University of Duhok

Collage of Engineering
Department of Mechanical

Heating and Cooling Air condition

Name: Samih Sardar

Internship place: Ruseen Company

2023/2024

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Introduction:
Cooling and heating systems play a vital role in maintaining indoor spaces comfortable.
Underfloor heating, also known as radiant heating, involves heating a space from the
floor up, providing consistent warmth throughout the room. It's often considered
energy-efficient because it operates at lower temperatures than traditional heating
methods.
Radiators are a traditional heating method that use hot water or steam to heat a room.
They work by radiating heat into the surrounding space, making them effective for
localized heating but less efficient for whole-house heating compared to underfloor
heating or VRV systems.
Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) systems, on the other hand, are advanced HVAC
systems that offer precise control over cooling and heating in different zones of a
building. They are known for their energy efficiency, flexibility, and ability to provide
both heating and cooling simultaneously in different areas.
Each system has its advantages and is suitable for different scenarios based on factors
like energy efficiency, cost, space requirements, and user preferences.

Underfloor heating:
Underfloor heating systems monitor individual room temperatures by using intelligent
thermostats to send signals to the central wiring center. The wiring center controls the
manifold which turns the boiler on and sends heat to the room when required. The
manifold is able to blend water to the temperature needed for underfloor heating,
which means any heat source can be used including conventional boilers or ground/air
source heat pumps.

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Key components:
Underfloor Heating systems are
supplied to specification and consist
of high quality and dependable
components.

1- Pipe fixing 2- Actuator valves

3- Pipe

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4- Heating control 5- Manifold

6- Control pack

Pipe layout:
The manifold should be positioned in a central location to reduce the length of pipe
runs required. There are several ways to lay pipe depending on pipe spacing, room
layout and fixing method. If you have requested a CAD drawing this will show the
specific pipe routes and patterns for the job. However, we design it by loop Cad and
these examples show the main options available, although there are many possible
combinations.

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Some information and way to calculate Kw and length of Pipe about under floor
heating system:
Underfloor heating warms up your home by having special heating elements under
the floor. Water pipes. It's efficient because it spreads warmth evenly across the floor,
making rooms feel cozy. Installation can be easy for electric systems but might need
more work for water-based ones. It's nice because it saves space (no bulky radiators)
and can save energy too. Different types work with various flooring materials like tiles,
wood, or carpet.
We have 24 pipe line 12 of them for heating water and 12 for them for cooling water.
And if we want to calculate kw or Ton for Combi we have to use this equation to find
Kw and then change to Ton of refrigerant
170 𝐾𝑤
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝑘𝑤) = Area ∗ 𝑇𝑜𝑛 =
10000 3.52

Total Length of pipe for room :

𝐿(𝑚) = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∗ 7

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How to work in Design Underfloor heating:
First, I need to design the house map or get it from the civil engineer. When designing
the house map, it's better to delete any applications and equipment on it because it
makes designing easier. Then, I use the Loop CAD program to design the underfloor
pipes for each room. Next, I place the manifold (Combi) in the center or nearest place
to each room to minimize the use of long pipes, which can increase costs. And this
program loop cad help us to know the length of pipe and how to design on the floor
without using any calculations.

Radiators:
Radiators are devices used for heating rooms or buildings. They work by circulating
hot water or steam through pipes, which then radiates heat into the surrounding area.
Most of the time placed radiators near the window if there have enough place for it.
And should be 20cm or higher away from walls
because you need space for fixing and disrupt, and
there have many size of radiators.

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length start from(40 cm,50,60,70,80,100,110,120,130,140,150,160,180,200cm), wide
(40,50,60cm), and for bathrooms length and wide(50cm x 50cm).
We have 24 pipe line 12 of them for heating water and 12 for them for cooling water.
And first have to do calculation to know the size of radiators and we have to calculate
kw or Ton for Combi we have to use this equation
to find Kw and then change to Ton of refrigerant.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 =
10
𝑘𝑤 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖 = 1.7 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

Radiator Body: This is the main part of the

radiator that contains the heating
element, usually made of metal like steel
or cast iron. It has fins or panels that
increase its surface area for better heat
transfer.
Valves: Radiators have two valves: an inlet
valve and an outlet valve. The inlet valve
controls the flow of hot water into the
radiator, while the outlet valve regulates
the return of cooler water to the heating system.
Thermostatic Radiator Valve (TRV): This valve helps regulate the temperature in
individual rooms by automatically adjusting the flow of hot water into the radiator
based on the room's temperature.
Bleed Valve: This valve is used to remove air trapped inside the radiator, which can
affect its performance. Bleeding the radiator improves heating efficiency.
Pipe Connections: Radiators are connected to the heating system through pipes.
These pipes carry hot water or steam from the central heating system to the radiators
and then return cooler water or condensate back to the system.

