CHAPTER 1

Periodic Table
eriialic Properties & Variations of Properties
~us - SCOl'E OF SYLLABUS - in and after MARCH 2020
_ . . .1

fRJODIC PROPERTIES & VARIATIONS OF PROPERTIES - PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL

Q PERIODIC PROPERTIES a THEIR VARIATIONS IN GROUPS a PERIODS •
• Definitions IJt trends of the following periodic properties in groups IJt periods - .
should be studied:
• Atomic size • Metallic character• Non-metallic character• Ionisation potential
• Electron affinity • Electronegativity
IQ PERIODICITY ON THE BASIS OF ATOl'IIC NUl'IBEK FOK ELEMENTS.
• The study of modem periodic table up to period 3 (students to be exposed to the complete
modern periodic table but no questions will be asked on elements beyond period 3 -Argon);
• Periodicity IJt other related properties to be explained on the basis of -
nuclear charge IJt shells [not orbitals].
[Special reference to the alkali metals & halogen groups].
ote: According to the recommendation of International Union of Pure & Applied Chemishy OUPAO
The GROUPS are numbered from 1 to 18 - replacing the older notation of GROUPS
IA.. V1IA, Vlll, IB ... VIIB & 0. However, for the examination both notations will be accepted.
Id IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
tation
17 18
BIi 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 16

. INTRODUCTION
1. Need arose to- group elements into families whose elements showed maximum resemblance.
2. On such an arrangement in the form of a table, properties of elements were seen to
- reappear at regular interoals in the table.
CLASSIFICATION - Of elements
Early Chemists-Arranged elements on basis of - valency, metallic & non-metallic character.
• Method discarded as elements showed - variable valency and dual character.
Dobereiner [1815] -Arranged elements in increasing order of - atomic weights.
• Elements were arranged in groups of three called - triads.
• At. wt. of the middle element was found generally to be - the average of the other two.
• Method was discarded since it did not - hold true for all elements.
Newland [1864] - Arranged elements in increasing order of - atomic weights.
• Elements were arranged in a series of - eight.
• Properties of every eight elem~nt was found to be a - repetition of the first element.
• Method was discarded as it failed to leave - spaces for undiscovered elements.
Mendeleeff [1869] - Arranged elements in increasing order of - atomic weights.
• Elements were arranged in the form of a table called-Mendeleeffs Periodic Table.
• He stated that properties of elements were - periodic functions of their atomic wts.
• Method could not justify position of - certain elements, rare earths and isotopes..
oseley [1912]-Arranged elements in increasing order of- atomic numbers.
• Elements were arranged in a modified table called - Modern Periodic Table.
• He stated that properties of elements were - periodic function of their atomic
• Method removes most of the defects of - Mendele s Periodic Tllbk.
1 •
 GR UP o up I GROUP I GROUP c.r.r G1tr c17P c.;,r
1 2 13 1.4
I IH A I IV A VA VI A VIIA 0
lA HA The Modern Periodic Table 1 2
PERIOD 1 Latest 2017 Table H He
1
H Hydrogen Helium
Hydrogen KEY 1 4
= 1 4 - - - Atomic number
~
,-- Symbol of element -Be 6 7 8
PERIOD r 4 5
Name of element - Beryllium C N 0 9
Li Be 9 - Relative atomic mass
B Flu~ne
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
2 Lithium Beryllium
ro~o~
": 11 12 14 16 19 20
..: 7 9
~
_J 13 14 15 16
PERI OD 11 12 TRANSITION ELEMENTS - p 17 118
.."', "' A l , Si s
"" N a Mg GROUP GROU P GROU P GROU P GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP GROUP Aluminium SIiicon Phosphorus Sulphur C~ l~e !o~
3 GROUP
Sodium Magnesium 11 12
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
23 24 111B IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB 11B
PERIOD 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
19 20 21 Se Br Kr
~ K Ca Sc Ti V C r Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As
Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
4 Potassium Calcium Scandium Tit anium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel
l1 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63.5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84

PERIOD 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
~7 38
Rb Sr y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb , Te I Xe
5 Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
N Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zlcronlum Niobium "1olybdenum Technetium Ruthenium
l 89 91 93 96 99 101 103 106.5 108 112.5 115 11 9 122 128 127 131
85.5 88
PERIOD,55 56 57 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta w Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
6 Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
C.eslum Barium Lanthanum Hafnium
133 l (137) 139 178.5 18 1 184 186 186 192 195 197 201 204 207 (208 .9 )\ (209) l (210) l (222)

109 110 111 \112 113

PERI01 87 188 4 1105
/89 '1 ~ 0 1106 107 108 Nh 114 \115 \116 ~117 ~18
7 Fra~ ~m !!~ A~!: R fN D~~ Se~ ! um e~1!! H~i:: Me ~ !m Dar~ta~ um Roe'!!m Co~n~rr Nihonlum Fl!v~m M~~m l=~um Te!;:ne O~e!!n,
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264 ) (269) (268) 269 272 277 I (289) - (298) - -

~A~~a-. . - - - -- - -C - - - - - ----+
Inner Tr ansition Elemen ts 58 59 60 61 162 63 64
Ce Pr Nd Pm S m Eu Gd 65 I66 \67 · \68 \69 10-- 11
6 * Lanthanide Series Cerium
«1iuml Ne1~ 4iumrro14~iuml ~a5 0~5m Eu ~m Ga;a;~um !..~ \°'~.?- ~.! !:!. '!~ :!!. t.'!
[rare earth elements] 140 15 I 159 162.5 165 167 '\69 '\73 '\75
90 91 92 93 94 95 196
Th Pa u Np Pu Am Cm 97 \98 \99 \100 ~ 102 103
Series rotactinlum Uranium Neptumium Pluromium I Americium I Curium B~~m c!:!m El!;e~um
7 1,r Actinide Thorium ~r~ Md !~m
[radioactive elements] 247 247 251 254 257 258 259 260
232 231 238 237 244 243
, I I NON-META LS
METALS
~'--~ '--~,.. ,..__\ c iTRAN~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ENTSj ~~~ METALLOIDS )_j _ ~9.,."!·-.,L;.a~'!_GE~S 11'~
~~ __J)
 ~ ( f~~,ti~ 'C. :i~ 6Je ro s·e ~ OT' j~ ~lft"~OO"G'--~"-1

. MODERN PERIO DIC TABL E - Long form of the Periodic Table

1. INTRO DUCT ION
• Mende leeff - had arrange d elemen ts in the periodi c table on basis of
- increasing qto_n~ic w_eights. ·
• Moseley-modifiedMendeleeff' s periodictable&stated thatthebasisofclassification
of elements be accordi ng to increasing atomic numbers & not atomic wejg_}:lts since
- physjE~Lan.d chemical properties of elements, depend on the -----
., - number of-'ledmn~ and their arrangement.
• Atomic num~er - is equal to the no. ~lectro ns in the energy shell~ of an atom.
- hence atomic number is the fundamental property of an element.
• Modern Periodic Law - arrange ment of elements in the periodic table is thus
- based on the Modern Periodic Law which states that -
'~~ &_E~~~~ l propert ies of elements are periodic functions. of their at. no.'
2. SALIENT FEATURES - Of the Moder n Periodic Table
• CLASSIFICATION • Periodic table based on basic fundamental property - atomic number.
• POSITION • Correlates position of an element with its - electronic configuration.
• METHOD ICAL • Arrange s element s in - increasi ng order of atomic number s in
ARRANG EMENT - 'SEVEN' horizont al rows called - ' PERIODS' &
- 'EIGHTEE N' vertical columns called 'GROUPS '.
-PERIOD S • Comple tion of each period is logical, since each period
- begi.ns with an element having - one electron in outermost shell &
-ends with zero group element having- completely filled outer shell.
• A transitio n from - metallic to non-metallic character
- is thus seen across a period.
-GROUP S • Ea~h vertical- ~~lumn accomm odates element s with the -
same outer electronic configuration, hence having similar properties.
• '18' vertical columns consists of groups -1 to 17 & 18 [zero group].
_ Groups t, 2 & 13 to 17 [I A to VII A] are called 'NORMAL ELEMENTS'.
_ Groups 3 to 12 [I B to VII B & VIII] are called 'TRANSm ON ELEMENTS'.
_ Group 18 [zero] at extreme right contains 'NOBLE OR INERT GASES'.
• SEPARATI ON • Reactive metals - are placed in group 1 [IA] and 2 [IIA].
OF ELEMENTS • Transition elements - [metals] are placed in the middle.
• Non-metals - are placed in the upper right comer of the periodic table.
• PERIODICITY • G dual change in properties - is seen with
OF ELEMENTS _ :crease in atomic number in the periodic table.
• Periodicity in properties - i.e. recurrence in ~roperties_ ar~ seen
_ 'th elements belonging to the same subgroup m the penodic ta1-
- '::rer a difference of 2, 8, 18 or 32 in atomic nu?'bers_ due
_ recurren ce of similar valence shell electronic configuration.

3
 · d"c Table
C. PERIODS - In The Modern per10 I

....B
11
sc
CIINI
12
7N
....14
0
0.,...
16

•SI ,._,...
15
....
16

--- -
13 p s
GROUP GROUP
9
GROUP
10
GROUP GROUP
11 12
Al
31 32
Clllne
35.5
....40
8 27 28
VII 18 IIB

THE FIRST THREE PERIODS - In the Modern Periodic Table

pER]ODS - SEVENHDRIZQNTAL ROWS OF ELEMENT~_- arranged in increasing order of:._at_ 1JPS.
: PERIOD NU!v[BERS - i.e. 1, 2, 3 etc. signifies ~ N_Q._Q_f ELECf_RON SHELLS OF AN ELU&l{J'. j
• PERIOD- 1 ELEMENTS e.g. [ 1H] have -1 shell ; I!
3 - 2 shells
• PERIOD-2 · ELEMENTS e.g. [ Li] have 1

• PERIOD-3 ELEMENT S e.g. [ 11 Na] have ,... 3 shells & so on.

