Animal science:

Domestication :
It is the process of adapting animals under human control in order to benefit from their products and
services.

Domisticated animal: An animal that has adapted to life under human control and is used for production

Goat is the first domesticated animal

Morphological Changes due to domestication:

❖Body Size :
Increase in farm animals
Decrease in dogs
❖Color ❖Structure of skin and Hair ❖Horn and Skeleton structure ❖Muscle and Fat Tissue

Physiological Changes:
❖Fertility : all year

❖Growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) FCR= The weight of feed intake divided by weight gained by
the animal , increased feed conversion due to domestication

❖Milk Yield: increase in production and fat ratio

Decrease of immunity and survivability

Decrease in intelligence
Decrease in protection ability

TI Tonic immobility: It is an innate response of animals when they are in panic pretending to be dead
than to be able to escape when the predator relaxes its concentration

Hybridization:

➢ Donkey x Horse = Mule. Strong, thrifty and has high vitality y. Turkey, widely used

in the Middle East and the Balkans.

➢ Horse x Donkey = Hinny ... In Africa, it is mostly grown in Ethiopia.

➢ Zebra x Horse, Donkey = Zebroid .. It is raised in tropical regions.

Hybrids of Bovidae Species

➢ Cattle x Zebu = Male and Female progeny have normal reproductive ability.

➢ Zebu x Shorthorn = Santa Getrudis

➢ Zebu x Angus = Brangus

➢ Zebu x Hereford = Braford

➢ Zebu x Charolais = Charbray

➢ Zebu x Hereford x Shorthorn = Beefmaster

➢ Cattle x Yak, Gayal, Banteng .... Progeny can be taken. The male is sterile, the

female is fertile.

➢ Cattle x Buffalo .... No offspring was reported.

➢ Cattle x Bison ...... Limited offspring were taken. Male sterile, female fertile

➢ Hybrid female x Bison = Cattalo.

Hybrids of Ovinae Species

➢ Domestic sheep x Wild sheep = offspring taken

➢ Sheep x Goat = no offspring. Sheep chromosome: 27 pairs, for goats 30 pairs

Breed:

Animal groups that have common traits in a species and these traits can be inherited by their offspring.

Interracial matings are called crossbreeding and the

resulting progeny is called crossbreed.

Formation of breeds

❖Natural conditions ❖Genetic events and ❖Human contribution

Characteristic of Traits in Breeds:

A.Morphological (Qualitative)

B. Physiological
Morphological characteristics:

Example: Skin color ,udder shape, wattle…

1- It is not possible to measure and weigh

2- The classes they create are not transitive.

3- Environment has little or no role

4- They show binomial distribution

5- Determined by a small number of genes

In horses:
coat color is not a distinctive breed character.
1- Main (Basic) Coat
A) Simple: Chestnut, Black, Isabelline

B)Combine: Bay, Buckskin, Sincabi, Akkanat Al

C) Mix: Wolf Buckskin

II. Diluted Coat color

➢ A) One-colored Diluted Coat: White
➢ B) Two-Colors Diluted Coat: Gray coat, Dun coat
➢ C) Three-colors: Bay roan, Kızıl Kır

III. Pied Coat It occurs when two separate coat colors are found in the body in pieces.
Example: Dark pied chestnut, Pied black, Pied buckskin

Body condition Scoring (BCS) :

Importance of Body Condition Scoring (BCS):

❖ regulate herd health and nutrition.

❖ BCS has a close relationship with yield, reproduction, health and longevity.
❖ an indicator of feeding errors, health problems and improper herd management.
❖ improve the health and productivity

-On a five-point scale, 1 = very poor, 5 = used for excessively fat cows

❖3 is the ideal value for most animals in the herd

Score cow on the RIGHT side

BSC 3: Rounded hookbones and V shaped hip

Lactating cow 2.5
Dry cow: 3.5
Fat cow syndrome:5

Body condition scoring should be performed every 4 weeks for dry animals and every 4 to 6 weeks after
calving. Young stock should be scored at regular intervals of 2 months

OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY

❖ Horn: There is no horn in the Aberden

Angus and Akkaraman breeds.

