The Respiratory System o Lt.

inferior (Lower) lobe bronchus

Respiratory System
 Has been designed  Segmental Bronchi
to take oxygen into o Rt. Lung, (10), varies with lobe
the body, and get rid o Lt. Lung, (9), varies with lobe
of carbon dioxide
and some other o Smaller and smaller bronchi
waste products of  Bronchioles = little bronchi
bodily activity.  Smaller and smaller bronchioles
 Respiratory bronchioles

 Respiratory passages
 Respiratory Passages
 Nasal cavities  Nasal cavities – 2 chambers of the nose.
 Pharynx  The Pharynx or throat – lies posterior to the nasal cavities,
 Nasal pharynx mouth, and larynx.
 Oral pharynx  Nasal pharynx or nasopharynx
o Soft palate – projects posteriorly from the
 Laryngeal pharynx
 Larynx hard palate.

 Trachea o Auditory tube – canal between the nasal

 Bronchi
 Main bronchi (Rt. And Lt.)
 Lobar bronchi
o Rt. Superior (upper) lobe bronchus
o Rt. Middle lobe bronchus
o Rt. Inferior (lower) lobe bronchus
o Lt. Superior (upper) lobe bronchus
pharynx and middle ear, opens into the
lateral side of the nasal pharynx.
o Adenoids – are located on the posterior wall
of the nasal pharynx.
 Oral Pharynx or oropharynx
o Epiglottis – is a flat leaflike plate of cartilage
o Tonsils – masses of lymphoid tissue
 Laryngeal pharynx or laryngopharynx
  Larynx – organ of voice or voice box, is a triangular  Bronchioles – are formed by the division of the smallest
boxlike structure that lies in the anterior part of the bronchi.
neck. o Respiratory bronchioles – smallest bronchioles that
o Thyroid cartilage – composed of 2 flat plates of leads into the air sacs of the lungs.
cartilage placed vertically and joined together at
the midline anteriorly.  The Respiratory System
 The Lungs
o Cricoid cartilage – is shaped like a signet ring. It  Components
encircles the larynx below the thyroid cartilage. o Apex
o Vocal folds – are paired folds of the lining o Base
membrane of the larynx that extend medially o Hilum
from each sidewall of the larynx towards the o Roots
midline.
o Surfaces
o Glottis – is the slitlike opening between the vocal o Fissures
folds. o Lobes
o Segments and lobules
 Trachea – or windpipe, is a hollow tube 11 cm or about 4.5 o Alveolar sacs and Alveoli
inches in length extending from the larynx above to bronchi  Details of lobes
below. Consists of 16 to 20 incomplete ring. o Rt. Lung – 3 lobes
 The Bronchi – are hollow branched tubes continuous above  Right superior lobe
with the trachea.  Right middle lobe
o Main bronchi  Right inferior lobe
 Carina – is a ridge of cartilage between the o Lt. Lung – 2 lobes
openings from the trachea into right and  Left superior lobe – (lingula)
left main bronchi. Bifurcation of the
 Left inferior lobe
trachea.
 Segments of lobes
o Lobar bronchi
o Number varies from lobe to lobe
o Segmental bronchi  Alveolar sacs and alveoli
o Smaller and smaller bronchi
  Horizontal fissure – begins at the axillary border of
the righ lung.
 The Lungs
 (AS) lungen, (L) pulmo, (G) pneumon, pneuma  Pulmonary segments – are the structural units of the lungs,
each with its segmental bronchus, segmental artery and
 The lungs are divided into lobes – segments – alveolar sacs vein.
– alveoli

 Apex – the upper bluntly pointed end, and reaches one inch
above the clavicle

 Base – the broad lower end is concave and rests upon the
upper convex surface of the diaphragm.

 Hilum – is a depression or indention on the medial surface

of each lung where the structures enter or leave the lung.

 Roots – consists of structures entering or leaving the lungs

at the hila, the blood vessels and the main bronchi.

 Surfaces
 Costal surface – of the lung is that surface that lies
adjacent to the ribs and cartilages.
 The
 Diaphragmatic surface – is the part in contact with
PULMONARY
the diaphragm
SEGMENTS
 Mediastinal surface – in contact with the
mediastinum
 Fissures – are narrow grooves or slits that divide the ling
into lobes.
 Oblique fissures – can be traced around the chest
wall from the 5th thoracic vertebrae behind,
obliquely downwards, and forward to the anterior
end of the 6th rib.

