LECTURE CONTENT SITUATION 3 - The table shown below tabulates the

activities for making a network diagram for a

✓ Basic Elements of Project Scheduling project together with duration and cost in normal
✓ Methods in Project Scheduling and accelerated conditions.

✓ Crashing of Project Network

Normal Conditions Accelerated
✓ Presidential Decree 1594 Activity Conditions
✓ Concrete Mix Design Duration Costs Duration Costs
(Pesos) (Pesos)
SITUATION 1 – The table below shows the schedule of 0-1 (A) 5 1000 3 1600
works necessary to carry out a construction 0-2 (B) 5 3000 4 4000
project. Critical Path Method is used for
scheduling. 0-3 (D) 3 12000 2 12000
1-2 (C) 7 3000 5 3500
2-3 (E) 4 1000 3 1500
3-4 (F) 5 1000 3 1800

7. Determine the critical path.

A. A-C-E-F B. B-D-E-F
C. A-B-E-F D. A-D-C-F
8. Determine the cost (in Pesos) if it is
accelerated to the minimum duration.
A. 21,700 B. 24,400
C. 22,500 D. 24,100
9. Determine which activity is the most cost
effective in converting to the accelerated
program.
A. Activity A B. Activity D
C. Activity C D. Activity F

SITUATION 4 – A project has been bid out by the

Department of Public Works and Highways. The
Approved Agency Estimate is P 2,000,000. The result
of responsive bids are as follows:

1. Determine the critical path for the project. Bidder A P 2,320,000

A. A-B-D-G-I-K B. A-C-H-J-K Bidder B P 2,600,000
C. A-B-E-I-K D. A-C-F-I-K Bidder C P 2,040,000
2. Determine the number of days required to carry
Bidder D P 1,780,000
out the entire project
A. 45 CD B. 65 CD Bidder E P 1,290,000
C. 55 CD D. 75 CD Bidder F P 1,650,000
3. Determine the total float of activity H. Bidder G P 2,440,000
A. 15 CD B. 25 CD Bidder H P 2,700,000
C. 20 CD D. 30 CD
4. Determine the free slack of activity F. 10. Determine which of the following are considered
as responsive bidders.
A. 18 CD B. 32 CD
A. A,D,E,F B. C,D,F,G
C. 27 CD D. 41 CD
C. B,G,H D. A,C,D,E,F
SITUATION 2 – The table below shows the schedule of 11. Which of the following most nearly gives the
activities necessary for assembling computer. By value of Allowable Government Estimate?
using Gantt Analysis, determine the following: A. P 1,911.667 B. P 2,051,250
C. P 1,908,000 D. P 1,880,000
12. Which of the following bidders should the
project be awarded?
B. Bidder A B. Bidder D
C. Bidder C D. Bidder F

SITUATION 5 – The quantities and contract prices for

a government project are as follows:

Items Quantity Unit Price (Pesos)

AAE Contract
Item 1 100 900 1,000
Item 2 50 12,000 10,000
Item 3 500 4,000 5,000
Item 4 60 7,500 6,000
Item 5 1,000 2,800 3,000
Item 6 400 2,000 1,500
5. Determine the number of days required to carry Item 7 3,000 2,100 2,000
out the entire project Item 8 20 20,000 25,000
A. A-C-F-G B. A-C-D-F-G
C. A-B-E-F-G D. A-D-F-G 13. Which of the following most nearly gives the
6. Determine the critical path for the projects (in approved agency estimate (AAE)?
weeks). C. P 13.95 M B. P 15.39 M
A. 35 B. 41 C. P 14.34 M D. P 13.44 M
C. 38 D. 44

14. Determine the complete list of the major items.

D. Items 2,5,7 B. Items 2,7
 C. Items 5,7 D. Item 8 C. 0.681 B. 0.708
C. 0.693 D. 0.715
15. Which of the following need not be covered 24. Determine the required amount of cement in kN
by a change order? for a 10 m3 concrete.
D. 23.88 B. 36.79
A. Decrease in quantity from 50 to 37 for item
C. 29.04 D. 41.35
2.
25. If the combined solid volume of cement, water,
B. Decrease in quantity from 1000 to 750 for
coarse aggregate, and entrapped air is 0.55 m3,
item
determine the weight of the dry sand (in kN).
C. Increase in quantity from 500 to 625 for
item D. Increase in quantity from 20 to 26 E. 11.65 B. 13.67
for item 8. C. 12.34 D. 14.52

