Atomic structure

Atom: the smallest unit that composes matter

An ion is an atom that has either gained or lost an electron → no change in identity
Atomic subparticles:
Protons have a positive charge, that must be counterbalanced by an opposite charge; gives the identity to the
atom (basing on how many protons you have you will have different atoms)
Electrons have negative charge and tend to spin around more energetic atoms
Neutrons (give mass, have no charge)
Something different happens when the nucleus is changed ⟶ radioactive decay, when protons change the
identity of the atom radiations are emitted

Electrons: e-
Protons: p+
Neutrons: n
Periodic table & elements

Total of 118 elements

From number 90 to 118 are man-made

Colors are not put by chance and positions present the properties of atoms

Red and yellow: metals

Green and blue: non-metals

Elements:

Elements can be found alone or in combinations and make up our universe

- The first man that tried to group all the elements was Mendeleev
o He was able to group them together based on their atomic mass

He left blank spaces where he predicted there were going to be new discovered elements

Elements that are close to each other because they have similar

Z = atomic number = p+

A = atomic mass = p+ + n

The most abundant elements in the earth’s crust are: oxygen, silicon, aluminum

UMA is the unit of measurement of atomic mass

Valence electrons are the most external electrons in an atom

Bohr atomic model: 2 in the innermost energy levels, max. 8 in the outermost

8 groups in the A group (roman numbers) = crescent number of valence electrons (max. 8)

10 groups in the B group (yellow and blue group) = irregular number of valence electrons
Isotope = an atom that has either gained or lost neutrons, different atomic mass but same atomic number 
different physical properties, but same chemical ones

Protium = Prozio; Deuterium = Deterio (idrogeno pesante); Tritium = Trizio -> isotopes only used in Hydrogen

The more you add material in the nucleus, it’s more difficult for the nuclear force to keep particles together

Neutrons are a center of gravity for electrons

ELEMENTS TO LEARN

H – Elio / Helium Zn – Zinc(o) He – Elio / Helium

Li – Litio / Lithium Hg – Mercurio / Mercury Ne - Neon

Na – Sodio / Sodium B – Boro(n) Ar - Argon

K – Potassio / um Al – Aluminio / Aluminum Kr – Cripton / Kripton

Be – Berillio / um C – Carbon(io) Rn - Radon

Mg – Magnesio / um Si – Silicio / Silicon Xe - Xenon

Ca – Calcio / um Sn – Stagno / Tin

Sr – Stronzio / tium Pb – Piombo / Lead

Ba – Bario / um N – Azoto / Nitrogeno

Cr – Cromo / Chromine P – Fosforo / Phosphorus

Mn - Manganese
As – Arsenic(o)
Fe – Ferro / Iron
Sb – Antimonio / y
Co – Cobalto / Cobalt O – Ossigeno / Oxygen

Ni – Nichel / kel S – Zolfo / Sulphur

Pt – Platino / um F – Fluoro / Fluorine

Cu – Rame / Copper Cl – Cloro / Chlorine

Ag – Argento / Silver Br – Bromo / Bromine

Au – Oro / Gold I – Iodio / Iodine