❖ Skin: milk-type skin is thin, meat-type is

thick

❖ Head: Small head in beef breeds,

medium in dairy breeds, male heads are

larger than females ones.

❖ Neck: It plays a role in distinguishing

Arab and British breeds from each other.

❖ Chest: The degree of development of the

lungs and heart is related to the size of

the chest cavity.

OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY:

❖Withers:

The longer the processus spinalis is, the higher it will be. Then

greater is its ability for carrying. Fat accumulation in

withers indicates a low workforce in horses.

❖Back: The part from the withers to the rump is the

back. It is inversely proportional to the withers. The

short back has a high carrying capacity in horses.

❖Waist: It is desirable for horses to have a short and

wide waist. It is important for cattle to have wide and

long muscles in the waist in terms of meat yield.

Valuable meats are in this region, so a meat type

waist examination is done in the selection of breeders.

❖ Rump: It forms the area sacrum and

first tail vertebrae above, pelvis and

femur bones below. While having

long muscles increase speed, thick

muscles increase work power. If the

rump width is small, it will be sharp

rump and this causes x-legged in

animals.

❖ Rump in dairy breeds, thigh and back region in meat types affect productivity.

❖ Legs: It is important that the meat triangleis well formed, which is bounded by the hip

(tuber coxae) knee joint articulatio genu tuber ishi seat node.

Structural defects in the legs are genetic

defects: waddling, handedness x leg etc…

❖ Udder: Four mammary glands in cattle with

4 teats, in horses, 4 mammary glands with

2 teats, 2 mammary glands in sheep and

goats with 2 teats

❖Each part of the udder consists of the

following elements:

❖1) Teat ❖2) Teat canal ❖3) Teat cistern

❖4) Gland cistern ❖5) Lobar duct❖6) Milk ducts

❖7) Alveoli ❖Empty udder weight varies between 5-25 kg

Physiological (Quantitative) Breed Traits:
Example: milk yield, meat yield, fleece wool yield…

1- They can be measured or weighed

2- The classes they create are transitive

3- Environmental conditions play a big role

4- It shows a distribution similar to normal distribution.

5- It is defined by the participation of many genes.

Castration:
Methods:

1-Surgical 6-12 months

2-Elastrator
3-Burdizzo :
Burdizzo is a specially designed clamp that is used to physically crush the testicular cord through the
scrotal skin

Estrus:

❖ Average estrus cycle length

➢ Cows: 21-22,

➢ Mares: 19-25,

➢ Sheep: 16-17,

➢ Goats: 21 days

➢ Pigs 19-20 days

➢ Dogs: 7 months (5-12 months)

➢ Cats: 3 weeks

Stages of the estrus cycle

1)Proestrus

It begins with the regression of the corpus luteum and continues

until the onset of estrus.

➢ progesterone secretion drops.

Rapid follicle growth occurs.

2)Estrus

➢period of time that the female is willing to mate.

➢ estrus is 18-19 hours in cows.

➢ estrus is 24-36 hours in sheep, 32-40 hours in goats, 48-72 hours in pigs, and

4-8 days in mares.

➢ Ovulation is associated with estrus and occurs 10-11 hours after the end of estrus in cows.

➢ In sheep, ovulation is observed at the end of estrus,

➢ In goats a few hours after the end of estrus,

➢ In mare 1-2 days before the end of estrus, and

➢ in pigs 35-45 hours after the onset of estrus.

3) Metestrus

➢ cessation of estrus and lasts about 3 days.

period when the corpus luteums are formed.

metestrus bleeding is observed

➢ High estrogen concentrations at the end of proestrus and during estrus increase vascularization

(vascularization) of the endometrium

➢ manifested by blood stains on thetail, approximately 35-45 hours after the end of estrus.

4- Diestrus

➢ longest period ofthe sexual cycle.

10-14 days.

a mature corpus luteum in the ovaries that secretes progesterone ensures the

continuation of pregnancy.

➢ This corpus luteum is called the corpus luteum periodicum.

