University of Glasgow

Degrees of MEng, BEng, BSc and MSc in Engineering

MATERIALS 2 (ENG2039)

May 2019
13.00 – 14.30

Attempt ALL questions

The numbers in square brackets in the right-hand margin indicate the marks allotted
to the part of the question against which the mark is shown. These marks are for
guidance only.

An electronic calculator may be used provided that it does not have a facility
for either textual storage or display, or for graphical display.

You are expected to understand the meaning of the symbols appearing in any
equations given in the exam paper – no separate data sheet is provided.

Continued overleaf
Q1. Referring to the Bohr model of the atom, which of the following correctly defines the
maximum number of electrons that can occupy the first three electron shells, starting with
the innermost first?
a. 2, 2, 8
b. 8, 2, 8
c. 8, 8, 2
d. 2, 8, 8
e. 8, 8, 12
f. None of the above
[1]

Q2. Which of the following criterion must be met if two different types of atom are to form
a substitutional solid solution?
a. atoms need the same number of neutrons, electrons and protons
b. atoms need to be of similar atomic size, form same crystal structure and have the same
valency
c. atoms need to form a body centred cubic crystalline structure
d. atoms need to be of similar atomic size, different crystal structure and different valency
e. atoms need to form covalent bonds and have the same valency
f. None of the above
[1]

Figure 1. A lead-tin phase diagram

Continued overleaf
Q3. From the choices given below, choose the best description of the phase diagram shown
in Figure 1:
a. An intermediate compound phase diagram
b. An isomorphous phase diagram
c. A binary eutectic phase diagram
d. A covalently bonded phase diagram
e. A ternary eutectic phase diagram
f. None of the above
[1]

Q4. Referring to Figure 1, provide the name of the phase boundary line labelled ‘I’.
a. Solidus
b. Eutectoid isotherm
c. Eutectic isotherm
d. Liquidus
e. Solvus
f. None of the above
[1]

Q5. Referring to Figure 1, identify the phase(s) present in regions ‘VII’

a. Just liquid solution
b. Alpha solid solution and molten liquid solution
c. Just alpha solid solution
d. Alpha and beta solid solutions
e. Beta solid solution and molten liquid solution
f. None of the above
[1]

Q6. Use Figure 1 to estimate (to within +/- 2%) the maximum amount of tin that can be
dissolved in the lead-rich solid solution phase shown in this phase diagram.
a. 100
b. 20
c. 70
d. 0
e. 85
f. None of the above
[1]

Q7. Use Figure 1 to estimate (to within +/- 10oC) the melt temperature of pure tin.
a. 290oC
b. 225oC
c. 327oC
d. 62oC
e. 112 oC
f. None of the above
[1]

Continued overleaf
 Figure 2. Iron-carbon phase diagram

Q8. Referring to Figure 2, state the name of the phase denoted as, 𝛾, and describe its crystal
structure.
a. ferrite with a body centred cubic structure
b. ferrite with a face centred cubic structure
c. cementite with a hexagonal close-packed structure
d. austenite with a body centred cubic structure
e. austenite with a face centred cubic structure
f. None of the above
[1]

Q9. An iron carbon solid solution containing 0.5 wt% carbon cools down slowly from 800 oC.
to 400oC. Choose the best description of the resulting microstructure. Figure 2 should be
useful in answering this question.
a. pro-eutectic cementite together with a pearlitic microconstituent consisting of ferrite and
cementite
b. pro-eutectoid cementite together with a pearlitic microconstituent consisting of ferrite
and cementite
c. pro-eutectoid ferrite together with a pearlitic microconstituent consisting of ferrite and
cementite
d. pro-eutectoid ferrite together with a pearlitic microconstituent consisting of austenite
and cementite
e. pro-eutectic ferrite together with a pearlitic microconstituent consisting of ferrite and
cementite
f. None of the above are good descriptions
[2]

Continued overleaf
Q10. Referring to Figure 2, state weight percentage of carbon in the two phases present at
point A, together with the nominal composition at point A.
a. 2wt%C in one phase, 6.7wt%C in the other phase and a nominal composition of 4.3wt%C
b. 3wt%C in one phase, 5.7wt%C in the other phase and a nominal composition of 5.3wt%C
c. 4wt%C in one phase, 4.7wt%C in the other phase and a nominal composition of 2.3wt%C
d. 0.8wt% C in one phase, 6.7wt% C in the other phase and a nominal composition of
5.3wt%C
e. 0.8wt% C in one phase, 6.7wt% C in the other phase and a nominal composition of
5.3wt%C
f. None of these combinations are fully correct
[1]

