Lee Enfield

Lee–Enfield
The Lee–Enfield is a bolt-action, magazine-fed, repeating

Lee–Enfield
rifle that served as the main firearm used by the military
forces of the British Empire and Commonwealth during
the first half of the 20th century. It was the British Army's
standard rifle from its official adoption in 1895 until
1957.[10][11] The WWI versions are often referred to as
the "SMLE", which is short for the common "Short,
Magazine, Lee–Enfield" variant.
A redesign of the Lee–Metford (adopted by the British

Army in 1888), the Lee–Enfield superseded the earlier Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I (1903),
Martini–Henry, Martini–Enfield, and Lee–Metford rifles. Swedish Army Museum, Stockholm
It featured a ten-round box magazine which was loaded
Type Bolt-action rifle
with the .303 British cartridge manually from the top,
either one round at a time or by means of five-round Place of origin United Kingdom
chargers. The Lee–Enfield was the standard issue weapon Service history
to rifle companies of the British Army and other
Commonwealth nations in both the First and Second In service MLE: 1895–1926
World Wars (these Commonwealth nations included SMLE: 1904–
Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India and South Africa, present
among others).[12] Although officially replaced in the UK Used by See Users
with the L1A1 SLR in 1957, it remained in widespread
Wars List
British service until the early/mid-1960s and the 7.62 mm
L42A1 sniper variant remained in service until the 1990s. Second Boer War
As a standard-issue infantry rifle, it is still found in service World War I
in the armed forces of some Commonwealth nations,[13] Easter Rising
notably with the Bangladesh Police, which makes it the
second longest-serving military bolt-action rifle still in Various colonial
official service, after the Mosin–Nagant (Mosin-Nagant conflicts
receivers are used in the Finnish 7.62 Tkiv 85).[14] The Polish-Soviet War
Canadian Rangers unit still use Enfield rifles, with plans Irish War of
to replace the weapons sometime in 2017–2018 with the
Independence
new Sako-designed Colt Canada C19.[15] Total
production of all Lee–Enfields is estimated at over 17 Irish Civil War
million rifles.[8] Spanish Civil War
World War II
The Lee–Enfield takes its name from the designer of the
rifle's bolt system—James Paris Lee—and the factory in Indonesian National
which it was designed—the Royal Small Arms Factory in Revolution
Enfield. Bangladesh
Liberation War
Indo-Pakistani Wars
Contents Greek Civil War
Design and history Malayan Emergency
Models/marks of Lee–Enfield rifle and service French Indochina
periods War
Magazine Lee–Enfield Korean War
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I 1948 Arab–Israeli
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III War
Pattern 1913 Enfield Border Campaign
Pattern 1914/US M1917 (Irish Republican
Army)
Inter-war period
Mau Mau Uprising[1]
Lee–Enfield No. 1 Mk V
Suez Crisis
Rifle No. 4
Algerian War
Rifle No. 5 Mk I—the "Jungle Carbine"
Congo Crisis
Lee–Enfield conversions and training models
Battle of Mengo Hill
Sniper rifles
Nigerian Civil War
.22 training rifles
Muskets and shotguns Vietnam War
Civilian conversions and variants Rhodesian Bush War
L59A1 Drill Rifle Cypriot
Special service Lee–Enfields: Commando and intercommunal
automatic models violence[2]
Charlton Automatic Rifles The Troubles[3]
De Lisle Commando carbine Sino-Indian War[4]
Ekins Automatic Rifle
Dhofar Rebellion[5]
Howard Francis carbine
Zanzibar
Howell Automatic Rifle
Revolution[6]
Rieder Automatic Rifle
Chadian Civil War
Conversion to 7.62×51mm NATO
Turkish invasion of
Ishapore 2A/2A1
Cyprus[7]
Production and manufacturers
Uganda–Tanzania
List of manufacturers
War[6]
Australian International Arms No. 4 Mk IV
Soviet–Afghan War
Khyber Pass Copies
Armalon Nepalese Civil War
Afghanistan conflict
Contemporary service
Iraq War
Civilian use
Production history
Variants
Designer James Paris Lee,
Users
RSAF Enfield
See also
Produced MLE: 1895–1904
Notes
SMLE: 1904–
References present
External links
No. built 17,000,000+[8]
Variants See Models/marks
Specifications
Design and history
Mass 4.19 kg (9.24 lb) (Mk
The Lee–Enfield rifle was derived from the earlier Lee– I)
Metford, a mechanically similar black-powder rifle, which 3.96 kg (8.73 lb) (Mk
combined James Paris Lee's rear-locking bolt system that III)
had a barrel featuring rifling designed by William Ellis
Metford. The Lee action cocked the striker on the closing 4.11 kg (9.06 lb) (No.
stroke of the bolt, making the initial opening much faster 4)
and easier compared to the "cock on opening" (i.e., the Length MLE: 49.6 in
firing pin cocks upon opening the bolt) of the Mauser
(1,260 mm)
Gewehr 98 design. The bolt has a relatively short bolt
throw and features rear-mounted lugs and the bolt SMLE No. 1 Mk III:
operating handle places the bolt knob just rearwards of the 44.57 in (1,132 mm)
trigger at a favourable ergonomic position close to the Rifle No. 4 Mk I:
operator's hand. The action features helical locking 44.45 in (1,129 mm)
surfaces (the technical term is interrupted threading). This
means that final head space is not achieved until the bolt LEC: 40.6 in
handle is turned down all the way. The British probably (1,030 mm)
used helical locking lugs to allow for chambering Rifle No. 5 Mk I:
imperfect or dirty ammunition and that the closing cam 39.5 in (1,003 mm)
action is distributed over the entire mating faces of both
bolt and receiver lugs. This is one reason the bolt closure Barrel length MLE: 30.2 in
feels smooth. The rifle was also equipped with a (767 mm)
detachable sheet-steel, 10-round, double-column SMLE No. 1 Mk III:
magazine, a very modern development in its day. 25.2 in (640 mm)
Originally, the concept of a detachable magazine was
Rifle No. 4 Mk I:
opposed in some British Army circles, as some feared that
the private soldier might be likely to lose the magazine 25.2 in (640 mm)
during field campaigns. Early models of the Lee–Metford LEC: 21.2 in
and Lee–Enfield even used a short length of chain to (540 mm)
secure the magazine to the rifle.[16] To further facilitate Rifle No. 5 Mk I:
rapid aimed fire the rifle can be cycled by most riflemen
18.8 in (480 mm)
without loss of sight picture.
These design features facilitate rapid cycling and fire Cartridge .303 Mk VII SAA Ball
compared to other bolt-action designs like the Mauser.[11]
Action Bolt-action
The Lee bolt-action and 10-round magazine capacity
enabled a well-trained rifleman to perform the "mad Rate of fire 20–30 aimed shots
minute" firing 20 to 30 aimed rounds in 60 seconds, per minute
making the Lee–Enfield the fastest military bolt-action Muzzle velocity 744 m/s (2,441 ft/s)
rifle of the day. The current world record for aimed bolt-
action fire was set in 1914 by a musketry instructor in the Effective firing range 550 yd (503 m)[9]
British Army—Sergeant Instructor Snoxall—who placed Maximum firing range 3,000 yd (2,743 m)[9]
38 rounds into a 12-inch-wide (300 mm) target at 300
Feed system 10-round magazine,
yards (270 m) in one minute.[17] Some straight-pull bolt-
loaded with 5-round
action rifles were thought faster, but lacked the simplicity,
reliability, and generous magazine capacity of the Lee– charger clips
Enfield. Several First World War accounts tell of British Sights Sliding ramp rear
troops repelling German attackers who subsequently sights, fixed-post
reported that they had encountered machine guns, when front sights, "dial"
in fact it was simply a group of well-trained riflemen long-range volley;
armed with SMLE Mk III rifles.[18][19]
The Lee–Enfield was adapted to fire the .303 British telescopic sights on
service cartridge, a rimmed, high-powered rifle round. sniper models. Fixed
Experiments with smokeless powder in the existing Lee– and adjustable
Metford cartridge seemed at first to be a simple upgrade, aperture sights
but the greater heat and pressure generated by the new incorporated onto
smokeless powder wore away the shallow, rounded,
later variants
Metford rifling after approximately 6000 rounds.[10]
Replacing this with a new square-shaped rifling system
designed at the Royal Small Arms Factory (RSAF) Enfield solved the
problem, and the Lee–Enfield was born.[10]
Models/marks of Lee–Enfield rifle and service