➢ At the end of diestrus, PGF2a secreted from the uterine

endometrium terminates the function of the corpus luteum

and causes its shrinkage.

➢ The shrinking corpus luteum is called the corpus luteum

albicans.

Culling:
Decreased physiological activity, deterioration and

loss of teeth, poor use of feed, estrus disorder,

decrease in semen quality, risks of chronic disease.

➢ Horse (Warmblood) Male20-22, Female 18-20

years

➢ Cattle (High Yielding) Male 8-10, Female 13-15

years

➢ Sheep (High Yielding) Male 4-5, Female 6-7 years

➢ Goat (High Yielding) Male 6-7, Female 6-7 years

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

❖ semen is taken from the male animal and placed in

the genital tract of the female breeder, either fresh or frozen, by

mechanical means.

❖ Making more use of high breeding value males

❖ To prevent unnecessary use of the breeder male

❖ To control diseases transmitted by mating

❖ Benefiting from men with good genetic potential but who are

unable to fertilize naturally for various reasons

❖ Receiving offspring in cases where natural mating is not

possible

The most important advantage is accelerating animal

breeding and therefore increasing selection superiority.

Types of Insemination
➢ Free insemination (pasture mating)

➢ Insemination by class (pen) system

➢ Hand insemination

➢Natural Insemination

Ratio:

❖Free mating (insemination)➢ Young ram:15 Adult ram:30-40

❖Class system mating (pen mating)➢ Young ram:25-30 Adult ram:40-60

❖Hand insemination➢ Young ram: 30-40 Adult ram: 60-8

Male / Female ratio (Cattle)

❖ FOR THE SEASON OF 2-3 MONTHS

➢ Young bull Free: 10-20, Hand: 20-25

➢ Adult bull Free: 25-30, Hand: 30-60

❖ MATING ALL YEAR LONG

➢ Young bull:30-40 Adult bull:60-100.

Gestation and Birth

❖ Fertilization: The penetration of the oocyte and spermatozoon by meeting in the ampulla region of
the oviduct and the formation of the zygote is called fertilization or fecundation.

❖ Closure of sperm: In order for the spermatazoon to penetrate the oocyte, it must get rid of a layer
originating from the epididymis and seminal plasma in glycoprotein nature, and the necessary

enzymes must be released (hyaluronidase enzyme), this situation is called the

acrosome reaction.

❖ Implantation: The fertilized egg continues on its way by dividing during its migration from the

oviduct to the uterus and reaches the cornu uteri within 3-4 days, and after 10 days the

placentation is formed and attached to the endometrium.

❖ Imp: occurs on the 20th day in sheep, 28 days in

cattle, and 60 days in horses.

Gestation periods: Mare 336 days, Donkey 326

days, Cow 283 days, Buffalo 10.5 months, Sheep

150 days, Goat 150 days, Pig 114 days, Camel 12

months, Dog 63 days, Cat 56 days

Factors affecting the duration of pregnancy:

❖ 1.Maternal (mother's age)

❖ 2.fetal(number of puppies, gender, pituitary

gland func)

❖ 3. genetics (species, race, fetal genotype)

❖ 4.Environmental(nutrition,heat season)

Fertility:

❖Goals of fertility

➢ 1. Maintaining herd size,

➢ 2. Ensuring an efficient production,

➢ 3. Selection and sorting can be done

effectively.

❖Fertility criteria:

❖ Estrus rate: Number of animals in heat #of animals for insemination

❖ Pregnancy rate: Number of pregnant animals #of inseminated animals

❖ Birth rate: Number of births #of animals for insemination

❖Number of inseminations per pregnancy: the total number of

inseminations of animals in the herd

until conception is divided by the number of animals conceived. It is the

herd parameter.

❖Service period: It is the period of time

spent by the giving birth until theanimal becomes pregnant again.

❖Infertility rate = Non-conceiving

Mated female

FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILITY

1.Breed

2.Age

3. Body structure and condition

4. Anatomical disorders and diseases

5. Breeding period

6. Care and feeding

7.Environmental temperature and light

8. Age at first breeding