10 Bl. Frederick Group 5 Final Research Proposal

University of San Agustin
Sambag, Jaro, Iloilo City

Junior High School Department
THE EFFECT OF RADIATION FROM GADGETS TO GRADE 10 BL. FREDERICK STUDENTS
A Research Paper Presented To:
The Faculty Of the Junior High School Department
University Of San Agustin
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
English and Science 10 Subjects in the Junior High School
Presented By:
Madredano, Ilczar June D.
Basañes, Reuben Syrian P.
Onayan, Matthew Allen S.
Pajanoy, Joshua Emmanuel D.
Grade 10- Bl. Frederick
January 2021
1
Acknowledgement
The Researchers of The Effects of Radiation to Grade 10 Bl. Frederick would like to give their utmost
appreciation to the participants of this research the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick SY 2021- 2022 students for their
patience, and support to the researchers.
The Researchers would like to thank their Science teacher Mrs. Mary Amabelle Pareja, for approving the
research and giving the researchers ideas for their research.
The Researchers would like to thank their English teacher Mrs. Cindy Barredo for guiding the researchers on
how to research properly and make a good research paper, and also for helping the researchers think like
proper researchers.
The Researchers would like to give their gratitude to Ma’am Joriza Tabing for helping the researchers for the
formula of the population and data analysis.
And to The Group 4; Borda, Oliver Aaron, Defensor, Jad Andrew, Figueroa, Lucky, Jaranilla, Adrian, Tupaz,
Ivan Carlo for sharing their knowledge and giving ideas to the researchers.
The leader of this research paper Reuben Syrian P. Basañes also want to express his gratefulness to the
members that participated during this research; Ilczar June D. Madredano, Joshua Emmanuel D. Pajanoy,
And Matthew Allen S. Onayan.
The Researchers are also grateful to Reuben Syrian P. Basañes for being a great leader to the researchers and
giving them motivation to keep moving forward.
To their Family and Friends for giving the researchers their support and help whenever the researchers are
troubled.
2
And lastly, to the one whom the researcher are most thankful of the Almighty Father, for answering their
prayers, for staying by their side through their problems, for showering them with ideas when they’re stuck,
and for letting the researchers meet wonderful and supporting people around them.
Table of Contents
Preliminaries
Title
Page……………………………………………………………………………………………………....page 1
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………...page 2-3
Table Of Contents…………………….……………………………………………………………...…...page 3
Chapter 1
Mythology……..……………………………………….........................................................................page 5-6
A. Background of the Study……………………...………………………..……………………………...page 6
B. Statement of the Problem………………....……………………………………..………………….....page 7
Conceptual Framework………………………...………………………………………………………...page 8
C. Hypothesis…………………………………..…………………………………………………………page 9
D. Significance of the Study..………………………………………………………………………….. page 10
E. Scope and Limitation………………………………............................................................................page 11
F. Definition of Terms………………….……………………………………………………………page 12-13
3
Chapter 2
Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………..………...page 14
Review of Related Literature…………………………………………………………………….……...page 15
Local Studies and Literature……………………………………………………………..…………..page 16-17
Foreign Studies and Literature…………………………………………………...…………………..page 18-19
Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies……………………………...…...page 20-21
Chapter 3
Methodology……………………………………………………………………..……………………...page 22
Research Design………………………………………………………………………….……………...page 23
Respondents of the Study…………………………………………………………..………………..page 23-24
Research Instrument……………………………………………………………….…………………….page 24
Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument…………………………………………………….page 25
Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………………...……………………..page 25
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………...……………………….page 26
Reference…………………………………………………. ………………………………………...page 28-30
4
Chapter I