Standard Mk VII .303-inch cartridge
periods for Lee–Enfield rifle
Model/Mark In service
Magazine Lee–
1895–1926
Enfield
Charger
Loading Lee– 1906–1926
Enfield
Short
Magazine Lee– 1904–1926
Enfield Mk I
Short
Magazine Lee– 1906–1927
Enfield Mk II
Short
Magazine Lee–
1907–present
Enfield Mk
III/III*
Short
Magazine Lee– 1922–1924 (trials only; 20,000 produced)
Enfield Mk V
Rifle No. 1 Mk 1930 (trials only; 1,025 produced and leftover
VI parts assembled into rifles early in WWII)
1931–present (2,500 trials examples
Rifle No. 4 Mk
produced in the 1930s, then mass production
I
from mid-1941 onwards)
Rifle No. 4 Mk
1942–present
I*
Rifle No 5 Mk I 1944–present (produced 1944–1947) BSA-
"Jungle Shirley produced 81,329 rifles and ROF
Carbine" Fazakerley 169,807 rifles.
Rifle No. 4 Mk
1949–present
2
Rifle 7.62 mm
1964–present
2A
Rifle 7.62 mm
1965–present
2A1
Magazine Lee–Enfield
The Lee–Enfield rifle was introduced in November 1895 as the .303
calibre, Rifle, Magazine, Lee–Enfield,[10] or more commonly
Magazine Lee–Enfield, or MLE (sometimes spoken as "emily"
instead of M, L, E). The next year, a shorter version was introduced
as the Lee–Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I, or LEC, with a 21.2- A Magazine Lee Enfield Mk I* rifle
("Long Tom"), used in the Second
inch (540 mm) barrel as opposed to the 30.2-inch (770 mm) one in the
Boer War by the New Zealand
"long" version.[10] Both underwent a minor upgrade series in 1899
Mounted Rifles.
(the omission of the cleaning / clearing rod), becoming the Mk I*.[20]
Many LECs (and LMCs in smaller numbers) were converted to
special patterns, namely the New Zealand Carbine and the Royal Irish Constabulary Carbine, or NZ and
RIC carbines, respectively.[21] Some of the MLEs (and MLMs) were converted to load from chargers, and
designated Charger Loading Lee–Enfields, or CLLEs.[22]
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I

A shorter and lighter version of the original MLE—the Rifle, Short, Magazine, Lee–Enfield or SMLE
(sometimes spoken as "Smelly", rather than S, M, L, E)[14]—was introduced on 1 January 1904. The barrel
was now halfway in length between the original long rifle and the carbine, at 25.2 inches (640 mm).[23] The
SMLE's visual trademark was its blunt nose, with only the bayonet boss protruding a small fraction of an inch
beyond the nosecap, being modelled on the Swedish Model 1894 Cavalry Carbine. The new rifle also
incorporated a charger loading system,[24] another innovation borrowed from the Mauser rifle and is notably
different from the fixed "bridge" that later became the standard, being a charger clip (stripper clip) guide on the
face of the bolt head.[25] The shorter length was controversial at the time; many Rifle Association members
and gunsmiths were concerned that the shorter barrel would not be as accurate as the longer MLE barrels, that
the recoil would be much greater and the sighting radius would be too short.[26]
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III

The best-known Lee–Enfield rifle, the SMLE Mk III, was
introduced on 26 January 1907, along with a Pattern 1907 bayonet
and featured a simplified rear sight arrangement and a fixed, rather
than a bolt-head-mounted sliding, charger guide.[14] The design of the
handguards and the magazine were also improved and the chamber
was adapted to fire the new Mk VII High Velocity spitzer .303
ammunition. Many early models, Magazine Lee–Enfield (MLE), Short Magazine Lee–Enfield No. 1
Mk. III
Magazine Lee–Metford (MLM) and SMLE, were rebuilt to the Mk III
standard. These are called Mk IV Cond., with various asterisks
denoting subtypes.[27]
During the First World War, the SMLE Mk III was found to be too complicated to manufacture (an SMLE Mk
III rifle cost the British Government £3/15/–) and demand outstripped supply; in late 1915 the Mk III* was
introduced, which incorporated several changes, the most prominent of which were the deletion of the
magazine cut-off mechanism, which when engaged permits the feeding and extraction of single cartridges only
while keeping the cartridges in the magazine in reserve and the long-range volley sights.[28][27][29] The
windage adjustment of the rear sight was also dispensed with, and the cocking piece was changed from a
round knob to a serrated slab.[30] Rifles with some or all of these features present are found, as the changes
were implemented at different times in different factories and as stocks of parts were depleted.[31] The
magazine cut-off was reinstated after the First World War ended and
not entirely dispensed with in manufacturing until 1933 and some
rifles with cut-offs remained into the 1960s.[30]
The inability of the principal manufacturers (RSAF Enfield, The

Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited and London Small Arms
Co. Ltd) to meet military production demands, led to the development
of the "peddled scheme", which contracted out the production of
whole rifles and rifle components to several shell companies.[32]
An Indian rifleman with a SMLE Mk
The SMLE Mk III* (renamed Rifle No.1 Mk III* in 1926) saw
III, Egypt, 16 May 1940.
extensive service throughout the Second World War, especially in the
North African, Italian, Pacific and Burmese theatres in the hands of
British and Commonwealth forces. Australia and India retained and
manufactured the SMLE Mk III* as their standard rifle during the
conflict and the rifle remained in Australian military service through
the Korean War, until it was replaced by the L1A1 SLR in the late
1950s.[33] The Lithgow Small Arms Factory finally ceased
production of the SMLE Mk III* in 1953.[27]
The Rifle Factory Ishapore at Ishapore in India produced the Mk III*

in .303 British and then upgraded the manufactured strength by heat
treatment of the receiver and bolt to fire 7.62×51mm NATO Israeli female soldiers equipped with
the SMLE Mk III during the 1948
ammunition, the model 2A, which retained the 2,000 yard rear sight
Arab–Israeli War
as the metric conversion of distance was very close to the flatter
trajectory of the new ammunition, then changed the rear sight to
800 m re-named model 2A1. Manufactured until at least the 1980s
and continues to produce a sporting rifle based on the Mk III* action.
The rifle became known simply as the "three-oh-three".[34]
Pattern 1913 Enfield

Magazine cut-off on an SMLE Mk III
Due to the poor performance of the .303 British cartridge during the rifle. This feature was removed on
Second Boer War from 1899–1902, the British attempted to replace the Mk III* rifle.
the round and the Lee–Enfield rifle that fired it. The main deficiency
of the rounds at the time was that they used heavy, round-nosed
bullets that had low muzzle velocities and poor ballistic performance. The 7×57mm Mauser rounds fired from
the Mauser Model 1895 rifle had a higher velocity, flatter trajectory and longer range, making them superior on
the open country of the South African plains. Work on a long-range replacement cartridge began in 1910 and
resulted in the .276 Enfield in 1912. A new rifle based on the Mauser design was created to fire the round,
called the Pattern 1913 Enfield. Although the .276 Enfield had better ballistics, troop trials in 1913 revealed
problems including excessive recoil, muzzle flash, barrel wear and overheating. Attempts were made to find a
cooler-burning propellant but further trials were halted in 1914 by the onset of the First World War. This
proved fortunate for the Lee–Enfield, as wartime demand and the improved Mk VII loading of the .303 round
caused it to be retained for service.[35]
Pattern 1914/US M1917

