😁

Unit 4 (Medium Mode)

Mastery Mastered

Numbers
Algebra
Graphs
Geometry
Circles
Similar Triangles
Pythagoras’ Theorem
Congruence
Probability
~End of Unit 4~

Numbers
Example Involving Inverse Percentages
The price of a house is reduced by 15% to $153,000. What was the original price
of the
house?

85% of x = 153, 000

100
x = 153, 000 ∗ = $180, 000
85

💡 Do not forget the currency signs and to show the answer in the
appropriate decimal/significant figures.

Estimating

When adding, subtracting or multiplying, round things up to 1 significant figures.

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 1

 When dividing, round up the numbers so you can estimate a whole number as
the answer.

When solving square roots, change the number in the square root to the nearest
square whole number.

If there are figures in standard forms, change them so that they have the same
index number.

Factorize the index number to estimate the answer.

Use rules of indices to estimate the answer.

Example Involving Estimation

(7.71 ∗ 10−3 ) + (3.98 ∗ 10−4 )

= (77.1 ∗ 10−4 ) + (3.98 ∗ 10−4 )
= (77 + 4) ∗ 10−4
= 81 ∗ 10−4
= 8 ∗ 10−3

Algebra
To rearrange an equation or formula, apply the same rule that is used to solve
equations. Do the same operation to both sides. E.g. Add 6 to both sides.
Formulae to know

💡 Perimeter of a shape is the distance all the way around the shape.

Circumference (perimeter) of a circle = 2πr = πd

Area of a circle = πr 2
1
Area of a semicircle = 2 πr 2
1
Area of a quadrant = 4 πr 2

Curved surface area of cylinder = 2πrh

Surface area of cylinder = 2πrh + 2πr 2

Graphs

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 2

 Expressions of the type y = ax2 + bx + c are called quadratics. When they
are plotted, they
produce parabolas.

If a > 0 (positive x2 coefficient), If a < 0 (negative x2 coefficient),

the curve is U-shaped. the curve is an inversed U-shape.

Plot enough points to enable a smooth curve to be drawn. especially where the
curve turns.

Do not join up the points with straight lines. Plotting intermediate points will show
you
that this is incorrect.

Geometry

Circles
Terms Used for Circles

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 3

 Properties of Circles

What a ‘subtended’ angle is

🟡 The angle is subtended by the arc. The arc is intercepted/enclosed by

the angle.

An angle is subtended by an arc, line segment or curve when the two lines
forming the angle are connected to endpoints of that arc, line segment or
curve.

An angle within a circle is created by two chords meeting at a point on the

circumference.

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 4

 In both circles, the angle is subtended by arc AC from point B.

What a cyclic quadrilateral is

A cyclic quadrilateral is a four sided shape that can be inscribed into a circle.

Each vertex of the quadrilateral lies on the circumference of the circle

and is connected by four chords.

A tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact.

The radius of a circle that is drawn perpendicular to the chord bisects the chord.
(The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the center.)

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 5

 Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the center and subtend equal
angles at the center.

Angles in a semicircle are 90 degrees.

The angle at the center is twice the angle at the circumference, on the opposite
side of that angle at the center.

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 6

 Angles in the same segment are equal. (Angles subtended by the same chord
are equal.)

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral have a total of 180 degrees.

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 7

 The angle that lies between a tangent and a chord is equal to the angle
subtended by the same chord in the alternate segment.
(The angle between a chord and tangent is equal to the angle in the alternate
segment.)

Tangents which meet at the same point are equal in length.

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 8

 An isosceles triangle and a kite can be formed from this theorem.

Examples of Reasons

💡 Always look for isosceles triangles in circle problems. (The radii in the
circles are all equal.)

📌 Use angle facts, Pythagoras theorem, and the area of triangle formula to
solve the problems.

Similar Triangles
Similar triangles have the same shape and different size. In similar triangles,

Corresponding angles are equal.

Ratios of the corresponding sides are equal.

When finding and solving similar triangles,

Show that the two triangles are similar in shape.

Redraw the triangles in a corresponding position and identify the corresponding

vertices.

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 9

 Write down the ratios of the corresponding sides.

Pythagoras’ Theorem

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 10

 Visualizing the diagonal of a 3d block

diagonal of rectangular prism = a2 + b2 + c2

Congruence
If two figures are the same size and shape (one can be placed exactly on top of the
other) they are congruent.
For triangles to be congruent, the corresponding sides and angles must be:

SSS (Side, Side, Side)

SAS (Side, Angle in-between, Side)

AAS (Angle, Angle, Side)

ASA (Angle, Side in-between, Angle)

RHS (Right angle, Hypotenuse, Side).

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 11

 Probability
p(A) = probability of event A happening
p(Aˉ)/p(A′ ) = probability of event A not happening
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
number of desired outcomes
p(A) (theoretical probability) =
total number of possible outcomes
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
0 ≤ p(A) ≤ 1
p(Aˉ) = 1 − p(A)

Probability of 1 = certainty

Probability of 0 = impossibility

p(A or B or …) = p(A) + p(B) + …(if they are mutually exclusive with no

overlapping)

🗨 If there is overlapping, subtract p(A) from p(B), and add them.

p(A and B and …) = p(A) ∗ p(B) ∗ …

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 12

 🔢 - Square numbers = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
- Triangular numbers between 1 to 100 = 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45,
55, 66, 78, 91

Standard Deck of Cards

Relative Frequency

Relative frequency (experimental probability)

number of successes
=
total number of trials

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 13

 📌 There is no need to simplify fractions that show experimental probabilities.
However, simplify fractions showing theoretical probabilities.

🥼 To improve probability experiments, carry out more trials.

Probability Space Table Example

~End of Unit 4~

Unit 4 (Medium Mode) 14