 Alveoli and alveolar sacs
 Alveolus – a cup-shaped microscopic structures that
with many other similar structures form the wall of
an alveolar or air sac.(L) alveolus = a small tub or
cavity
 Functional unit of the lung
 Alveolar sac or air sac – is the expanded saclike cavity
opening from a small division (alveolar duct) of a
respiratory bronchiole.
 Lobules of the lungs – includes a respiratory
bronchiole, its alveolar ducts, their alveolar sacs and
alveoli, and the blood vessels of this unit. Each lobule
is a small division of a pulmonary segment.
 The Pleura
 Visceral pleura (NA. pulmonary pleura)
 Parietal pleura
 Pleural cavity
 The Pleura
 Forms the lining membrane of the chest and the covering of
each lung. It is a serous membrane similar to the
pericardium and peritoneum, and secretes a thin watery
fluid.
 Visceral pleura (NA. Pulmonary pleura) – covers each
lung except at the root.
 Parietal pleura – lines the chest cavity on each side.
 Diaphragmatic pleura – that part of the parietal
pleura on the upper surface of the diaphragm.
 Costal pleura – is the parietal pleura that lines the rib
cage.
 Mediastinal pleura – is the parietal pleura on each
lateral surface of the mediastinum
 Pleural cavity – is the space between the lung and the
chest wall.
 Costophrenic sinus or recess (NA. costodiaphragmatic
recess) – a narrow space where the inner surface of
the lower chest wall and the diaphragm are in
contact.
 Blood Vessels and Nerves
 Pulmonary Trunk (OT. Pulmonary artery )
 Pulmonary arteries – 1 Rt. And 1 Lt.
 They form capillaries about the alveoli for the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
 They furnish nutrients to the respiratory bronchioles
and alveolar sacs.
 Pulmonary arteries, rt. And lt. lobar, segmental, smaller
branches and lung capillaries, origin – Rt. Ventricle
 Pulmonary veins – 2 rt. and 2 lt. tributaries – termination in
left atrium
 Bronchial arteries, 1 rt. And 2 lt.
 Bronchial veins
 The vagi and sympathetic nerves
 The Mediastinum
 (L) – middle partition
 Is a vertical partition located in the
median plane of the chest and
separating the 2 lungs from each other.
 The mediastinum is divided into
superior part, and inferior part. The
inferior part is further divided into
anterior, middle, and posterior parts.
 The Physiology of Respiration
 Inspiration
 Expiration
 Process is repeated about 18 times per minute, and
is controlled by impulses from the respiratory center
in the hindbrain. Carbon dioxide circulating in the
blood stimulates this center.
 Air Capacity of the Lungs
 Vital Capacity – the volume of air that can be expelled
(breathed out) from the lungs by a forced expiration,
following the greatest possible inspiration, is 3500 to
4800 ml.
 Tidal Air – the volume of air that is breathed in or out
during normal quiet inspiration or expiration: 500 ml.
 Inspiratory reserve volume – (complemental) the
extra volume of air that can be inspired following a
normal inspiration: 1500 to 2000 ml.
 Expiratory reserve volume – (supplemental) the
volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs
following a normal expiration: 1500 ml.
 Residual Volume – the amount of air that remains in
the lungs following a forced expiration, that cannot be
expelled is 1200 to 1500 ml.
 Functions of the Respiratory System
 To supply oxygen to the blood
 To get rid of accumulated carbon dioxide
 To get rid of some moisture (water)
 To get rid of some waste products
 Anomalies of the Respiratory System
 Agenesis = no lung, lung has not formed (genesis –
production; also aplasia is similar)
 Hypoplasis = underdevelopment
 Cysts = hollow cavities filled with fluid
 Broncheoesophageal fistula = the main or other bronchus or
trachea communicates with the esophagus.
 Some Pathological Conditions
 Atelectasis – collapse of the whole or part of a lung from
obstruction of a bronchus
 Bronchiectasis – the dilatation of the bronchus
 Bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchus
 Tracheobronchitis – inflammation of trachea and bronchi
 Laryngitis – inflammation of the larynx
 Pneumonitis – inflammation of the lung
 Bronchopneumonia – inflammation of part of a lobe or
segment.
 Lobar pneumonia – inflammation of one or more lobes by a
specific microogranism
 Virus – pneumonia – inflammation due to virus
 Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura
 Pleural effusion – fluid in the pleural cavity
 Empyema – pus in the pleural cavity
 Hemothorax – blood in the pleural cavity
 Pneumothorax – air in the pleural cavity
 Encapsulated epmyema or effusion – fluid walled off in a
part of the pleural cavity.
  Radiography of the Respiratory System
 Scapulae  Heart

 Apices  Markings

 Costophrenic sinus  Diaphragm

 bronchography

 Some Operative Procedures

 Tracheotomy – an opening is made into the trachea in the
neck anteriorly so the air may pass into the lungs.
 Lobectomy – one of the pulmonary lobes is removed
 Pneumonectomy – an entire lung is removed.
 Segmental resection – a lung segment is removed.
 Thoracoplasty – the ribs are cut through in several places
and flattened in order to cause collapse of a lung.
 Thoracocentesis – insertion of a hollow needle thrugh the
chest wall into the pleural cavity to remove air or fluid.