The Pattern 1914 Enfield and M1917 Enfield rifles are based on the Enfield-designed P1913, itself a Mauser
98 derivative and not based on the Lee action, and are not part of the Lee–Enfield family of rifles, although
they are frequently assumed to be.[36]
Inter-war period
In 1926, the British Army changed their nomenclature; the SMLE
became known as the Rifle No. 1 Mk III or III*, with the original
MLE and LEC becoming obsolete along with the earlier SMLE
models.[37] Many Mk III and III* rifles were converted to .22 rimfire
calibre training rifles, and designated Rifle No. 2, of varying marks.
(The Pattern 1914 became the Rifle No. 3.)[37]
The SMLE design was a relatively expensive long arm to

manufacture, because of the many forging and machining operations
required. In the 1920s, a series of experiments resulting in design
changes were carried out to help with these problems, reducing the
number of complex parts and refining manufacturing processes. The Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk I Long Branch
SMLE Mk V (later Rifle No. 1 Mk V), adopted a new receiver- aperture sights
mounted aperture sighting system, which moved the rear sight from its
former position on the barrel.[38] The increased gap resulted in an
improved sighting radius, improving sighting accuracy and the aperture improved speed of sighting over
various distances. In the stowed position, a fixed distance aperture battle sight calibrated for 300 yd (274 m)
protruded saving further precious seconds when laying the sight to a target. An alternative developed during
this period was to be used on the No. 4 variant, a "battle sight" was developed that allowed for two set
distances of 300 yards and 600 yards to be quickly deployed and was cheaper to produce than the "ladder
sight". The magazine cutoff was also reintroduced and an additional band was added near the muzzle for
additional strength during bayonet use.[38] The design was found to be even more complicated and expensive
to manufacture than the Mk III and was not developed or issued, beyond a trial production of about 20,000
rifles between 1922 and 1924 at RSAF Enfield.[38]
Lee–Enfield No. 1 Mk V
Long before the No. 4 Mk I, Britain had obviously settled on the rear aperture sight prior to WWI, with
modifications to the SMLE being tested as early as 1911, as well as later on the No. 1 Mk III pattern rifle.
These unusual rifles have something of a mysterious service history, but represent a missing link in SMLE
development. The primary distinguishing feature of the No. 1 Mk V is the rear aperture sight. Like the No. 1
Mk III* it lacked a volley sight and had the wire loop in place of the sling swivel at the front of magazine well
along with the simplified cocking piece. The Mk V did retain a magazine cut-off, but without a spotting hole,
the piling swivel was kept attached to a forward barrel band, which was wrapped over and attached to the rear
of the nose cap to reinforce the rifle for use with the standard Pattern 1907 bayonet. Other distinctive features
include a nose cap screw was slotted for the width of a coin for easy removal, a safety lever on the left side of
the receiver was slightly modified with a unique angular groove pattern, and the two-piece hand guard being
extended from the nose cap to the receiver, omitting the barrel mounted leaf sight. No. 1 Mk V rifles were
manufactured solely by R.S.A.F. Enfield from 1922–1924, with a total production of roughly 20,000 rifles, all
of which marked with a "V".
The No. 1 Mk VI also introduced a heavier "floating barrel" that was independent of the forearm, allowing
the barrel to expand and contract without contacting the forearm and interfering with the 'zero', the correlation
between the alignment of the barrel and the sights. The floating barrel increased the accuracy of the rifle by
allowing it to vibrate freely and consistently, whereas wooden forends in contact with barrels, if not properly
fitted, affected the harmonic vibrations of the barrel. The receiver-mounted rear sights and magazine cutoff
were also present and 1,025 units were produced in the 1930 period.[39]
Rifle No. 4
In the early 1930s, a batch of 2,500 No. 4 Mk. I rifles
were made for trials. These were similar to the No. 1 Mk.
VI but had a flat left side and did away with the
chequering on the furniture. Observed examples are
dated 1931 and 1933. Roughly 1,400 of these were
converted to No. 4 MK. I (T) sniper rifles in 1941–1942
at RSAF Enfield.
By the late 1930s, the need for new rifles grew and the Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk I
Rifle, No. 4 Mk I was officially adopted in 1941.[40]
The No. 4 action was similar to the No.1 Mk VI but
stronger and easier to mass-produce.[41] Unlike the
SMLE, that had a nose cap, the No 4 Lee–Enfield barrel
protruded from the end of the forestock. For easier
machining, the charger bridge was no longer rounded.
The iron sight line was redesigned and featured a rear
receiver aperture battle sight calibrated for 300 yd
(274 m) with an additional ladder aperture sight that
could be flipped up and was calibrated for 200–1,300 yd
(183–1,189 m) in 100 yd (91 m) increments. This sight,
like other aperture sights, proved to be faster and more
accurate than the typical mid-barrel open rear sight
elements sight lines offered by Mauser, previous Lee– Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk 2 with the ladder aperture
sight flipped up and 5-round charger
Enfields or the Buffington battle sight of the M1903
Springfield.
The No. 4 rifle was heavier than the No. 1 Mk. III, largely due to its heavier barrel. A new bayonet was
designed to go with the rifle: a spike bayonet, which was essentially a steel rod with a sharp point and was
nicknamed "pigsticker" by soldiers.[41] Towards the end of the Second World War, a bladed bayonet was
developed for the No.5 Mk.I rifle ("Jungle Carbine"). Post-war versions were made that would fit No. 4 rifles
and were designated No. 7 and No. 9 blade bayonets.[42]
During the course of the Second World War, the No. 4 rifle was further simplified for mass-production with
the creation of the No. 4 Mk I* in 1942, with the bolt release catch replaced by a simpler notch on the bolt
track of the rifle's receiver. It was produced only in North America, by Small Arms Limited, at Long Branch in
Canada and Stevens-Savage Firearms, in the USA.[43] The No.4 rifle was primarily produced for the United
Kingdom, Canada and some other Commonwealth countries such as New Zealand.[44]
In the years after the Second World War, the British produced the No. 4 Mk 2 (Arabic numerals replaced
Roman numerals in official names in 1944) rifle, a refined and improved No. 4 rifle with the trigger hung
forward from the butt collar and not from the trigger guard, beech wood stocks (with the original reinforcing
strap and centre piece of wood in the rear of the forestock on the No.4 Mk I/Mk I* being removed in favour of
a tie screw and nut) and brass "gunmetal" buttplates (during the war the British, Americans and Canadians
replaced the brass buttplates on the No.4 rifles with a zinc alloy (Zamak) type to reduce costs and to speed up
rifle production). Near the end of the war and after, Canada made blued steel buttplates. [45] With the
introduction of the No. 4 Mk 2 rifle, the British refurbished many of their No. 4 rifles and brought them up to
the same standard as the No. 4 Mk 2.[46] The No. 4 Mk 1 rifles were re-named No. 4 Mk I/2, whilst No. 4
Mk I* rifles that were brought up to Mk 2 standard were renamed No. 4 Mk I/3.[43]
Rifle No. 5 Mk I—the "Jungle Carbine"

Later in the war, the need for a shorter, lighter rifle forced the
development of the Rifle, No. 5 Mk I (the "Jungle Carbine").[47]
With a cut-down stock, a prominent flash hider, and a "lightening-cut" Rifle No 5 on display at the
receiver machined to remove all unnecessary metal, reduced barrel Parachute Regiment and Airborne
length of 18.8 in (478 mm) the No. 5 was shorter and 2 lb (0.9 kg) Forces Museum
lighter. Despite a rubber butt-pad, the .303 round produced excessive
recoil due to the shorter barrel. It was unsuitable for general issue and
production ceased in 1947, due to an "inherent fault in the design", often claimed to be a "wandering zero"
and accuracy problems.[48]
The No. 5 iron sight line was similar to the No. 4 Mark I and featured a rear receiver aperture battle sight
calibrated for 300 yd (274 m) with an additional ladder aperture sight that could be flipped up and was
calibrated for 200–800 yd (183–732 m) in 100 yd (91 m) increments. The No. 5 Mk I was popular with
soldiers owing to its light weight, portability and shorter length than a standard Lee–Enfield rifle.[49] The No.
5 was first issued to the British 1st Airborne Division and used during their liberation of Denmark and Norway
in 1945. BSA-Shirley, Birmingham produced 81,329 rifles and ROF Fazakerley, Liverpool 169,807 rifles. It
was equipped with a No. 5 Mk. I blade bayonet which had a large muzzle ring to fit over the flash hider. The
No. 7 Mk. I/L bayonet, which has a rotating handle and a large ring on the cross-guard was not for the No. 5
Mk. I rifle as many collectors believe.
An Australian experimental version of the No. 5 Mk I, designated Rifle, No. 6, Mk I[50] was also developed,
using an SMLE MK III* as a starting point (as opposed to the No. 4 Mk I used to develop the No. 5 Mk I).
The Australian military were not permitted to manufacture the No. 4 Mk I, because the Lithgow Small Arms
Factory was producing the SMLE Mk III. The No. 6 Mk I never entered full production and examples are rare
and valuable to collectors.[47] A "Shortened and Lightened" version of the SMLE Mk III* rifle was also tested
by the Australian military and a very small number were manufactured at SAF Lithgow during the course of
the Second World War.[51]
The term "Jungle Carbine" was popularised in the 1950s by the Santa Fe Arms Corporation, a U.S. importer
who refurbished many surplus rifles, converting many of the No. 4 marks, in the hope of increasing sales of a
rifle that had little U.S. market penetration. It was never an official military designation but British and
Commonwealth troops serving in the Burmese and Pacific theatres during World War II had been known to
unofficially refer to the No. 5 Mk I as a "Jungle Carbine".[47] The No. 4 and No. 5 rifles served in Korea (as
did the No.1 Mk III* SMLE and sniper 'T' variants, mostly with Australian troops).[14]
Lee–Enfield conversions and training models
Sniper rifles
During both World Wars and the Korean War, a number of Lee–Enfield rifles were modified for use as sniper
rifles. The Australian Army modified 1,612[52] Lithgow SMLE No. 1 Mk. III* rifles by adding a heavy target
barrel, cheek-piece, and a World War I era Pattern 1918 telescope, creating the SMLE No. 1 Mk. III* (HT).
(HT standing for "Heavy Barrel, Telescopic Sight),[14] which saw service in the Second World War, Korea,
and Malaya and was used for Sniper Training through to the late 1970s.[53]
During the Second World War, standard No. 4 rifles, selected for their
accuracy during factory tests, were modified by the addition of a
wooden cheek rising-piece, and telescopic sight mounts designed to
accept a No. 32 3.5× telescopic sight.[54] The telescopic sight had a
field of view of 8 degrees 20 minutes and featured a bullet drop
compensation range drum on top of the sight graduated in 50 yards
(45.7 m) increments from 0 to 1,000 yards (914 m). Side adjustments
in 2 MOA increments were made by the drum mounted at the side of
the sight. These rifles were designated as the No. 4 Mk. I (T). The
accuracy requirement was ability to place 7 of 7 shots in a 5 inches
(12.7 cm) circle at 200 yards (183 m) and 6 of 7 shots in a 10 inches
(25.4 cm) circle at 400 yards (366 m). The wooden cheek-piece was
attached with two screws. The rear "battle sight" was ground off to
make room to attach the No. 32 telescope sight to the left side of the Canadian sniper Sergeant Harold
receiver. Each No. 32 and its bracket (mount) were matched and serial Marshall carries a No. 4 Mk. I (T)
numbered to a specific rifle.[55] chambered in .303 British.
In British service, the No. 32 telescope progressed through three