THE SEVEN PERIODS - of the Modern Periodic Table

ERi OD TYPEOF NO. OF TOMIC 1 2 13 14 1
NO. PERIOD ELEMENTS U MB ER IA IIA IHA IVA VA
1 2
1 SHORT 2 1&2 H He
[shortest] ) )
1e 2e
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N 0 F Ne
2 SHORT 8 3 to 10 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
2e 1e 2e 2e 2e 3e 2e 4e 2e Se 2e 6e 2e 7e 2e Se :
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si p s Cl Ar
3 SHORT 8 11 to 18 ) ) ) ))) ))) ))) ))) ) ) ) .
) )
2eBe 1e 2e 8e 2e 2e Be 3e 2e Be 4e 2e 8 e 5 e 2 e) 8e ) ) )
6e 2e Se 7 e 2e8e
19
K 36
4 LONG 18 19 to 36 ) ) ) ) Kr
2e Be Be 1e
37
s LONG 18 37 to 54
Rb 54
Xe
55 58
6 LONG 32 55 to 86 Cs Ce to 71 86
•tiNTHA NIDE SERI~r
Rn
87 90 are Earth Elements
26 87 to 112 Fr Th to 103

ELEMENTS . P
- in eriod 2
[R~~~t~i1SERIESLr
ements]
· 'ti .
ts - show similari es m properties diagonall
l[IA .
) 2[IIAJ 13[11IA] 14[1VA] .
U Be B
Na~ Mg~ Al ~ C - Bridge elements
Si . elements
- Typ1cal

4
 _ In the Modern Periodic Table [Contd.)
A,oo 5
P~ ,J<OPERTY TRENDS OF ELEMENTS - From left to right in a period
I , ILARITY _ NUMBER OF ELECTRON SHELLS REMAIN_ SAME
• stM [Electrons enter- K-shell (period-1), ~-shell (period-2))
ANSITIO _ VALE~CE ELECTRONS lNCREASES-BYOa.rr
• TR _ NON-METALLIC CHARACTER nc.
INCREASES
[Transition from metallic to non-metallic character].

• pERlOD-1 - HYDROGEN [ 1H - group 1 (IA)] & HEUUM [

• pERIOD-2
l[IA] 2[IIA] 13[IIIA] 14[IVA] lS[VA] 16[VIA] 17[VIIA] 18[0]
Group
LITHIUM BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON
ELEMENT
Li B C N 0 FNe
• At. number 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
• Elect. conf 2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7 2, 8
• State Metal Metal Metalloid Non-metal Non-metal Non-metal Non-metal Noble gas
• Valency 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0

• PERIOD-3
Group l[IA] 2[IIA] 13[IIIA] 14[IVA] 15[VA] 16[VIA] 17[VIIA] 18[0]
ELEMENT SODIUM LUMINJUM SILICON PHOSPHORU SULPHUR CHLORINE ARGON
Na Al Si P S Cl Ar
•At.number 11 13 14 15 16 17 18
• Elect. conf 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 2 2, 8, 3 2, 8, 4 2, 8, 5 2, 8, 6 2, 8, 7 2, 8, 8
• State Metal Metal Metal Metalloid Non-metal Non-metal Non-metal Noble gas
• Valene 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0
Electropositive character increases
(
Electronegative character increases

CHLORIDE NaCl MgC1 2 A1Cl 3 SiCl4 PClfPCl5 S2Cl2

• Bonding Ionic Ionic Ionic, covalent Covalent Covalent
• State Solid Solid Solid Liquid Liquid/solid

• Bonding Electrovalent Electrovalent ectrovalent Covalent Covalent

• Character Strongly basic · eakly acidic Acidic Acidic Strongly acidic
ROXIDF/ NaOH 3 2Si03 HP03 H2S03 HCI04
OXY-ACID H3P04 H 2S04
Strong base Weak base Amphoteric Weak acid Weak acid Strong acid Strong acid

Strong base Weaker base Weak acid Strong acid

• H2Si03 - metasilisic acid; HCIO4 - perchloric acid; Cl207- chlorine heptoxide;
• PH3 - phosphine; HP03 - metaphosphoric acid; H 3PO4 - orthophosphoric acid
 Modern pe rio di c Ta bl e
D. GROUPS - In Th e
1
i71
~
,-~J .._
H
_.. , 1"
-Y-& llA l
-· - .. 1

1 ~
I L -- '-•1 r.r:-- -,
s• •c TN • o •p
..... ~~~16 ~
7 'f!. ?,!. TS
11 12 14 1S.
1 9 11 1 ~1, 1 11:1
:=i!:!!.--r T'"' Aus moN eLEMEN - 15p 1 , .
- If.I. 12 IV"' " -
...;. OIJl<>yP' __ __ _. ... .
., o11lu" I o11&"" I o~0,1'" ~OJ lP' -
35-
o
:T_ ._
---- 31
3 32
-x " o,r 0116 4 'I 1 :Z 27 a ,._

- ft
23 24
20c -
-
9e c Af'r
V ~ V
D
n -
M - · 2'
V

F e'Zf_
,.

2' I 2&u 3!n

n 301 . , , . n . 3a r
28

-- -- -- -79 . 31.
·" -

4
K
- - -
a l v
~ -- --
er Mn -
-
coN
_.
59
....,.. -,. , 65 -
70- - - - 73 75
-80 ..._
39 45
40 48 51 52 55 56
59 63 .5 14
,,__
Rb
~ •Sr • v
..,Z r 4
Nb 1a 43
Mo Tc .,..
48
RU R h P d A 9
48 ,., ~d 'tn 50
S ~
Sb I~
Te
93
I
L ·~· - T - - -
5 - - - - -;;- - ; - 99 - - - ,__ -10s
c.-
112.5
...,. . n-" - 22- 128
- -127
--
85.5 101 115 119 1 131
88 89 91 103 106 .5
..- - Ill 91.a t;.
T~ f 7 7 7 7
4"TT T8 79
t,v le As '9g •1ra 8Jb 81.1 aJ11.
e ~ - - - -
8
,._... -
Ir
o-; m ~ ,!:!
...- <~ > (209} (210) _, , noa -
o t At
133 (137 ) 195 (222)
~ ea - 1 1 04 105 1oe 10T 1
139 178.5 181 184 197 201 1,
........., 188 204 207
12
Fr Ra Ac .., !!! _! ,.. !!. !!!1:: 1,: t : : . ~1.. cn Nh Fl
1 1 1 113 114 1 15 ,Wif 8 ~
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262)!!!
I~ 11
7 _! _ _ .,__ie-.......,.-- (2 M c LV T• 'I
(266 ) (264 ) (269 ) (268 ) 269
89 )- - (198 ~ 272 2
THE GROUPS - MODERN PE
RI OD IC TA BL E
• GR OU PS - EIGHTEEN VERTICAL CO
LJJA4NS-(w ith eight ma in groups] in the perio
• GR OU P NU MB ER S- signifies dic table.
the - NUMBER OFVALENCE ELEC
TR ON S OF AN
[valence electrons -- are electron
• GR OU P - 1 [IA] EL EM EN s present in the ou ter mo st sh ell ELEME!'f[,
TS e.g . 11Na _[2L8,1] h~ve of an atom].
-.-G RO UP--=--1 [ITA]- EL EM EN -1 va len ce ele ctr on -
TS e.g . 12Mg [2,8,2] ha ve -=..
TR AN sm oN ELEMENTS - 2 va len ce ele ctr on s & so on.
also have_- 2 valence electron s - e.g 26
. Fe [2,8,14,2] , 30 zn [2,8,1BJ
THE GR OU PS - of the M od ern ].
Pe rio dic Ta ble
GROUP NO. TYPE OF ELEMENT
1 AL KA LI ME TA LS ELEM EN TS
[I A] Li gh t me tal s to 87 Fr
2 ALKALINE EA RT H ME TA LS
[II A] 4e e Lig ht me tal s
to 88 Ra
3t o1 2 TR AN
SIT IO N EL EM EN TS 21 sc
[IB to VIIB, VIII] INN ER TR AN . H ea vy me tal s to 30 zn
SIT IO N EL EM EN TS 39 y
------
Pe rio d- 6 ----
• LA NIB AN IDE SE RIE S- Ce - -
Pe rio d- 7 • AC TIN IDE SER IES
c----
to Lu 57 La ;fB ce to 7
-T h to Lr 89 Ac ;e_ oT h t 10
72 Hf -:;-LJ to 48 cd
80 .
3 L 10 4 to Hg
13 to 16 POSTTR.ANSIDONELEMENTS -·--·-
0
r Rf to 11 2
[IIIA to VI A] 13 AI 32 Ge 51
Uu b
to to Sb
81 T·1 82
17 [VII A] Pb 83 Bi
HALOGENS
18 [O) to
NO BL E/I NE RT GA SE S 85 At
• 86 -- ---'t 111 ■
T~ SI TI O N ELEMENTS - to
Lie be ~e en strongly electroposi [M eta ls] e.g 21
. Sc [2,8,8,3] Ro :·
on the ng ht. They all ha ve sim tive me tal s on the left & lea st ele ctr op os· t·
ilar pro pe rtie s. (Electron change 1
• IN NE R TR AN Sf fiO N ELEM occurs in . ive ele me nts
ENTS - [Metals] e.g. ssce, 9°'
Tw o ho riz on tal row s of metals fh inn er orb it,l ls]
Form two series-Lanthanide [ra at the bo tto m of the table.
re earths] &A cti nid e [radio active
• NOBLE GASES - They are ine ] of 14 e1'-4.1
~-.lents ea L ;
rt, unreactive, an d ha ve stable ele
ctronic co nfi ,;~ '· 1
ReUPS - In The Modern Periodic Table [Contd.]
PROPERTY TRENDS OF ELEMENTS - On moving down a - Subgro
Period Grou~2
Grouf 1
[IA [IIA 'frriXr G[VITAr Property Trends down a subgroup
1 • SIMILARITY
4 Be gF - VALENCE ELECTRONS REMAIN SAME
2 3U 5B
2, 1 of eleme~ts
-- - --
in a sub-group.
3 11Na 12Mg 13AI 17 c, - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES REMAIN SIMILAR
2, 8, 1
of elements in a sub-group. [or vary gradually]
4 19K 20ca 31Ga 35er
2 , 8,8, 1 Chemical properties -
385r
ar"'e depeooe~h,!).-Qlfler
5 37Rb 491n 531
2,8 , 18, 8 , 1 electronic con£igui_afion:
6 55cs 56ea 81TI 85At • TRANSITION
2,8 , 18, 18, 8 , 1