Q11. Referring again to Figure 2, calculate the approximate weight fraction of the 𝛾 and
Fe3C phases at point A and express the fraction as a percentage value.
a. ~40.7wt% 𝛾 and 59.3 wt% Fe3C
b. ~59.3wt% 𝛾 and 40.7 wt% Fe3C
c. ~40.7wt% 𝛾 and 52.3 wt% Fe3C
d. ~40.7wt% 𝛾 and wt% 59.3 Fe3C
e. ~45.7wt% 𝛾 and wt% 54.3 Fe3C
f. None of the above
[2]

Continued overleaf
 Figure 3. The magnesium – lead phase diagram.
Q12. Figure 3 shows the magnesium-lead phase diagram. State which phase or phases are
present at 200oC, at a nominal alloy composition of 19wt% Mg – 81wt% Pb.
a. 𝛼 solid solution and molten liquid solution
b. pure Mg2Pb compound
c. Mg2Pb compound and 𝛼 solid solution
d. molten liquid solution and Mg2Pb compound
e. Mg2Pb compound and 𝛽 solid solution
f. None of the above
[1]

Q13. You’re playing around in your metallurgy lab and have melted pure magnesium by
heating it to 700oC in an inert atmosphere. You decide to drop some pure lead into the hot
molten magnesium to create a nominal composition of 50wt% Mg – 50wt% Pb. To what
temperature will you need to cool the resulting molten magnesium/lead liquid solution
before if completely solidifies?
a. ~620oC
b. ~500oC
c. ~280oC
d. ~460oC
e. ~540oC
f. It will never solidify
[2]

Continued overleaf
 Figure 3. Periodic table showing the electronegativities of the various elements.

Q14. Use Figure 3, to decide from the following options which description best describes the
nature of the interatomic bonds of the following pairs of elements: H-O, H-H, H-C, Fe-C and
Na-Cl.
a. H-O is NON-POLAR COVALENT; H-H is IONIC; H-C is JUST POLAR COVALENT; Fe-C is NON-
POLAR COVALENT and Na-Cl is STRONGLY POLAR COVALENT
b. H-O is STRONGLY POLAR COVALENT; H-H is NON-POLAR COVALENT; H-C is JUST POLAR
COVALENT; Fe-C is NON-POLAR COVALENT and Na-Cl is STRONGLY POLAR COVALENT
c. H-O is JUST POLAR COVALENT; H-H is STRONGLY POLAR COVALENT; H-C is POLAR
COVALENT; Fe-C is NON-POLAR COVALENT and Na-Cl is IONIC
d. H-O is NON-POLAR COVALENT; H-H is JUST POLAR COVALENT; H-C is POLAR COVALENT;
Fe-C is POLAR COVALENT and Na-Cl is IONIC
e. H-O is STRONGLY POLAR COVALENT; H-H is NON-POLAR COVALENT; H-C is JUST POLAR
COVALENT; Fe-C is POLAR COVALENT and Na-Cl is IONIC
f. None of the above are correct
[2]

Q15. What does the term ‘saturated hydrocarbon’ mean exactly?

a. all the interatomic bonds in the molecule are saturated
b. all the interatomic bonds in the molecule are double bonds and new atoms can be added
without the removal of others that are already bonded
c. all the interatomic bonds in the molecule are single bonds and no new atoms can be
added without the removal of others that are already bonded
d. all the interatomic bonds in the molecule are covalent bonds
e. all the interatomic bonds in the molecule are ionic bonds
f. None of the above
[1]

Continued overleaf
Q16. What is the term used to describe an unequal charge distribution across a molecule?
a. a hydrocarbon
b. a mer unit
c. a monomer
d. electronegativity
e. a dipole
f. None of the above
[1]

Q17. Which of the following statements about polymerisation is false?

a. Addition and Chain-Growth polymerisation are fundamentally different processes
b. Chain-Growth polymerisation reacts without producing a by-product
c. In Addition polymerisation an active mer is formed following a reaction with an initiator or
catalyst species
d. In Condensation polymerisation synthesis proceeds by formation of bonds between two
different monomers
e. In Condensation polymerisation, small by-product molecules are produced as a
consequence of the reaction
f. None of the above
[1]

Figure 4. A molecule illustrated using the Bohr model of the atom.

