GCSE Maths:

Formulae and rules you need to LEARN (1)

Cylinder vol Cylinder SA Foundation formulae in black
= ℎ =2 +2 ℎ Higher formulae in blue
Volume =
⅓ vol of prism Vol = area of Sector area
cross-section For surface area,
Circle area = = ×
x length sketch the net

PYRAMID PRISM (inc cuboid Arc length

& cylinder) Circumference = ×2
CIRCLES = or 2
3D SHAPES Pythagoras: a2 + b2 = c2
short2 + short2 = hypotenuse2
GEOMETRY TRIANGLES RIGHT-ANGLED
TRIANGLES
AREAS SOHCAHTOA
Shape Area
Square length2 ANY O A O
Rectangle length x width TRIANGLE sinθ H cosθ H tanθ A
Parallelogram length x perp. height Exact trig
Triangle ½ base x perp. height
or ½ a b sin C values:
Kite/rhombus ½ diagonal 1 x diagonal 2
(since it’s 2 triangles)
Cosine rule:
Trapezium ½ (a + b) x h
a = + −2 cos !
h Sine rule: to find side, or
b = = "# "$ "
cos ! =
to find side, or to find angle
1 kg = 1000 g
1 g = 1000 mg = =
1 L of water has a OR:
to find angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
mass of 1 kg MEASURES sin 0 1 2 3 4
cos 4 3 2 1 0
METRIC
2
234
1 cm = 10 mm EQUIVALENTS and tan 1 = 53 234
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm COMPOUND
1 km = 1000 m = 1 000 000 mm METRIC/
1 m2 = 10 000 cm2 IMPERIAL MEASURES D
(Useful but not required) S T
1 m3 = 1 000 000 cm3
5 miles ≈ 8km or Consider units!
1 L = 1 000 cm3 M
1 mile ≈ 1.6 km e.g. find speed in m/s
1 inch ≈ 2.5 cm by dividing m (distance) D V
1 kg ≈ 2.2 lb (pounds) by s (time)
GCSE Maths:
Formulae and rules you need to LEARN (2)
Alternative form: = = 61 +
Foundation formulae in black
= − =? = 6(1 − 1? ) Gradient = m (x1, y1)
(x2, y2) Higher formulae in blue
(optional) y-intercept = c
c
Parallel: same gradient
Mid-point =
Perpendicular: 6? × 6 = −1
(mean 1, mean =)
<; #<" :; #:" 7 8 : $:
= , Gradient 6 = 79
= <"$<;
STRAIGHT " ;

Distance between points LINES Circle

= run + rise (Pythagoras) 1 += =
Square root
= (1 − 1? ) +(= − =? ) ALGEBRA == 1
OTHER
1 posiCve → & GRAPHS
1 negaCve →
SHAPES
To solve, start with Reciprocal
?
1 + 1+ =0 QUADRATICS ==
<

Factorised: Cubic
= = (1 + )(1 + F) Quadratic formula: ==1
" $J
cuts x-axis at − and −F 1=
$ ±
= = (1 − )(1 − )(1 − )
(when y = 0) $
Axis of symmetry at 1 =
Completed square form: −
= = (1 − G) +H 9K 3L MNO98
Mean = 232NO 9KP87 3L MNO98 Median = middle one when
has its vertex at (G, H) arranged in order
For grouped data, use class
Mode = most frequent mid-points  position is ½ way up
 use ½ (n+1) for small sets,
If A and B are ½ n for bigger sets (~30+)
A B independent then AVERAGE
P(A) x P(B) = P(A ∩ B) & SPREAD Range = biggest – smallest
A∩B (multiplication law) LQ or Q1 = value ¼ way through
STATISTICS & UQ or Q3 = value ¾ way through
P(A) + P(A’) = 1
IQR = UQ – LQ
A and A’ are exhaustive PROBABILITY
(they cover all possible
outcomes) For continuous data,
PROBABILITY HISTOGRAMS no gaps
If A and B are
mutually exclusive Bar area = frequency Bar height
A B AUB
(can’t both happen) = frequency density
then P(A ∩ B) = 0 L78Q98 5R
= 5ON
A B P(A U B) S T2U
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
(addition law)