marks with the Mk. I introduced in 1942, the Mk. II in 1943 which
offered side adjustments in finer 1 MOA increments, and finally the
Mk. III (Mk. 3) in 1944 which had a improved field of view of 8
degrees 30 minutes.[56] A transitional model the No. 32 Mk. 2/1 was
also made. The Canadian scopes made by Research Enterprises L42A1 sniper rifle chambered in
Limited and were prefixed with a letter C and went through C no. 32 7.62×51mm NATO
Mk. I, Mk. I A (a transitional model), Mk. II and Mk. 3. Many Mk. 3s
and Mk. 2/1s (Mk. 2s Modified to Mk. 3 standard) were later
modified for use with the 7.62×51mm NATO L42A1 Sniper Rifle. They were then known by the designation
Telescope Straight, Sighting L1A1.
Initial production was 1,403 conversions of 1931–1933 troop trials No. 4 Mk. I rifles at RSAF Enfield and a
few others including Stevens-Savage No. 4s. These were converted in late 1941 and into the later part of
1942. Then, the work was assigned to Holland & Holland, the famous British sporting gun manufacturers,
which converted about 23,000 No. 4 Mk. I (T) and No. 4 Mk. I* (T) sniper rifles. The Holland & Holland
conversions usually have the contractor code "S51" on the underside of the buttstock. BSA Shirley undertook
100 conversions to .22". James Purdey and Sons fitted special buttstocks later in the war. About 3,000 rifles,
mostly Stevens-Savage, appear to have been partially converted by Holland & Holland but never received
brackets, scopes of the final "T" mark. Canada converted about 1,588 rifles at Small Arms Limited (to the end
of 1945) and, in 1946, at Canadian Arsenals Limited. Both were located at Long Branch, Ontario. Most of the
Canadian made No.4 Mk.I* (T) sniper equipments went into British service. The No.4 (T) rifles were
extensively employed in various conflicts until the late 1960s.
The British military switched over to the 7.62×51mm NATO round in the 1950s; starting in 1970, over 1,000
of the No. 4 Mk I (T) and No. 4 Mk. I* (T) sniper rifles were converted to this new calibre and designated
L42A1.[45] The L42A1 sniper rifle continued as the British Army's standard sniper weapon being phased out
by 1993, and replaced by Accuracy International's L96.[57]
.22 training rifles
Numbers of Lee–Enfield rifles were converted to .22 calibre training rifles,[58] in order to teach cadets and
new recruits the various aspects of shooting, firearms safety, and marksmanship at a markedly reduced cost per
round. Initially, rifles were converted from obsolete Magazine Lee–Metford and Magazine Lee–Enfield
rifles[59][60] but from the First World War onwards SMLE rifles were used instead. These were known as .22
Pattern 1914 Short Rifles[61] during The First World War and Rifle, No. 2 Mk. IV[62] from 1921
onwards.[63] They were generally single-shot affairs, originally using Morris tubes chambered for cheap .22L
cartridge and some larger types, circa 1907. Some were later modified with special adaptors to enable
magazine loading. In 1914, Enfield produced complete .22 barrels and bolts specifically for converting .303
units, and these soon became the most common conversion. A five-round .22 cal 'Parker-Hiscock' magazine
was also developed and in service for a relatively short period during the later period of the First World War,
but was subsequently withdrawn from issue due to reliability problems with its quite complicated loading and
feeding mechanism.[64][65] No. 2 Mk. IV rifles are externally identical to a .303 calibre SMLE Mk III* rifle,
the only difference being the .22 calibre barrel, empty magazine case, bolthead and extractor which have been
modified to fire .22 calibre rimfire cartridges.[66]
After the Second World War, the Rifle, No. 7, Rifle, No. 8 and Rifle, No. 9, all .22 rimfire trainers and/or
target rifles based on the Lee action, were adopted or in use with Cadet units and target shooters throughout
the Commonwealth, the No.8 as of 2017 has been replaced among cadet forces due to obsolescence.[67][68]
In Britain, a .22RF version of the No.5 Rifle was prototyped by BSA and trialled with a view to it becoming
the British Service training rifle when the .303"CF No.5 was initially mooted as being a potential replacement
for the No.4 Rifle.[69]
The C No.7 22" MK.I rifle is a .22 single shot, manually fed, training version of the No.4 Mk I* rifle
manufactured at Long Branch.[70] Production of this model was 1944–1946 and a few in 1950 to 1953.[71]
Muskets and shotguns
Conversion of rifles to smoothbored guns was carried out in several locations, at various times, for varying
reasons.
SAF Lithgow, in Australia, produced shotguns based on the MkIII action under the "Slazenger" name,
chambering the common commercial .410 shotgun shell.[72] Commercial gunsmiths in Australia and Britain
converted both MkIII and No4 rifles to .410 shotguns. These conversions were prompted by firearms
legislation that made possession of a rifle chambered in a military cartridge both difficult and expensive.
Smoothbored shotguns could be legally held with far less trouble.
RFI, in India, converted a large number of MkIII rifles to single shot muskets, chambered for the .410 Indian
Musket cartridge. These conversions were for issue to police and prison guards, to provide a firearm with a
much-reduced power and range in comparison to the .303 cartridge. A further likely consideration was the
difficulty of obtaining replacement ammunition in the event of the rifle's theft or the carrier's desertion.
While British and Australian conversions were to the standard commercially available .410 shotgun cartridge
(though of varying chamber lengths) the Indian conversions have been the source of considerable confusion.
The Indian conversions were originally chambered for the .410 Indian Musket cartridge, which is based on the
.303 British cartridge, and will not chamber the common .410 shotgun cartridge. Many of these muskets were
rechambered, after being sold as surplus, and can now be used with commercially available ammunition.
Unmodified muskets require handloading of ammunition, as the .410 Indian Musket cartridge was not
commercially distributed and does not appear to have been manufactured since the 1950s.
Numerous attempts have been made to convert the various single-shot .410 shotgun models to a bolt-action
repeating model by removing the wooden magazine plug and replacing it with a standard 10-round SMLE
magazine. None of these is known to have been successful,[73] though some owners have adapted 3-round
magazines for Savage and Stevens shotguns to function in a converted SMLE shotgun, or even placing such a
magazine inside a gutted SMLE magazine.
Civilian conversions and variants
From the late 1940s, legislation in New South Wales, Australia, heavily restricted .303 British calibre (and
other "military calibre") rifles,[74] so large numbers of SMLEs were converted to "wildcat" calibres such as
.303/25, .303/22, .303/270 and the popular 7.7×54mm round.[75] 303/25 calibre sporterised SMLEs are very
common in Australia today, although ammunition for them has been very scarce since the 1980s.[74] The
restrictions placed on "military calibre" rifles in New South Wales were lifted in 1975, and many people who
had converted their Lee–Enfields to the "wildcat" rounds converted their rifles back to .303 British.[74] Post-
Second World War, SAF Lithgow converted a number of SMLE rifles to commercial sporting rifles- notably
the .22 Hornet model- under the "Slazenger" brand.[76]
In the early 1950s Essential Agencies Ltd. (E.A.L.), of Toronto, Ontario, produced a run of several thousand
survival rifles based on the No. 4 action, but lightened and shortened, chambered in .303 British. Serial
numbers below 6000 were for civilian sale, serial numbers 6000 and higher were built under contract to the
Canadian government. The Royal Canadian Air Force also used these as a survival rifle in the remote parts of
Canada.
L59A1 Drill Rifle
The L59A1 was a conversion of the No4 Rifle (all Marks) to a Drill Purpose Rifle that was incapable of being
restored to a firing configuration. It was introduced in service in the 1970s. A conversion specification of No.1
rifles to L59A2 Drill Purpose was also prepared but was abandoned due to the greater difficulty of machining
involved and the negligible numbers still in the hands of cadet units.
The L59A1 arose from British government concerns over the vulnerability of Army Cadet Force and school
Combined Cadet Forces' (CCF) stocks of small arms to theft by terrorists, in particular the Irish Republican
Army following raids on CCF armouries in the 1950s and 1960s. Previous conversions to Drill Purpose (DP)
of otherwise serviceable rifles were not considered to be sufficiently incapable of restoration to fireable state
and were a potential source of reconversion spares.
L59A1 Drill Rifles were rendered incapable of being fired, and of being restored to a fireable form, by
extensive modifications that included the welding of the barrel to the receiver, modifications to the receiver that
removed the supporting structures for the bolt's locking lugs and blocking the installation of an unaltered bolt,
the removal of the striker's tip, the blocking of the striker's hole in the bolt head and the removal of most of the
bolt body's locking lugs. Most bolts were copper plated for identification. A plug was welded in place forward
of the chamber, and a window was cut in the side of the barrel. The stock and fore end was marked with broad
white painted bands and the letters "DP" for easy identification.
Special service Lee–Enfields: Commando and automatic models
Charlton Automatic Rifles
Small numbers of Lee–Enfield rifles were built as, or converted to,