Introduction
This chapter represents the overview of the study and has seven parts:
(1) Background of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem, (3) Conceptual Framework, (4) Hypothesis,
(5) Significance of the Study, (6) Scope and Limitation of the Study, (7) Reference
I. Background of the Study
- presents the introduction of the study, and discusses rationale for choosing the problem;
II. Statement of the Problem
- presents the problems of the study;
III. Theoretical Framework
- presents the related theories that provided important insights of this study;
IV. Hypothesis
- presents the expected results and findings of the study;
V. Significance of the Study
- identifies the advantages that can be gained from the results of the study;
VI. Scope and Limitation of the Study
- presents the target and the extent of the study;
VII. Definition of Terms
- describes the terms used in the research that might seem to be unclear to the reader and
includes both conceptual and operational definition of terms;
5
A. Background of the Study
Knowing the effects of the things we use for our everyday life is important too, and one example of
the things we use every day are the digital devices, especially in this pandemic and constant lockdowns,
where schools result into online classes to continue teaching the students, so knowing an effect or two
wouldn’t be so bad. There have been different arguments for 30 years and probably more since digital
devices have been invented and spread worldwide, particularly between parents and their children about
whether these digital devices can cause harm to them from too much use, or gadgets can be used twenty-four
hours a day without it harming them. If Radiofrequency (RF) Radiation or blue light (one of these two) that
is found in digital devices is proven that it can cause a detrimental effect to the eyes/skin of the Grade 10 Bl.
Frederick (SY 2021-2022), then this study will also show some of the specific effect or conditions the Grade
10 Bl. Frederick will attain from using their phones/computers too often than they are supposed to. If some of
the effects that can be gotten from exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation, for example Headaches,
Paresthesia, diarrhea, and lassitude (Radio Frequency and Microwave Radiation, n.d.) can also be problems
emitted by digital gadgets then it will help us in achieving our general objective, to provide the different
effects that the gadgets can emit to the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick students, thus if we learn more about these
problems we can come up with different solutions to reduce the damage by giving some advices to avoid
encountering these problems. We decided to study this to help the students of Grade 10 Bl. Frederick avoid
the problems that they can gain from spending too much time in front of their phones/computers. “The cell
phone has become the adult’s transitional object, replacing the toddler’s bear for comfort and sense of
belonging.” (Margaret Heffernan, August 26, 2013)
6
B. Statement of the Problem
This study can help the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick learn and avoid the effects that they can gain from
Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR) and Blue light from their phones, laptops, and computers.
This research will attempt to answer the following questions:
1. What are the digital devices used by the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick when taken as a whole and when grouped
according to sex?
2. How much time do the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick use or expose to digital devices in a day when taken as a
whole and when grouped according to sex?
3. What are the effects of the exposure of the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick from the blue light as a whole and when
grouped according to sex?
4. Is there significant difference on the effects of the exposure of the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick from blue light
when grouped according to sex?
7
Conceptual Framework
Assignment, games, and
activities the students do on
their digital devices.
Number of hours the students Moderating Variable

