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The Polar 3 is confused with the Tokyo Tower. You may have this kind of image. This
is also part of Tokyo.

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And actually, these days, particularly after the urban regeneration policy

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presented by Prime Minister Katsumi in the early 2000s, the public and private
partnership and the development project

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in the central area of Tokyo are building out in the city center of Tokyo. This is
also a part of Tokyo.

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This is also the after-situation of Tokyo. This is one of the densely populated
areas of Tokyo that have to be renovated. Then this is about Tokyo.

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As you may know, the population of Japan is still very small. The population is
decreasing at this moment. So when we visit a regional city in Japan, the situation
is like this, for example.

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This is one of the main shopping streets of a regional city, area of Kyoto.

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I took this photo in the late afternoon of weekdays, when many people are expected
to go shopping

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in the early morning. But there are very few people. And very few shops are open.
This is the after-situation of the regional city of Japan. All images are up to
date.

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Then today, I will talk about what are the current challenges and current issues,

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as well as how is the urban and regional planning system of Japan. But before
getting into the detail,

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I'd like you all to have a very basic knowledge about the national territory of
Japan, and including several issues.
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The area of the national territory of Japan is approximately 380,000 square
kilometers,

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with a population of 125 million. But it's decreasing. Like the national territory
of Indonesia,

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Japan also has a lot of islands. We have approximately 7,000 islands in the
national territory,

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with 422 inhabited islands. So if we include all those areas,

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the national territory of Japan, it covers approximately 2,070 kilometers from
north to south,

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and about 3,000 kilometers from east to west. Actually, this is Japan. It's a very
weak country as a national territory.

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So when I fly from Tokyo to Jakarta, the half of my flight time is over the
territory of Japan. Actually.

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Yeah. So we're about there. Then, please look at this geographical condition of
Japan. Japan has a lot of mountains, because we have a...

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The land is located at the edge of the plate. So naturally, the area where you can
live is very limited.

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Approximately, the average annual rainfall of the national land of Japan is forest
or mountainous area. That is not suitable to live.

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So according to the statistics, only 31% of the national land is suitable for
living in Japan.

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In addition, Japan has a lot of rainfall. This graph shows the average annual
rainfall by the countries.
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Actually, the volume of the rainfall is not so large as the case of Indonesia, as
that of Indonesia.

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But the annual rainfall of Japan is almost the same as Thailand in the tropical
weather countries. So here, the point is,

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in the mountainous area, we have a lot of rainfall. So naturally, the river is very
steep. For example,

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this illustration shows the river slopes compared with the rivers of different
countries.

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For example, this is the river slope of Mekong River. And those are the rivers of
Japan.

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Actually, the rivers of Japan are very steep.

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When we compare the slope of the rivers of Japan with, for example, the Dungawa
Slope,

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or even the Chiyun River in Jakarta, the river slope of Japan is usually like this.
It is much steeper than the river slope of Indonesia. So here, the point is,

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in this steep river, that big rainfall is coming every year. So naturally, the
biggest challenge for the national land of Japan

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has long been the challenge of waters. I mean, how to keep the water, as well as
how to prevent the flooding of the river.

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Particularly at this time of climate change era, preventing floods is a critical
issue for urban planning.

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Then, talking about the demographic situation, our population, Japan's population,
was peaked in the year of 2008.
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And then after that, the population is dramatically decreased. This is the point.
However, this graph shows that

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the demographic trends of three metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya and
the Asian islands.

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So, from the year of... Where is it? Wait. Let's just move that back.

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Wait.

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Ah, no, no. You need to get in. I don't want to...

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Yeah, sorry about that. This graph shows the demographic trends of Tokyo, Osaka,
and Nagoya and regional cities

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from the year of 1955 till present. So clearly, we can see that those three
metropolitan areas has adopted the migration from outside.

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I mean, from outside means from regional city to Tokyo, to those three metropolitan
areas. This was the trend. And at present,

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in the depopulation era, only Tokyo metropolitan areas shows... Sorry. Shows
positive...

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Shows positive in the inflow migration. While all the other regional cities, as
well as Osaka metropolitan and Nagoya metropolitan,

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that used to accept inflow migration, they are now using the migration population
here. This is the... For example,

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when we look at the... When we compare the population of 2060 with that of 2010,

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surprisingly by the map, surprisingly, almost all the nationalities... Yeah. In the
decreasing population.

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Yeah. Those areas this way, that will have increasing population is very rare in
the nationalities. And more surprisingly,

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approximately 20% of the national land from Japan will become population zero in
the year of 2060.

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And as much as 45% of the national land from Japan will use its population by over
50%.