- - METALLIC CHARACTER INCREASES

7 87Fr 88Ra
2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 18 , 8,1 [electro-positive character].
- NO. OF ELECTRON SHELLS INCREASES BY ONE
Mc T\ - rt\ e~cJ s Oj\ Q__ _, ~ ~n <L YI e__
Cl 'r,~ \1 c. ~ ( 1.-1 -t
ALKALI METALS - GROUP 1 [IA] & HALOGENS - GROUP 17 [VID\]
1 [I A] elements, 17 [VII A] elements
• ELEMENTS - Lithium, sodium, potassium - Fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
rubedium, caesium, francium iod-ine, -astatine.
• VALENCY - Univalent [1 valence electron] - Univalent [7 valence
,
electrons]
- -...-- - -- \

• NATURE - Highly reactive.r_ - Highly reactive,

- Highl yelech:OJ'p,sitive,
- Light, so(t,___metals.
[Metallic in nature]
Metals - are soft and hence
can be_cut with.a.knife. --
• CONDUCTIVITY - Good conductors
arneaf"&eiectric;tfy_._
• REDUCING/ - Strong reducing agents.
OXIDISING NATURE ~ metals - -electron donors l
ve one valence electron which
is easily removed a"~ ~~-~hell. fro~
• ELECTRONEGATMTY - Lqw -=-electronegativity
[Electropositive character
- increases from Li to Cs]
- Highly electronegative,
- Non-metals.
[Non-metallic in nature]
Gaseous - F & Cl , Liquid - Br
Solid at room temp. - I
- Bad or non-conductors
_o fh~aj;__&_electricity__ -=:---
- Strong oxidising agents .
[hajogens- electron acceptors].
- High - electronegativity
[Electronegative character
- decreases from F to I]

- Elt:ftro_valen~pompqi.,.nds - Covqlent cQmpound.s

formed-[e.g. NaO, KBr] formed [e.g. HQ, P03, 5.202)
- Ionic hydrides ~ - Covalent hydrides
formed [e.g. LiH, NaH] £onned [e.g. HF, H(l HBr,