experimental automatic loading systems, such as the British Howell and
South African Rieder and the best-known of which was the Charlton
Automatic Rifle, designed by a New Zealander, Philip Charlton in 1941
Charlton Automatic Rifle
to act as a substitute for the Bren and Lewis gun light machine guns
which were in chronically short supply at the time.[77][78] During the
Second World War, the majority of New Zealand's land forces were deployed in North Africa. When Japan
entered the war in 1941, New Zealand found itself lacking the light machine guns that would be required for
local defence should Japan choose to invade, and so the New Zealand Government funded the development of
self-loading conversions for the Lee–Enfield rifle.[79] The end result was the Charlton Automatic Rifle (based
on the obsolete MLE), [80] which was issued to Home Guard units in NZ from 1942. Over 1,500 conversions
were made, including a handful by Electrolux using Lithgow SMLE Mk III* rifles.[81]
The two Charlton designs differed markedly in external appearance (amongst other things, the New Zealand
Charlton had a forward pistol grip and bipod, whilst the Australian one did not), but shared the same operating
mechanism.[82] Most of the Charlton Automatic Rifles were destroyed in a fire after the Second World
War,[83] but a few examples survive in museums and private collections.
De Lisle Commando carbine
The Commando units of the British military requested a suppressed rifle

for killing sentries, guard dogs and other clandestine operational uses
during the Second World War. The resulting weapon, designed by W.G.
De Lisle, was effectively an SMLE Mk III* receiver redesigned to take a
.45 ACP cartridge and associated magazine, with a barrel from a The initial wooden-stocked De
Thompson submachine gun and an integrated suppressor.[29] It was Lisle with a suppressor
produced in very limited numbers and an experimental folding stock
version was made.
Ekins Automatic Rifle
The Ekins Automatic Rifle was one of the numerous attempts to convert a Lee–Enfield SMLE to an
automatic rifle.[79] Similar developments were the South African Rieder and Charlton of Australian/New
Zealand origin.
Howard Francis carbine
The Howard Francis Self-Loading Carbine was a conversion of a No. Howard Francis Self-Loading
1 Mk III to the 7.63×25mm Mauser pistol cartridge.[84] It fired in Carbine
semi-automatic only and suffered some feeding and extraction Type Carbine
problems and, despite meeting accuracy and soundness of design
Place of origin United Kingdom
concept, never made it past the prototype stage.
Production history
Designer Howard Francis
Howell Automatic Rifle
Specifications
The Howell Automatic Rifle was the first attempt to convert the Mass 3.7 kg (8.2 lb)
Lee–Enfield SMLE into a semi-automatic rifle. The weapon was
Length 812 mm (32.0 in)
reliable but unergonomic for the user as the force of the recoiling bolt
interfered with handling. Barrel length 324 mm (12.8 in)
Cartridge 7.63×25mm
Rieder Automatic Rifle
Mauser
The Rieder Automatic Rifle was an automatic (full automatic only) Rate of fire Semi-automatic
Lee–Enfield SMLE rifle of South African origin. The Rieder device
Feed system 12-round box
could be installed straight away without the use of tools.
magazine
Sights Iron sights
Conversion to 7.62×51mm NATO
During the 1960s, the British Government and the Ministry of Defence converted a number of Lee–Enfield
No. 4 rifles to 7.62×51mm NATO as part of a programme to retain the Lee–Enfield as a reserve weapon.[85]
The Lee–Enfield No. 4 series rifles that were converted to 7.62×51mm NATO were re-designated as the L8
series of rifles with the rifles being refitted with 7.62×51mm NATO barrels, new bolt faces and extractor
claws, new rear sights and new 10-round 7.62×51mm NATO magazines that were produced by RSAF
Enfield to replace the old 10-round .303 British magazines.[86] The appearance of the L8 series rifles were no
different from the original No. 4 rifles, except for the new barrel (which still retained the original No.4 rifle
bayonet lugs) and magazine.[87] The L8 series of rifles consisted of L8A1 rifles (converted No.4 Mk2 rifles),
L8A2 rifles (converted No.4 Mk1/2 rifles), L8A3 rifles (converted No.4 Mk1/3 rifles), L8A4 rifles (converted
No.4 Mk1 rifles), and L8A5 rifles (converted No.4 Mk1* rifles).
Sterling Armaments of Dagenham, Essex produced a conversion kit comprising a new 7.62mm barrel,
magazine, extractor and ejector for commercial sale. The main difference between the two conversions was in
the cartridge ejection arrangement; the Enfield magazine carried a hardened steel projection that struck the rim
of the extracted case to eject it, the Sterling system employed a spring-loaded plunger inserted into the receiver
wall.
The results of the trials that were conducted on the L8 series rifles were mixed and the British Government and
the Ministry of Defence decided not to convert their existing stocks of Lee–Enfield No. 4 rifles to 7.62×51mm
NATO. Despite this, the British learned from the results of the L8 test program and used them in successfully
converting their stocks of No. 4 (T) sniper rifles to 7.62×51mm NATO, which led to the creation of the
L42A1 series sniper rifles.[88]
In the late 1960s, RSAF Enfield entered the commercial market by producing No.4-based 7.62×51mm rifles
for sale. The products were marketed under alliterative names e.g. Enfield Envoy, a rifle intended for civilian
competition target shooting and Enfield Enforcer, a rifle fitted with a Pecar telescopic sight to suit the
requirements of police firearms teams.
Ishapore 2A/2A1
At some point just after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Rifle Factory
Ishapore in India began producing a new type of rifle known as the Rifle
7.62 mm 2A, which was based on the SMLE Mk III*[89] and was Ishapore 2A1
slightly redesigned to use the 7.62×51mm NATO round. Externally the
new rifle is very similar to the classic Mk III*, with the exception of the
buttplate (the buttplate from the 1A SLR is fitted) and magazine, which is more "square" than the SMLE
magazine, and usually carries twelve rounds instead of ten,[90] although a number of 2A1s have been noted
with 10-round magazines.
Ishapore 2A and Ishapore 2A1 receivers are made with improved (EN) steel (to handle the increased pressures
of the 7.62×51mm round)[91] and the extractor is redesigned to suit the rimless cartridge. From 1965 to 1975
(when production is believed to have been discontinued), the sight ranging graduations were changed from
2000 to 800, and the rifle re-designated Rifle 7.62 mm 2A1.[92] The original 2,000 yards (1,800 m) rear sight
arm was found to be suitable for the ballistics of the 7.62×51mm, which is around 10% more powerful and
equates to a flatter trajectory than that of the .303 British MkVII ammunition, so it was a simple matter to think
of the '2000' as representing metres rather than yards. It was then decided that the limit of the effective range
was a more realistic proposition at 800 m.
The Ishapore 2A and 2A1 rifles are often incorrectly described as ".308 conversions". The 2A/2A1 rifles are
not conversions of .303 calibre SMLE Mk III* rifles. Rather, they are newly manufactured firearms and are
not technically chambered for commercial .308 Winchester ammunition. However, many 2A/2A1 owners
shoot such ammunition in their rifles with no problems, although some factory loaded .308 Winchester
cartridges may appear to generate higher pressures than 7.62×51mm NATO, even though the rounds are
otherwise interchangeable – this is due to the different systems of pressure measurement used for NATO and
commercial cartridges.
Production and manufacturers

