Fluid Machinery (ME 204) Exercise Sheet

Vijai Laxmi,
IIT Indore, Spring 2024
General Instructions for solving problems:

There are a number of things to do. These may be called steps, but often, these
cannot be executed in a sequential order.

1. Read the problem or exercise statement in detail. Note all items of interest-
data, information, hints.
2. Sketch a system diagram. Do the best you can to begin with, but keep it
simple and neat. Use standard conventions. You may modify it, correct it,
or replace it as you proceed and uncover more details. For some problems
you may need more than one system diagram.
3. Sketch a process diagram. Do the best you can to begin with, but keep it
simple and neat. Draw the axes (with arrowheads) and label them. Use
appropriate conventions for sketching processes. You may modify the
diagram, correct it, or replace it as you proceed and uncover more detail.
For some problems you may need more than one process diagram.
4. Make suitable and requisite assumptions. Some assumptions are based on
the problem statements and information and hints therein. Sometimes, you
may not be able to proceed beyond a certain stage unless you make
some assumptions. For example, if you end up with two unknowns and
three equations, then you need an assumption to create an unknown or
remove an equation; you may also end up with three unknowns and two
equations.
5. Proceed algebraically, to the extent possible. Use symbols for the
numerical values provided in the problem statement. This helps you keep
track of the proceedings, and errors can be discovered and corrected
with little difficulty. This also helps you keep track of the dimensions.
6. (a) Do the numericals when it is difficult to proceed without it.
7. (b) While doing numericals, respect significant digits. You do not have to
write down (and use for further calculations) 12 digits of a number just

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 because your calculator displays them. If you mention a temperature of
31.41592653589790C, you deserve a DD. By default, four or five significant
digits are sufficient. For temperature, a precision of 0.010C or 0.01 K is
sufficient.
8. Treat values and their units as one item. Remember that most of the entities
(properties and interactions) that have numerical values will have units
associated with each.

The final word. In this course, how you arrive at a/the solution is more important
than the solution itself. Sometimes, comment(s) on the solution will also be
important; it will indicate what you have learnt!

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Review of Thermodynamics

1. Air flows through a long duct of constant area at 0.15 kg/s. A short section
of the duct is cooled by liquid nitrogen that surrounds the duct. The rate of
heat loss in this section is 15.0 kJ/s from the air. The absolute pressure,
temperature, and velocity entering the cooled section are 188 kPa, 440 K,
and 210 m/s, respectively. At the outlet, the absolute pressure and
temperature are 213 kPa and 351 K. Compute the duct cross-sectional
area and the changes in enthalpy, internal energy, and entropy for this
flow.
2. Air is expanded in a steady flow process through a turbine. Initial
conditions are 13000 C and 2.0 MPa (abs). Final conditions are 5000 C and
atmospheric pressure. Show this process on a T-s diagram. Evaluate the
changes in internal energy, enthalpy, and specific entropy for this process.
3. A test chamber is separated into two equal chambers by a rubber
diaphragm. One contains air at 200 C and 200 kPa (absolute), and the
other has a vacuum. If the diaphragm is punctured, find the pressure and
temperature of the air after it expands to fill the chamber. Hint: This is a
rapid, violent event, so is irreversible but adiabatic.

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Propagation of Sound Waves

4. An airplane flies at 550 km/hr at 1500 m altitude on a standard day. The

plane climbs to 15,000 m and flies at 1200 km/h. Calculate the Mach
number of flight in both cases.
5. Re-derive the equation for sonic speed 𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇 assuming that the
direction of fluid motion behind the sound wave is dVx to the right. Show
that the result is identical to that given by 𝑐 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇.
6. An aircraft passes overhead at 3 km altitude. The aircraft flies at M51.5;
assume air temperature is constant at 200 C. Find the air speed of the
aircraft. A headwind blows at 30 m/s. How long after the aircraft passes
directly overhead does its sound reach a point on the ground?
7. A supersonic aircraft flies at 3 km altitude at a speed of 1000 m/s on a
standard day. How long after passing directly above a ground observer is
the sound of the aircraft heard by the ground observer? (Assume the
temperature at sea level is 150 C and at 3 km altitude is -50 C).
Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties

8. For aircraft flying at supersonic speeds, lift and drag coefficients are
functions of Mach number only. A supersonic transport with a wingspan of
75 m is to fly at 780 m/s at 20 km altitude (assume temperature at 20 km
altitude is -570 C) on a standard day. Performance of the aircraft is to be
measured from tests of a model with 0.9 m wingspan in a supersonic wind
tunnel. The wind tunnel is to be supplied from a large reservoir of
compressed air, which can be heated if desired. The static temperature
of air in the test section is to be 100 C to avoid freezing of moisture. At what
air speed should the wind tunnel tests be run to duplicate the Mach
number of the prototype? What must be the stagnation temperature in
the reservoir? What pressure is required in the reservoir if the test section
pressure is to be 10 kPa (abs)?
9. Air flows in an insulated duct. At point 1 the conditions are M1=0.1, T1=200
C, and p1=1.0 MPa (abs) Downstream, at point 2 , because of friction the
conditions are M2=0.7, T2=25.620 C, and p2=136.5 kPa (abs). (Four

