Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 11250–11253

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

A comprehensive review on carbon nano-tube synthesis using chemical

vapor deposition
Manish Pant a, Rahul Singh b,⇑, Prateek Negi c, Kritika Tiwari d, Yashvir Singh c
a
Department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering, G.B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, India
b
Department of Bio-Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India
d
Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun 248002, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The current article reviews on Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) methodology to synthesize Carbon
Received 5 January 2021 Nanotubes (CNTs). CVD is considered the most popular CNT synthesis methodology, which facilitates
Received in revised form 17 February 2021 the utilization of carbonaceous precursor sources, catalysts supplemented with optimized processing
Accepted 18 February 2021
conditions. It is considered as comparatively simpler and much more economical synthesis methodology
Available online 13 March 2021
with higher control, purity, and reproducibility of CNT dimensions. The growth mechanisms and process
flow are discussed. By adding green nanomaterials, we can make this process more efficient and environ-
Keywords:
ment friendly which can be used as a sustainable solution.
Carbon nanotubes
Chemical vapor deposition
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Precursor Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
Catalyst ence on Technological Advancements in Materials Science and Manufacturing.
Support

1. Introduction hitches to synthesize CNTs with well-defined structural orienta-

Carbon Nanotube (CNT) is a polygonal (of order six) sp2 carbon
cylindrical structure, with corresponding dimensions in nanome-
ter (nm) diameter and several millimeters (mm) lengths. In
1991, Iijima’s analysis of seamless coaxial cylinders with a helical
arrangement of carbon atoms was considered as the breakthrough
discovery report. This invoked a global intrigue for CNT, which
described the carbon arrangement as composed of coaxial tubes
and a hollow core plugged at each end with a half fullerene. CNTs
are classified into two assemblies namely, Single-Walled Nan-
otube (SWNT) and Multi-Walled Nanotube (MWNT) based on
the number of walls (single/multi) as rolled-up sheets of gra-
phene. In SWNT, the orientation of the rolled graphene sheet gov-
erns the physical properties, predominantly the electronic
properties. Similarly, in MWNT, each layer may display various
chiral properties thus resulting in a difficult prediction of physical
properties. The exemplary properties of CNT include tensile
strength comparable to steel, hardness and thermal conductivity
to diamond, electrical conductivity to copper, etc. The inadequate
production and higher costs for CNT synthesis are the recurring
themes in terms of current technology. Moreover, the technical
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rahulsingh.jnu@gmail.com (R. Singh).
tions and characteristics in bulk amounts simultaneously reduc-
ing overall production costs has always been considered as a
major concern. The core setback in the development of the
cheaper and efficient methodology is the dearth of accurate
understanding and standardization of the said process protocol
for CNTs production. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is
regarded as the most acceptable and promising methodology
due to the cheaper cost of processing equipment with higher
overall production output and comparatively easier scale-up. It
is operated at lower ranges of temperature (i.e., 300-1200℃)
and pressure, which can be significantly useful for large scale-
production of CNTs. In this methodology, a wide range of precur-
sor carbon sources can be utilized in any physical state so that
end output can be harnessed as films and powders [1,2]. The cur-
rent review deals with the process flow, parameters, and materi-
als for the production of CNTs by CVD. It also covers various
aspects of CNT synthesis and growth mechanism. Novel organic
CNT precursors are also discussed due to inherent advantages
such as sustainability with the highly efficient methodology for
CNT production. Exploring the growth control characteristic, the
influence of temperature dependence along-with carrier gas vapor
pressure and simultaneously the role of catalyst concentration on
the variations in diametric dissemination for the synthesis of
walled nanotubes can also be considered.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.646
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Technological Advancements in Materials Science and
Manufacturing.
M. Pant, R. Singh, P. Negi et al.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a catalytic CVD setup [34].
2. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
CVD is considered the most prominent approach for the produc-
tion of CNTs currently. In this synthesis protocol, the reactants in
the vapor phase react close to or on the hot substrate surface.