Effects on their
spend their time in front of health, eyes, and skin.
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Addiction on Video Games
and Social Media platforms.
Control Variable
(Bas Swaen, December 7, 2015)
8
C. Hypothesis
If the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick students are grouped according to gender, then there is no significant difference
on the effect of digital devices to them.
Ho: There is no significant difference on the effects of the exposure of the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick from blue
light and Radiofrequency Radiation when grouped according to sex?
Ha: There is a significant difference on the effects of the exposure of the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick from blue
light and Radiofrequency Radiation when grouped according to sex?
9
D. Significance of the Study
The finding of this study will address the conversation about the effects of radiation from gadgets to
the eye of the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick Students. The effect of radiation from gadgets to the eyes of these
students are harmful, but there is currently no scientific evidence that blue light from digital devices causes
damage to your eyes, there is also a growing concern that blue light can have long-term effects on your
health (Fatoumata Y., MD, June 13, 2019). Too much light at the wrong place or the wrong time can be
harmful. Specifically, we need to sleep when the light is out and the moon is down. An overabundance of
Radiofrequency and blue light from ever-present computers and cell phones can cause daytime fatigue and
upset our natural rhythms.
This study will also help the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick students confirm the growing concerns they can
read in the social media and they have thought of themselves but can’t confirm whether it is a myth or fact.
The study will contribute to the general knowledge of not only the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick but also
to all the people reading this research paper.
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E. Scope and Limitation
This research will be descriptive research, the researchers of this study will be researching the
effects of Radiofrequency Radiation and blue light that can affect the lives of the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick SY
2021-2022. If the researchers find the effects then they will continue this study until they find a way on how
to avoid these effects that the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick students can obtain from the Radiofrequency Radiation
and blue light. The researchers of this study will not discuss about what other kinds of radiation can be found
on the phone besides the Radiofrequency and Blue light. If the researchers will not be able to find any
problems that the Radiofrequency and blue light can affect the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick then the researchers
will conclude that the digital devices is safe to use whenever and whatever way the students want. This is
only a survey, further studies are encouraged to future researchers to test the effect of radiation.
11
F. Definition of Terms
Gadgets/Digital Devices- A piece of physical equipment that uses digital data, such as by sending, receiving
and storing or processing it. Some examples are devices that include a smartphones, tablet, and a smartwatch.
(Digital Devices, n.d.) https://www.knowitallninja.com/lessons/digital-devices-1/
In this study, they are used by the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick for their everyday lives, and is being studied to
know how can they effect the everyday lives of the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick.
Daytime Fatigue- Is an effect of little or no sleep. Also called Insomnia (Pathack, N., October 13, 2020)
https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/daytime-fatigue
In this study, it is used to assume an effect by digital devices.
Detrimental- Means to cause harm or damaging effect. (Detrimental, n.d.) https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/detrimental
In this study, it is used to describe the effect.
Lockdown- a temporary condition imposed by governmental authorities (as during the outbreak of an
epidemic disease) in which people are required to stay in their homes and refrain from or limit activities
outside the home involving public contact (such as dining out or attending large gatherings) (Lockdown,
n.d.) https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lockdown
In this study, it is used to describe a state of a country or city where people are prohibited to go outside.
Pandemic- an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area (such as multiple countries or
continents) and typically affects a significant proportion of the population : a pandemic outbreak of a
disease (Pandemic, n.d. ) https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/pandemic
In this study, it is a widespread virus or decease in the world that can harm people.
12
Headaches- Pain in the head (Headache, June 3, 2020) https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/headache
In this study, this word is used as an assumption of the effect you can gain from the Radiofrequency
Radiation of digital devices.
Paresthesia- Is an experience where you felt as though your skin was crawling, or had numbness or itching
for no apparent reason. (Pietrangelo, A., March 17, 2017) https://www.healthline.com/health/paresthesia
Diarrhea- Is characterized by loose, watery stools or a frequent need to have a bowel movement. It usually
lasts a few days and often disappears without any treatment. Diarrhea can be acute or chronic. (Higuera, V.,
September 26, 2019) https://www.healthline.com/health/diarrhea
Lassitude- a condition characterized by lack of interest, energy, or spirit (Lassitude, n.d.)
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lassitude
13
Chapter II