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So we are going into... We will have very much vacant land. But here the point is,
the vacant land will appear randomly.

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So it's very difficult to predict where will become a vacant land or vacant house
or something, something. That will face us with a lot of challenge, a big
challenge,

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that we have ever had before. Then, another important thing that we should know is
high disaster risk of Japan.

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When we think about the disaster risk of flood, landslide, earthquake disaster, and
tsunami, approximately... Sorry.

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Approximately one-third of the nationality of Japan, national land of Japan, is
disaster-prone land. And they are approximately

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three-fourths, I mean, 73.7% of the people are here. Next. I approach... We are
coming, you all,

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to come to Japan, but we... Please be very careful. Japan is very disaster-prone
land. Next.

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This is also a critical issue, I mean, that is aging infrastructure. In the case of
Japan, most of the infrastructure that we are using at present was equipped

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at the time of rapid economic growth in 1950s, 60s, 70s.

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Those infrastructures have to be renovated at present.

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For example, highway bridges at present, approximately 46% of the highway bridges
have to be renovated.

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And other infrastructures such as panels, river, and other facilities, also have to
be renovated. Then, those infrastructures have to be renovated.

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Those infrastructures that have to be renovated will naturally increase in the
future. But just remember, the number of the population is decreasing.

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It means that the amount of the tax income for the government sector is also
decreasing. In this process, we have to renovate those infrastructures.

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The volume of the infrastructure that we have to renovate is increasing. It's also
very serious.

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So, considering this serious situation of Japan, let's learn about the urban
planning system of Japan.

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Generally speaking, the planning system is consisted of comprehensive development
planning system

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and a kind of sectoral planning system that covers physical or spatial plans.

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Then, those two kinds of plans are prepared by the central government.

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In my understanding, in the case of Indonesia, you also have comprehensive
development planning system

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set by law number 25, 2004. And then, the system... ...
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... ... ...

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Then, the system of spatial planning set by law number 26, 2007.

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Maybe I think it's a little bit modified after... Yeah. But anyhow, you have this
kind of system.

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And then, for example, in spatial planning system, the national government and
provincial government and the Kota or Kabukaten government

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are requested to prepare the spatial plan, general spatial plan, as well as
the... ...

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Then, Japan also... This diagram shows the planning system of Japan.

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We also have comprehensive development plan. Yeah. Comprehensive development plan
and physical plans.

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The system itself is almost the same. Then, for the comprehensive plans, we have...

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We have at the national level, we have national spatial plan. This is almost the
same as Indonesia's...

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with the National Mid-Town Development Plan, FHMF, almost the same as the other.

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But the difference is that our National Spatial Plan is divided into National Plan
that covers

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for the nation, and the Regional Plan, meaning the national area is divided into
eight regions.

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Those two parts consist of the National Spatial Plan.
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Then, for the specific areas, the Special Development Plan is prepared.

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For example, for the three metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya,
Metropolitan Development Plans are prepared. Then, the Special Development Plan is
prepared.

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Special areas such as Hokkaido or Okinawa that have special culture or special
history

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also have Special Development Plans. And for the disadvantaged areas, the Central
Government prepares some kind of Development Plan.

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I mean, the disadvantaged areas include

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the depopulated areas, or mountainous areas, or rural areas, or peninsulas, or
islands, or heavy snow areas.

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For those areas, the National Government prepares, in collaboration with the local
government,

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those are called the Regional Plans.

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Then, talking about the local government system of Japan, like Indonesia, we also
have two tiers of local government system.

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In Indonesia, you have Provincial Government and Kota or Regency Government, Kota
or Kabupaten Government.

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In Indonesia, in Japan, we have Prefectural Government, and Municipal Government.
Municipal Government is divided into three parts,

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town, city, town, village, according to its population, or some other conditions.

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Anyhow, then, like Indonesia's Development Planning System, the Prefectural
Government also prepares its Comprehensive Development Plan.

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And, the Municipality... The Municipality Government also prepares its
Comprehensive Development Plan. Here, the point is...

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Here, the complex point is that the law that regulates, that designates, for
example, the National Spatial Planning System, National Spatial Plan,

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and the law for the Comprehensive Development Plan of the Prefectural Government as
well as the Municipal Government are different. Not like in Indonesia's system.

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In fact, the Planning System is very complicated. For example, the Metropolitan
Development Plans also have different laws. And Hokkaido, Okinawa, and the Special
Plan,

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the Development Plans for Special Years also have different laws. The laws are not
integrated, actually.

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Anyhow, by referring to those Comprehensive Plans, the Physical Plan or Spatial
Plans are prepared.