The substrate activation is achieved using thermal heating, radia-
tion, or plasma, with the final product obtained as a solid deposit
with the deposition usually occurring at a thermal gradient ranges
in the order of 1000℃. In other words, the product deposits consist
of either homogenous gas-phase reactions or heterogeneous chem-
ical reactions ensuing in the materialization of solid deposits (pow-
ders or coatings). The final product properties are differentiated by
varying several process parameters such as substrate temperature,
the composition of the reaction gas mixture, total pressure gas
flow, and experimental conditions, etc. The volatile reactant feed
in the gaseous phase, which comprises of carbon source (deposit
material) is subsequently transported to the hot substrate surface
using a carrier gas (hydrogen or nitrogen). In cases, when the
two feed constituents (i.e., reactant and deposit) are of a similar
constitution, the gasification operation is supplemented utilizing
the carrier gas with the reactant. Carrier gas transport is dependent
on the equilibrium constant of the temperature difference between
the two sources (substrate and reactant) [3,4]. Thus, it is essential,
that individual units of the synthesis protocol must be in temper-
ature equilibrium with the transport gas otherwise vapor conden-
sation will arise on the contact with any cool surface. Hence, the
reactive chemical constituents and surfaces of the system involved
in the reaction are comparatively at a higher temperature than the
transport gas supply. However, the overall temperature should be
relatively lower as compared to the melting point of deposit mate-
rial, along-with two important considerations viz. ‘‘gaseous phase
is essential for successful elimination of unwanted materials”
and, ‘‘deposits must have low vapor to prevent volatilization phe-
nomenon”. The aforementioned deposition reaction ensues with
thermal decomposition or with chemical reduction.
2.1. Principle
The most recognized CNT growth mechanism is discussed in
this subsection. The carrier gas transports hydrocarbon vapour in
contact with metal nanoparticles present in the systemic reactor
at higher temperatures. During the reaction, the hydrocarbon
molecule disintegrates into individual carbon and hydrogen spe-
cies which further translates to the accumulation of carbon onto
the surface of the material as hydrogen escapes away. Carbon sol-
ubility onto the metal surface, if any, is considered to be saturated
and after this crystallization of carbon framework is widely
accepted. As soon as, dissolved carbon precipitates out, the remain-
ing carbon crystallizes in the form of the cylindrical framework
with no hanging bonds and result in energetically stable. In terms
11251
Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 11250–11253
of energy distribution, the breakdown of hydrocarbon molecules is
an exothermic process which discharges energy in the form of heat
to the surface of the metal. On the other hand, carbon crystalliza-
tion is an endothermic process and absorbs heat from the metal
surface. Thus, this simultaneous temperature dissimilarity within
the reactor on the metal surface sustains the operation as continu-
ous and sustainable.
Based on the contact angle between the metal and substrate,
two discreet models were developed for the CNT synthesis. The
two widely accepted models to describe the production of CNTs
are represented in Fig. 1(a) and (b). In the tip-growth model [5],
the metal forms an acute contact angle with the substrate and thus
catalyst-substrate interaction is weak. The hydrocarbon molecule
disintegrates on the surface of the metal and the carbon diffuses
down through the metal. CNT precipitates through the metallic
core and pushes all metallic particles off the substrate surface. As
long as the top of the metal is available for the decomposition of
fresh hydrocarbons (there is a concentration gradient in the metal
which allows the carbon to diffuse), the CNT grows continuously.
As soon as the metal is completely covered with an excess of car-
bon, its catalytic activity stops and the overall growth of CNTs is
finally at the halt. In base-growth model [6], the metal forms an
obtuse contact angle with the substrate and thus the catalyst–sub-
strate interaction is strong. The decomposition of hydrocarbons
and the diffusion of carbon are quite similar to the tip-growth
model, but the CNT precipitation does not push the metal particles
upwards. Thus, the precipitate proceeds to exit by the tip of the
metal (further from the substrate, with minimal interaction). The
carbon first crystallizes as a hemispherical dome (the cheapest
closed carbon lattice in a spherical nanoparticle), which then prop-
agates upward as a seamless graphite cylinder. Subsequent deposi-
tion of hydrocarbons occurs at the lower circumferential metal’s
surface and diffuses upward as dissolved carbon. Therefore, CNT
synthesis propagates atop the catalyst particle sited at the base.
