MOLES

Monday, 8 April 2024 11:47 pm

IONIC EQUATIONS
Ionic equation include salts such as ammonium sulphate and sodium carbonate as well as acids and
alkalis.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions separate.
Eg.

When ionic compounds react only some of the ions take part in the reaction. The ions that play no
part in the reaction are called spectator ions.
To write an ionic equation;

1. Write a full balanced equation e.g

Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq) → MgSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

2. Write the charges on the substances which are ionic

3. Cancel the spectator ions
4. The ionic equations us that which remains

Mole - amount of substance which have the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12g of the
carbon 12 isotope
Molar mass - mass of one mole of a specified substance in grams

Mole calculation

Empirical formula & molecular formula

An empirical formula of a compounds shows the simplest whole number ratio of the elements
present in a molecule or formula unit of the compound
A molecular formula shows the total number of each type of atom present In a molecule
• The formula of and ionic compound is always empirical
• Many simple inorganic molecules have the same empirical and molecular formula

Deducing an empirical formula

1. calculate the moles of each element

2. divided each by the lower number of moles
3. Write the simplest ratio

If given information about % rather than mass

Follow the steps
1. Divide 5 by molecular mass
2. Divide by lowest number
3. Write the formula showing the simplest ratio

Deducing molecular formula

• we need the empirical formula
• Molar mass of the compound
• Empirical formula mass

MODULE 1 Page 1
 • Empirical formula mass

Steps
1. Find the empirical formula mass
2. Divide molar mass of the compound by the empirical formula mass
3. Multiply each atom in the empirical formula by the number deduced in step 2

Avogadro's law
Avogadro's law states that equal volume of all gases at the same temperature and pressure have
ethe same number of molecules.

At room temperature and pressure (r.t.p) 1 mole of any gas occupies 24.0 dm^3 . At standard room
temperature and pressure (s.t.p) 22.4 dm^3

MOLE = Volume(dm^3)/24
Concentration of solution(mol dm^-3)=number of moles/ volume of solution

Calculating solution concentration by titration

Need
• The volume and concentration of the solution in the burrete , e.g the acid
• The volume of the solution in the flask
• The balanced equation for the flask

MODULE 1 Page 2