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Assessmentindextoolforgreenhighwayin Malaysia
Assessmentindextoolforgreenhighwayin Malaysia
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13 authors, including:
Wan Nur Aifa Wan Azahar Raja Rafidah Raja Muhammad Rooshdi
International Islamic University Malaysia Universiti Teknologi MARA
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(Phase 5) Keywords: Green highway, sustainability, green highway rating system, factor
To represent the factor score for each elements analysis
Development of green highway index by representing factor score for each elements
Figure 1 Research flow © 2015 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved
approach is used in GreenLITES to recognize and greenhouse gas emission, energy use, waste
encourage environmentally sustainable practices in reduction, water consumption, hazardous waste, life
transportation [9]. Sustainable sites, water quality, cycle cost, traffic noise and social cost of carbon
material resources, energy & atmosphere and saving. Stakeholders have the option to assign weight,
innovation are all categories that are included in the based on the importance and analyzed by using
rating system. The Greenroads was actually a project Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) [11]. Illinois Livable
based rating system (performance metric), that and Sustainable Transportation (I-LAST) was established
originated from the University of Washington and has by Illinois Department of Transportation. I-LAST has 8
been developed in several versions since the initial categories including planning; design; environmental;
research work in 2007. This research was done with the water quality; transportation; lighting; materials; and
assistance of a number of industry groups and innovation [10]. It employs a self-scoring system using a
consultants, by contributing data and commentary by hierarchical methodology, where a point from one to
means of pilot projects, case studies and public three is awarded for each element. In 2012, the
comments. The guide is applicable to be used for new, Federal Highway Administration had established FHWA
reconstructed, and rehabilitated roadway projects. Infrastructure Voluntary Evaluation Sustainability Tool
The certification levels included in this rating system are (INVEST) meanwhile, Institute for Sustainable
Certified, Silver, Green, and Evergreen [8] where this Infrastructure Ranking System/Harvard Zofnass
certification is awarded when the involve project Program had developed Envision. While, Department
fulfilling all the requirements and a number of the of Civil & Environmental Engineering at Jackson State
optional credits. University Mississippi proposed their Greenway as green
Building Environmentally and Economically highway assessment tools [13]. Table 1 shows the list of
Sustainable Transportation-infrastructure-highway rating system consist of manual from Federal Highway
(BE2ST) was developed by the Recycled Materials Administration (FHWA) which are Greenroads, BE2ST,
Resources Centre (RMRC), which is located at the Sustainable Infrastructure Project Rating System (SIPRS),
College of Engineering at the University of Wisconsin. Sustainable Transportation Environmental Engineering
There a few sub-elements in the system, which are and Design (STEED), GreenLITES, I-LAST and STARS [14].
3.0 METHODOLOGY criteria and elements for the green highway. Through
the literature review and comparison of current
Figure 1 shows the methodology flow chart for this highway rating systems led to the five main criteria that
research which consists of five phases before needs to be considered in the green highway
achieving an index for the green highway in Malaysia. development, such as sustainable design and
In phase 1, some previous researches on the construction activities; energy efficiency;
sustainable concept and several relevant current environmental and water management; material and
transportation rating systems were explored and technology; social and safety.
studied as a reference to identify the suitable main
102 Muhd Zaimi Abd. Majid et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 77:16 (2015) 99–104
Phase 2 discusses the justification and validation of the are the standardized observed value which will be
proposed main criteria and elements of green represented by the mean value for each criterion. The
highway. Therefore, a workshop which consisted of 30 following formula for calculating factor score has been
members together with the highway experts, developed by [16]:
academicians, and researchers was conducted. They
were divided into five main groups. Each group had F=ZxB
gone into intensive literature review and summarized Where,
the relevant elements that are related to highway F = Factor score
development. 27 main criteria and 58 elements were Z = Mean value of variables
obtained, which should be considered in the green B = Weighted value of variables
highway index.
In phase 3, the criteria and elements that were After factor scores for each element were obtained,
approved during the workshop were used to develop a green highway index can be developed in order to
the questionnaire in order to obtain the agreement measure the level of sustainability in roadway
level of each element relating to green highway. The development that suits with the surrounding and
sample of questionnaires was distributed over 22 tropical weather in Phase 5.
highway concessionaires and consultants around
Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, and Johor regions. The total
respondents involved in this study were 239 and the 4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
survey took about two weeks to be completed.
In phase 4, all the data were analyzed using factor The assessment tool for Malaysia green highway
analysis method by using Statistical Package for Social consists of five (5) specific categories which are
Science (SPSS) software. The output from SPSS, which Sustainable Design and Construction Activity; Energy
are mean and factor loading was multiplied in order to Efficiency; Environmental and Water Management;
get a factor score for each element [15]. Factor score Material and Technology; Social and Safety. Table 2
is calculated using a refined method which aims at shows the main and sub-criteria of each category that
maximizing the validity and originality of the given had been identified through the highway experts’
element by producing factor that is highly correlated discussion. Then, the point scores for each criterion was
with a given factor [16]. The type of score was developed using the data obtained from the
selected using a regression score whereby, according Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), which are
to the regression terminology, independent variables the mean and weightage values.
(Phase 1)
To identify criteria and elements in green highway
Literature review from Green Highway Rating System such as Greenroads, I-LAST and
GreenLITES and etc.
(Phase 2)
To validate and justify the proposed main criteria and elements
(Phase 3)
To obtain the feedback and agreement level from respondents
(Phase 4)
To analyze the data by using factor analysis method
Data processing by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software
(Phase 5)
To represent the factor score for each elements
Development of green highway index by representing factor score for each elements
Figure 1 1Research
Figure flow
Research flow
103 Muhd Zaimi Abd. Majid et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 77:16 (2015) 99–104
The value of factor scores for each category in green Environmental and Water Management (EWM) with
highway assessment is shown in Table 3. Based on the 60; and Material and Technology (MT) yields 51 of
data, Sustainable Design and Construction Activities factor score from its elements. Meanwhile, the
(SDCA) obtained 69 of factor score, followed by Social percentage of total factor score for these categories
and Safety (SS) with 67; Energy Efficiency (EE) with 64; in green highway rating assessment include SDCA, SS,
104 Muhd Zaimi Abd. Majid et al. / Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 77:16 (2015) 99–104
EE, EWM, and MT are 22%, 22%, 21%, 19%, and 16% respectively.
Table 3 Factor score for each category in green highway rating assessment