In total, over 16 million Lee–Enfields had been produced in several factories on different continents when
production in Britain shut down in 1956, at the Royal Ordnance Factory ROF Fazakerley in Liverpool after
that factory had been plagued with industrial unrest. The machinery from ROF Fazakerley was sold to
Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF) in Rawalpindi where production and repair of the No.4 rifle was
continued from 1957.[93][94] Also contributing to the total was the Rifle Factory Ishapore (RFI) at Ishapore in
India, which continued to produce the SMLE in both .303 and 7.62×51mm NATO until the 1980s, and is still
manufacturing a sporting rifle based on the SMLE Mk III action, chambered for a .315 calibre cartridge,[95]
the Birmingham Small Arms Company factory at Shirley near Birmingham, and SAF Lithgow in Australia,
who finally discontinued production of the SMLE Mk III* with a final 'machinery proving' batch of 1000
rifles in early 1956, using 1953-dated receivers. During the First World War alone, 3.8 million SMLE rifles
were produced in the UK by RSAF Enfield, BSA, and LSA.[96]
List of manufacturers
The manufacturer's names found on the MLE, CLLE, and SMLE

Mk I—Mk III* rifles and variants are:
Marking Manufacturer Country

Enfield Royal Small Arms Factory Enfield United Kingdom
Royal Small Arms Factory
Sparkbrook United Kingdom
The wristguard markings on a 1918- Sparkbrook
dated Short Magazine Lee–Enfield
The Birmingham Small Arms
Mk III* rifle manufactured by the BSA Co United Kingdom
Company Limited
London Small Arms Co. Ltd. The
"G.R." under the crown stands for LSA Co London Small Arms Co. Ltd United Kingdom
"George Rex" and refers to the Lithgow Lithgow Small Arms Factory Australia
reigning monarch at the time the rifle
was manufactured. GRI Rifle Factory Ishapore British India
India (Post-
RFI Rifle Factory Ishapore
Independence)
Note 1: "SSA" and "NRF" markings are sometimes encountered on First World War-dated SMLE Mk III* rifles. These
stand for "Standard Small Arms" and "National Rifle Factory", respectively. Rifles so marked were assembled using parts
from various other manufacturers, as part of a scheme during the First World War to boost rifle production in the UK.
Only SMLE Mk III* rifles are known to have been assembled under this program.
Note 2: GRI stands for "Georgius Rex, Imperator" (Latin for "King George, Emperor (of India)", denoting a rifle made
during the British Raj. RFI stands for "Rifle Factory, Ishapore", denoting a rifle made after the Partition of India in 1947.
For the No. 4 Mk I, No. 4 Mk I* and No. 4 Mk 2 rifles:

Marking Manufacturer Country
United
ROF (F) Royal Ordnance Factory Fazakerley
Kingdom
United
ROF (M) Royal Ordnance Factory Maltby
Kingdom
United
B The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited
Kingdom
United
M47 and later M47C Birmingham Small Arms Factory (Shirley)
Kingdom
Small Arms Limited and later, Canadian Arsenals
Long Branch Canada
Limited
Squared S and US
Savage Arms U.S.
PROPERTY
POF Pakistan Ordnance Factories Pakistan
Note 1: Second World War UK production rifles had manufacturer codes for security reasons. For example, BSA Shirley
is denoted by M47C, ROF(M) is often simply stamped "M", and BSA is simply stamped "B".
Note 2: Savage-made Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk I and No. 4 Mk I* rifles are all stamped "US PROPERTY". They were
supplied to the UK under the Lend-Lease programme during the Second World War. No Savage Lee–Enfields were ever
issued to the US military; the markings existed solely to maintain the pretence that American equipment was being lent to
the UK rather than permanently sold to them. [97]
Australian International Arms No. 4 Mk IV
The Brisbane-based Australian International Arms also manufactured a

modern reproduction of the No. 4 Mk II rifle, which they marketed as the
AIA No. 4 Mk IV. The rifles were manufactured by parts outsourcing and
were assembled and finished in Australia, chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO
and fed from modified M14 magazines. The No. 4 Mk IV was designed with AIA M10-B2 Match Rifle
the modern shooter in mind, and has the ability to mount a telescopic sight
without drilling and tapping the receiver.[98] AIA also offered the AIA M10-
A1 rifle, a Jungle Carbine-styled version chambered in 7.62×39mm Russian, which uses AK-47
magazines.[99] Magazine supply/importation (M14 and AK 10 single stack mag) whilst legal in Australia, it
has been spasmodically curtailed by Australian Federal Customs (for more information, see Gun politics in
Australia). It is possible to obtain a 10-round (the maximum allowed by law) M14 magazines for the M10-B2
match rifles in particular, provided an import permit from the appropriate Licensing Services Division can be
obtained in some States, yet Australian Federal Customs may still refuse importation on no valid grounds.[100]
Khyber Pass Copies
A number of British Service Rifles, predominantly the Martini–Henry and Martini–Enfield, but also the
various Lee–Enfield rifles, have been produced by small manufacturers in the Khyber Pass region of the
Pakistani/Afghan border.[101]
"Khyber Pass Copies", as they are known, tend to be copied exactly from a "master" rifle, which may itself be
a Khyber Pass Copy, markings and all, which is why it's not uncommon to see Khyber Pass rifles with the
"N" in "Enfield" reversed, amongst other things.[102]
The quality on such rifles varies from "as good as a factory-produced example" to "dangerously unsafe",
tending towards the latter end of the scale. Khyber Pass Copy rifles cannot generally stand up to the pressures
generated by modern commercial ammunition,[102] and are generally considered unsafe to fire under any
circumstances.[14]
Khyber Pass Copies can be recognised by a number of factors, notably:
Spelling errors in the markings; as noted the most common of which is a reversed "N" in
"Enfield")
V.R. (Victoria Regina) cyphers dated after 1901; Queen Victoria died in 1901, so any rifles
made after 1901 should be stamped "E.R" (Edwardius Rex—King Edward VII or King Edward
VIII) or "G.R" (Georgius Rex—King George V or King George VI).
Generally inferior workmanship, including weak/soft metal, poorly finished wood, and badly
struck markings.[102]
Armalon
British company Armalon Ltd[103] developed a number of rifles based on the Lee Enfield No 4. The PC
Gallery Rifle is a carbine in pistol and revolver calibres, the AL42 a 5.56 mm rifle and the AL30C, a carbine
in .30 Carbine.
Contemporary service
The Lee–Enfield family of rifles is the second oldest bolt-action rifle
design still in official service, after the Mosin–Nagant.[14] Lee–Enfield
rifles are used by reserve forces and police forces in many
Commonwealth countries, including Malawi. In Canada the .303" and
.22" models are being phased out [2016]. The Indian Army phased them
out in 1990-92, being replaced by AKM-type rifles; see Indo-Russia
Rifles. Indian police officers carrying SMLE Mk III* and Ishapore 2A1
rifles were a familiar sight throughout railway stations in India after
Mumbai train bombings of 2006 and the November 2008 Mumbai
attacks. They are also still seen in the hands of Pakistani and Bangladeshi
second-line and police units. However, the Lee–Enfield was mainly
replaced in main-line service in the Pakistani Police in the mid-1980s by An Afghan mujahid carries a Lee–
the AK 47, in response to increasing proliferation of the Kalashnikov in Enfield in August 1985.
the black market and civilian use. In Jordan, the Lee–Enfield was in use
with the Police and Gendarmerie until 1971, and with the Armed
Forces until 1965. In Iraq and Egypt, the Lee–Enfield was replaced
by the Kalashnikov as the standard issue rifle in the Armed Forces by
the late 1950s, and in Police Forces by the late 1970s. In the UK, the
single-shot .22 calibre Rifle No. 8 is in regular use with UK Cadet
Forces as a light target rifle.[104] Enfields continue to be used as drill
weapons by the National Ceremonial Guard of the South African
National Defence Force (SANDF).[105]
Many Afghan participants in the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were