SITUATION 9 – Section 426.12.2 of NSCP 2015 states

SITUATION 6 – The responsive bids for a government the provision for the frequency of testing for
project with 8 bid items are as follows: concrete. It is required to determine the number of
test sample per day for the following items:
Item Qty AAE Bid A Bid B Bid C
1 100 1000 1000 500 800 Description Dimension Qty.
2 100 20000 27000 16000 19000 Column 1m x 1m x 3.50m 12 pcs.
3 500 5000 4000 3000 5000 Beam 1m x 1.7m x 6.0m 17 pcs.
4 60 6000 5000 6000 5000 Slab 6m x 6m x 0.20m 8 pcs.
5 1000 3000 2000 2500 3000 Shear Wall 6m x 3m x 0.30m 4 pcs.
6 400 1600 2000 1500 1200
26. Determine the required number of tests per day
7 3000 3000 3000 3500 2500 according to NSCP 2015.
8 20 25000 24000 12000 33000 F. 1 B. 3

16. Which of the following most nearly gives the C. 2 D. 4

total AAE?
A. 64,600 B. 72,300
C. 71,500 D. 82,200 CONCEPTS
17. Determine the complete list of major items.
B. Items 2,8 B. Items 2,4,8 Construction
C. Item 2,4 D. Items 2,3,4,8 Is the mobilization and utilization of capital and
18. Determine the complete list of unbalanced bids. specialized personnel, materials, and equipment to
A. Bid B B. Bids A,B,C assemble materials and equipment on a specific site
C. Bids A,C D. Bids B,C in accordance with drawings, specifications, and
contract documents prepared to serve the purpose of
the client.
SITUATION 7 – It is required to produce 25 cu. m. of
Class B (1:2.5:5 mix) concrete using the below
material properties. Assume 1 bag of cement has Construction Management
volume of 0.028 cu. m. Use 26 liters of water per Is an arrangement whereby the tasks of planning,
bag of cement. Determine the following: designing, and constructing may be integrated by a
project team comprising the owner, the designer,
consultants and the contractor working together at
the construction stage of the project with the
common objective of best serving the owner’s
interest.

Basic Elements of Project Schedule

Activity on Arrow (AOA)
19. Number of bags of cement required.
A project diagram in which activities are
A. 143 B. 152 represented by arrows and are connected at points
C. 148 D. 160 called nodes to illustrate activity sequencing.
20. The quantity of sand (cu. m.) required.
A. 8.14 B. 10.38
C. 9.06 D. 11.45
21. The quantity of gravel (cu. m.) required.
A. 17.18 B. 19.63
C. 18.44 D. 20.72
22. The quantity of water (liters) required.
B. 3848 B. 3861
C. 3856 D. 3875 Event
It denotes either the start or completion of an
activity. Represents as nodes in network diagram.
SITUATION 8 – The basic date for proportioning trial A. Successor Event – The event or events which
batches for normal weight concrete with an average follow another event.
compressive strength of 25 MPa at 28 days are as B. Predecessor Event – The event or events
follows: which occur before another event.

Slump 75 mm to 100 mm Activity

Water-cement ratio by weight 0.48 It represents the distinct operation to be done as
the project proceeds. An activity (except dummy
S.G. of cement 3.15
activity) consumes time and resources as it
S.G. of coarse aggregate 2.68 happens. It is represented by an arrow between two
S.G. of fine aggregate 2.64 events in network diagram.
Water (net mixing) 180 kg/m3 Dummy Activity
Any activity which does not consume either any
Entrapped air 1%
resource or time (zero duration). It is an
Unit weight of concrete 23.6 kN/m3 artificial activity represented by dotted line,
which indicates that no succeeding activity shall
23. Determine the total solid volume (in m3) of commence until all previous activities are
water, cement, coarse aggregates, and entrapped complete.
air if the dry unit weight of coarse aggregate
is 10.1 kN/m3.
Duration (D) Estimated time it takes an activity Crashing of Project Network
to be finished. It is when you shorten the duration of a project by
reducing the time of one or more tasks.
Early Start (ES)
The earliest possible time an activity can start. Crashing is done by increasing the resources to the
project, which helps make tasks take less time than
Early Finish (EF) what they were planned for.
The earliest possible time an activity can finish.
EF = ES + D Of course, this also adds to the cost of the overall
project. Therefore, the primary objective of project
Late Start (LS) crashing is to shorten the project while also
The latest possible time an activity can start keeping costs at a minimum.
without delaying the project completion date. LS =
LF - D Presidential Decree No.1594
PRESCRIBING POLICIES, GUIDELINES, RULES & REGULATIONS FOR
Late Finish (LF) GOVERNMENT INFRASTRUCTURE CONTRACTS
The latest possible time an activity can be A. Bids
completed without delaying the overall project The implementing rules and regulation of P.D 1594
completion date. states that no award of contract shall be made to a
Bidder whose bid price is higher than the allowable
Backward Pass government estimate (AGE) or the Approved Agency
The technique that determines the LATE START and Estimate (AAE) whichever is higher, or lower than
LATE FINISH dates for each activity. seventy percent (70%) of the AGE.