Q18. State the name of the molecule shown in Figure 4.

a. Octane
b. Heptane
c. Pentane
d. Paraffin
e. Methane
f. The correct name is not listed
[1]

Continued overleaf
 Figure 5. Two different mer units of common polymers.

Q19. Name the mer unit shown in Figure 5(i)

a. Polyethylene
b. Polyvinylchloride
c. Nylon (6,6)
d. Polytetrafluoroethylene
e. Polypropylene
f. Polystyrene
[1]

Q20. Name the mer unit shown in Figure 5(ii)

a. Polyethylene
b. Polyvinylchloride
c. Nylon (6,6)
d. Polytetrafluoroethylene
e. Polypropylene
f. Polystyrene
[1]

Figure 6. A non-stick pan.

Continued overleaf
Q21. Referring to Figure 6, state which polymer is used to coat this non-stick frying pan.
a. Polyethylene
b. Polyvinylchloride
c. Nylon (6,6)
d. Polytetrafluoroethylene
e. Polypropylene
f. Polystyrene
[1]

Table 1. Molecular weight distribution of a batch of PE polymer

Molecular weight Number of Mean Mi Weight of wi wiMi
range (g/mol) chains in range (g/mol) chains in (g/mol)
Range (x103)
0-10000 600
10000-20000 2500
20000-30000 1200

Q22. Use Table 1 to determine the weight average molecular weight, 𝑀𝑤 , of this batch of
PP polymer in g/mol, correct to 4 significant figures, then choose the correct option.
a. 15370
b. 21030
c. 18830
d. 22740
e. 19760
f. None of the above
[3]

Figure 7. The mer unit of polyethylene (PE)

Q23. Use Figure 7 to choose the correct chemical formula for the mer unit of polyethylene
a. C2H2
b. C3H3
c. C2H3Cl
d. C3H4Cl
e. C2H5
f. None of the above
[1]

Continued overleaf
Q24. Given the atomic weight of carbon and hydrogen are 12.01 & 1.01 g/mol respectfully,
determine the molecular weight of the mer unit of polyethylene, m in g/mol, correct to 2
decimal places
a. 39.12
b. 26.04
c. 75.58
d. 22.52
e. 28.06
f. None of the above
[1]

Q25. Use your answers from Q22 and Q24 to determine the weight average degree of
polymerisation of the polymer batch. Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
a. 671
b. 808
c. 393
d. 1010
e. 262
f. None of the above
[2]

Continued overleaf
 Figure 8. Relaxation modulus versus temperature for three different types of polymer.

Q26. In reference to Figure 8 which of the following statements is false.

a. The crystalline PS has a less obvious drop in E(10) at 100oC, compare to the other two
polymers, as a significant volume fraction of the polymer is not amorphous
b. The lightly cross-linked PS effectively contains covalent bonds that prevent the polymer
chains indefinitely flowing past one another
c. The melt temperature of the crystalline PS is around 230oC
d. The melt temperature of the amorphous PS is around 190oC
e. The crystalline PS tends to be stiffer than the amorphous and lightly cross-linked PS at
room temperature
f. None of the above are false
[2]

Continued overleaf
 Figure 9. Representation of a well-known viscoelastic model

Q27. Figure 9 shows a simple linear viscoelastic model. Choose the correct name for the
model:
a. Kelvin
b. Maxwell
c. Voigt
d. Zener
e. Generalised Maxwell
f. Burgers
[1]

Figure 10. Imposed stress versus time and measured strain versus time for a certain well-
known viscoelastic model

Q28. Figure 10 shows the imposed stress versus time and subsequent measured strain
versus time response for a certain well-known viscoelastic model. Name the model.
a. Kelvin
b. Maxwell
c. Voigt
d. Zener
e. Generalised Maxwell
f. Burgers
[1]

Continued overleaf
Q29. Referring to the model shown in Figure 9, and using the following assumptions (you
should know what each of these symbols means),

and where

derive the constitutive equation relating the stress and strain response of the model.
Choose the correctly derived equation from the choices below.
a. 𝜎 + 𝜎̇ = 𝜂𝛾̇
b. 𝜎 + 𝜆𝜎̇ = 𝜂𝛾̇
c. 𝜎 + 𝜆𝜎̇ = 𝛾̇
d. 𝜎 + 𝜎̇ = 𝛾̇
𝜎̇
e. 𝜎 + 𝜆 = 𝜂𝛾̇
f. None of the above are correct
[2]