armed with Lee–Enfields.[106] The CIA's Operation Cyclone Canadian Rangers, photographed in
provided hundreds of thousands of Enfields to the Mujahideen, Nunavut, June 2011
funneling them through Pakistan's ISI. CIA officer Gust Avrakotos
later arranged for the Egyptian Ministry of Defence to set up
production lines of Enfield .303 ammunition specifically for the conflict. Later on when Avrakotos asked
Michael Vickers to revamp their strategy, he stopped the Enfield system and, with the large amounts of money
available thanks to Charlie Wilson, replaced them with a mix of modern weapons like AK-47s and
mortars.[107]
Khyber Pass Copies patterned after the Lee–Enfield are still

manufactured in the Khyber Pass region, as bolt-action rifles remain
effective weapons in desert and mountain environments where long-
range accuracy is more important than rate of fire.[14] Lee–Enfield
rifles are still popular in the region, despite the presence and ready
availability of more modern weapons such as the SKS-45, the AKM,
the Chinese Type 56 assault rifle, and the AK-74.[14][108] As of 2012,
Lee–Enfield rifles are still being used by the Taliban insurgents
An SMLE owned by Maoist rebels in against NATO/Allied forces in Afghanistan.[93]
Nepal, 2005
During the recent civil war in Nepal, the government troops were
issued Lee–Enfield rifles to fight the Maoist rebels, and the Maoists
were also armed with SMLE rifles, amongst other weapons. Nepalese Police constables may also be usually
seen equipped with SMLE rifles.[109] Lee–Enfield rifles have also been seen in the hands of both the
Naxalites and the Indian police in the ongoing Maoist insurgency in rural India.
Police forces in both the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu continue to operate and maintain stocks of No.4
rifles.[110] The Tongan security forces also retain a substantial number of No.4 rifles donated from New
Zealand's reserve stocks.[110]
Lee Enfield rifles are used by the Jamaica Constabulary force for training recruits during field-craft exercises
and drills.
Civilian use
Lee–Enfields are very popular as hunting rifles and target shooting rifles. Many surplus Lee–Enfield rifles
were sold in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States after
the Second World War, and a fair number have been 'sporterised', having had the front furniture reduced or
removed and a scope fitted so that they resemble a bolt-action sporting rifle.[14] Top-notch accuracy is difficult
to achieve with the Lee–Enfield design,[41] as it was intended to be a battle rifle rather than a sharpshooter's
weapon,[41] and thus the Enfield is nowadays overshadowed by derivatives of Paul Mauser's design as a target
shooting arm. They did, however, continue to be used at Bisley up into the 1970s with some success, and
continue to perform extremely well at Military Service Rifle Competitions throughout the world.[14]
Many people still hunt with as-issued Lee–Enfield rifles, with commercial .303 British ammunition proving
especially effective on medium-sized game.[14] Soft-point .303 ammunition is widely available for hunting
purposes, though the Mark 7 military cartridge design often proves adequate because its tail-heavy design
makes the bullet yaw violently and deform after hitting the target.[111][112]
The Lee–Enfield rifle is a popular gun for historic rifle enthusiasts and those who find the 10-round magazine,
loading by charger clips, and the rapid bolt-action useful for Practical Rifle events. Since formation in 1998,
organisations such as the Lee Enfield Rifle Association have assisted in not just preserving rifles in shooting
condition (many Lee–Enfields are being deactivated and sold as "wall-hangers" to collectors who do not hold
a Firearms Licence in countries where they are required), but holding events and competitions. Lee–Enfields
are also popular with competitors in service rifle competitions in many Commonwealth countries.
The Lee–Enfield series is very popular for service rifle shooting competitions in the UK and Australia due to
the prohibitions on the legal ownership of semi-automatic centrefire rifles in Great Britain and restrictions on
the legal ownership of semi-automatic centrefire rifles in Australia.[113][114] (For more information see Gun
politics in the United Kingdom and Gun politics in Australia.)
Rhineland Arms produces .45 ACP conversion kits for the Lee–Enfield action using M1911 pistol
magazines.[115]
The Lee–Speed Sporter was a higher quality British made version of the Lee–Enfield.
Rifle Factory Ishapore of India still manufactures an sporting/hunting rifle chambered in .315 with a Lee–
Enfield action.[116]
Variants
Magazine Lee–Enfield (MLE), .303, introduced 1895.[117]
Lee–Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I (LEC), .303, introduced 1896.[118]
Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I*, .303, introduced 1899.[119]
Lee–Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I*, .303, introduced 1899.[118]
New Zealand Carbine, .303
Royal Irish Constabulary Carbine, .303
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I (SMLE), .303, introduced 1904.
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk II, .303, introduced 1906.
Charger Loading Lee–Enfield (CLLE), .303, introduced 1906.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III, .303, introduced 1907.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III*, .303, introduced 1915.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III* (HT), .303, "Heavy Barrel, Telescopic Sight"
Australian sniper rifle.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk V, .303, introduced 1922.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk VI, .303, introduced 1930.
No. 2, .22, converted from .303 SMLE Mk III and Mk III*.
No. 2 Mk IV, .22
No. 2 Mk IV*, .22
No. 4 Mk I, .303, introduced 1931.
No. 4 Mk I (T), .303, sniper rifle converted from No. 4 Mk I, introduced 1941.
No. 4 Mk I*, .303, introduced 1941.
No. 4 Mk I* (T), .303, Sniper rifle converted from No. 4 Mk I*, introduced 1941.
No. 4 Mk 2, .303, introduced 1949.
No. 4 Mk I/2, .303, converted from No. 4 Mk I to No. 4 Mk 2 standard .
No. 4 Mk I/3, .303, converted from No. 4 Mk I* to No. 4 Mk 2 standard .
No. 5 Mk I, Jungle Carbine, .303, introduced 1944.
No. 6 Mk I, .303, Australian experimental version of the No. 5 Mk I.
No. 7, .22
No. 8 Mk I, .22
No. 9, .22
No.10, .280 The Enfield Rifle No.10 existed - at least on paper (https://www.rifleman.org.uk/Enfi
eld_Rifle_No.10.html)
L8A1, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk 2
L8A2, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I/3
L8A3, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I/3
L8A4, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I
L8A5, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I*
L39A1, 7.62mm
L42A1, 7.62mm
L59A1, Drill Rifle, converted from No. 4.
BA 93, a rifle grenade launcher made from surplus Lee–Enfield parts, which consist of stocks
and receiver with a rifle grenade launcher in the chamber and a sheet metal buttstock while
attaching a G3-type pistol grip.[120]
Users
Afghanistan[121][122][123]
Algeria[124]
Australia: No.1 MkIII/MkIII* manufactured at Lithgow
Arsenal in Lithgow, New South Wales[52][125]
Austria: used post-war by the Gendarmerie.[126]
Bangladesh: extensively used during 1971 war.[93]
Used by Police, Ansar and BNCC personnel in modern
times. Turkish 8×57mm conversion of a
Barbados[127] Lee–Enfield captured during World
Belgium: post-WW2[128] British and Canadian War I
donations were used by Belgian soldiers in the Korean
War until 1952. post WW2 used by the Belgian
"Gendarmerie" until the eighties then replaced by FN FAL
7.62 NATO.
Belize[129]
Bermuda: used by the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle
Corps[129]
Brunei: used by the Royal Brunei Armed Forces and
Royal Brunei Police Force during the early days,[130]
replaced by M16 series.
Members of the Milice of Vichy
Botswana[131]
France, armed with captured British
No. 4 Lee–Enfield Rifles and Bren
guns
Canada:[12][125] The No.4 rifle was manufactured
starting in 1941 by Small Arms Limited and later by
Canadian Arsenals Limited, in Long Branch, Ontario,
Canada. The Canadian Militia received the MK. I Long Lee
Enfield rifle in 1896. They used this rifle in the Boer War
1899 to 1902. They used the MK.III & MK.III* in WWI as
well as the No.4 Lee Enfield in WWII, the Korean War and
into the late 1950s in general is due. The No.4 rifle is still
used for drill and was used for range shooting by the Royal
Canadian Army Cadets, Royal Canadian Sea Cadets and
the Royal Canadian Air Cadets. Most units are stripped of
the mechanism that fires the round but at many Cadet
Training Centres the rifles are in full working order, the rifle
is used at the Vernon Summer Training Center for Feu du
joix. The No.4 was being phased out by the Canadian
Rangers as a service rifle starting in 2016.
Cambodia: used by the Royal Khmer Army.[132]
Central African Republic[133]
Chadian FROLINAT[134]
Republic of China (1912–1949): used during Warlord
Era.[135] Some Chinese soldiers in Burma also received
British Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk Is.[136]
Cyprus[7]
Denmark: used as Rifle M/45E by the Danish brigade
in occupied Germany from 1945, eventually replaced by
the US M1 rifle as Rifle M/50 in 1950.[137]
Egypt[138]
Ethiopian Empire: acquired after World War I.[139]
Finland: some stored in depots after the Finnish Civil
War[140]
Fiji[129]
France:
Free French Forces[141][142] and French Resistance
used it during WW2.[143]
Some captured from the Resistance were used by the
pro-Nazi French militia Milice française[144] (see
picture).
Some were used in Indochina.[145]
Gambia[146]
Nazi Germany: some captured No. 1 Mk. III* Lee–
Enfields were used by the Volkssturm in 1944 and
1945[147] The German designation was Gewehr 281
(e).[148]
Ghana:[129] replaced in the 1960s by L1A1s.[149]
Greece: Used by Hellenic armed forces during World
War II and post-World War II period.[150] Greece used the
Lee–Enfield and British small arms until they were
replaced by the M1 Garand and American small arms.
Guyana[146]
Hungary[146]
Iceland:[146] Once used by Icelandic Coast Guard and
National Police of Iceland.
British India: In service with British Indian Army
throughout First and Second World Wars.[151]
India: In service during the Indo-Pakistani War of
1965.[152] Now made under licence by Rifle Factory
Ishapore as the Ishapore 2A1 rifle[153]
Indonesia:[146] Used by republicans in Indonesian
National Revolution; some were handed from the Dutch
after they left Indonesia.[154]
Italy: post-World War II Italian Army and Navy[155]
Kingdom of Iraq.[12] Still used in small numbers in
2004 by Iraqi insurgents.[156]
Ireland: No1 MkIII/III* used as the service rifle by the
National Army during the Civil War and later by Defence
Forces, replaced by No4 Lee–Enfields in 1950's until
replaced by the FN FAL in 1961.[12] Also captured from
British forces etc. and used by Irish Republican Army
during War of Independence. Lee-Enfield rifles were still in
the arsenal of the Provisional IRA at the outset of The
Troubles in Northern Ireland and were reportedly used in at
least one INLA sniper attack as late as 1989.[157][158]
Israel: used during the first few years of
independence.[159][160]
Italy[146]
Jamaica:[146] still used by the Jamaica Constabulary
Force, Correctional Services and Jamaica Combined
Cadet Force
Japan: Captured from British Army during World War
II.[161]
Jordan: Arab Legion used Mk III and No. 4 variants[162]
Katanga: bought for police force but also used by
army[163]
Kenya[146]
Latvia[164]
Lesotho[146]
Libya[165]
Luxembourg:[146] used by the Luxembourg
detachment in the Korean War
Malawi[146]
Malaysia[166] also used by the Malayan Races
Liberation Army[167]
Malta[146]
Myanmar:[146] used by the Myanmar Army after the
Burmese Independence[168] and also by the Myanmar
Police Force for ceremonial purposes
Namibia: Non-governmental armed groups[146]
Nepal[153]
Netherlands: Both the Lee–Enfield No. 1 Mark III and
No. 4 Mark I would be adopted in 1941 and serve until
1952, until replaced by the M1 Garand.[169]
New Zealand[12]
Nigeria: Used by the Nigeria Regiment and then by
Nigerian Army.[170]
Biafra: Used by militias[171] and Army[172]
Norway: Received from Allied airdrops to the