At tl
 iJ18
em en ts in in c re ~ t-
at ~
ll1ioCU.c La w w hi ch st
omic numbe rs. '
ll e--ll#irmrms o flheir at
o felbne,,ts means -
properties of el em en ts
Mr l:m"Q tic . b
ern perio dic tabl e f
in the mod g orde r of their atomzc num ers. 0
are a"anged in incr easin er en ce
. . . rvals ar e afte r diff
. th e definite inte
modem penod1c table .J m be rs
in atomic nu
either 2 or 8 or 18 or 32 . . lled
ar e ca
PERIODIC PR O PE R T IE S . te rv a1s m• th e pe no di c. ta blfe nt s '
· 1 e ·
T. , he proy ,n .n +i
wues w r-:: · ap
hi ch pe ar at re gu la r m
, • di •ty in pr op er ti es o e em
1neri-..1!-
__.,...-uua
-c..=-
pr,,.-op
:-. ~_.A
ti' -es and th e -pnt:.. en
er-~- om en on pe no ct
-- -
. .
P er io di c properties : - • E le ct ro ne g~ ti vt ty
ni sa tio n po te nt ia L ~_El ec tr on af fi ni ty
..,• A to m ic radii • Io
m et al lic ch ar ac ter_ , ox y- ac id s, hy dr id
es .
• N on -m et al li c an d • N at ur e of ox id es
-~ d b(?iJing po in t
• D en si ty • M el ~ g ti es in Pe ri od s & G ro up
s
Y - In Pr op er
PE R IO D IC IT nic co nf ig ur at io n oc
curs.
• REASONS FOR r va lenc e sh ell elec tro
- After definite inte
rvals of at no., simila
ents de pe nd on the - va le nc e sh el l.
- Pr op er tie s of elem t of electrons in variou s shells in cl ud in g
number & arrangemen er ty -
crea se or de cr ea se in a pa rt ic ul ar pr op
od or su bg ro up , in en ts .
- In th e sa m e pe ri tro ni c co nf ig ur at io n in th e ar ra ng ed el em
change in elec
is du e to th e gradual
TE RM
PROPERTY MEANIN G O F TH E
DIC
DIUS It is th e distan ce between the -
L ATOMIC RA e nucl~us an d the ou
te r us
ce n~ e of th @ .a to m ic ra di
.
m os t shell of the atom e-
qu ire d - M ➔ M+ +_ elec tron
th e am ou nt of en er gy re at om 10 n - .
O N It is
2. IONISATI e ou te r [i.e. ~ - e- ➔
M+J
tQ I~ ~
- !. an f f.!ctr Q_t!_tr_om th
POTENTIA L (I.P.J - I. P.J
~ J lS_@Ln{ [Energy re qu ire d
~-~ o~~ isQlateq x-_
➔ on + en er gy
th e am ou nt of_ ~e rg y released - ato + __e-· -a
.~rri __ ni - -
It is
1 ELECTRON sl af e
at om in th e gaseoiis
AF FI NI TY (E.A .J w he n an
,,.-r.a.-: ei ~ anelectron to form-in Milon [Energy re le as ed _ E.
A.]
_r; ,..- r' an .a to m - ,- -- --:- : covalent bond
H ~ ct
I~ is .th e:te11c:fency. .0L it se lf __ _ - •
to •__ _ ..: :_• _ , (o rm ed
(E.N.J to attract electro!!:s
co m po un d. ·
~ he n ~ombined in a [H & Cl - small diffeta
in _
JiPns of electron loss or ga N + e-
is a:
 -:i3 1 6 6 \q ~s -i
.
PERIODIC TRENDS IN PROPERTIES - Atomic Size
~~~~~~~~
t. THE TERM - Atomic size - ~~====- ~
THE DlST ANCE BETWEEN -
THE CENTRE OF THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM &t IT'S OUTERMOST SHELL.
ATOMIC IVWIUS UNIT OF BOND LENGTH
outermost shell ATOMIC RADII +
- · ~--. nucleus
.atomic radius
IAngstron unit= I A0
f 'lj
[atomic radius determines bond length)

2. FACTORS WHICH AFFECT - The Atomic size

• NUMBER OF SHELLS -Increases _ _ - ATOMIC SIZE -Increases
Reason.: Number of shells increases -
the distance of the outermost shell from the nucleus increases.
• NUCLEAR CHARGE -Increases - ATOMIC SIZE - Decreases
R eason:~ uclear charge incr~ses -
the electrons in the outermost shell are attracted with increasing force.
NUCLEAR CfV\.RGE - of an atom is the - positive charge on the nucleus of an atom.
It is e uivalent to the - atomic number of the element.
3. TRENDS IN ATOMIC SIZE- Across a period - From left tori
Elements Li Be \__B C N O F
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2,4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7
Atomic radius [A 0 ] 1.55 1.12 0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64
• NUMBER OF SHELLS-Remain same - ATOMIC SIZE -Unaffected
• NUCLEAR CHARGE -Increase$ - ATOMIC SIZE -Decreases __.,,,
- In period-2 [Li] has the largest atomic radi s & F the smallest.
- Neon [NeL= a arger atomic radius since in inert gases -
tne outer shell - is comp1etely.Jilled :r;esulting in-a for~ of repul?ion.
The effect of the nuclear pull over the valence shell electrons is not seen.
_ (A Cation (formed by los.s of electron/ s e.g. Na- le- ➔ N? +) is srra"er than the parent neutral atom since the
1

~ remaining electrons in the cation are strongly attracted by the nucleus, thus decreasing the cation siz.e.]

~ - j A TOMIC SIZE [RADII] DECREASES ACROSS A PERIOD- LEFT TO RIGHT

4. TRENDS IN ATOMIC SIZE - Down a Grou

Elements Atomic Trends in atomic radii - down a group ATOMIC
radius SIZE
1.55 • NUMBER OF SHELLS - ATOMIC SIZE (RADII]
- Increases - Increases
1.91 [New shells added with [Nuclear distance from
increasing atomic no.] valence electrons increases]
2.35 • NUCLEAR CHARGE - ATOMIC SIZE
- Increases - Should decrease
IDcrease in number of shells - Dom·
in nuclear
 -~Riilfl CrT ra.-•~----• -
· isation
THE TERM - Ionisation Potentia l or 10
ED TO REMOVE ANI
THE AMOUNT Of ENERGY REQUIR RMOSTSH ELLOF
~
UTE-

ALOOSELY
UND£LECIRONFROMnlE0
BO • lled first J.P.
. d to remove 1st electron - 1s ca
Energy require M+ + e- [first J.P. is less]
M ➔ electron
atom
.
ion
e 2 ,,d electron - is called second I•P· [_
Electron vo1t -= e V I
EnPrVU n,m1ired to remov
-
·-·o:, ·-,- M++ + e- . more ]
[second J.P. 1s
M+ ➔
WHICH AFFECT - The Ionisati on otential
2. FACTOR S
- IONIZATIONPDTENflAL-Decreases
• ATOMIC SIZE - Increases
R
eason.. Atomic
_ size increases
ttraction - on the outer electrons - decreases.
The nuc 1ear a ectrons are loosely held. :. LP. decrease s.
Hence th e ou ter el
, • NUCLEA R CHARGE - Increases - IONIZAT ION POTENTIAL - Increases
Reason: Nuclear charge increases - .
The nuclear attraction on the outer ~lectrons - i~creas~s.
Hence the outer electrons are more firmly held . .. 1.P. increases .

3. TRENDS IN IONISAT ION POTEN TIAL- Across a period- From left

Elements Ne
Li Be B C N O F
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2,4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7 ' 2, 8
5.4 ' 9.3 8.3 11.2 14.5 13.6 17.4 21.4
J.P. e
• ATOMIC RADil -Decreases [as discussed] - IONISAT ION POTENT IAL- Increases
• NUCLEA R CHARGE -Increase s - IONISAT ION POTENT IAL-Inc reases
- The element_helium [He] has the highest ionisatio n potentia l while caesium [CsJ
--- has the lowest. (Francium [Fr] is radioactive) · / -
- Metals lose electrons & enerall have low ionisation potential com ared to non-meta ls.
ES INCREAS
IONISAT ION POTENTIAL - - - ~ ACROSS A PERIOD -LEFT TO RIGIIT

4. TREND S IN IONISA TION POTEN TIAL - Down a Gro

Elements I.P. Trends in ionisatio n potentia l- down a group IONISA1IO
[eV]
5.4 • ATOMIC RADII - IONISA TION POTENT IAL P<JIFNIJ
D AL
- Increases - D ecreases ,
E
5-1 [No. of shells increases]
2~~1 C

2, ls, 1 4.3 • NUCLEAR CHARGE - IONISA TION POTEN TI

- Increases
- Should increase AL
:

4.2 - Increase in atomic radii - D .

- Increase in nu I ominates over
. ... •.,....... . c ear charge
all 1onisatio n potentifll
fAIODll,; PROPERTIES - Electron ""Affinlry Lc.,...J
1 t1t:Nu:::» IN 7
1. THE TERM - Electron Affini
THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY RELEASED_
WHEN AN ATOM IN THE GASEOUS STATE ACCEPTS AN ELECTRON TO FORM AN ANION,
X + e- ➔ x- + l 'b d UNIT OF
electron energy I er~t~ ELECTRON AFFINITY
atom anion [1st electron affimty.] I I _ y
_
]
. Electron vo t - e
Cl + e- ➔ CI- [-3.80 e V] [represented with -ve sign]

FACTORS WHICH AFFECT - The Electron Affini

• ATOMIC SIZE - Increases _ ELECTRON AFFINITY - Decreases
Reason: Electron affinity is the tendency of an atom to accept electrons·.
~ small atom takes up electrons more readily than a large atom -
smce nucleus has greater attraction on the electrons.
• NUCLEAR CHARGE - Increases - ELECTRON AFFINITY - Increases
Reason: Nuclear charge increases -
similarly increases the tendency of the atom to accept electrons.

TRENDS IN ELECTRON AFFINITY - Across a period - From left tori

Li Be B C N O F Ne
2, 1 2, 2 2, 3 2,4 2, 5 2, 6 2, 7 2, 8
, -0.61 [exception] .- 0.30 -1.25 [exception] -1.48 -3.6 0
• ATOI\11C RADII -Decreases [as discussed] - ELECTRON AFFINITY - Increases
[highest for halogens, least for alkali metals]
• NUCLEAR CHARGE-Increases - ELECTRON AFFINITY-Increases
- Neon [Ne] - has electron affinity zero since -
inert gases with stable electronic co~guration find it difficult to accept electrons.
[Inert gases do not fonn ions - since their outermost shell is completely filled. They need not accept or
donate any electrons & are already stable. They have no urge to destabilize themselves through gain or loss
of electrons & hence do not form ions.]
- Electron affinity is highest for halogens [group 17] & least for alkali metals [group 1]
- Greater the value of E.A., more electronegative or more oxidising is the element.
ELECTRON AFFINITY INCREASES ACROSS A PERIOD-LEFT TO RIGHT

TRENDS IN ELECTRON AFFINITY - Down a Grou

ements E.A. Trends in electron affinity - down a group