Introduction
This chapter represents the overview of the study and has four parts:
(1) Review of Related Literature, (2) Local Studies and Literature, (3) Foreign Studies and Literature. (4)
Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Studies and Literature
I. Review of Related Literature
- presents review of the plans of researchers for their research paper.
II. Local Studies and Literature
- presents the summary of what the researchers have read from existing studies and literature of the
Philippines.
III. Foreign Studies and Literature
- presents the summary of what the researchers have read from existing studies and literature of other
countries.
IV. Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Studies and Literature
- presents how the local and foreign studies helped the researchers make progress on their research.
14
Review of Related Literature
The researchers of this study strive to learn more about the effects of Radiation (RFR, and Blue
Light) from digital devices to the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick Students SY 2021-2022, in order to help them avoid
having problems.
As a recap in the chapter 1 the researchers; determined the problems in the study, that is needed to
be answered in the end of this research; made a hypothesis that states “There is no significant difference on
the effect of exposure to Blue Light and Radiofrequency Radiation when grouped to gender?”; stated why the
study is important, they explained that the study will help the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick students learn the
effects they can gain from using digital devices, and how can they avoid it.; And lastly they stated their scope
and limitation, where, they will study: the effects of Radiation to the students, and how can they avoid this.
They also said that if they are unable to find any effects that the students can gain from Radiation, then they
will conclude that digital devices are safe to use.
15
Local Studies and Literature
According to a group of researchers from the University of Toledo that exposure to blue light from
digital device screens gradually damages vision and accelerate blindness. Blue light is scientifically defined
as short wavelength belonging to the 400-495 nanometer range in the visible light spectrum, containing high
energy. This light is said to potentially trigger the creation of poisonous molecules in the eye’s light-sensitive
cells which speeds up macular degeneration and loss of vision
While there is no official study about the digitals device’s Radiofrequency Radiation in the
Philippines, instead, the researchers found a study about Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) that can be found
in the phone. This study was conducted by Jaime Montoya, the Philippine Council for Health Research and
Development’s (PCHRD) executive director. According to their research, there is no conclusive evidence
that electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from cellular phone poses risks to humans.
According to a research conducted by Rafael Castillo from Inquirer, in a phone there is an antenna
and that is the major source of Radiofrequency (RF) Radiation, but modern phone does not have visible
external antennas, in the modern phone the whole body of the phone acts as the antenna. The closer the
phones body to the user, the more they are exposed to RF Radiation, he theorized. But, as the research goes
on, as he reviewed a scientific literature concerning the relationship of cell phone usage and brain tumor, he
found out that there is no clear link between the two. There is also the largest data source called Interphones
studies, concluded that cell phone exposure does not increase the risk of brain tumors.
16
And Lastly according to a study from Philippine Eye Research Institute (PERI), the physician
warned, on Maki Pulido’s Friday report in “24 Oras”, that smart phone and tablet screens exposure was
damaging the eyesight of children, adding the fact that children nowadays lack exposure to nature sunlight.
Why is it important that children from 2 to 12 years old are exposed to sunlight? Children on those ages are
still developing their eye sight, and sunlight helps their eye sight develop normally. Lack of exposure to
sunlight will stop the proper growth of the eyes, making the eyes elongate, and when the eyes are elongated,
myopia or nearsightedness will occur in your eyes, explained by the Philippine Eye Research Institute
Director Dr. Leo Cubillan. As we age the center of our vision also known as fovea, is gradually damaged,
and it was recently discovered that it can be associated with exposure to blue light, Dr. Cubillan added.
17
Foreign Studies and Literature
This is a study from the U.S Department of Health and Human Services, and in order to study the
cell phones Radiofrequency Radiation the National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted two-year
toxicology studies in rats and mice to help clarify potential health hazards, including cancer risk, from
exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR) like that used in 2G and 3G cell phones which operate within a
range of frequencies from about 700- 2700 megahertz (MHz) (Cell Phone Radio Frequency Radiation,
November 2018). In this study the NTP scientist found that RFR exposure was associated with an increase in
DNA damage. Specifically, they found RFR exposure was linked with significant increases in DNA damages
in; the frontal cortex of the brain in male mice; the blood cells of female mice; and, the hippocampus of male
rats.
According to the research of Harvard University, by comparing the effects of 6.5 hours of exposure
to blue light to green light of comparable brightness. The blue light suppressed melatonin for about twice as
long as green light and shifted circadian rhythms by twice as much. This means that physical, mental, and
behavioral changes became more frequent with blue light.
According to the study of American Cancer Society on Radiofrequency (RF) Radiation, through the