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Thermostat: While not part of the radiator itself, the thermostat plays a crucial role in
the heating system. It senses the temperature in the room and signals the heating
system to turn on or off to maintain a set temperature.

How to work in Design Radiators:

First, I need to design the house map or get it from the civil engineer. When designing
the house map, it's better to have applications and equipment on it because it makes
designing easier and will be easy for designer to know where is the best place for
radiators. Then, I use the Loop CAD program to design the Radiator for each room.
Next, I place the manifold (Combi) in the center or nearest place to each room to
minimize the use of long pipes, which can increase costs. And this program loop cad
help us to know the length of pipe.

With Equipment Without Equipment

Example for calculating Ton of refrigerant for this map
This map consist of seven radiators:
Reception room 6x4.3=25.8m^2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
10

Radiator length = 25.8/10=2.5

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 we can take 200 cm or 2 radiators with 120cm, I did chose 200cm, Living room 1
consist of two radiators with 100cm and living room 2 consist of two radiators and
bedroom one radiator with 140cm and hot kitchen one radiator with 60cm. Sum of all
radiators= 200+2(100) +2(100) +140+60=800
800/100=8 Kw=1.7 x sum of all radiator
𝐾𝑤 13.6
Kw = 1.7 x 8= 13.6 KW 𝑇𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇𝑜𝑛 = =3.88 Ton
3.5 3.5
For this map and the calculation we did we will need 4 Ton of refrigerant

VRV/VRF (Variable refrigerant volume/flow):

The VRV (Variable Refrigerant Volume) heating system, also known as VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow)
heating system in some regions, is a type of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning)
technology that provides both heating and cooling capabilities for buildings. VRV heating systems
are known for their high energy efficiency. Many VRV heating systems offer heat recovery capabilities,
which allow them to simultaneously provide heating and cooling to different zones within a building.
This is achieved by transferring heat energy from areas requiring cooling to areas requiring heating,
VRV heating systems are highly flexible and adaptable to various building types and sizes. With their
high energy efficiency and advanced refrigerant technology, VRV heating systems are considered
environmentally friendly options for HVAC systems. Both cassette and concealed units are popular
choices for VRV/VRF systems in commercial buildings, offices, hotels, and residential spaces where
aesthetics, comfort, and space utilization are important considerations. Consists of two pipe the big
pipe draw and the small pipe push pipe.

VRV/VRF: Consist of two type

1- Cassette
2- Concealed

1-Cassette: Normal and should be in the center of the

room, there is no Duct
Cassette units are designed to be mounted in the ceiling,
typically in a recessed or flush-mounted configuration.
This installation type allows for even distribution of
conditioned air throughout the room. Cassette units
typically feature multiple air outlets or vanes that can
distribute air in all directions, providing uniform comfort
within the space.

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2- Concealed: we use duct here and not matter in center or not,
and the exit are should be in front of supply air.
Concealed units are air conditioners that you can't see
because they're hidden inside walls or ceilings. They only have a grille or air outlet that's
visible in the room. They're great for places where you want things to look neat and tidy
because you can't see the bulky air conditioner. They’re perfect for spaces where you care a
lot about how things look and don't want bulky air conditioners sticking out. By hiding the
unit, they make the place look more organized and clean. Concealed units work by sending
cool or warm air through hidden ducts in the walls or ceiling. This means the air can go
wherever it's needed without any visible pipes or units getting in the way. They’re also very
quiet, just like cassette units, so they won't bother people with loud noises.

1- What is a Y-Branch or Branch Box? A Y-branch is a junction box in the refrigerant

piping system of a VRV/VRF system. Copper tube is one of the components that is needed in air
conditioning and refrigerant system. It's called a "Y-branch" because it typically has one inlet
and two outlets, resembling the shape of the letter "Y." The branch box receives refrigerant
from the outdoor unit and then splits it into two separate
paths to supply multiple indoor units.
2- Why Use a Y-Branch in a VRV System? A Y-branch
helps one outdoor unit send refrigerant to many indoor
units. This makes setting up the pipes easier and needs
fewer connections. It lets us control the temperature in
different areas of a building separately. So, each room can
be just the right temperature.
Flexibility: With a Y-branch, we can connect different-sized
indoor units to one outdoor unit. This means we can
customize the system to fit each room's needs.
Balancing: The Y-branch makes sure each indoor unit gets
the right amount of refrigerant. This keeps the whole system working well and saves
energy.

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Soft pipe size: Solid pipe size:

Design and Calculation:

At first you have to design VRV system for Building and then do you calculation for it,
𝒗𝒍𝒐𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒎 𝒙 (𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎)
𝑻𝑹 =
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
250 if the window is less, 300 when we more window

Example if we have a room volume 8x6x4 and more window have

𝟖𝒙𝟔𝒙𝟒𝒙𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝑹 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
TR= 4.8TR we can say 5TR

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