[eV]
-3.60 • ATOMIC RADII [Size] - ELECTRON AFFINITY D
E
- Increases - Decreases C
_ _ [No. of shells increases] R
3 80
• NUCLEAR CHARGE - ELECTRON AFFINITY
. 5.0 - Increases - Should increase
e in atomic ii - Dominates o
MRIODIC TREN DS IN PROP ERTI ES - Elect roneg stlvit y [E.N. ]
l'JIE TL'RM - Electr onega tivity _ _ .
t. THI: Tl:.NDl: NCY Of AN ATOM TO ATTRA CT ELEClR ONS TO IT~Elf
-
WHl=N COMBI NED IN A COMPO UND.

~
~
. N.~@ a E. N.~N
~___C;\Cl ft@\ E. N. ft@\ ~-:a
=0.9~=3.0~ ~ =3.0 ~ ·
Cl - atom C l - atom
Na - atom Cl - atom .
A , Lll.. rrw.N[ ) betw
JONIC BOND -betwe encomb ininga toms-i f COVn.u bininga torn,
::.!~ 1 U\J - . . eencom _.
, er w,·deIy m
atoms diffi · e lectron egati v ity . if a toms have near/11 . .smrzlar electro nt.~ati\
·l.t es.
Elt'l.:trotu._,gativity- indicates the net result of the tendency of element s tv attriu. t tlze hnui _fumm1x
t' \ trvn I
2. FACT ORS WHIC H AFFE CT- The Electr one ativi
• ATOM IC SIZE - Increases - ELECT RONEG ATIVI TY - Decreas
Reason: Reasons affecti~g electro nega tivity a re -
the same and in the same order as electro n affinity .
• NUCLE AR CHAR GE - Increases - ELECT RONE GATIV ITY - I11creases
Reason: Reasons affectin g electro nega tivity are -
the same and in the sa me order as electro n affi ni ty .

3. TRENDS IN ELEC TRON EGAT JVIIY - Acros s a period - From left to

Elemen ts Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
2 8 1 2 8 2 2 8 3 28 4 2, 8 5 2, 8, 6 2 8 7 2 8 8
E.N. 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0
• ATOMIC RADII- Decrea ses [as d iscussed ] - ELECT RON EG AT~Y I~ -,l!1cr~
SfS (YI c
(Highes t fo r halogemtNon-indallic cha racte
l llUs mnease s fro m left to right in-a period] .
• NUCLEAR CHAR GE-In crease s - ELECT RONE CATIV ITY -Incre ases
- Elemen ts with high electro negativ ity are " s ually - 11011-metallic.
[thus non-me tals are electron ega ti ve w hile met.i ts are elL'Ctro positive )
- Fluorine is the most electronegative elemen t in the periodic table while caesium the least
- Noble -ases have complete octet and hence do not attract electrons to itself.
INCREA SES
ONEG ATIVIT Y - - - - - - . . ACRO SS A PERIO D-LEF T TO RIGH T
TRENDS IN ELEC TRON EGAT IVITY - Down a Grou :,r

E.N. Trend in electro negati vity down a group ELECTR

4.0 • ATOM
IC RADII - ELECT RONE GATIV ITY NF.GA
- Increases - Decrea ses D
3.0 [No. of shells increases] E
c
• NUCLEARCHARG - ELECT RONE GATIV ITY R
Increases - Shoul d increase
-Dom i,,. 11111-'
ERIODIC TRENDS IN PROPER TIES- Meta//icorNon-meta//ic Character
1. THE TERM - Metallic and non-meta llic character
METALLIC CHARACTE R electro ositive NON-METAL LIC CHARACTE R
In tem1s of electron losing property - In terms of electron gaining property -
an ato1n is said to be a - METAL . an atom is said to be a - NON-METAL
If IT LOSES - ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS IF IT GAINS - ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS
WHEN SUPPLIED WITH ENERGY. WHEN SUPPLIED WITH ENERGY.
M ➔ M+ + e- [M,ametalat om N + e- ➔ N- [N, a non-metal
Metal ion electron loses an electron] Non-metal ion gains an electron]
FACTORS INFLUEN CING - Metallic & non-meta llic character
METALLIC NON-META LLIC
CHARACTER CHARACTE R
• ATOMIC RADII - Increases Increases Decreases
• IONIZATION POTENTIAL - Increases Decreases Increases
• METALLIC ATOMS - present on the left side of the periodic table have
• Large- atomic radii & Low;.. ionisation potential value & tend to Lose- electrons.
• NON-METALLIC ATOMS - present on the right side of the periodic table have
• Small-atom ic radii& High-ionis ationpoten tialvalue&t end to Gain-electr ons.
- Metals are good reducing agents while non-metals are good oxidizing agents.
[Greater the tendency to lose electron/s, the greater is the reactivity of the metal.
In case of non-metals, the greater the tendency to gain electrons the greater is the reactivity of the same.]

3. TRENDS IN CHARACT ER - Across a period from left to right

Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
281 282 ' 283 284 285 286 287
Character Metal Metal Metal Metalloi Non-meta Non-meta Non-meta Noble a
METALLIC · NON-META LLIC
In a period from left to right as discussed CHARACTE R CHARACTE R
• ATOMIC RADII - Decreases \ Decreases Increases
• IONIZATION POTENTIAL:.. Increases Decreases Increases
DECREASES ' INCREASES
METALLIC CHARACTER ---➔ NON-METALLIC CHARACTER - - - - ACROSS A PERIOD
4~r-·
4. TRENDS IN CHARAC TER - Down a Group e.g. group-::~ '"':V)
-*' : '

Chara Trend in metallic and non-metalli c character - down a group

C Non-metal METALLIC NON-MET ALLIC
2, 4 Down a group as discussed CHARACTE R CHARACTE R
Si Metalloid • ATOMIC RADII
2, 8, 4
Increases Increases Decreases
Ge Metalloid
8, 18, 4 • IONIZATION POTENTIAL
ecreases Increases
'SAT THE BOITOM OF A GROUP - are
· elargeatomicsize 1
 Ot her Physical & Chemical Pr opertle1
DS IN PR OP ER TI ES -
DIC TR EN Jkl ty
ty, Melting & Boiling poin-t·- i~-
~h kh p,• rJo
AL PR OP ER TIE S - De nsi
• J>JflrSIC •"'' th,·n•,a
nsi ty & m.p , of ele me nts - iorn•aSt' ,,-aduall jHlight d," ·r•··
AC RO SS A PERIOD..-: De I' S C
B C N O F Na Mg Al Si
- Li Be
2. J -
1.0 1.7 2.7 2.3 J.H
1.8 2.3 2.2
De nsi ty [g.j ml. ] 0.5 -220 98 650 N,0 1410 41
181 1277 2030 3727 -210 -219
01,p. /OC] b .. <~f!~~_'lllf'n.ts_- d,'< ·r,•,t~~~ ~r,
1du
DO WN A GR OU P- Density increases gra du all y~ 01.p. &
Ho ilin g Po int l"t ·J
De nsi ty fg./ ml .] Me lti ng Po int 1°CJ
Gr ou p l[lA ] J'M 7
0.54 181
Li 880
0.97 98
Na 7M,
0.86 63
K
TIE S - Per iod ici ty in pro per ties of co mp ou nd s of elc me ntl
CH EM IC AL PROPER
RIOD DO WN A GR OU P
Varies from - ACROSS A PE to Ba sic
to Str on gly acidic Ac idi c
Str on gly bas ic to Strongly ba~·
Oxides ph ote ric Less ba sic
ic to Am
Hydroxides Strongly bas g ox y-a cid s Strong oxy-aciJs to Weak
oxy- ·
Weak ox y-a cid s to Str on
Ox y-a cid s aci dic Less aci dic to Mo re aci dic
Str on gly bas ic to Str on gly
Hy dri des
& un sta ble ele me nts in the
Pe rio dic Ta/Jle
RE NC E - Arr a sta ble
REFE "Ip ratio
No . of pro ton s No. of neutrons
Element Symbol Atomic no. Mass no. n = A- Z
[Z] [A] p= Z

11 23 11 12
Sodium 2311Na

19 39 19 20
Potassium 391 9K

236 U 92 236 92 144 14442· >1

Uranium 92
. a_
ed in the per iod ic tab le hav ing
Lig ht metals - Ele me nts arr ang /' It
p ) rat io aro un d 1 are stable elements e g ,g , me ta 1s, Na an d K.
'Y (ne utr on/ pro ton . . .
Heavy metals - Elements wi th a -
ctive unstable elem en t s. e.g. heav y metal, ura niu m .
o/p ratio above 1.5 are considered as radioa
- Values of- Ato mi c size, Ionisation potential , Electron arffi'mi.·1-11
,:,, Electronega
'CE
ION ISA TIO N POTENTIAL
PERI OD
OMIC SIZE AO
He 1 H
0.31 13.1
B C N 0 F Ne 2 Li Be a• C N* 0
0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64 1.12 5.4 9.3 8.3 11.2 14.5 13.6
Al Si p s CI Ar 3 Na Mg * AI Si P* s
1.44 1.18 1.10 1.06 0.99 1.28 5.1 7.6 5.8 8.1 10.1 9.9
l'Ea.10

He 1 H
0 2.1
C N* 0 F 2 Li Be B C N 0 F
-t~ -1.48 -3.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Sf P* s a 3 a Mg Al Si p s CJ
-1.39 -0.80 -2.0 -3.8 .9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.t 2.5 3.0
.. , '
' ' '
' ,
. ,
' 4 ,
 it~Tht' ,~~lsl n~active elt.>ment ~f group I. iii]Theelementfromperiod3withleama~si7.e.
tv n,r nohl,• g,,s of tht.l fourth period. v] How many valence electrons are present m Q.
Which l'l,•mpnt from group 2 would have the least ionization energy.
In th<' compound h~~ A & H wha~ type of bond is formed & give its mola:ular fonnula.
entity: Th(• ck•mcnt which has the highest ionization potential. [pg.

(ltooSt the ,vrrect answer: i) Ionisation Potential increases over a period from left to right because the:
, Atomic radius & nuclear charge increases B: Atomic radius & nuclear charge decreases
C Atomic radius increases & nuclear charge decreases D: Atomic radius decreases & nuclear charge increaseS.
U] An element A belonging to Period 3 & Group II will have - A: 3 shells & 2 valence electrons
B: 2 shells & 3 valence electron,;; C: 3 shells & 3 valence electrons D: 2 shells & 2 valence electrons [pg.4, 6)
Atomic number of element Z is 16. i) State the period & group to which z belongs. ii] ls Z a~~ or a non-metal
tli] State the formula of the compound between z & Hydrogen. What kind of compound is this. [pg.SJ
Intheactivity_seriesofr:netals-Misametalabovehyd rogenintheactivityseries&itsoxidehasthefonnula¥f .>·
M20 when dissolved m water forms the corresponding hydroxide which is a good conductor of electricity.
q What kind of oombination exists between M &O. ii] State the no. of ela:trons in theoutenna,tshellof M [pg.5 (pf.134))
iii] Name the group to which M belongs. . pg.SJ
Give aphrase for. Amount of energy released when an atom in the gaseous state aropts an electron to fonn an aruon.[pg.11]