The production of SWCNT or MWCNT is governed by the particle
size of the catalyst in the chemical process [7]. Hence, when parti-
cle size is in few nm, SWCNT formation occurs and when in tens of
nm favors MWCNT production.
2.2. Methodology
Fig. 1 represents a basic schematic diagram of the experimental
set-up used in CVD methodology for CNT growth. The chemical
synthesis production approach comprises of a tubular reactor for
hydrocarbon vapor treatment (15–60 min) in which the catalyst
material (at 600–1200℃) is responsible for hydrocarbon break-
down. The novel synthesized CNTs propagate on the surface of cat-
alyst within the high-temperature reactor environment and are
finally procured after the cooling of the system. In cases where liq-
uid state hydrocarbon compounds (benzene, alcohol, etc.) are used
M. Pant, R. Singh, P. Negi et al.
as a precursor, it is heated in a flask and thus an inert (non-
reactive) gas is passed through, which transports the hydrocarbon
vapor inside the systemic reactor for CNT production. But in cases
of solid hydrocarbon as the CNT precursor, the solid precursor can
be placed directly inside the low-temperature zone of the reaction
chamber. Solid volatile materials, displaying the sublimation phe-
nomenon with phase change from solid to vapor can be trans-
ported to the high-temperature zone bypassing the volatile
precursor compound over the catalyst surface.
Similarly, the catalyst precursors can also be used in any phase:
solid, liquid or gas, and are appropriately used in the systemic reac-
tor or can be simultaneously fed from outside. In a process known
as the floating catalyst method, catalyst vapor pyrolysis is con-
ducted at a suitable temperature which in turn releases in-situ
metal nanoparticles. Moreover, catalyst coated substrates can be
used in the reaction and placed inside the systemic reactor to ini-
tiate CNT growth. Several contradictory theories have emerged on
the reaction conditions and post-deposition product analyses
which shows lack of significant process protocol for standardiza-
tion of the systemic reaction process. Therefore, there is no defini-
tive CNT growth mechanism to date.
2.3. Process parameters
The process methodology of CNT synthesis is dependent on sev-
eral parameters such as precursor hydrocarbons, catalysts, thresh-
old temperature, processing time, pressure, and gas flow rate.
Some of these parameters are discussed in brief as follows. The
structural orientations of the hydrocarbon molecule (precursor)
have a profound effect on the CNT properties. For example, linear
hydrocarbon molecules (i.e., methane, acetylene, etc.) can disinte-
grate into carbon atoms or in various arrangements (dimers/tri-
mers) and generally result in the production of straight hollow
CNTs. However, cyclic hydrocarbons molecules (i.e., benzene,
cyclohexane, etc.) are responsible for the production of relatively
curved CNTs, with tube walls often joined inside [8,9]. The com-
monly investigated precursor molecules include methane, ethanol,
ethylene, acetylene, benzene, etc. Current investigations are based
on the CNT synthesis utilizing environment-friendly carbon pre-
cursors from the biological origin and have developed conditions
for growing CNT [10–12]. Moreover, aligned, and non-aligned CNTs
have been stated as a final output from cheap raw materials utiliz-
ing plant-based substrates (i.e., turpentine [13–15], eucalyptus oils
[16], green grasses [17], etc.) with significant shreds of evidence.
This presents an exciting prospect for the utilization of any organic
Fig. 2. Applications of CNT [35].
11252
Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 11250–11253
matter with ring carbon content to be used as a carbon precursor.
