KHULNA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
A Project on

“Variable DC Power Supply”

 COURSE NO. :- ECE-2200

 COURSE NAME:- Electronic Circuits Design Laboratory
 GROUP A3

Project Instructors: MEMBERS:

 Mr. Md. Foysal  Shad Ahamad

Roll: 1709007
Lecturer,
 Md. Tanzilur Rahman
Dept. of ECE,KUET
Roll: 1709008
 Sumaiya Khatun
 Ms. Nazifa Tabassum Roll: 1709009
Lecturer,
Dept. of ECE, KUET

 Date of Submission: 20-10-2019


 OBJECTIVES:

 To make a Variable DC Power Supply

 To implement Short Circuit Protection
 To add Over Voltage Protection

 INTRODUCTION:

The power supply can be defined as it is an electrical device

used to give electrical supply to electrical loads. The main function of
this device is to change the electrical current from a source to the
accurate voltage, frequency and current to supply the load.
Sometimes, these power supplies can be named to as electric power
converters. Some types of supplies are separate pieces of loads,
whereas others are fabricated into the appliances that they control.

The Power supply circuit is used in various electrical & electronic devices. The power
supply circuits are classified into different types based on the power they utilize for
providing for circuits or devices. For instance, the microcontroller based circuits are
generally the 5V DC regulated power supply (RPS) circuits, which can be designed
with the help of different method for changing the power from 230V AC to 5V DC.

The power supply circuit is shown above, and the step by step conversion of 230V
AC to 12V DC is discussed below.

 A step-down transformer converts the 230V AC into12v.

 The bridge rectifier is used to change AC to DC
 A capacitor is used to filter the AC ripples and gives to the voltage regulator.
 Finally voltage regulator regulates the voltage to 5V and finally, a blocking
diode is used for taking the pulsating waveform.

Figure 1.1:- Power Supply Block Diagram

  THEORY:

A power supply takes the AC from the wall outlet, converts it to unregulated DC, and
reduces the voltage using an input power transformer, typically stepping it down to
the voltage required by the load. For safety reasons, the transformer also separates
the output power supply from the mains input.

Figure 1.2, Figure 1.3 and Figure 1.4 illustrate the general transformation from AC
to DC.

Alternating current takes the form of a sinusoidal wave with the voltage alternating
from positive to negative over time.

Figure 1.2:- Alternating Current from Wall Outlet

In the first step of the process, the voltage is rectified using a set of diodes.
Rectification transforms the sinusoidal AC. The rectifier converts the sine
waves into a series of positive peaks.
 Figure 1.3:- Full Wave Rectified

Once the voltage has been rectified, there is still fluctuation in the
waveform—the time between the peaks—that needs to be removed. The
rectified AC voltage is then filtered or “smoothed” with a capacitor.

The capacitor is typically quite large and creates a reservoir of energy

that is applied to the load when the rectified voltage drops. The incoming
energy is stored in the capacitor on the rising edge and expended when
the voltage falls. This significantly reduces the amount of voltage droop
and smooth out the voltage. Increasing the storage capacity of the
capacitor generally produces a higher quality power supply.

Figure 1.4 shows the rectified voltage and how the capacitor smooths the
droop.
 Figure 1.4:- Full Wave Rectified + Capacitor

Once the voltage conversion is complete, there is still some variation in output,
called ripple. In a regulated power supply, the voltage is then passed through a
regulator to create a fixed DC output with fewer ripples.

A regulated DC power supply is essentially an unregulated power supply with the

addition of a voltage regulator. This allows the voltage to stay stable regardless of
the amount of current consumed by the load, provided the predefined limits are not
exceeded.

Linear Power Supply

Linear power supplies are used when precise regulation and the removal of noise is
most important. While they are not the most efficient power source, they provide the
best performance. The name is derived from the fact that they do not use a switch to
regulate the voltage output.
Linear power supplies have been available for years and their use is widespread and
reliable. They are also relatively noise-free and commercially available. The
disadvantage to linear power supplies is that they require larger components, hence
are larger and dissipate more heat than switched power supplies. Compared to
switched power supplies and batteries, they are also less efficient, sometimes
exhibiting only 50% efficiency.
Switched Power Supply
Switched mode power supplies (SMPS) are more complicated to construct but have
greater versatility in polarity and, if designed properly, can have an efficiency of 80%
or more. Although they have more components, they are smaller and less expensive
than linear power supplies.