• Match the option - A: Metal or B: Iron - with the statements i] & iiJ: [pg.6 (64))
n The metal that forms two types of ions ii] An element with electronic configuration 2,8,8,3

• • The element with the least electronegativity is: A: Lithium B: Carbon C: Boron D: ~uorine [pg.15, (12)
Arrange the elements as per the instructions: i] Cs, Na, Li, K, Rb [increasing order of metalltc character].[pg.15 (13)
ii) Mg, Cl, Na, S, Si [decreasing order of atomic size]. [pg.15(9)
iii]. Na, K, Cl, S, Si [increasing order of ionization energy]. [pg.15(10)
iv] Cl, F, Br, I [increasing order of electron affinity]. [pg.15(11)
• Select a covalent oxide of a metalloid from the following - SO2, SiO2, Alz(?:y MgO, CO, Na2O. [pg.5
The metals of Group 2 in the periodic table from top to bottom are - Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, & Ba. [pg.13,
i] Which one of these elements will form ions most readily. Give reasons.
ii] State the common feature in the electronic configuration of all these elements given.
16 ·
• Select the correct answer from A, B, C & D: An element w ith the atomic number 19 will most likely combine
chemically with the element whose atomic number is: A: 17 B: 11 C: 18 D: 20 . [pg.4]
Identify the term in each of the following: i] The te~dency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when
combined in a compound. ii] The electrons present m th~ outermost shell of _an ato?'. . . [pg.12, pg.6)
. Write the correct symbol: ~ [grea_~er than] or< [less t~a'?] m t~e s_tate_ments: 1] The 1011:1-zation potential of
potassium is_ that of sodium. 11] The electronegativ1ty of 10dme 1s _ that of chlonne.[pg.10(15),pg.12)

i
~ 3 R
4 T
!I
Use the letters only written in the Periodic Table below to answer the questions : [pg.S, 5, 13(15), 4(15)
I II III IV V VI VD O i] State the number of valence electrons in atom J. S
ii] Which element shown forms ions with a single negative charge.""'\
iii] Which metallic element is more reactive than R.
iv] Which element has its electrons arranged in four shells.T
T
Fill in the blanks b:y selecting the correct word: i] If an element has a low ionization energy then it is likely
to be _ _ [metallzc/non metallic]. ii] If an element has seven electrons in its outermost sheffthen it is likely to
have the _ _ [largest I smallest] atomic size among all the elements in the same period. [pg.10(15), pg9(15)]
7
Select the correct answer - The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral isolated gaseous atom & convert
it into a RC)Sitively chargec! gasE:X)US ion is called ___. felectron affinity, ionisation potential electronegativity] pg.10]
Match the atomic number 2, 4, 8, 15 & 19 with each of the following - il A solid non-metafbelongmg to
the third Reriod. ii] A metal of valency 1. iii] A gaseous element with valency 2 iv] An element belongm..s
to Group 2. v] A rare gas. [pg_;\, 5J
Arrange the following as per the instruction in the brackets - i] He, Ar, Ne [Increasing order of the number
electron shells] ii] Na, 1.i, K [Increasing ionisation energy]. iii] F, Cl, Br [Increasing electronegativityl.
] Na, K, Li [Increasing atomic size]. · (pg.4, 10, lZ 9)

· one word or a phrase for the following statement The energy released when an electron is added to a
. tral gaseous i~olated atom to form a negative!r, charg~d ~on. . . Jpg.11)
ve a ~eason for: 1] Inert gases do not form ions. 11] Iorusation potential increases across a perio , fro
to !'lght. . . . [i) pg.11, ii) pg.1
Peno~ 3 of the Penod1c Table, element B 1s placed to the left of element A. On the oasis of
ormation, choose the correct word from the brackets - to complete the following statements.
The element B would have [lower/higher] metallic character than A. [pg.13,
The element A would probably have [lesser/higher] electron affinity than 8. [pg.11,
The element A would have [greater/smaller] atomic size than B. L: .9,

11
 \. State the' on which the' modl•m pt.•riodic table
2. Sta~e the iffi.P..O ent featu~fl of tlw modt!rn periodic table .
periodicity of elements forms an 1m1: 0 rt .111t fl'a t11 n' of tlw mod,--m
3. What are periods'. ~tate the correl!ihm, ol ,n ~w r lod 111m,lwr with t e ~-
4. Name the dcments m corn-ct 0rd cr of tlwi r t1H' n•,11-1 i n K 11 11 1111 k numhere tJIIIJ"'" ,
third s h o rt pe riods of tht• p••i:iodif tnhle . ~ l~th • t•,w h 1•h •,·111 ·11t i, rh•dronk c - ~'
5. Give a reason why a) crm 11~lc't!'!"? l•al·h p,•nc ~d IR logkn l hi rwri od-2 L'i«>rrumta ~ I
6. State tlw pn')perty tn•nd s in ~ l ru.ri 1 on t~ll\ Vlll g ~l'Cllll ll'fl l o ri ght In ft pc•rlod of
State i] tlw ho ndin ~ & Slilh of l. 1 ori,1' s of Jll'rllld -1 - gro up 1 (IAI l 'i IVAl.1 6 A Is
.,.t,te· t,
()XJ\::-st' rl·~
7.
ii) the hondi n ~ & c h llf,ll" h 'f ot 1.0d - 3 i
- g roup 1 IIA 11 IIIIAI and 16 Vl A),
8. Whal Rrt' -~rnur~· o f thl! l\•h ldl' fl' t.•r 'l ll ll.' I i.lbl<•. Wh,11 d l\l'R ti ll' 'y,ni'11p numbt•r' ,ttw,I . 11& "'
i 9. Statc the tvpCtlld l't1Wl1l :-. r';"(•Sl1'"'~'1'
d) group L'\ tn Jh jlll A tn \ IA l
r~tr:1'~l1,J ~IAI bl r,ro up 2 111A) c]group3to1 (JfftoV
~ ,l . .1 .A) fl g rou p 18 (01 . tr2I_ . ~
10. nd
Wh.1t a n • tr.m~i tion e km c nt·~ ~ - ."~m r.~~n~<i~tion l' lt•t~W lllH. Slah• the po~itlon of the tnnr.1
e lements . St,1te w h ~• nobl ~• f,'l ~l ~ a_, c -~o•~~• t..ru unn•,w t~v t~ l' le m en ts. 0 t,-gr
11 .
12.
't
S t.1tc tlw char,1etcri~tics w hi_c 1 "-' 11 " 1111 stn~' 1 0nd ll~lS< I' 'wl~ich show a tra ns ition on moving dc'M'n. a ~hal
Compan> the propt'rlil'~ ol _tl_w t:ll'im•n~ 0 . •~rou~, 1,AJ _1.e . a lk . .~li metals and >;roup 17 l~l~Al l ,e. t.Yf'Yler,19,
13. b rla in Ih< hml1 a I p.-ru>.hn Iy 111 !:";r'"'"" s of ek mei:t b I pe riodic p roperties CI perioc.h c1ty of el
14.
l 5.
St~1h..' the rl",1sons for iwrioJici ty o_
Explain the nw~~!'i!,g of the fo llow in~
t·) electron allm1tv di_ electronq.;~ tiv_i,ty
r~~•t~
f c cm~n1. ~n J:eno _sa nd grou ps.
lC prorerhes :- al . atomic radius bl Ion isa tion
e non-~ ctal11': and metallic cha!acter .
.
t to ri
·

16. S1.ste the factors which atfL'ct the atomic ~ize_ of ele; en~~:n a periodic table. In period 2 from lef
state which element ha s the l_~rges t at? mic size an w •c~ has the smallest, ~ivi n g rea~on s. l ll Al,
ain trend in atomic radn on movmg down a group, w 1th reference
17· fa.·nl
·r <
the h · · f . to the al j metals m Group
· d ' ta ble
10
18. State the factors w hich influence or affect t e _w msa ion potential of elements in a per JC • •
19. Explain the trend in general of ionisation potential of eiement~a] on moving from left to right across a
b ] on moving down a grou p . Give reasons fo! ~he c ange m the periodic trend in ea~h case.. . ble
C!O. State the factors which affect •.l e1ectronaffiruty ..bl electronegativi ty of e Je ments in a period IC ta fr'
121. Explain the trend m general of 1] electronaffinity n] ele~tronegahv1ty of elem ents - a] on m_ov~ng
left to right across a period; b] on moving down a group. Give reas_ons for the change in each ~o<;Itc ~
iU. With reference to the alka li metals in Group~ [~A] & the h~logens m 17 [VUA] exvlain the °:en~ m 10rusa
potential, electron affini ty and electronegativity on movmg ~own the groups m the periodic _tab~e.
tJ. State the factors which affect the metallic and the non-metallic character of elements in a penod1c ta
,4_ Explain the trends fro m metallic to non-metallic character of ~e different elements in the first three peri
. Explain with reasons the trends in metallic and non-metallic character down a group.
. State how density and melting points of elements varies across a period and down a group .
. State the general trend in periodicity in properties of oxides, hydroxides, oxy-acids and hydrides

]
~
_ compounds of elements across a period and down a group.
8. State the relation between atomic number and atomic mass for light elements. State which elements
1

considered radioactive giving reasons.

Name or state the following with reference to the elements of the modern periodic table.

n
1. The alkali metal in period 2 and the halogen in period 3.
2. The noble gas having duplet arrangement of electrons.
3. The noble gas having an electronic configuration 2, 8, 8.
. The number of electron shells in elements of period 3.
5. The valency of elements in group l[IA].
6. The metals present in period 3 and the non-metals present in period 2.
7. The group whose elements have zero valency.
8. The non-metal in period 3 having a valency 1.
9. The formula of the hydroxide of the element having electronic configuration 2 8 2
10. The formula of the hydride of the halogen in period 3. ' ' ·
11. Th~ formula ?f the.sulphite ?f the element in period-3, group 1 [IA].
12. The elem~nt ~ penod-3 which does not form an oxide.
}!·
~e ~dmg (1.e. electroval~nt or covalent] of the oxide of the element in period-3 group 16