Although, with changes in carbon source the overall processing
conditions have to be optimized for maximum overall yield. Thus,
reproducibility of the high quality and quantity of the CNT pro-
duced is a major benchmark for future investigations. Similarly,
impurities in the organic precursor would lower the overall yield
and thus prior utilization requires pre-processing of the organic
source. The pre-treatment may be either physical or chemical
treatment to maintain consistent constituent chemistry of the
organic sources which may use as a sustainable industrial
approach. The catalysts are required in the production of CNT to
lower the temperature of hydrocarbon decomposition as compared
to spontaneous decomposition temperatures. The nanometer-sized
metal particles of Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel are commonly used due
to comparatively high carbon solubility and higher carbon diffu-
sion rate at higher temperatures. Additionally, higher melting
point and low equilibrium vapor pressure provide a significant
effect in the selection of a wide temperature range for CVD synthe-
sis. This methodology is a temperature-dependent process and in
each stage, a characteristic threshold temperature value is essen-
tial for optimized synthesis [18]. In most of the reported findings,
at least 500℃ or higher is required for CNT production. It is gener-
ally in consensus that higher temperatures ranges (1000–2000 ℃)
favor the production of SWCNTs over MWCNTs [19]. Thus, repre-
senting temperature as a significant variable for CNT diameter con-
trol and these findings were concomitant with other reports as
well [20–22]. Thus, the higher growth temperature is favored for
well-defined and crystallized nanotube, in conjunction with
parameters such as yield and purity, but on the subjection of
higher temperatures, detrimental observations were also reported
[18,23]. Hence, size, shape and stability are essential for catalytic
nanoparticles at lower temperatures, which proceeds to better
control the size and chirality of CNTs. The processing time opti-
mization is also essential in terms of product quality and process
yield, and if altered can be detrimental in nucleation and can fur-
ther cause progressive deactivation of the catalytic nanoparticles
which reduces overall yield. However, variability is observed in
various reports in terms of the optimum time for CNT production
using CVD technique in various carbon sources [18,24–28]. To ini-
tiate CNT synthesis, accumulated carbon atoms on the substrate
surface must reach a critical concentration inside the catalyst par-
ticles. It is dependent on carbon precursor nature, catalyst compo-
sition, and temperature [29]. Moreover, CNTs display various
morphologies for different reacting times, as reported for SWCNT
growth attributed to shorter reaction time [30] and CNT diameter
M. Pant, R. Singh, P. Negi et al.
is dependent on processing time [31]. The dependence of mean
diameter on processing duration may be attributed to sintering
and agglomeration of particles [32]. In several reports, the synthe-
sized CNT length can be regulated by the length of the deposition
time [18,23,33]. Thus, the reaction kinetics of the CVD methodol-
ogy needs to be investigated thoroughly for reproducible results.
3. Conclusion
Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) is a process which is utilized
in the production of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) with high purity at
comparatively low temperatures. The CVD methodology possesses
immense potential with practical applications in various industries
including electronics, catalysts, ceramics, and protective coatings.
It has been perceived as a highly flexible and efficient approach
for the synthesis of SWCNT or MWCNT. CNTs have been estab-
lished as one of the most dynamic inventions of the modern age
with a wide variety of prospective applications as shown in Fig. 2.
Keeping this idea in mind, several innovative advances have
been achieved in the dimensions of CNT production using CVD
methodology. This has led to a reduction in precursor costs, lower-
ing of processing temperatures, minimizing the quantity of cata-
lysts usage, among others. Thus, overall quality, as well as the
quantity of CNT produced at the end of the operation, has signifi-
cantly improved. Moreover, the use of organic sources for CNT syn-
thesis has been an innovative aspect and is being explored
currently [36]. It has also been observed that utilization of transi-
tion metals as catalysts can synthesize CNTs in higher amounts.
Employing careful manipulation of the processing factors, one
can selectively produce CNT on large scale.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Manish Pant: Writing - original draft. Rahul Singh: Supervi-
sion. Prateek Negi: Formal analysis. Kritika Tiwari: Resouces, Data
curation. Yashvir Singh: Writig - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] H. Matsumura, Catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CTC–CVD) method
producing high quality hydrogenated amorphous silicon, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
25 (12A) (1986) L949.
[2] S. Maruyama, R. Kojima, Y. Miyauchi, S. Chiashi, M. Kohno, Low-temperature
synthesis of high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes from alcohol, Chem.
Phys. Lett. 360 (3–4) (2002) 229–234.
[3] W.A. Bryant, The fundamentals of chemical vapour deposition, J. Mater. Sci. 12
(7) (1977) 1285–1306.