explanation that the RF Radiation comes from the cell phones antenna, where in the modern phone the
antenna is part of the phone body. People are exposed to RF Radiation when the phone is hold against the
head during a phone call, and the closer the antenna is to the user’s head, the greater they are exposed to RF
Radiation. They also included the factors that can affect the amount of energy from RF Radiation a person
can be exposed to which are; the amount of time the person is on the phone.; Whether the person is holding
18
the phone close to the head, or is instead using the speaker mode or a hands-free device.; The distance of a
person to the nearest cell phone tower.; The amount of cell phone traffic in the area at the time.; The model
of phone being used.
The American Cancer Society also have a concern, whether phones might cause tumors near the
head which are; Malignant brain tumors, such as gliomas.; Non-cancerous tumors of the brain such as
meningioma.; Non-cancerous tumors of the nerve connecting the brain to the ear.; And tumors of the salivary
Glands.
The researchers of American Cancer Society also conducted 2 main types of studies on lab using lab
animals or cell culture and on groups of people, to try determining if something might cause cancer. Their
study on lab animals showed that cell phones don’t have enough energy to damage DNA directly or to heat
body tissues; this made the possibility of phones causing cancer unclear. The limitation also didn’t allow
conclusions to be drawn regarding the ability of RF Radiation to cause cancer. The studies on people also
have unclear results, they compared patients with brain tumors and people who didn’t have brain tumors, in
terms of their past cell phone use. Some studies found possible links between cell phone use and brain
tumors, while others have not.
19
Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies
The Local studies helped the researchers confirm that the blue light from digital devices screen can
damage the vision and can accelerate blindness, which means the study of researchers from University of
Toledo and Philippine Eye Research Institute (PERI), confirms the goal of our researchers; that digital device
can affect the daily lives of the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick students.
The local study relieved the researchers for giving additional information that Electromagnetic
Radiation (EMR) from cellular phones poses no risk to humans.
The Research of Rafael Castillo informed the researchers that there is no connection between Brain
tumor and Radiofrequency. While the American Cancer Society states that there is a growing concern that
Brain Tumors have connections on Cell Phone use. The researchers will not ignore this and will conduct
further research.
The foreign studies helped the researchers for giving them information about the lacking research of
local study in Radiofrequency Radiation (RFR). Through toxicology research in mice and rats, the
researchers found out that RFR can also be a potential threat to the everyday lives of Grade 10 Bl. Frederick
Students, while the study on RFR to humans remain unclear. But this will remain as theoretical and only a
potential threat because the experiment used rats and mice, the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick students are of
humans species, and their might be a huge difference in the positive side when it comes to the effect to the
humans compared to animals.
20
The Harvard study on Blue Light also helped the researchers through informing them that blue light
can suppress the melatonin, which means through artificial light sleep quality is reduced by suppressing the
hormone melatonin and may also have negative health effects. The study also gave the researchers an idea of
they should advice to avoid these negative health effects.
21
Chapter 3
Introduction
This chapter represents the collection of data and has six parts:
(1) Research Design, (2) Respondents of the Study, (3) Research Instrument, (4) Validity of the Research
Instrument, (5) Data Gathering Procedure, (6) Data Analysis
I. Research Design
- presents the strategy the researchers used to integrate the different components of the study.
II. Respondents of the Study
- presents characteristics of the people responding to the survey made by the researchers.
III. Research Instrument
- presents the research instrument by the researchers.
IV. Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument
- presents proof that the research instrument provided by the researchers to the respondents is valid.
V. Data Gathering Procedure
- presents procedure the researchers used to gather the data.
VI. Data Analysis
- presents the statistical analysis procedure the researchers did to the data they obtained from the respondents.
22
Research Design
This study used the descriptive research design, as the study revolves around knowing the effects of
Radiofrequency Radiation to the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick students; this is the best research design for the
study. The researchers will collect data through a questionnaire.
Respondents of the Study
The researchers will be using purposive sampling. And the chosen respondents will be in University
of San Agustin Basic Education Department the Grade 10 Bl. Frederick SY 2021-2022 which includes 47
students. They are very suiting in the population of the researchers because; First, they use digital devices
(Laptop, Computer, and Mobile Phone) everyday; they have both male and female; Second, they have a
number of 47 students which is enough responders for the researchers; and lastly, they are responsive and
willing people.
23
Research Instrument
The research instrument that will be used is a questionnaire made by the researchers. The
researchers will fill the survey with questions, in a form of Multiple Choice, Yes or No, Check Boxes, and
Open Ended Questions. The survey will also ask about their name, sex, age, and problems/symptoms they
