 It was Antoine Lavoisier who disproved the

Phlogiston Theory. He renamed the

"dephlogisticated air" oxygen when he realized that
the oxygen was the part of air that combines with
substances as they burn. Because of Lavoisier's
work, Lavoisier is now called the "Father of Modern
Chemistry".
BASIC LAWS OF MATTER
 THE LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

The mass of your product must be

equal to the mass of reactant.
THE LAW OF MULTIPLE
PROPORTION
DALTON’S LAW
THE LAW OF MULTIPLE
PROPORTION
THE LAW OF DEFINITE
PROPORTION OR LAW OF
CONSTANT COMPOSITION
Joseph Louis Proust
 THE LAW OF DEFINITE
PROPORTION OR LAW OF CONSTANT
COMPOSITION
Joseph Louis Proust
1. All matter is made The indivisibility of an
atom was proved wrong:
up of extremely an atom can be further
small indivisible subdivided into protons,
neutrons and electrons.
particles called However an atom is the
atoms. smallest particle that
takes part in chemical
reactions.
 2.Atoms of the same The law of definite
elements are proportions
identical and are suggest that
different from those elements combine
of other elements. in specific ratios by
mass.
 According to Dalton, the atoms
 2. Atoms of the of same element are similar in
same elements all respects. However, atoms of
are identical and some elements vary in their
are different masses and densities. These
from those of atoms of different masses are
other elements. called isotopes. For example,
chlorine has two isotopes with
mass numbers 35 and 37.
 -Since elements are made
 3.Compounds are up of atoms, they
formed when atoms combine in whole
of different elements numbers and not in
combine in certain fraction.
whole-number
ratios. -This supports the Law of
Definite Proportion and
Law of Multiple
Proportions
 - The law of conservation
 4.Atoms of mass.
rearrange only - The mass of any
element at the beginning
during a chemical of a reaction will equal to
reaction to form a the mass of that element
new compound. at the end of the reaction.
Dalton also claimed that atoms of different
elements are different in all respects.
 This has been proven wrong in certain
cases: argon and calcium atoms each have an
atomic mass of 40 amu.
 These atoms are known as isobars.
 Isobars are atoms of
different chemical elements
that have the same number
of nucleons (mass number).
Correspondingly, isobars
differ in atomic number (or
number of protons) but have
the same mass number.
 The theory fails to explain the existence
of allotropes; it does not account for
differences in properties of charcoal,
graphite, diamond.
is the property of some chemical elements to exist in
two or more different forms, in the same physical state
 The atomic theory explains the laws of chemical
combination (the Law of Constant Composition and
the Law of Multiple Proportions).

 Dalton was the first person to recognize a workable

distinction between the fundamental particle of an
element (atom) and that of a compound (molecule).
 DALTON’S POSTULATE
 -- The mass of any element at the beginning of a
reaction will equal to the mass of that element at
the end of the reaction.
 Allatoms of a given
element are identical
having the same size, mass
and chemical properties.
ATOMIC MODEL
Democritus believed that matter
was made up of extremely small
particles moving through empty
space.
They called these particles atoms
or atomos, which comes from an
ancient Greek word meaning
'indivisible'.
1803
J. J. THOMSON, WHO
DISCOVERED THE ELECTRON
IN 1897, PROPOSED THE
PLUM PUDDING MODEL OF
THE ATOM IN 1904 BEFORE
THE DISCOVERY OF THE
ATOMIC NUCLEUS IN ORDER
TO INCLUDE THE ELECTRON IN
THE ATOMIC MODEL. IN
THOMSON'S MODEL, THE
ATOM IS COMPOSED OF
ELECTRONS (WHICH
THOMSON STILL CALLED
"CORPUSCLES,"
• In 1932, James Chadwick
bombarded beryllium atoms
with alpha particles. An
unknown radiation was
produced.
• Chadwick interpreted this
radiation as being composed of
particles with a neutral electrical
charge and the approximate
mass of a proton.
• This particle became known as
the neutron.
The aurora borealis (northern lights)
form when charged particles emitted
from the sun during a solar flare
penetrate the earth's magnetic shield
and collide with atoms and molecules
in our atmosphere. These collisions
result in countless little bursts of light,
called photons, which make up the
aurora.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMS - ARE THE SMALLEST PARTICLES OF
AN ELEMENT THAT HAVE THE CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF THAT ELEMENT.

- AN ATOM CONSISTS OF SUBATOMIC

PARTICLES (PROTONS, NEUTRONS , AND
ELECTRONS)
 INSIDE AN ATOM
SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES CHARGE MASS(atm)
• ELECTRON • NEGATIVE •0.0005485
• PROTON • POSITIVE • 1.007276
• NEUTRON • NEUTRAL •1.008665
INSIDE THE ATOM
 ATOMIC NUMBER
OR
PROTON NUMBER

-Refers to the number of protons in an

atom.
-number of electrons ( electrically neutral)
Nucleon number or mass number

-REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF

NEUTRON + THE NUMBER OF
PROTONS IN THE ATOM.
 MASS NUMBER number of protons + number of
OR = neutrons
NUCLEON NUMBER
ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT CAN HAVE
DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS.
ISOTOPES

• Atoms of the same element with the same

number of protons and electrons but different
number of neutrons.
• Atoms with the same atomic number but
different in mass.
• Have same chemical properties but slightly
different physical properties.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVE ONLY
ELECTRONS AND NOT THE NEUTRONS.
-PRINCIPAL FUELS FOR NUCLEAR REACTION.
-URANIUM 238 USED TO DETERMINE AGE OF
SEDIMENTS