Q30. The mathematical solution to the constitutive equation representing the model shown
in Figure 9, for a constant instantaneous strain (a stress relaxation test) can be written as:

given that the viscosity of the dashpot, 𝜂 = 1000Pas and the stiffness of the spring, Ε =
10,000Pa, determine the stress in the model 5 seconds after an instantaneous strain of 0.01
has been applied. Give your answer in Pa correct to 1 decimal place.
a. 42.9
b. 22.8
c. 12.7
d. 13.5
e. 36.8
f. None of the above
[1]

Continued overleaf
Q31. The mathematical solution to the constitutive equation of a Kevin solid model when
subject to a creep and recovery test is:

given that the viscosity of the dashpot, 𝜂 = 100,000Pas and the stiffness of the spring, Ε =
10,000Pa. Assume a stress of 1MPa is applied at 𝑡 = 0s and removed at 𝑡 = 𝑡1 = 2s.
Determine the strain predicted by the model at 𝑡 = 3s. Note that the relaxation time, 𝜏 =
𝜂 ⁄𝐸. Give your answer in Pa correct to 1 decimal place.
a. 25.9
b. 100.0
c. 13.7
d. 28.7
e. 94.2
f. None of the above
[3]

Continued overleaf
Q32. Which of the following statements about the density of metals is incorrect?
a. Metals usually have a crystalline atomic structure
b. The body centred cubic crystal structure leads to a lower density than the face centred
cubic structure
c. We can calculate the density simple by dividing the mass of the atoms in a unit cell by the
volume of the unit cell
d. Amorphous materials tend to have a lower density than crystalline materials
e. Amorphous metals can be created by rapid freezing of the molten metal
f. None of the above are incorrect
[1]

Figure 11. A stress versus strain curve for a certain type of material.

Q33. Figure 11 shows a stress-strain curve for a certain type of material. Choose the most
likely material that would produce a curve like this from the choices below:
a. pure copper
b. rubber
c. glass
d. low carbon steel
e. carbon/epoxy composite
f. nylon
[1]

Continued overleaf
 Figure 12. A stress versus strain curve for a certain type of material.

Q34. Figure 12 shows a stress-strain curve for a certain type of material. Choose the most
likely material that would produce a curve like this from the choices below:
a. pure copper
b. rubber
c. glass
d. low carbon steel
e. carbon/epoxy composite
f. nylon
[1]

Figure 13. Various equations relating to the mechanical response of an isotropic linear elastic
solid.

Q35. You perform a tensile test on a metal alloy and measure its Poisson’s ratio to be 0.32
and its Young’s modulus to be 70GPa. Assume the material behaves as a linear elastic
material and use any relevant equations shown in Figure 13 to calculate the shear modulus
of the alloy, correct to 1 decimal place.
a. 26.5 MPa
b. 64.8 GPa
c. 26.5 GPa
d. 64.8 MPa
e. 47.7 GPa
f. None of the above
[1]

Continued overleaf
Read the following text relating to the plastic deformation of metals, then identify the
missing words in Q36-Q38.

“A simple theoretical analysis of the interatomic forces between metal atoms suggest that
their tensile (i)________ should be about one tenth of their tensile stiffness. However, in
reality, their (i)________ is much less than this. This is because atoms in the crystal lattice
can slip past one another rather than pull apart due to the presence of defects or
(ii)________. Movement of (ii)________ provides a lower (iii)________ route to
deformation than extension or compression of the crystal lattice.”

Q36. Identify the missing word (i)_______.

a. lattice
b. dislocations
c. energy
d. strength
e. toughness
f. density
[1]

Q37. Identify the missing word (ii)_______.

a. lattice
b. dislocations
c. energy
d. strength
e. toughness
f. density
[1]

Q38. Identify the missing word (iii)_______.

a. lattice
b. dislocations
c. energy
d. strength
e. toughness
f. density
[1]

Continued overleaf
Q39. The shear yield strength of pure copper is rather low, at about 17MPa. Given that solid
solution strengthening of zinc in copper (brass), with15% zinc, doubles the shear yield
strength (compared to pure copper), estimate the shear yield strength of brass containing
just 7.5% zinc. Give your answer in MPa correct to 2 significant figures, you may find the
following equation useful.