encountered through their use of digital devices.
Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument
Questionnaire is not validated by experts.
24
Data Gathering Procedure
First, the researchers will be validating the questionnaire through making an expert review their
questionnaire and ask for a validation. Second, the researchers will be messaging/distributing the
questionnaire to each Grade 10 Bl. Frederick Students through the app messenger, and ask if they are willing
to answer the survey. The students will also be assured that the data the researchers receive will not to be
shown to other people and will be kept confidential. Finally, the researchers will collect the data, arrange
them and examine the answers of the students through a stat tool of mean and frequency, and t-testing
independent samples from the 47 students.
25
Data Analysis
In order to make it easy for the researchers to understand the meaning of the data they gather they
will use the following statistical treatment:
1. Frequency and Percentage
The researchers will use this in order to categorize the respondents according to their Gender, Age,
Weight and Height.
This will also be used in order to determine what problem have the respondents encountered the
most during the time they use the digital device.
Formula: Where:
𝐹
P = 𝑁 × 100 P = Percentage
F = Frequency
N = Number of Respondents
100 = Constant Value
26
2. Mean- Ungrouped
The researchers will use this in order to determine the time spent by the respondents in a day using
Formula: Where:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯𝑥𝑛
𝑥̅ = 𝑥̅ = Mean
𝑛
x = midpoint of time
f = Frequency
𝑛 = total number of students
3. Independent Samples t-test
The researchers will use this in order to compare two independent groups to determine whether there
is statistical evidence that the associated population means are significantly different.
Formula: Where:
𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 2
t=𝑆 𝑥̅1 = Mean of first sample 𝑆𝑝 = Pooled standard deviation
𝑝 1 1
√𝑛 + 𝑛
1 2
𝑥̅ 2 = Mean of second sample
𝑛1 = Sample size of first sample
𝑛2 = Sample size of second sample
27
Reference
American Cancer Society (June 1, 2020) Cellular (Cell) Phones. Retrieved from
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-exposure/cellular-phones.html
Swaen B. (December 7, 2015) Constructing a conceptual Framework. Retrieved From
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/conceptual-framework
Blake, K. (April 29, 2019) What Causes Loss of Appetite. Retrieved From
https://www.healthline.com/health/appetite-decreased
Castillo, R. (October 14, 2011) Does prolonged cell phone use cause brain tumors? Retrieved from
https://business.inquirer.net/24725/does-prolonged-cell-phone-use-cause-brain-tumors
Chua, K. (August 13, 2018) Blue Light from phone screens may gradually cause blindness – study. Retrieved
from https://www.rappler.com/technology/phone-blue-light-blindness-cause
Cell Phone Radio Frequency Radiation (November 2018) Retrieved from
https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/topics/cellphones/index.html
Detrimental (n.d.) Retrieved From https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/detrimental
Diarrhea (n.d) Retrieved from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352241
Digital Devices 1 (n.d.) Retrieved From https://www.knowitallninja.com/lessons/digital-devices-1/
Fatoumata Y., MD (June 13, 2019) Retrieved From https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/blog/blue-light-and-vision
28
Galan N., RN (August 9, 2017) What to Know About Paresthesia. Retrieved from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318845
Glioma (n.d) Retrieved from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioma/symptoms-causes/syc-20350251
GMA Network (November 8, 2019) Excessive blue light from gadgets damaging to children’s vision – PERI.
Retrieved from https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/healthandwellness/714791/excessive-blue-light-
from-gadgets-damaging-to-children-s-vision-peri/story/
Higuera, V. (September 26, 2019) Retrieved From https://www.healthline.com/health/diarrhea
Headache (June 3, 2020) Retrieved From https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/headache
Heffernan, M. (August 26, 2013) Why Putting Down Your Cell Phone Will Help Your Business. Retrieved
From https://www.inc.com/margaret-heffernan/put-the-cell-phone-away.html
Lassitude (n.d.) Retrieved From https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lassitude
Lockdown (n.d.) Retrieved From https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lockdown
Pandemic (n.d.) Retrieved From https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pandemic
Pathack, N. (October 13, 2020) Retrieved From https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/daytime-fatigue
Pietrangelo, A. (March 17, 2017) Retrieved From https://www.healthline.com/health/paresthesia
Risk to Health and Well-Being From Radio-Frequency Radiation Emitted by Cell Phones and Other Wireless
29
Ronda, R. A. (July 27, 2014) ‘No conclusive evidence in health risk from cell phone radiation’. Retrieved
from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/07/27/1350783/no-conclusive-evidence-health-risk-cell-
phone-radiation
SPSS TUTORIALS: INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST (n.d) Retrieved from
https://libguides.library.kent.edu/spss/independentttest
Swaen B. (December 7, 2015) Constructing a conceptual Framework. Retrieved From
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/conceptual-framework
What is Blue Light? The effect of Blue Light has on your sleep and more. (July 7, 2020) Retrieved from
https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/blue-light-has-a-dark-side
Yanoga, F., MD (June 13, 2019) Does Blue Light from electronic devices damage our eyes. Retrieved From
https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/blog/blue-light-and-vision
30