resistance during WW2 and given by Britain to the
Norwegian Brigade during the occupation of Germany in
1947. Returned to Britain in 1952 in exchange for P-17
rifles. A total of 24992 .303 rifles were in Norwegian
inventory at the time. Replaced by M-1 Garand and M-1
Carbines.[173]
Oman[129]
Ottoman Empire: Captured rifles, used as reserve
weapons.[174]
Pakistan[153]
Papua New Guinea[175]
Poland: used by the Polish Armed Forces in the
West[176]
Portugal: used by the Portuguese Expeditionary
Corps, during the First World War[177] The SMLE Mk III
was still in service as m/917 during the 1940s.[178]
Rhodesia[179][180]
Rwanda[181]
Sierra Leone[129]
Singapore:[129] reserve units until the late 1960s. Still
used by Singapore Armed Forces Military Police
Command for ceremonial purposes.
Solomon Islands: used by the Royal Solomon Islands
Police Force.[110]
Somalia[146]
South Africa[12]
South Sudan[146]
South Yemen[182]
Spanish Republic[183]
Sudan[146]
Sri Lanka: Phased out in the late 1960s with the arrival
of the L1A1 SLR.[184]
Swaziland[146]
Tanzania[6][146]
Tibet[185]
Thailand: (the contract was concluded on 10
December 1920 when the king received shipment of
10,000 rifles.)[186]
Tonga[110]
Trinidad & Tobago:[146] Trinidad & Tobago Cadet
Force
Turkey: converted Ottoman-captured rifles to
7.92×57mm Mauser.[174]
UAE[146]
Uganda[146]
United Kingdom[166][187]
United States: Used by units of the American
Expeditionary Force attached to British and Australian
units during the First World War.[188][189] No.4 MkI/MkI*
rifles manufactured by Savage-Stevens Firearms under
Lend-Lease for the British and Commonwealth forces
during WWII. Some US Army units attached to British
Commonwealth units in Burma during WWII were issued
Lee–Enfield rifles on logistics grounds.
Vanuatu[110]
Vietnam: Việt Minh captured Lee–Enfields from
French forces[190][191]
South Vietnam[110]
Yemen[146][182][192]
Yugoslav Partisans[193][194]
Zambia[195]
ISIL: Used by ISIL insurgents in 2019[196]
See also
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
Notes
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External links
Demonstration of rapid aimed fire at Bisley (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LmYQhEfuxM
&NR=1)
Demonstration of rapid fire – 10 aimed shots in 9 seconds (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
8x3lOZ4yX6Y)
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Lee–Enfield

The Lee–Enfield is a bolt-action, magazine-fed, repeating

A redesign of the Lee–Metford (adopted by the British

Models/marks of Lee–Enfield rifle and service

Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I

Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III

The inability of the principal manufacturers (RSAF Enfield, The

The Rifle Factory Ishapore at Ishapore in India produced the Mk III*

The rifle became known simply as the "three-oh-three".[34]

Pattern 1913 Enfield

Pattern 1914/US M1917

The SMLE design was a relatively expensive long arm to

Rifle No. 5 Mk I—the "Jungle Carbine"

Lee–Enfield conversions and training models

In British service, the No. 32 telescope progressed through three

.22 training rifles

Muskets and shotguns

L59A1 Drill Rifle

Special service Lee–Enfields: Commando and automatic models

Charlton Automatic Rifles

Small numbers of Lee–Enfield rifles were built as, or converted to,

De Lisle Commando carbine

The Commando units of the British military requested a suppressed rifle

Ekins Automatic Rifle

Howard Francis carbine

Production and manufacturers

The manufacturer's names found on the MLE, CLLE, and SMLE

Marking Manufacturer Country

For the No. 4 Mk I, No. 4 Mk I* and No. 4 Mk 2 rifles:

Australian International Arms No. 4 Mk IV

The Brisbane-based Australian International Arms also manufactured a

Khyber Pass Copies

Khyber Pass Copies can be recognised by a number of factors, notably:

Many Afghan participants in the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were

Khyber Pass Copies patterned after the Lee–Enfield are still

Norway: Received from Allied airdrops to the

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