Waste Management System

CPA703

Mohd Reza bin Esa

Lecture Outline
1. Introduction to Construction Industry
▪ Scenarios of Construction Industry
▪ Construction vs Environment

2. Waste Management
▪ Issues of Waste Management
▪ Waste Management Hierarchy
▪ Waste Minimization Strategies
▪ Challenges

3. Government Initiatives

4. Lean Construction
▪ History of Lean
▪ Principles and Key Concepts
▪ Obstacles in implementing Lean

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.:Introduction to Construction Industry:.

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What is Construction Industry?

Embraces a wide range of integrated organizations that construct, alter and repair
of building and civil engineering structures

Planning Designing Construction Maintenance Demolition

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Scenarios of Construction Industry

❑ Enables the growth of other industries through its role as fundamental

building block
❑ Essential elements of a healthy and functioning economy such as
educational institution, government offices, tourist attractors, etc. – need to be
built and maintained by the construction industry

HOWEVER, construction industry is reported as a pollution generator that destroy the

ENVIRONMENT in which will lead to undesirable impacts towards ECONOMY and SOCIAL aspects
of the country.

LINEAR ECONOMY
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26,000 tonnes of construction Issues of illegal dumping Environmental impacts –
wastes were generated daily resource depletion, global
warming, high pollution levels

“As today’s consumer society has expanded, so has the consumption of resources and the waste it
produces. Domestic waste, industrial waste… the population of the EU throws away 2.7 billion
tonnes of it every year, of which 98 million tonnes are hazardous. The greatest waste stream
comes from construction and demolition waste”
(European Commission, 2014)

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Construction Vs Environment

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.:Waste Management:.

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What is Waste?
Construction and demolition waste can be defined as…..
“….the wastes generated from construction processes in which needed to be transported elsewhere from the
construction site or used on the site itself other than the intended specific purpose of the project”.

A lack of an industry norm or performance standard for managing waste causing uncertainty and confusion among
operatives about waste management relative importance.
(Teo & Loosemore, 2001)

An effective material control strategy should be implemented to control wastage during the life cycle of the construction
process.
(C.-S. Poon et al., 2004)

A proper method/strategy is an urgent demand to improve construction management to realize the mission of
sustainable development.
(Yang et al., 2007)

A lack of consideration given to waste reduction during planning and design stage, well-established waste
minimization strategic model and adoption of it will help much on it.
(Ping et al., 2009)

A lack of experience, inadequate planning and scheduling may cause construction waste’s poor management and
handling.
(Nagapan et al., 2012)
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Source: Pheng & Tan (1997)

Source: Esty & Winston (2006)

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 AUTHORS COUNTRY STRATEGIES STAGES

Arif et al. (2012) India • Revised and enforced waste management related laws • Procurement
• Confusion among multiple contractors on the construction site to manage the wastes • Construction
• Proper storage location for materials • Design & Planning
Begum et al. (2007) Malaysia • Contractor’s Willingness to Pay (WTP) for an improved CWM • Procurement/Construction

Barlaz et al. (2003) United States • Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT) scheme requires the construction actors to pay for the • Procurement/Construction
amount of waste that they are going to produce
Tam and Tam (2008) Hong Kong • A Stepwise Incentive System (SIS) is an award given to those who are producing lower • Design & Planning
waste levels
Yu et al. (2013) Hong Kong • Construction Waste Disposal Charging Scheme (CWDCS) is introduced to encourage • Design & Planning
the construction actors to consider the 3R principles before disposal. • Post-Construction
Gangolells et al. (2014) Spain • On-site sorting technique • Procurement
• Suitable plants such as mobile crusher available on site • Construction/Demolition
• Standardization • Design & Planning
• Teamwork among the stakeholders • Design & Planning
• Reusable elements by considering the future dismantling of components • Design & Planning
Huang et al. (2013) China • Material management should be prioritized to prolong the conservation of raw materials • Design & Planning
and mitigate CO2 emissions.
Low et al. (2014) Singapore • Eco-labelling schemes will attain the idea of sustainable development. • Design & Planning

Ordoñez and Rahe Sweden • Improvement in collaborating and communicating among the stakeholders especially the • Design & Planning
(2013) designers. • Procurement
• Construction
Lachimpadi et al. (2012) Malaysia • The effectiveness of improvising the construction methods; e.g. Industrialized Building • Design & Planning
System (IBS), to minimize waste.

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Regulations Enhancement Awareness and Mindset Lack of Information

The biggest challenges especially in developing countries, is the

dependency on the labour-intensive methods which could
influence waste generation.

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.:Government Initiatives:.