𝜏𝑠𝑠 = 𝛼𝐸𝑐 1/2

a. 17MPa
b. 29MPa
c. 41MPa
d. 35MPa
e. 22MPa
f. None of the above
[3]

Q40. After a small amount of work hardening, the shear yield stress of a pure annealed
copper, increases from 20 to 35MPa. The work-hardening process introduces about 1015
m/m3 of dislocations. After work-hardening the specimen even further such that the
number of dislocations increases by a factor of 10, determine the new shear yield stress of
the alloy. Give your answer in MPa correct to 1 decimal place, you may find the following
equation useful.

𝑬𝒃
𝝉𝒘𝒉 = √𝝆𝒅
𝟐
a. 47.4
b. 42.7
c. 72.3
d. 53.7
e. 67.4
f. None of the above
[2]

Continued overleaf
In Q41 to Q42 you will be asked to calculate maximum stress in plates of various
dimensions. Use the following equation and Figure 14 to help you answer the questions
(you should know the meaning of all the symbols):

Figure 14. Two alternative definitions of c when considering a hole in a plate.

Figure 15. 2mm thick plate containing a circular hole (dimensions given in image – not to
scale)

Q41. Figure 15 shows a circular hole centrally drilled through a plate. The plate is loaded in
tension, the thickness of the plate is 0.002m. Determine the maximum stress in the plate.
Figure 14 may help you decide the value of c in your calculations. Give your answer in MPa
correct to 2 decimal places.
a. 0.44
b. 438.60
c. 12.57
d. 6.24
e. 5.56
f. None of the above
[2]

Continued overleaf
 Figure 16. 1.5mm thick plate containing a circular hole (dimensions given in image – not to
scale)

Q42. An elliptical hole is centrally drilled through a plate. The plate is loaded in tension, the
thickness of the plate is 0.0015m. Determine the maximum stress in the plate. Figure 14
may help you decide the value of c in your calculations. Give your answer in MPa correct to
4 significant figures.
a. 1276
b. 1001
c. 942.8
d. 1562
e. 1988
f. None of the above
[3]

Figure 17. The image on the left shows a standard fracture test, the schematic on the right
shows the dimensions and associated formulas to calculate K 1c from the test data

Continued overleaf
Q43. Consider the steel alloy test specimen shown in Figure 17. You know the width of the
crack running along the side of the specimen is initially 1cm (measured from the line joining
the centres of the two loading pins to the interior end of the crack). You video the test and
progressively increase the load on the specimen. The depth of the specimen, b=1.5cm and
the width, w = 4cm. Given the fracture toughness of this low carbon steel is 180 MPam0.5
predict the force that the fracture will begin to propagate. Assume 𝑐 ≪ 𝑤 and provide your
answer in kN correct to 3 significant figures.
a. 53
b. 262
c. 403
d. 372
e. 101
f. None of the above
[3]

The following text relating to fracture mechanics.

“If a structure contains a crack it could fail by growth of the crack (fracture) or it could fail by
plastic (i)________. The mechanism is determined by the length of the (ii)________ and the
yield stress of the material.”

Q44. Identify the missing word (i)________

a. yielding
b. splitting
c. fracture
d. crack
e. stress
f. None of the above
[1]

Q45. Identify the missing word (ii)________

a. yielding
b. splitting
c. fracture
d. crack
e. stress
f. None of the above
[1]

Continued overleaf
 Figure 18. Two samples of the same kind of technical ceramic material.

Q46. You are asked to consider the survival probability of a technical ceramic. In particular,
you are asked to calculate the tensile failure stress for specimens of different size but with
equal survival probability (the samples are shown in Figure 18 – not to scale). Sample 1 is a
cylinder of height, 60mm and radius 4mm. When a tensile stress of 150 MPa is applied it has
a survival probability, P. Sample 2 (same material) has height, 90mm and a square cross-
section with side length, 20mm. Determine the tensile stress at which Sample 2 has the
same survival probability, P, as Sample 1 if m=8. Provide your answer correct to 3 significant
figures. The following equation should be used to solve this question

a. 170
b. 100
c. 130
d. 120
e. 110
f. None of the above
[4]

Figure 19. A hybrid material

Q47. According to the hybrid classification scheme introduced in your lectures, choose the
correct classification for the hybrid material shown in Figure 19.
a. segmented
b. multi-layer
c. cellular
d. composite
e. sandwich
f. None of the above
[1]

Continued overleaf
 Figure 20. A hybrid material

Q48. According to the hybrid classification scheme introduced in your lectures, choose the
correct classification for the hybrid material shown in Figure 20.
a. segmented
b. multi-layer
c. cellular
d. composite
e. sandwich
f. None of the above
[1]

End of question paper