to find the materials in the
laboratories of CCSIS and only buy them if necessary.
66
Appendix H. The head proponent prepared the following
materials that can be found at home: Grater (x3), Metal Ruler,
Plastic Container, Tape Measure (x2) and Timer (Phone).
67
Appendix I & Appendix J. The list of equipment to be used for steam distillation.
68
Appendix K & Appendix L. The group members ended their search for equipment as the
head proponent suggested a purchase at an online store, with the price included. As such, the
cost was divided three ways, each member paying 1,123.38 PHP. Furthermore, the head
proponent went out and acquired a deflated rubber tire from a vulcanizing shop in Calamba
City. This will be used in the researchers’ mass reduction test.
69
Appendix M. On March 28, 2023, the separatory funnel (60 mL) arrived at the head
proponent’s house, for a total of 978 PHP. On March 30, 2023, the 100mm glass dropper and
50cm latex tube arrived at the head proponent’s house, which had a total of 142 PHP.
70
Appendix N. The two (2) missing apparatus, the condenser and distilling flask, have arrived.
The researchers are now ready to begin the steam distillation.
Hour Check Temperature (° C)
1st Check (12:00 PM) 80 ° C
2nd Check (3:25 PM) 98 ° C
3rd Check (4:25 PM) 100 °
Appendix O. Table 5 shows the temperature check of the first session. The researchers were
able to acquire approximately 10 mL of distillate from the procedure done.
71
Appendix P & Appendix Q. Show the first ever use of the steam distillation set-up organized
by the researchers.
72
Appendix R. Shows the second session of the steam distillation set-up. The head proponent
replicated the set-up in her home. Four (4) oranges along with 150 mL of water went
through the same process, for seven hours. First starting at 1:30 PM in the afternoon and
ending at around 8:30 PM in the evening.
1st Check (2:30 PM) 86 ° C
73
2nd Check (3:30 PM) 91 ° C
3rd Check (4:30 PM) 96 ° C
4th Check (5:30 PM) 100 ° C
5th Check (6:30 PM) 102 ° C
6th Check (7:30 PM) 104 ° C
7th Check (8:30 PM) 107 ° C
Appendix S. Table 6 shows the temperature check of the second session.
Appendix T. Shows the total amount of distillate (50 mL) gathered from the two sessions.
74
Appendix U. The third session was done inside the SSG room at the same school area, with
permission from the SSG President Ma’am. Maricar Bayrante-Pamatmat.
1st Check (10:10 AM) 90 ° C
75
2nd Check (11:10 AM) 97 ° C
3rd Check (12:10 PM) 101 ° C
4th Check (1:10 PM) 103 ° C
5th Check (2:10 PM) 103 ° C
6th Check (3:10 PM) 101 ° C
7th Check (4:10 PM) 100 ° C
Appendix V. Table 7 shows the third session, which the researchers observed for seven (7)
hours. This began at 9:10 AM and ended at 4:10 PM. 43 mL of distillate was obtained from
this session.
1st Check (10:30 AM) 91 ° C
2nd Check (11:30 AM) 95 ° C
3rd Check (12:30 PM) 100 ° C
4th Check (1:30 PM) 102 ° C
5th Check (2:30 PM) 103 ° C
6th Check (3:30 PM) 101 ° C
7th Check (4:30 PM) 100 ° C
8th Check (5:30 PM) 101 ° C
Appendix W. Table 8 shows the fourth and last session was resumed by the head proponent
at her home. This table displays the last temperature check of the steam distillation set-up.
76
Appendix X. Separation of D-Limonene from water using separatory funnel.
Appendix Y. LimoTone Set-ups A-C inside test tubes.
77

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Republic of the Philippines

Calamba City School Division

LimoTone: Utilization of D-Limonene from Orange

Nayah Meech D.V. Narvaez

Specifically, it investigated whether there was a significant difference in the product’s

Limonene to 11 mL of Acetone), Set-up B had a ratio of 1:2 (2 mL of D-Limonene to 4 mL

of Acetone), and Set-up C had a ratio of 1:3 (2 mL of D-Limonene to 6 mL of Acetone).

Integrated School (CCSIS).

were accepted, indicating LimoTone’s effectiveness in dissolving synthetic latex rubber in

terms of mass and elasticity.

Background of the Study.....................................................................................................

Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................................

Statement of the Hypotheses................................................................................................

Significance of the Study...................................................................................................

The Rubber Industry..............................................................................................

The General Public and Community......................................................................

The Future Proponents and Researchers................................................................

Scope and Limitation.........................................................................................................

Review of Related Literature.........................................................................................................

Rubber: Benefits and Beneficiaries...................................................................................

Rubber’s Environmental Impact on the World..................................................................

Rubber Pollution in the Philippines...................................................................................

Origin of Synthetic Latex Rubber......................................................................................

Natural Rubber vs Synthetic Rubber.................................................................................

Orange (Citrus x sinensis)..................................................................................................

Steam Distillation: D-Limonene........................................................................................

Dissolving Synthetic Latex Rubber...................................................................................

Other Chemicals used in Dissolving Synthetic Latex Rubber...........................................

Location of the Study.........................................................................................................

Extraction of D-Limonene from Orange (Citrus x sinensis) peels........................

Experimentation using the Product........................................................................

Data Gathering Technique.................................................................................................

Results and Discussion..................................................................................................................

Mass Reduction Experiment..................................................................................

Elasticity Test (Before and After treatment)..........................................................

Mass Reduction (Data Analysis)............................................................................

Elasticity Test (Data Analysis)...............................................................................

Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations.............................................................................

Figure 1. Paradigm showing the relationship of the variables in the study...................................

Figure 2. Shows the relationship between the variables and set-ups.............................................

Figure 4. The researchers completely zested the oranges using graters........................................

Figure 5. Shows the distillation set-up at the head proponent’s home..........................................

Figure 6. The Research Methodology Flowchart..........................................................................

Figure 9. Recording of observations (before treatment)................................................................

Figure 10. Soaking the trial in the treatment..................................................................................

Figure 11. Trial 1, Day 1: Close up view.......................................................................................

Figure 12. Trial 2, Day 1: Close up view.......................................................................................

Figure 13. Trial 3, Day 1: Close up view.......................................................................................

Figure 14. Trial 1, Day 2: Close up view.......................................................................................

Figure 15. Trial 2, Day 2: Close up view.......................................................................................

Figure 16. Trial 3, Day 2: Close up view.......................................................................................

Figure 17. Trial 1, Day 3: Close up view.......................................................................................

Figure 18. Trial 2, Day 3: Close up view.......................................................................................

Table 1. Mass Assessment of the three trials within three days....................................................

Table 3. Calculated results for F value and F critical value...........................................................

Table 4. Calculated results for F value and F critical value...........................................................

Background of the Study

to other materials, silicone-based ones.

deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions.

heated for molding.

something far more threatening.

Consideration of the four alternative material categories—PVC, polyurethane, nitrile

only contribute to increasing health and safety issues. (Morris, 2013)