Forward Pass For the purpose of these implementing rules and

The technique to determine the EARLY START and EARLY
FINISH dates for each activity.
Free Slack (FS) or Free Float (FF)
The amount of time an activity can be delayed without
delaying the early start of any immediately following
activity.
FS or FF = ES NEXT ACTIVITY – EF CURRENT ACITIVITY
Total Slack (TS) or Total Float (TF)
The amount of time an activity can be delayed from
its early start without delaying the planned project
completion date.
TF = LS – ES = LF – EF
Methods in Project Scheduling
1. Gantt Analysis (GA)
It is created by Henry Gantt during World War I for
scheduling work in factories.
It is a technique that utilizes bar charts that
illustrates a project schedule. It can show
dependencies among activities and current schedule
of those activities.
GA lists the tasks in a chart to be performed on the
vertical axis, and time intervals on the horizontal
axis. The width of the horizontal bars in the graph
shows the duration of each activity.
It illustrates the start and finish dates of the
terminal elements and summary elements of a project.
However, they do not show relationships and
dependencies between tasks as network diagrams do.
2. Critical Path Method (CPM)
It is a deterministic technique that requires
mapping out every key task that is necessary to
complete a project.
It includes identifying the amount of time necessary
to finish each activity and the dependencies of each
activity on any others.
It is used to set a realistic deadline for a project
and to track its progress along the way.
regulations, the AGE shall be equal to one-half the
sum of the AAE and the average of all responsive
bids.
For purpose of determining the average of all
responsible bids, bids higher than One Hundred
Twenty Percent (120%) of the AAE or lower than
sixty percent (60%) of the AAE shall not be
considered.
B. Unbalanced Bids
The implementing rules of PD 1594 defines an
unbalanced bid as a bid containing one or more pay
items that are 30% higher than the unit allowable
government estimate (AGE) in respect to major items
whereas other pay items are priced lower than the
unit AGE.
Major items are defined as pay items representing
at least 20% of the AAE or the first two items
having the highest percentage of the AAE or those
indicated or specified in the instruction to
bidders.
C. Change Order
The implementing rules and regulations of PD 1594
states that for a unit price contract, quantity
overruns or underruns of not more than fifteen
(15%) percent of the estimates per major pay item
and twenty-five percent (25%) per minor pay item in
the Bill of Quantities need not be covered by a
Change Order provided that the same is authorized
by the Approving Authority for the contract.
Concrete Mix Design
For designing concrete mix, ABSOLUTE VOLUME METHOD
is used. It calculates mix proportions by basis of
volume of components.
𝑊𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒
𝑉𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
𝛾𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘
𝛾𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 = 𝛾𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝛾𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘
= 𝑆. 𝐺.× 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

3. Program Evaluation & Review Technique (PERT)

A network analysis technique used to estimate
project duration when there is a high degree of
uncertainty about the individual duration estimates.

It uses probabilistic time estimates – estimates of

activity duration using optimistic, most likely and
pessimistic estimates of activity duration. Thus, it
attempts to address the risk associated with
duration estimates.
𝑂𝑇 + 4 × 𝑀𝐿𝑇 + 𝑃𝑇
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
6 same
The table above is true, on the assumption that the
cement paste enters the void of the sand and at the
instance, the composition of these two
materials fill the voids of the gravel and
thereafter, form a solid mass called concrete
equivalent to 1 cubic meter.
Frequency of Testing
426.12.2.1 Compliance Requirements:
a. Samples for preparing strength test specimens of
each concrete mixture placed each day shall be
taken in accordance with (1) through (3):

1. At least once a day;

2. At least once for each 110 m3 of concrete;
3. At least once for each 460 m2 of surface area for
slabs or walls.

b. On a given project, if total volume of

concrete is such that frequency of testing would
provide fewer than five strength tests for a given
concrete mixture, strength test specimens shall be
made from at least five randomly selected batches
or from each batch if fewer than five batches are
used;

c. If the total quantity of a given concrete

mixture is less than 38 m3, strength tests are not
required if evidence of satisfactory strength is
submitted to and approved by the building official.