Dr.

manahil kamal 1
Graphs of Frequency Distributions (Qualitative Data)

Graphs

Simple Cross
Table Table

Clustered stacked
Bar chart Pie chart
chart chart

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 Bar chart
a graph in which the classes are reported on
the horizontal axis & the frequencies on the
vertical axis . The frequencies are proportional
to the heights of the bars.
Note :
1-Used for variables on nominal or ordinal
scales
2- Like a histogram, but with gaps between
bars
3- Gaps signify breaks between categories.

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 Pie chart
a chart that shows the proportion or
percent that each class represents of the total
number of frequencies .
Pie chart is circular that represents of
the total value its components .
The circle is divided into concentric
segments according to the relative
frequencies of the categories or class.

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 Since the total angle at the centre of a
circle is (360 degree) , the relative
frequencies are converted into corresponding
degree using the formula :

degrees of a categories or class =

relative frequency * 360

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example (1)
Recall the frequency distribution that we
had previously constructed in example (7) in
chapter (2)……. Construct a bar & pie chart to
represent this Table .
Class Frequency
(Colors)
Orange
10
Blue
13
Red
16
Green
8
yellow
5
Total
52
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 Bar Chart
18
16
16
14
12 13
Books (f)

10
10
8
8
6
4 5
2
0
O B R G Y
colors

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Pie chart : the degrees :
Colors Frequency relative Degrees
frequency
O 0.19*360=
10 0.19 68.4
B 0.25*360=
13 0.25 90
R 0.31* 360=
16 0.31 111.6
G
0.15*360=
8 0.15 54
Y 0.1*360=
5 0.1 36
Total 52 360
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 Pie Chart

Y
O
10%
19%
G
15%

B
25%
R
31%

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Multiple Bar ( Stacked & Clustered) :
we use it to :
1 - compare between frequency , relative f
or percentage of frequency of several
qualitative variables at specific category of
another qualitative variables.
2 - compare between measures or counts of
two or more variables .
The multiple bar two types :
- Stacked bar - Clustered bar

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Cross table:
In statistics, a contingency table (also
referred to as cross tabulation or cross tab)
is often used to record and analyze the
relation between two or more Qualitative data
( categorical variables).

It displays the (multivariate) frequency

distribution of the variables in a matrix format.
We represent cross tab by Clustered &
Stacked bar .

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Var (1) 1 2 ………… j Total

Var (2)
1 Cell(1,1) Cell(1,2) Cell(1,k)

2 Cell(2,1) Cell(2,2) Cell(2,1)

…
i Cell(k,1) Cell(k,2) Cell(I , j)

Total Final total

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 The numbers of variable (1) &
variable (2) are called marginal totals.

The total number of individuals

represented in the contingency table, is
the number in the bottom right corner
called grand total .

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Example (2):
The following data given below relate to
the gender & education chosen at random
from one city :
(M,P) (F,P) (F,S) (M,S) (M,P) (F,S) (F,P)
(M,P) (F,P) (M,S) (F,P) (M,P) (M,S) (F,P)
(M,P) (M,S) (M,P) (F,S) (M,S) (F,P) (F,P)
(M,P) (F,U) (M,P) (M,S) (M,P) (F,S) (M,P)
(F,S) (M,S) (F,P) (M,P) (F,S) (M,S) (M,U)
(F,P) (M,P) (M,S) (F,S) (M,S) (F,U) (M,U)
(M,P) (F,S) (M,U) (F,U) (M,P) (M,U) (M,U)
(F,U) (M,U) (F,P) (F,U) (M,P) .
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 1- construct the cross table (a
contingency table ).
2- Show the percentage of the
frequencies based on : the marginal
totals & grand total .
3- represents the cross table by
Clustered & Stacked bar .

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Solution :
1- the cross table (a contingency table ).

Education primary Secondary university Total

Gender

Male 15 10 6 31

Female 10 8 5 23

Total 25 18 11 54

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2- percentage of the frequencies
- grand total .
Education primary Secondary university Total

Gender

Male 15 10 6 31
(27.78) (18.52) (11.11) (57.41)
Female 10 8 5 23
(18.52) (14.81) (9.26) (42.59)
Total 25 18 11 54
(46.3) (33.33) (20.37)

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3- percentage of the frequencies
- Marginal total .(row , column)
Education primary Secondary university Total

Gender

Male 15 10 6 31
(60) (48.39) (55.55) (54.55)
(32.26) (19.35)
Female 10 8 5 23
(40) (44.44) (45.45)
(43.48) (34.78) (21.74)
Total 25 18 11 54

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 clustered Chart
16
14 15
12
10
Persons

10 10
8
8 MALE
6
6 FEMALE
4 5
2
0
PRAIMARY SECONDARY UNIVERCITY
Education

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 Stacked chart
30

25
10
20
8
15
Persons

15 FEMALE
10 5 MALE
10
5 6
0
PRAIMARY SECONDARY UNIVERCITY
Education

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Graphs of frequencies distribution
(Quantities data )

Histogram
Polygon

Curve

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 Histogram
A histogram is a graphical representation
of the information in a frequency table using a
bar graph.

The histogram should have the variable

being measured in the data set as its horizontal
axis, and the class frequency as the vertical axis.
Each data class will be represented by a
vertical bar whose height is the frequency of the
class and whose width is the class width.

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Note :
1- Used for variables on interval or ratio
scales
2- f on y axis (could also plot p or % )
class values on x axis
3- For each X value (or interval) draw a
bar equal to its f (p or %)
4- Width of each bar should extend to
real limits of score (or interval)
5- No gaps between bars, reflects
continuous data

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example (3)
Recall the frequency distribution that we had
previously constructed in example (1) in chapter (2) :
Class Frequency
(18 – 22) 3
(22 – 26) 5
(26 –30) 3
(30 – 34) 4
(34 – 38) 6
(38 – 42) 4

Total 25

Construct a histogram to represent this Table

3/11/2011 10:48 PM Dr.manahil kamal ٢٤
 Solution :

Histogram
7

6
6
5
5
frequency

4
4 4
3
3 3
2

٢٢-١٨ ٢٦-٢٢ ٣٠-٢٦ ٣٤-٣٠ ٣٨-٣٤ ٤٢-٣٨

Class

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Frequency Polygon

A frequency polygon is a line graph

representation of the information in a
frequency table.
Like a histogram, the vertical axis
represents frequency and the horizontal axis
represents the variable being measured in the
data set.
To construct the graph, a point is plotted for
each class at its midpoint and with height
given by the frequency of the class. The
points are then connected by straight lines.
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example (2):
Refer to example (1) & Construct a
frequency polygon to represent
the Frequency Table.
Solution:
First compute the midpoint for each
class :
midpoint = lower limit + Upper limit
2

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 Frequency Polygon

6 36; 6

5 24; 5
frequency

4 32; 4 40; 4

3 20; 3 28; 3

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40

Midpoint

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Ascending & Descending cumulative curve
Example (4) :
Refer to example (2) in the chapter (2) &
construct ascending & descending
cumulative curve to represent this Tables:

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Ascending & Descending tables
Ascending table Descending table
Class ACF Class DCF
< 18 0 ≥ 18 25
< 22 3 ≥ 22 22
< 26 8 ≥ 26 17
< 30 11 ≥ 30 14
< 34 15 ≥ 34 10
< 38 21 ≥ 38 4
≤ 42 25 > 42 0

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Descending cumulative curve

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 Ascending cumulative curve
27

25
24
Ascending frequency

21 21

18

15 15

12
11

9
8
6

3 3

0 0
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42

Class‘ upper bound

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