[4] H. Schäfer, Chemical Transport Reactions, Elsevier, 2006.
[5] R.T.K. Baker, M.A. Barber, P.S. Harris, F.S. Feates, R.J. Waite, Nucleation and
growth of carbon deposits from the nickel catalyzed decomposition of
acetylene, J. Catal. 26 (1) (1972) 51–62.
[6] R.T.K. Baker, R.J. Waite, Formation of carbonaceous deposits from the
platinum-iron catalyzed decomposition of acetylene, J. Catal. 37 (1) (1975)
101–105.
[7] S.B. Sinnott, R. Andrews, D. Qian, A.M. Rao, Z. Mao, E.C. Dickey, F. Derbyshire,
Model of carbon nanotube growth through chemical vapor deposition, Chem.
Phys. Lett. 315 (1–2) (1999) 25–30.
[8] O.A. Nerushev, S. Dittmar, R.E. Morjan, F. Rohmund, E.E.B. Campbell, Particle
size dependence and model for iron-catalyzed growth of carbon nanotubes by
thermal chemical vapor deposition, J. Appl. Phys. 93 (7) (2003) 4185–4190.
[9] R.E. Morjan, O.A. Nerushev, M. Sveningsson, F. Rohmund, L.K.L. Falk, E.E.B.
Campbell, Growth of carbon nanotubes from C 60, Appl. Phys. A 78 (3) (2004)
253–261.
11253
Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 11250–11253
[10] M. Kumar, X. Zhao, Y. Ando, S. Iijima, M. Sharon, K. Hirahara, Carbon nanotubes
from camphor by catalytic CVD, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 387 (1) (2002) 117–121.
[11] M. Kumar, Y. Ando, Camphor–a botanical precursor producing garden of
carbon nanotubes, Diam. Relat. Mater. 12 (3–7) (2003) 998–1002.
[12] M. Kumar, Y. Ando, Single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes from
camphor—a botanical hydrocarbon, Diam. Relat. Mater. 12 (10–11) (2003)
1845–1850.
[13] A.K. Chatterjee, M. Sharon, R. Banerjee, M. Neumann-Spallart, CVD synthesis of
carbon nanotubes using a finely dispersed cobalt catalyst and their use in
double layer electrochemical capacitors, Electrochem. Acta 48 (23) (2003)
3439–3446.
[14] R.A. Afre, T. Soga, T. Jimbo, M. Kumar, Y. Ando, M. Sharon, Growth of vertically
aligned carbon nanotubes on silicon and quartz substrate by spray pyrolysis of
a natural precursor: Turpentine oil, Chem. Phys. Lett. 414 (1–3) (2005) 6–10.
[15] R.A. Afre, T. Soga, T. Jimbo, M. Kumar, Y. Ando, M. Sharon, M. Umeno, Carbon
nanotubes by spray pyrolysis of turpentine oil at different temperatures and
their studies, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 96 (1–3) (2006) 184–190.
[16] P. Ghosh, T. Soga, M. Tanemura, M. Zamri, T. Jimbo, R. Katoh, K. Sumiyama,
Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes from natural precursors by spray
pyrolysis method and their field electron emission properties, Appl. Phys. A
94 (1) (2009) 51–56.
[17] Z. Kang, E. Wang, B. Mao, Z. Su, L. Chen, L. Xu, Obtaining carbon nanotubes
from grass, Nanotechnology 16 (8) (2005) 1192.
[18] K.B. Teo, C. Singh, M. Chhowalla, W.I. Milne, Catalytic synthesis of carbon
nanotubes and nanofibers, Encyclopedia Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 10 (1) (2003).
[19] P.M. Ajayan, Nanotubes from carbon, Chem. Rev. 99 (7) (1999) 1787–1800.
[20] G.Y. Xiong, Y. Suda, D.Z. Wang, J.Y. Huang, Z.F. Ren, Effect of temperature,
pressure, and gas ratio of methane to hydrogen on the synthesis of double-
walled carbon nanotubes by chemical vapour deposition, Nanotechnology 16
(4) (2005) 532.