 APPARATUS:

S.N. Name of the Rating Quantity

Apparatus

01. Function Generator 300 mV,1 KHz 01

02. Transformer 220-24 V, 4 A 01

03. Diodes 1N4007 06

04. Capacitors 2200µF 02

05. Resistors 10kΩ(5),2.2kΩ(3),220Ω,1kΩ,1Ω, 13

6.8kΩ,41Ω
06. Transistors 2222A,2905A,DC568,LBC4 04

07. Relay switch 12 V 01

08. LED 02

09. Adjustable Lm-317 01

Regulator

10. Connecting Wires As Needed

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 ANALYSIS:

 Over Voltage Protection:

Over voltage protection is a power supply feature which shuts down the supply,
or clamps the output, when the voltage exceeds a pre-set level.

Most power supplies use an over-voltage protection circuit to prevent damage to

the electronic components. The impact of an over-voltage condition varies from
one circuit to the other and ranges from damaging the components to degrading
the components and causing circuit malfunctions or fire.

An over-voltage condition might occur in the power supply due faults inside the
supply, or from external causes such as those in the distribution lines.

The magnitude and duration of the over-voltage are some of the major
considerations when designing an effective protection. The protection involves
setting a threshold voltage above which the control circuit shuts down the supply
or diverts the extra voltage to other parts of the circuit such as capacitor.

Ideal characteristics of an over voltage protection

circuit:

1. Prevent the excess voltage from being applied to the components.

2. The protection circuit should not interfere with the normal function of the
system or circuit. The protection circuit should not load the power supply
and cause related voltage drops.
3. The protection circuit should be able to distinguish between normal voltage
fluctuations and harmful over-voltage.
4. Be fast enough to respond to transient events that can damage the power
supply and downstream components.
5. The OVP method should not to have false trips or undetected real over-
voltage conditions. This can be a nuisance in the case of false trips and
also dangerous if it is unable to see the real over-voltage conditions.
The over voltage protection circuit may be constructed using discrete
components, integrated circuits, mechanical devices such as relays, etc. These
can either connected internally or externally depending on the circuits involved.

There are various protection circuit designs, each with its merits, mode of
operation, sensitivity, ability, and reliability. The protection can either clamp off
the excess voltage, or completely shut down the power supply.
  Short Circuit Protection:

A common example of short-circuit is when positive and negative terminal of a

battery are connected together with a low-resistance conductor, like a wire. In this
condition, battery can set to fire and can even explode. That’s what happens with
mobile batteries in mobiles at many times.

To avoid this short circuit condition, Short-circuit Protection Circuit is used. Short-
circuit Protection Circuit will divert the flow of current or break the contact between
the circuit and the power source.

Sometimes we experience power failure with a sudden spark while using some faulty
home appliances like oven, iron, etc then. The reason behind this is that, somewhere
there is some excess current flows through some circuit inside that faulty appliance.
This may lead to shock or could fire up the house if not protected. So a fuse or
circuit breaker is used in order to avoid such damage. In such condition circuit
breaker or fuse disconnects the main supply to the house. A fuse breaker circuit is
also a form of short-circuit protection circuit, in which a low resistance wire is
used which melts and disconnects the main power supply to house whenever there
is excess current pass through it.

The working of the circuit is simple, when Green LED D1 glows means the circuit is
functioning normally and there is no risk of damage. The Red LED D2 is expected to
glow only when there is short circuit.

When the power supply is turned ON, transistor Q1 gets biased and starts
conducting and LED D1 gets turns ON. During this time Red LED D2 remains off as
there is no Short-circuit.

The glowing of Green LED D1 also indicates that the supply voltage and output
voltage is approximately equal.

In our stimulation circuit we have generated a ‘short’ using a switch at the output.
When the ‘short’ occurs the output voltage drops to 0V and Q1 stops conducting as
its base voltage is 0V. Transistor Q2 also stops conducting as its collector voltage
also dropped to 0V.

So now current is started flowing through RED led D2 and pass through the ground
via the short circuit path (through the switch). That makes Red LED D2 starts
conducting as it is forward biased and indicates that a short has been detected and
the current is diverted through the RED LED D2 instead of damaging the entire
circuit.
 DISCUSSION:

The power supply was able to vary the voltage from 0 to 24 V maximum
because of some instrumental errors or other factors. This may include
transistor biasing, resistor impurity, power loss and etc.
Normal circuit configuration was indicated through Green LED and short
circuit situation was indicated through Red LED.
We also kept a pair of backup battery in case of main power source is being
cut off.
The over voltage protection was also detected by applying more supply
voltage and thus the outcome was as expected correct.

 CONCLUSION:

We have been able to complete the project of Variable DC Power Supply and
thus added Short Circuit protection and Over Voltage protection to the circuit.
We were also able to get immense knowledge about the proper working
function of DC Power Supply.

By completing this project we got encouragement to perform various projects

based on our courses.

THANK YOU