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 significant figures are given to minimize roundoff errors. Compare the
stagnation temperatures at points 1 and 2 and explain the result. Compute
the stagnation pressures at points 1 and 2. Can you explain how it can be
that the velocity increases for this frictional flow? Should this process be
isentropic or not? Justify your answer by computing the change in entropy
between points 1 and 2.
10. Consider a steady, adiabatic flow of air through a long straight pipe with
A=0.05 m2. At the inlet (section 1) the air is at 200 kPa (abs), 600 C, and 146
m/s. Downstream at section 2, the air is at 95.6 kPa (abs) and 280 m/s.
Determine p01, p02, T01, T02, and the entropy change for the flow. Show
static and stagnation state points on a Ts diagram.
Critical Conditions
11. Space debris impact is a real concern for spacecraft. If a piece of space
debris were to create a hole of 0.0064 cm2 area in the hull of the
International Space Station (ISS), at what rate would air leak from the ISS?
Assume that the atmosphere in the International Space Station (ISS) is air
at a pressure of 101.3 kPa and a temperature of 18.330 C.
12. Certain high-speed wind tunnels use combustion air heaters to generate
the extreme pressures and temperatures required to accurately simulate
flow at high Mach numbers. In one set of tests, a combustion air heater
supplied stagnation conditions of 1.7 MPa and 1010 K. Calculate the
critical pressure and temperature corresponding to these stagnation
conditions.
13. Stagnation conditions in a solid propellant rocket motor are T0=3000 K and
p0=45 MPa (gage). Critical conditions occur in the throat of the rocket
nozzle where the Mach number is equal to one. Evaluate the temperature,
pressure, and flow speed at the throat. Assume ideal gas behavior with
R=323 J/(kg.K) and k=1.2.
Isentropic Flow-Area Variation
14. Air is extracted from a large tank in which the temperature and pressure
are 700 C and 101 kPa (abs), respectively, through a nozzle. At one

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 location in the nozzle the static pressure is 25 kPa and the diameter is 15
cm. What is the mass flow rate? Assume isentropic flow.
15. Steam flows steadily and isentropically through a nozzle. At an upstream
section where the speed is negligible, the temperature and pressure are
4500 C and 6 MPa (abs). At a section where the nozzle diameter is 2 cm,
the steam pressure is 2 MPa (abs). Determine the speed and Mach
number at this section and the mass flow rate of steam. Sketch the
passage shape.
16. Air flows adiabatically through a duct. At the entrance, the static
temperature and pressure are 310 K and 200 kPa, respectively. At the exit,
the static and stagnation temperatures are 294 K and 316 K, respectively,
and the static pressure is 125 kPa. Find (a) the Mach numbers of the flow
at the entrance and exit and (b) the area ratio A2/A1.
17. Air flows isentropically through a converging nozzle into a receiver where
the pressure is 250 kPa (abs). If the pressure is 350 kPa (abs) and the speed
is 150 m/s at the nozzle location where the Mach number is 0.5, determine
the pressure, speed, and Mach number at the nozzle throat.
18. Air flowing isentropically through a converging nozzle discharge to the
atmosphere. At a section the area is A=0.05m2, T =3.30 C, and V = 200 m/s.
If the flow is just choked, find the pressure and the Mach number at this
location. What is the throat area? What is the mass flow rate?
19. A converging nozzle is connected to a large tank that contains
compressed air at 150 C. The nozzle exit area is 0.001m2. The exhaust is
discharged to the atmosphere. To obtain a satisfactory shadow
photograph of the flow pattern leaving the nozzle exit, the pressure in the
exit plane must be greater than 325 kPa (gage). What pressure is required
in the tank? What mass flow rate of air must be supplied if the system is to
run continuously? Show static and stagnation state points on a T-s
diagram.
20. Air at 00 C is contained in a large tank on the space shuttle. A converging
section with exit area 1X10-3 m2 is attached to the tank, through which the

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 air exits to space at a rate of 2 kg/s. What are the pressure in the tank, and
the pressure, temperature, and speed at the exit?
21. A converging-diverging nozzle is attached to a very large tank of air in
which the pressure is 150 kPa and the temperature is 350 C. The nozzle
exhausts to the atmosphere where the pressure is 101 kPa. The exit
diameter of the nozzle is 2.75 cm. What is the flow rate through the nozzle?
Assume the flow is isentropic.
Normal Shocks
22. Testing of a demolition explosion is to be evaluated. Sensors indicate that
the shock wave generated at the instant of explosion is 30 MPa (abs). If
the explosion occurs in air at 200 C and 101 kPa, find the speed of the
shock wave, and the temperature and speed of the air just after the shock
passes. As an approximation assume k=1.4. (Why is this an approximation?)
23. A standing normal shock occurs in air which is flowing at a Mach number
of 1.75. What are the pressure and temperature ratios across the shock?
What is the increase in entropy across the shock?
24. Air approaches a normal shock at V1=900 m/s, p1=50 kPa, and T1=220 K.
What are the velocity and pressure after the shock? What would the
velocity and pressure be if the flow were decelerated isentropically to the
same Mach number?
25. Using basic of equations for analyzing flow through a normal shock as
𝜌
𝑝2 (𝑘+1) 2 −(𝑘−1)
𝜌
𝜌 .
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discussed in class. Derive another useful equation, =
𝑝1 (𝑘+1)−(𝑘−1) 2
𝜌1

And use it to find the density ratio for air as 𝑝2 ⁄𝑝1 → ∞.

26. Please go through derivations explained in class as well.