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❑ The introduction of sustainability assessment tools
would promote more environmentally-friendly
construction processes.
❑ Many countries such as the US, UK, Australia,
Singapore and Malaysia have created their own
assessment tools to encourage a more sustainable
construction outcomes.

Waste Minimization Strategies

Sustainability Assessment Tools Year Country
Reduce Reuse Recycle
Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Methodology (BREEAM) 1990 UK √ √
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) 1996 USA √ √
Green Star 2003 Australia √ √
Green Mark 2005 Singapore √ √
Green Building Index (GBI) 2009 Malaysia √ √
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ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

• Drive innovation in sustainable construction

• Drive compliance to environmental sustainability ratings

and requirements

• Focus on public projects to lead the charge on

sustainable practices

• Facilitate industry adoption of sustainable practices

• Reduce irresponsible waste during

construction

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Malaysia has came up with national agenda:-

“Guidelines on Construction Waste

Management (2008)”
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)

“Malaysian Carbon Reduction and

Environmental Sustainability Tool
(MyCREST) (2015)”
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) and Public
Work Department (PWD)

“Solid Waste and Public Cleansing

Management (Scheme for Construction
Solid Waste) Regulations 2018”
Federal Government

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.:Lean Construction:.

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History of Lean

• The concepts of lean production had been developed by Toyota Motor

Company in Japan in the late 1950’s by Taiichi Ohno.

1) Identify and deliver value to the

customer value
2) Organize production as a
continuous flow
3) Perfect the product and create
reliable flow through distributing
information and decision making
4) Pursue perfection

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Lean production comprises a variety of production systems that share certain principles,
including:-

▪ waste minimisation;

▪ responsiveness to change;

▪ just-in-time;

▪ effective relationships within the value stream;

▪ continuous improvement; and

▪ quality from the beginning

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Lean Construction
Lean concept was integrated in the construction industry in 1992.

Lean construction can be defined as…..

“…. a way to design production systems to minimize waste of materials, time, and effort in order to generate
the maximum possible amount of value” (Koskela, 1992).

“.... the goal of better meeting customer needs while using less of everything” (Howell, 1999)

“.... the practical application of lean manufacturing principles, or lean thinking, to the building environment”
(Lukowski, 2010)

“.... the management and improvement of the construction process to profitability deliver what the customer
needs by eliminating waste in the construction flow by using the right principle, resources and measure to
deliver things right first time” (Yahya and Mohamad, 2011)

LC is a concurrent and continuous improvement to the construction project by reducing

waste of resources and at the same time able to increase productivity and secure a better
health and safety environment in order to fulfill the client’s requirements as well as
contributing towards sustainable and greener environment.
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Lean construction is using the same approaches as lean production to reduce waste
and increase the productivity and effectiveness in construction work

4P of the lean way

(Source: Paez, 2005)
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 Defects Overproduction Waiting Non-utilized Talent

Transportation Inventory Motion Over Processing

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 Example:
Construction process improvements seeking cost reductions. Value as perceived
by the client’s eyes is not systematically considered as a rule.

Improvement:
Identifying value from the client’s point of view. Revisiting construction
processes seeking to add more value to the client, by reducing waste and
enhancing additional willed features.

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 Example:
Process mapping applications

Improvement:
Value stream mapping of materials and information.
Designing a future value stream mapping, proposing necessary improvements
and identifying adequate tools.

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 Example:
Specific tools applications: visual controls and poka-yoke.
Last planner used to stabilize working flow.
Identifying and minimizing process wastes by using work structuring.

Improvement:
Creating a continuous flow atmosphere, by revisiting work division patterns of
teams and workers.
Adopting standardized work by defining sequence, rhythm and inventory.

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 Example:
Just-in-time applications among trades or for the supply of specific materials.

Improvement:
Conceiving a broad direct communications system for pulling services,
components and materials just when necessary.

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 Example:
Use of quality systems, focusing mainly on process characteristics affecting
product performance.

Improvement:
Designing processes to immediate detection of problems.
Establishing systematic procedures of continuous learning and improvements on
the functional hierarchy base, whenever variations on standardized work
processes are identified.

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The integration of these key concepts will reduce the accidents and increase the rate of
safety in workplaces. Hence, it will increase the productivity, profit and job satisfaction
of the client due to the commitment of all workers.
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The obstacles are:-

▪ Lack of attentiveness and commitment from top management

▪ Difficulties in understanding the concept of lean construction

▪ Lack of exposure on the need to adopt the lean construction concept

▪ Lack of Proper Training

▪ Weak communication among clients, consultants and contractors

▪ Comfort zone

▪ Attitude and ability to work in group (teamwork)

▪ Long implementation period of lean concept in construction processes.

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.:Conclusion:.

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