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But here, again, the Japanese Planning System is very complicated. Because, for
example, in the case of Indonesia,

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the Spatial Plan, or Satoru-an, is covered all over nationally. Right? But, in
Japan, we have two kinds of Spatial Plans, Physical Plans.

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The first kind of Physical Plan is called the National Land Use Plan.

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In this National Land Use Plan, the National Land of Japan is divided into five
categories.

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One is urban areas, another is agriculture, forest, natural preservation, and
natural park areas.

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And for each area, different acts are applied. For example, I mean, for different
areas, different spatial planning is applied.

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For example, for the urban areas, city planning law is applied. Then, for
agriculture area, the Agriculture Promotion Act is applied.

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Then, for forest area, forest law, or something, something. So, that makes our
physical plan complex,

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and then, however, the prefecture government prepares a kind of Basic Land Use Plan
that tries to integrate

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all those four land use, all those four areas, urban agriculture, forest, and
natural preservation, and natural park areas.

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However, this Basic Land Use Plan shows just a kind of general direction for the
land use. That cannot have a special regulation,

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or detailed regulation, such as commercial use, or residential use, or something,
something. It's not stated in this Basic Land Use Plan. This is just a kind of
general direction.

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So, those details are decided in the individual planning system.

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Then, for the urban areas, the prefecture government prepares the city planning
area master plan. That covers several municipal areas.

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And then, the municipal government prepares the municipal master plan, or something
like that. In short, here, the point is that

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in our spatial planning, or physical planning system, we have two kinds of plans.
The first kind is,

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the basic plan is decided by the national land use plans. More specifically, the
basic land use plan is the essential point to decide the five areas.
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Then, the second kind of physical plan is applied for five areas individually.

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Those five areas are mainly the urban area, agriculture, forest, and natural
preservation,

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I have prepared some detailed information about this land use system.

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So please contact to Guchan Dora or Sensei for the detail of the planning system.

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Today I will focus more on the issues or challenges at present. Sorry, some part is
limited.

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Talking about the city planning, let's go back to this one.

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Secondly, I am talking about the experience of national and regional planning.

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Firstly, I talk about the national development plans. Like, telepages.

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Since World War II, we have 8 national development plans.

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Started in 1962, till the end of the war. Sorry, some part is still written in
Japanese.

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Then, for example, different approaches have been implemented. For example, as the
central government better approaches,

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one of the famous approaches can be called the growth pole policy. That is
implemented under the first comprehensive national development plan, enacted in
1962.

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In this growth pole policy, new industrial city and special industrial development
area was designated. Like this.
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Because this is a national development plan. So what the plan for is the balanced
development for all or budget public.

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So that's why new industrial cities are designated for all or budget.

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This is very similar to the growth pole policy in Indonesia as well. Sorry, this is
written in Japanese.

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But this map shows Indonesia's growth pole in about 1998. This is just an image.

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The cabinet office, cabinet and prime minister and all the ministers put signs like
this. This is Japanese side.

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They put seals, like a signature like this. To decide this kind of development.

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What was achieved during those national development plans? If you learn about the
economic growth of Japan,

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like this graph shows, sorry, some part is written in Japanese. Japan has achieved
rapid economic growth until 1973,

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when the first oil shock was hit.

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Until that moment, the economic growth for a year sometimes exceeded 20%, 50%, 20%
or 25% or something.

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Then, at the same time, when we look at the disparity, the Gini index,

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once Gini index increased around this period, 1950s or 60s, but dramatically the
Gini index decreased.

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So, some claim that Japan has achieved both economic growth and the decrease of
that disparity.
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It's a matter of something. Then, actually,

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the growth policy that was implemented in 1960s, that was very long ago, 1960s,

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assumed a kind of Kuzunets card in the economic terms. Kuzunets card means that,
according to the economist Kuzunets, Professor Kuzunets,

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that once in the process of development, as you know, once disparity increased, but
after that disparity will decrease.

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This is called the Kuzunets card. Then, actually, most of the country follows this
trend.

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For example, in Sweden, from the year of 1920 to 1961, once disparity increased,
but it decreased.

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Then in Spain as well, in the United Kingdom, in the United States as well, and
Japan also.

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So, here the point is, but as an experience, this could be true, but here the point
is,

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this kind of Kuzunets card is applied to the present condition. I mean, present
Asia, Africa, and Latin American countries as well. This is the point of
discussion.

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Actually, as you know, the growth policy is, becomes very popular, and applied in
many countries, not only in Indonesia, but also many countries,

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in the case of Asia, Thailand, Korea, and Singapore, not Singapore, Malaysia, and
Vietnam as well.