• ~c acter of_ the hydroxide of the element in period-3 group 13 [IHA]
15. A hght elemen! m heriod-3 with a neutron/proton ratio around 1. ·
i$· h
: :::~:, fr::
~e e:ement &1th t least atomic_ size from carbon, nitrogen, boron and beryllium
To! :1 thee ~lements L1, Na, K, havi?g the least _number of electron shells.

li: ~: :l:::::! z~:: :: :1:::::i: ~ ~rJgt~~i~io:~:Uclea~~:r~~ge.

18

21. The period and group ti:w"ctt th~~~~~~ ,n~on.having a hl:gher e~ectro~ affini~.
22. The more electronegative element from the e~:e~tseArlectrSoruClc
, , ocfonfigtl!da3tion
peno - . 2, Si: 8
 I
'1
nd 3 8 · J3 r1;
rhc dt•mt--nt with the larg~t atomk Riw from th~ t>h•nwnts of' pt•r10d-l, 2 ,
n,e denwnt ~ith thl' hi~llt~t iorl!s.ltiony ott•nti.,I from w
tl. l'l,•ml.'ntH <~f.1: .
J~raoJ_
r
2 an · ff
I
ll~ dt•int•nt m,m thl' cl,•m,•nt~ La, N.i. K whkh h.is maximum m1•tc1lh1 , ha &1l tt: r
lllt' dt.·m,•nt with m,,"imum non-m1•t;1llk d,,11•,,l'ft•r from ttw ,•h•nwntH of pt•rioJ-2.
nw mon' m,n-mt"'t,1111,· <•1,•nwnt from tht' l'l,•nwntMS P l 'I and Ar. ·tively
6
1nt· nll.m' llllfl•nll.--t,llhc l'l,•nll.'llt fn,m th,• (•1,•m,,,t"I ·x· &', y: h.1Ving t'lt"l' . wnfig. 2. 8, 5 & 2. 8, n.'ti~ fro~
l'ht' pt·ril"-ht· rn,pt•rtv wt~kh h'liltt•s to th,• a mount uf ,•rwrKY fl'<lllirt!d to remove an ek-t· on
rtw l,uh. 'm"'-"' slwll of ,m 1sol.11taJ )t•lm.•ou8 atom . .
n-· r11.•nr,iil..· p"lJ"''l1)' whkh n"h.-nt tu \."h.tnl(1t"f of ,•1,•nll,,t,. whkh /c):lf-s r/rdnm/s whtm supplu...J with energy.

1111 in th t' t,1.m"-s with the •rri:opri.ate wor4'e in Heh case. .

t. 1'1.•n\',i~ an' - 15, ft, 71hc..m:wnt:,I ~,ws of l'l,•m,•nts in the p«.•ri,~ic wble and an cll.'m••nt wath three
,-k,11\m shdls ,md two d1..,·tt\lns mats v.il,•n,~ s twU bdon~s to pt•ru><l _ 16, 3, l J and group- [3, 6, 2).
1 A~·"'-'" .-i p,•ri\~ the v.1ll•n1.."t' l'lt,·trons _ _ _ _ _ _ _ while down a subgroup they - - - - -
ln•m,,in ~rnw/ lll\'1"\',l~ by 1I.
A~"'-'" a J"'-'ri,xl the l'lt•droposi tive ch,lf.Kll'r _ _ _ _ _ and down a group the electroneg ative
,·h.1r,Ktc.' r-- - - - lincn•.ises/ d1..-cn•aSt.'S]
Ekmc.•nh- at th,• ~,treme ll'ft of the mod,•m periodic table are _ _ _ _ _ reactive, while elements
on tht" t•, tn•m1..• n~ht l~roup 18 (O)] are _ _ _ _ _ reactive [least/un/m ost] .
5. Elt·Olt'nh- ,,f Sl'--lup 1 [IA] are strong _____ ____ [oxidising /reducing] agents since they are
t"lt.,m,n --- - - - - - - [acceptors /donors] .
111',• eli"m,mt in gn.,up 17 IYIIA) which is a liquid at room temperature is _ _ _ _ _ [F, 0, Br,
6. I).
7. Periodi1..-ity in properties is observed in elements after definite intervals due to simila r-----
(di,"tronic configurati on, number of valence electrons, atomic numbers] of elements.
Across a period the nature of oxides and hydrides varies from _ _ _ _ _ to .
faddic / basic] while the strength of oxy-acids _ _ _ _ _ [decreases /increases] from left to nght.
1'udear charge of a n atom is the _ _ _ _ _ [negative/p ositive) charge on the nucleus of an atom,.
equivalent to the atomic _ _ _ _ _ [number/m ass) of an atom.
10. Atomic size of neon is _ _ _ _ _ [more/less ] than the atomic size of fluorine.
IL Atomic size across a period ___ [increases/ decreases) with increase in nuclear charge of the element.
12. With increase in nuclear charge the nuclear attraction for outer electrons
(increases/ decreases], hence ionisation potential _ _ _ _ _ [increases/ decreases] .
13. Increase in nuclear charge of an atom_ [decreases/increases) the tendency of the atom to lose electrons.
14. Elements with stable electronic configurati on e.g. neon have an electron affinity value of_ [1, 0, -1)
15. An atcm v.'ith a small atomic radii takes up electrons_ [less/ more) readily than an atom with a large radii
16. If combining atoms of a compound have nearly similar electroneg ativities the bond between them is
_____ [electroval ent/ covalent].
Elements with low electroneg ativity are usually _ _ _ _ _ [metallic/n on-metalli c).
An atom is said to be a non-metal if it _ _ _ _ _ [gains/lose s] one or more electrons.
19. Atoms with_ [small/larg e) atomic radii & - - [high/low] ionisation potential tend to gain elecbons.
20. Element 'X in period 3 has high electronaffinity & electronegativity. It is likely to be a_ [metal/non -metal]
21. Element ' B' in period 2 is to the right of element 'A'.
Element ' B' is likely to b e - - - - [more/less ] non-metall ic in character than element' A' .
22. Element 'Z' in sub-group 2[IIA) is below element 'Y' in the same sub-group . The element 'Z' will be
expected to have _ _ [higher/lo wer] atomic size and _ _ [more/less ] metallic character than 'Y'.
• ~on in period 3 is likely to have a - - [larger/sm aller] atomic size than chlorine and its
electronaff inity value would b e _ [greater/le sser/zero] compared to chlorine.
Across a period - Atomic size and metallic charac ter----- while LP., E.A., E.N. and non- metallic
character _ _ _ _ _ _ and nuclear charge - - - - - - · [increase s/ decrease s].
Down a group - Atomic size and metallic character -----w hile LP., E.A., E.N. and non- metallic
character _____ and nuclear charge _ _ _ _ _ [increases / decreases]
reuou for the following:
In the.~ period or subgroup a gradual ~hange in a particular property may be seen.
Alonisa~ siz.e of ~u~ 18 (0 grou~] el_ements ~ more than the atomic size of group 17 [VIJA] elements.
1:1_._!ion potential increases with increase m nuclear charge of the elements.
&.IQ.-UUn affinity of noble ~ elements is zero.
~::.,~rus , s~phur and chlorine ~re electroneg ative elements of the periodic table.
. 16 ~ Dlgroup 16 (VIAL ~ in group 17[VIIA] but argm in group 18 [O group) dthepemd
k
Pluonne ~ the most el~on-=p tive elei_ne~t the of
periodic table.
~ WI~ ~ge a_tonuc ra~u and low 1orusation potential are more metallic in nature.
_e .n D1isatim potential of an element leads to a decrease in non-metallic character oi the
Size decreases across a period but increases down a group of the periodic tab]f.

19
 ---- .

JTTBST
..d 2, el.mfflf 'A' 1, to the right of elemft'lt 'B'.
. p The.. clement' A' would probahly have a - - - - - (smaller/larger Jato
Q.1 I n
1 Id b bl h _ _ _ _ (lower /higher) ionisati
_ n,e element '8' wou pro a Y ave ffi ·ty t
2 'A' Id h _ _ _ _ (lesser/higher] electTon a na
_ n,e element wou ave ] h 1 rn
3 Nuclear charge of element 'B' would be----- (less/more t an e e
4· If an element 'C' had a low electronegativity and ionisation potential ii would
5. _ __ _ [gain/lose) electrons.

Q.l With reference to period 3 of the periodic table - State:

l . nie type of bonding of the element with electronic configuration 2, 8, 7 •
. The formula of the chloride of the element with electronic configuration 2, 8, 4.
2
3. n,e nature of the oxide of the alkaline earth metal in the period.
4. The· number of electrons in the penultimate shell of the element with valency -1.
s. The electronjc configuration of the element whose hydroxide is a ·weak base.
Q.3 With reference to group 1 [IA) of the periodic table -fill in the blanks with the correct word:
The elements are - - - - [light/heavy]----- [metals/non-metals] since their atomic size
[large/ small). The energy binding the atoms is _ _ _ _ _ (high/low} and hence
elements have - - - - (high/low) melting points. The melting points of the elements-----
[increases/decreases) down the subgroup. The electropositive character _ _ _ _ [increases/ decrea
down the subgroup and the elements are strong----- [reducing/ oxidizing} agents. The elem
with electronic configuration 2,8,1 will have----- [higher/ lower) electronaffinity a n d - - - - -
Ismaller/ larger) atomic size than the element with electronic configuration 2,1.
Q.4 Match the elements in column 'X' with the correct group they belong from column 'Y'.
'Y'
'X'
2.. A: Group 18 [O group]
1. Element with atomic number 19
2. Element with electronic configuration 2 _:, B: Group 16 [VIA)
3. Element with a valency of -2 j,.. C: Group 1 [IA)
4. Element 'P' which loses 3 ~lectrons to form a cation , 5D: Group 17 [VIIA]
5. Element '(l in period-3 which has the highest electron affinity 4E: Group 13 [IIIA]
Q.5 Give reasons for the following :
1. Occurrence
periodic table. . of elements takes place at definite intervals in the m
of characteristic p r operties

2. Properti f I .
3. At . es o e ements are period·ic functions of their at .
om1c size of an element depends on the n 1 om1c numbers and not atomic weights.
4. Down a group electrone ati . uc ear charge of that element
electronegativity decrea~es. v1ty should increase with increase in nu 1 .h . .
5. If combining ato h c ear c arge but tt ts seen tha
ms ave nearly similar el .
Q.6 Arraje tll_e folio . ectronegativities the bond be
1. Na·a 1J ;w•ng elementaas per the guid I' , tween them is covalent,
· ' • · ' , g, P [in.decreasing order _e •~•• tn brackets,
2
