PRACTICAL NO.

– 08
 AIM: Exercises to find the outliers in a dataset in SPSS.

 PROCEDURE:
Step:-1 : Open IBM SPSS in your PC / laptop.
Step:-2 : Define two different variables and add values to it. Make sure to add some values
that differ highly from the usual set of variables.

Step:-3 : Then click on ‘analyze’ and go to ‘explore’.

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Step:-4 : drag the variable into the other side of the task pane and click ‘ok’.

Step:-5 : This will generate the desired output.

OUTPUT:

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 PRACTICAL NO. – 09

 AIM: Exercises to find the riskiest project out of two mutually exclusive projects in SPSS.
 PROCEDURE:

1) Open IBM SPSS.

2) Define two different variables and add values to them. Make sure to define a large set of
values.
3) Then select 'analyze' and go to 'crosstabs' and drag one variable set to rows and other
variable set to column.
4) Then open 'statistics' option and click check box on ‘risk'.
5) Click ok and the required risk analysis report is generated as output.

 OUTPUT:

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 PRACTICAL NO. – 10
 AIM: Exercises to draw a scatter diagram, residual plots, outliers leverage and influential data
points in R.

 SOURCE CODE:
1) Scatter diagram:

OUTPUT:

2) Residual plot:
Y<- iris[,"Sepal.Width"]
X<- iris[,"Sepal.Length"]
# fit a regression model
model <- lm(Y~X)
# get list of residuals
res <- resid(model)
res
# produce residual vs. fitted plot
plot(fitted(model), res)
# add a horizontal line at 0
abline(0,0)

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3) Outliers Leverage & Influential Data Points :

OUTPUT:

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 PRACTICAL NO. – 11
 AIM: Exercises to calculate correlation using R.

 SOURCE CODE:
> x <- c(12,15,18,21,27,3,2)
> y <- c(2,4,6,8,12,0,8)
> print(cor(x, y,))

 OUTPUT:
[1] 0.625399

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 PRACTICAL NO. – 12
 AIM: Exercises to calculate Time Series Analysis using R.

 SOURCE CODE:
> rainfall <- c(799,174.8,865.1,1334.6,635.4,918.5,681.5,998.6,784.2,935,889.8,1261)
> rainfall <- ts(rainfall,start = c(2021,1),frequency = 12)
> plot(rainfall , main="Time Series Analysis", col='2',lwd=2)

 OUTPUT

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 PRACTICAL NO. – 13
 AIM: Exercises to implement linear regression using R.

 SOURCE CODE:

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 OUTPUT:

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 PRACTICAL NO. – 14
 AIM: Exercises to implement concepts of probability and distributions in R.

 SOURCE CODE:
1. Binomial Distribution :
## Coin tossed 5 times probability of getting 2 heads and probability of at most 4 heads
dbinom(x=2, size=5, prob=0.5)
plot(dbinom(x=0:10, size=5, prob=.5), xlab="No.of heads", main="Binomial
Distribution", type='l',
col='2', lwd=3)

2. Poisson Distribution :
dpois(x=2, lambda=2)
plot(dpois(x=0:20, lambda=2), xlab = "No. of observations", main = "Poisson
Distribution", type ="l" ,col='2',lwd=3)

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3. Normal Distribution :
dnorm(2,2,4)
plot(dnorm(2:30,2,4),main = "Normal Distribution",xlab = "x", type = 'l',
,col='2',lwd=3)

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