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Fluids and Electrolytes
Fluids and Electrolytes
ISOTONIC
2. Hypertonic: High con
- same concentration/ osmolarity/ osmolarity
to blood Water loss is greater than electrolyte loss
IV fluids: Give Hypotonic
- stays in intravascular
3. Hypotonic: Low Con
HYPERTONIC
- high concentration
- fluids (cells) move into blood
- “slow infusion”
HYPOTONIC
- low concentration
- slow infusion
High Na
Normal value: 1.5 – 2.5 mEq/L Hypo: high cal = low phosphrus
Vasodilator – high blood flow, low BP, hot Hyper: low cal = high phosphorus
= flushed
Neuromuscular effects are similar to those
of Calcium
ABG Analysis
Blood ph: 7.35 – [ 7.40] – 7.45
PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg
HCO3: 22-26 meq/L
PaO2: 80-100 mmHg
O2 saturation: 95-100%
ACUTE AND CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Acute Kidney Injury / Acute Renal Failure Low GFR – Low remove: High BUN = High
creatinine= uremia = azolemia –“poisoning”
Sudden or progressive loss of kidney
function - renal mencephalopathy
Reversible or irreversible
Causes:
1. Prerenal: Low blood – kidneys
2. Intrarenal/ Intrinsic: Damage - kidney
3. Postrenal: obstruction of urine
Management:
Management:
1. Pre-insertion instruction – empty bladder
=/ bowel
2. Warm dialysate: dry heating = dry heating
= vasodilation = inc bood – inc urea excretion
(heating pad) low
abdominal cramps – creatinine = normal
3. Drainage appearance:
- cloudy: infection
- pink / clear / yellow: normal
- red: bleeding
- brown: perforated bowel
- urine/amber: perforated bladder
Diet 1. Monitor
o High Calcium Vital signs: body temp
High Na =/ High Protein – Push Ca Intake and output: Retention
– kidneys Strain: retrieve the stone – identify
o High oxalate composition
o High purine – uric acid
Activity – immobility – Ca (bones) – blood
– hypercalcemia 2. Pain
Fluid – FVD/ DHN Analgesics
Illness – UTI – “struvile store” Warm compress