[21] A. Nourbakhsh, B. Ganjipour, M. Zahedifar, E. Arzi, Morphology optimization of
CCVD-synthesized multiwall carbon nanotubes, using statistical design of
experiments, Nanotechnology 18 (11) (2007) 115715.
[22] K.E. Kim, K.J. Kim, W.S. Jung, S.Y. Bae, J. Park, J. Choi, J. Choo, Investigation on
the temperature-dependent growth rate of carbon nanotubes using chemical
vapor deposition of ferrocene and acetylene, Chem. Phys. Lett. 401 (4–6)
(2005) 459–464.
[23] H. Kathyayini, I. Willems, A. Fonseca, J.B. Nagy, N. Nagaraju, Catalytic materials
based on aluminium hydroxide, for the large scale production of bundles of
multi-walled (MWNT) carbon nanotubes, Catal. Commun. 7 (3) (2006) 140–
147.
[24] L. Zheng, X. Liao, Y.T. Zhu, Parametric study of carbon nanotube growth via
cobalt-catalyzed ethanol decomposition, Mater. Lett. 60 (16) (2006) 1968–
1972.
[25] F.R. García-García, M. Pérez-Cabero, D.M. Nevskaia, I. Rodríguez-Ramos, A.
Guerrero-Ruiz, Improving the synthesis of high purity carbon nanotubes in a
catalytic fluidized bed reactor and their comparative test for hydrogen
adsorption capacity. Catalysis Today (133), (2008) 815-821.
[26] S.Y. Son, Y. Lee, S. Won, D.H. Lee, S.H. Kim, S.W. Sung, High-quality multiwalled
carbon nanotubes from catalytic decomposition of carboneous materials in
gas Solid fluidized beds, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47 (7) (2008) 2166–2175.
[27] W. Qian, T. Liu, F. Wei, Z. Wang, G. Luo, H. Yu, Z. Li, The evaluation of the gross
defects of carbon nanotubes in a continuous CVD process, Carbon 41 (13)
(2003) 2613–2617.
[28] Q. Liu, Y. Fang, New technique of synthesizing single-walled carbon nanotubes
from ethanol using fluidized-bed over Fe–Mo/MgO catalyst, Spectrochim. Acta
Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 64 (2) (2006) 296–300.
[29] K.B. Kouravelou, S.V. Sotirchos, Dynamic study of carbon nanotubes
production by chemical vapor deposition of alcohols, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 10
(3) (2005) 243–248.
[30] E. Lamouroux, P. Serp, Y. Kihn, P. Kalck, Identification of key parameters for the
selective growth of single or double wall carbon nanotubes on FeMo/Al2O3
CVD catalysts, Appl. Catal. A 323 (2007) 162–173.
[31] Y.A. Kim, T. Hayashi, M. Endo, Y. Kaburagi, T. Tsukada, J. Shan, S. Tsuruoka,
Synthesis and structural characterization of thin multi-walled carbon
nanotubes with a partially facetted cross section by a floating reactant
method, Carbon 43 (11) (2005) 2243–2250.
[32] R. Brukh, S. Mitra, Mechanism of carbon nanotube growth by CVD, Chem. Phys.
Lett. 424 (1–3) (2006) 126–132.
[33] D.H. Kim, H.S. Jang, C.D. Kim, D.S. Cho, H.D. Kang, J.G. Jee, H.R. Lee, In situ
monitoring of carbon nanotube growth, Carbon 3 (41) (2003) 583–585.
[34] M. Kumar, Y. Ando, Chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes: a review
on growth mechanism and mass production, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 10 (6)
(2010) 3739–3758.
[35] L.M. Esteves, H.A. Oliveira, F.B. Passos, Carbon nanotubes as catalyst support in
chemical vapor deposition reaction: A review, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 65 (2018) 1–
12.
[36] B. Makgabutlane, Lebea N. Nthunya, Manoko S. Maubane-Nkadimeng, Sabelo
D. Mhlanga, Green synthesis of carbon nanotubes to address the water-
energy-food nexus: A critical review, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., Volume 9, Issue 1,
(2021), 104736, ISSN 2213-3437.