3: ~;,~IF~N S
' a, [in increasing o d
:i::•c
['.n '.ncreasing order ::
.
size)_~ () !'~
onegativ1ty]
a, (\, p
4. Li, F, C, o [in increasing r der of 1onisation potential]
·
O
5. Ar, He, Ne (' r er of electro ffi
In increasing ord n a "nity]
er of number f
o electron shells]
 Chemical Bonding
VS - SCOPE OF SYLLABUS - in and after MARCH 2020 _ CHEMICAL BONDING -
ovALErtT, COVA.LENT lit CO-ORDIMTE BONDING, STRUCTURES OF VARIOUS COMFOV110S,
rt DOT STRUCTURE.
r,alent bonding:
n dot structure - of Electrovalent compounds - NaCl, MgC1 2, CaO. . .
,.aerlstlc properties of electrovatent compounds - state ofexistence, melting & boiltngpoin~s,
cnvity [heat & electricity], dissociation in solution & in molten state to be linked with electrolys is.
ent Bonding:
,,-'.Iran dot structure - of covalent molecules on the basis of duplet lit octet of efflctrons
a,,mple: hydrogen, chlorine, nitrogen, ammonia, carbon tetrachloride, methane].
eo11alent compounds - based on difference in electronegativity:
,nples - HCI & H20 including structures.
acterlstlc properties of Covalent compounds - · .
te of existence, melting & boiling points, conductivity [heat & electricity], ionisation in solution.
omparison of Electrovalent & Covalent compounds.
lnate Bonding:
ltlon
lone pair effect - of the oxygen atom of the water molecule & the nitrogen atom of the ammonia
lecule to explain the formation of H 3 o+ & OH ions in water & NH4 + ion.
meaning of lone pair; the formation of hydronium ion &
monium ion must be explained with help of electron dot diagrams.

--
D,emical bond is the force which holds two or more atoms together in a stable molecule.
1. AN ATOM
---

• An atom is the smallest unit of matter taking part in a chemical reaction.

If[s built up of sub-atomic particles - protons,~neutrons~a.nde lectrons:-
• Two or more atoms [metallic or non-metallic] combine to form a molecule.
- -- ·--- -
• The force which holds the atoms together as a stable molecule is the chemical bond.
,/' Electron Sub-atomic particle Charge Mass [C-12 standard]
1
Proton • PROTON +lp +1 la.m.u.
Neutron
• NEUTRON ln 0 la.m.u.
Orbit [shell] 0

AN ATOM • ELECTRON -1 oe
-1 negligible
Elements are pure substances made up of one kind of atoms - having the same atomic number.
TYPES OF ELEMENTS - involved in chemical combination.
• Metallic elements - have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in valence [outer] shell.
They lose 1, 2 or 3 electrons and become positively charged ions [cations].
• Non-metallic elements - have 4, 5, 6 or 7 electrons in valence [outer] shell.
They gain (4), 3, 2, or 1 electrons and become negatively charged ions [anions].
CHEMICAL COMBINATION - Atoms combine to fonn a molecule by ~o means-
• Transfer of valence electrons from - a metallic atom to a non-metallic atom.
Sharin ofvalence electrons between - two atoms [generally both non-metallic].
21
 -

THE ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST THREE PERIODS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

ir-.uoup llGROU P 21
GROUP 13 GROUP 14 GROUP 15 GROUP 16 GROUP 17GROU P 18
IA . IIA IIIA IV A VA VIA VIIA

2 Atomic number
11\'-'/1 I He [=no.of electrons= no. of protons]
HYDR10GEN I IHe~um Mass number [relative atomic mass]
p 1, n 0
= = [=no. of neutrons+ no. of protons]
ft - .,
Eiec. conf. 1 ... - .,

2
. -~(((ee
~
I '---- / I B"
~ I p 3,7 n 4
= p 4,9 n 5 p =5,11n =6 1
Ill = I= = El
I p = 6,12n = 6 I p = 7,14n =7 I p = 8,16n = 8 _I P = 9, n = u Ip =10, n
Elec. conf. 2, 1 Elec. conf. 2,2 - -- -
11

3
~
~ ~ ALUMINIUM SILICON PH05PHUKU: S .::,uLrnu" CHLORINE
MAGNESIUM
ISODIUM
-27 28 31
23 ·
p = 11, n 12 p 12, n 12
=
24
= = = = = =
I
p = 13, n 14 p = 14, n 14 p 15, n 16 p 16, n 16 p 17, n 18 p
= 32
=
I = 35.5
= =18,40n =22
Elec. cont. 2,8,3 Elec. cont. 2,8,4 Elec. conf. 2,8,5 Elec. cont. 2,8,6 Elec. cont. 2,8,7
\Elac. cont. 2,8,I
Elec. conf. 2,8, 1 Elec. conf. 2,8,2
19~ 20

4
POTA5SIUM CA[CIUM
39 40
• 19, n • p=20,n=2 0
Bac-oad -~
 EMIC ALBU NDIN G ~
lCAL BOND & 1Y
CHEMICAL BONDI NG
• Chemical bond - The linkage or force which acts betwee n two o
hold them togethe r as a stable molecule. The concep t - chemi
NOBLE GAS SYMBOL AT. NO. ELECTRONIC CONFIG URATIO N
K L M N O P i
He
Ne
2
10
m2 rn
Ar .18 2 8
8
m
18 m
Kr 36 2
Xe 54 2 8 18 18 []]
Rn 86 2 8 18 32 18 []]

Have stable electronic configuration. i.e. their outerm ost [valence] shell is complete.
They have 2 electro ns in outerm ost shell [He] or 8 electro ns in outerm ost shell.
They do not - lose, gain or share electron s and are inert or unreactive.
TOMS OF ELEME NTS - OTHER THAN NOBLE GASES
Have unstable electronic configuration. i.e. their outerm ost shell is incomp lete.
They can - lose, gain or share electron s and are chemic ally reactive.
ltiA~N S FOR CHEMICAL BONDIN G BEIWEE N ATOMS -TO FORM A MOLEC ULE
The driving force for atoms to combin e is related to the tenden cy of each atom-
to attain stable electronic configuration of the nearest noble gas.
For an atom to achieve stable electro nic configu ration it must have-
• Two electrons - in outerm ost shell [nearest noble gas - He] - Duple t rule
• Eight electrons - in outerm ost shell [all noble gases other than - He] - Octet rule
. os FOR ACHIEV ING CHEMI CAL BONDI NG
aa.&,&&o
A stable electro nic configu ration in two combin ing atoms -
resultin g in chemic al bondin g betwee n them is achieve d by:
mectro n transfer - of valence electro ns from one atom to anothe r -
• leading to electrovalent bonding & format ion of an electrovalent or ionic compound.
ectron sharing - of pairs of electro ns betwee n two reactin g atoms -
l eading to covalent bonding and format ion of a covalent compound.
DIC PROPERTIES WHICH AFFECT CHEMICAL BOND FORMA TION
RMATI ON OF - IONIC COMPO UND
ti.on potenti al- Lower- the value of l.P. of a metallic atom.
greater the ease of formation of the - cation. -
Higher - the value of E.A. of a non-metallic atom.
greater the ease of formation of the - anion.
Larger - the electronegativity difference betwee n combining a
electron transfer takes place easily.
N OF - COVALE NT COMPO UND
~ ~ & - - H i g h - between bothatc>IN
vtty difference - Should be negligible - betwee n the two com
C. ELECT ROVAL ENT BONDING - Electrovalent compo unds
FORMATION OF - Electrovalent compoun ds
• Formation of electrovalent compounds - involves transfer of valence elec:rons
from one atom - generally metallic to another atom - generally non-met allic·
- Metallic at(jtm - loses electrons
to attain stable electronic configur ation and becomes a - cation .
Metallic atom)( [elec. config. 2,8,1] X - te- ➔ xt+ Cation [positive 100 2' 81
- Non-m~tallic atom - gains electrons .
to attain stable electronic configur ation and becomes an - anion. .
Non-metallic atom Y [elec. config. 2,8,7] Y + te- ➔ yt- 288
Anion [negative ion ' '
- Ions - cations and anions - n
are opposite ly charged particles, which attract one another to form a
electrovalent bond leading to formatio n of an -electrovalent compound. .
Bond fonnation is due to- Electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely charged 1
1-n--- -.---~ ➔ xt + yt- ➔ XY
Cation Ionic bond Anion Electrovalent or Ionic Compoun d
Electrov alent oir ionic bond
The chemical bond formed between two atoms by transfer of one or more electrons from
atom cJ. a metallic - electropositive element to an - atom of a non-metallic - electronegative elem
• Electrov alent 01~ ionic compound
The chemical compound formed as a result of transfer of one or more electrons from t
atom of a metallic - eiectropositive element to an -atom of a non-metallic - electronegative ele
• Electrovalency
The number of electrons donated or accepted by the valenc~sh~ll of an atom of an element
so as to achieve stable electronic configura tion is called - electrovalency. "
[ Mg (2,8,2) loses 2 electrons - valency +.2 ]; [ 0 (2,6) gains 2 electrons - valency -2]
ATOMS - 'X' or 'Y' IONS - X1 + or yl-
• Electrically - neutral particles • Electrically- charged particles [cations, anions]
• May or may not exist - independ ently. • Exist - independ ently in solution.
• Outermos t shell - may or may not have • Outermo st shell - have complete
duplet or octet.. duplet or octet. ·
OXIDATION - a process when - · REDUCTION - a process when -
• An atom or ion - loses electrons • An atom or ion - gains electrons
• X- le- ➔ xt+ or A 2+ - le- ➔ A 3+ • Y+te- ➔ yt- or A3 ++1e- ➔ A2+
(i.e. X ➔ x1++ le-· or A 2 + ➔ A3+ + le-]
Na le- ➔ Na 1+ Cl2 + 2e- ➔ 2c11-
Zn 2e· ➔ zn2+ Cu2+ + 2e· ➔ Cu
Fe2+ te- ➔ Fe3+ Fe3+ + le· ➔ Fe 2+
s2- 2e· ➔ S s + 2e- ➔ 52-
OXidation - Redujmon i.e. Redox reactions
l F1Cl2+ C/2 ➔ 2FeCl3 Zn + CuS04 ➔ Znso +
2.Fe2+ + CI2 ➔ 2Fe 3+ + 2c1- . Cu
Zn + Cu2+ ➔ Zn2+ 4 +
2Fe2+ ➔ 2Fe3-fl (oxidation] [-2e-J Zn ➔ Zn2+ Cu
➔
[oxidation ] [-2e-]
2Cl"" (reduction] [+2e-J Cu2+ ➔ Cu
[reduction] [+2e-J

24