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University of San Agustin

Sambag, Jaro, Iloilo City

THE EFFECT OF RADIATION FROM GADGETS TO GRADE 10 BL. FREDERICK STUDENTS

A Research Paper Presented To:

The Faculty Of the Junior High School Department

University Of San Agustin

Sambag, Jaro, Iloilo City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

English and Science 10 Subjects in the Junior High School

Madredano, Ilczar June D.

Basañes, Reuben Syrian P.

Onayan, Matthew Allen S.

Pajanoy, Joshua Emmanuel D.

Grade 10- Bl. Frederick

patience, and support to the researchers.

research and giving the researchers ideas for their research.

formula of the population and data analysis.

And Matthew Allen S. Onayan.

giving them motivation to keep moving forward.

A. Background of the Study……………………...………………………..……………………………...page 6

B. Statement of the Problem………………....……………………………………..………………….....page 7

D. Significance of the Study..………………………………………………………………………….. page 10

E. Scope and Limitation………………………………............................................................................page 11

F. Definition of Terms………………….……………………………………………………………page 12-13

Review of Related Literature…………………………………………………………………….……...page 15

Local Studies and Literature……………………………………………………………..…………..page 16-17

Foreign Studies and Literature…………………………………………………...…………………..page 18-19

Synthesis and Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies……………………………...…...page 20-21

Respondents of the Study…………………………………………………………..………………..page 23-24

Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument…………………………………………………….page 25

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………………...……………………..page 25

Reference…………………………………………………. ………………………………………...page 28-30

I. Background of the Study

II. Statement of the Problem

- presents the problems of the study;

III. Theoretical Framework

- presents the expected results and findings of the study;

V. Significance of the Study

VI. Scope and Limitation of the Study

- presents the target and the extent of the study;

VII. Definition of Terms

includes both conceptual and operational definition of terms;

A. Background of the Study

belonging.” (Margaret Heffernan, August 26, 2013)

B. Statement of the Problem

This research will attempt to answer the following questions:

whole and when grouped according to sex?

grouped according to sex?

when grouped according to sex?

Assignment, games, and

activities the students do on

their digital devices.

Number of hours the students Moderating Variable

Addiction on Video Games

and Social Media platforms.

(Bas Swaen, December 7, 2015)

on the effect of digital devices to them.

light and Radiofrequency Radiation when grouped according to sex?

light and Radiofrequency Radiation when grouped according to sex?

D. Significance of the Study

upset our natural rhythms.

to all the people reading this research paper.

E. Scope and Limitation

(Digital Devices, n.d.) https://www.knowitallninja.com/lessons/digital-devices-1/