Uni

t-
2Int
ernetofThi
ngs

Cont ent
2.
1EmbeddedSy st ems:
Embeddedsy st em concept s,pur poseofembeddedsy stems, Archi
tect
ureof
embeddedsy stems, embeddedpr ocessor s-
PIC,ARM, AVR,ASI C
2.
2I oT:Def ini
tionandchar act eristi
csofI oT
 Phy sical desi gnofI oT,
o Thi ngsofI oT,
o I oTPr otocol s Vishal Chavre
 Logi cal desi gnofI oT,
o I oTf unctional blocks,
o I oTCommuni cationmodel s,
o I oTCommuni cationAPI s,
 I oTEnabl ingTechnol ogies,
 I oTl evelsanddepl oy mentt empl ates,
 I oTI ssuesandChal lenges, Appl i
cati
ons
 I oTDev icesandi tsfeatur es:Ar duino,Uno,Raspber ryPi,Nodeµ
 Casest udyonI oTAppl icationsusi ngv ar
iousSensor sandact uator
s

2.
1EmbeddedSy stems:
Defi
nit
ion:
Anembeddedsy stem i
sami cr
ocontr
oll
erormi
croprocessorbasedsy st
em whichis
desi
gnedtoper f
or m aspeci
fi
ctask.
OR
Anembeddedsy st
em isacombi nat
ionofcomputerhardwareandsof t
ware,eit
her
fi
xedincapabi l
i
tyorpr ogrammable,desi
gnedforaspeci fi
cf unct
ionorf unct
ions
wit
hinalargersystem.

2.
1.1Embeddedsystem concept
s
 Anembeddedsy st
em canbedef i
nedasamicroprocessorormi
crocontr
oll
er-
based,
softwar
e-dr
iven,r
eli
able,r
eal-
ti
mecontr
olsystem,designedtoperfor
m aspecifi
c
task.
 Anembeddedsy
stem maybeei
therani
ndependentsy
stem orapar
tofal
arge
sy
stem.
 EmbeddedSy
stem consi
stsofI
nputDev
ice,
Micr
ocont
rol
l
er(
TheBr
ain)andOut
put
Dev
ice.
 Therei samai ndif
fer
encebet weentheembeddedsy stem andgeneralpurpose
system isthecomput i
ngdev i
celi
keami croprocessorhasexter
nalper
ipher
alsi.
e.
Real-t
imeCl ock,USB,Ether
net,WiFi
,Bl
uetooth,portsetc.
)connect
edtoitandar e
vi
sibleoutsi
de.
 Butanembeddeddev
icecont
ainsfew oral
ltheper
ipher
alsi
nsi
det
hemodul
e
whi
chiscal
l
edasSOC(Syst
em OnChip)
.
2.
1.2Purposeofembeddedsy stems:
Theembeddedsy st
em isusedinmanydomai nareassuchasconsumerel ect
ronics,
homeaut omation,t
elecommunicati
on,aut
omoti
veindustr
ies,heal
thcar
e,cont
roland
i
nstrumentat
ion, banking appli
cati
on, mil
i
tar
y applicati
on etc. Accordi
ng t o
appl
icat
ionusage,

Vishal Chavre
the embedded sy st em mayhav et he di ffer entf unct i
onal iti
es.Ev eryembedded
system isdesi gnedt oaccompl ishedt hepur poseofanyoneoracombi nationof
fol
lowingtask.
 Dat acol l
ect ion/ stor age/ Repr esent ation:
 Dat ai scol l
ect edf rom t heout sidewor ldusi ngv ar i
oussensor sf or
stor age, anal ysi s,mani pulat i
onandt ransmi ssi on.
 Thedat amaybei nfor mat ionsuchasv oice, t
ext ,image, gr aphics,video,
elect ri
cal signal sorot hermeasur abl equant ities.
 TheCol lect eddat amaybest or edort ransmi ttedt oot herdev iceor
processedbyt heembeddedsy st em f ormeani ngf ul r
epr esent ati
on.
 Dat acommuni cationi nembeddedsy st em:
 Thedat acanbet ransmi t
tedei thert hroughwi relessmedi aorwi red
medi a.
 Thedat acanbeananal ogordi gi tal.
 Thedat at ransmi ssioncanbedonet hroughwi relessmedi asuchas
Bluet oot h, ZigBee, Wi -FI,GPRS, Edgeet corwi redmedi asuchas
2
RS232C, USB, TCP/ I
P, PC2, Fi r
ewi r epor t,SPI , CAN, ICet c.
 Dat aprocessi ng:
 Thedat awhi chmayi nt hef or m ofVoi ce, I
mage, Video, el ectr
icalsignal
oranyot hermeasur abl equant itiesi scol l
ect edbyanembeddedsy stem
andusedf orv ariouski ndofpr ocessi ngdependi ngont heappl i
cation
 Moni toringt heper for mance/ oper at i
onofembeddedsy st em:
 Theembeddedsy stemsmost lyusedf ormoni tor i
ngpur pose.
 Forexampl e, ECG( El ect r
ocar diogr am)machi nei susedt omoni tort he
hear tbeatoft hepat ient .
 Cont r
ol theembeddedsy st em:
 Theembeddedsy stem hav i
ngcont rol funct i
onal iti
esexecut escont r
ol
ov ersomev ar i
abl esaspert hei nputv ar i
abl e.
 Theembeddedsy stem hav i
ngcont rol funct i
onal iti
escont ainsbot h
sensorandact uator.
 Sensor sar econnect edasi nputt ot hepor tsoft hesy stem t ocapt ure
thechangei nmeasur i
ngv ariabl eandact uat orar econnect edt oout put
por tasaf inal cont rol elementt ocont rol thesy stem asperchangei n
i
nputv ar i
abl eswi t
hint hespeci fiedr ange.
 Forexampl e, aircondi tioningsy st em athomei susedt ocont rolthe
room t emper at ureaspert hespeci fi
edl i
mi t
.
 Appl i
cat i
onspeci fi
cuser ’sint erface:
 Mostoft heembeddedsy stem comeswi t
hAppl i
cat i
onspeci f
icuser ’
s
i
nt erfacesuchasswi tches, but tons, display ,light ,bell,key padet c.
 Forexampl e, mobi lephonecomeswi thuseri nt erfacesuchas
Key boar d, LCDorLEDdi spl ay ,Speaker ,v i
br ational ertet c.
2.
1.3Ar
chi
tect
ureofEmbeddedSy
stem:

Fi
g.2.
1:Basi
cSt
ruct
ureofanEmbeddedSy
stem

Vishal Chavre
 Sensor–Sensori susedt omeasur ethephy si
calquant i
tyandconv ert
sittoan
electr
icalsi
gnalwhichcanber eadbyanyel ectr
oni cdev i
celi
keanA- Dconv ert
er.
 A-DConv erter−Ananal og-to-digit
alconvert
erconv ert
st heanalogsignalgi
v enby
thesensori nt
oadigitalsignal.
 Processor&ASI Cs−Pr ocessor sprocessthedat atomeasur etheoutputand
storeittothememor y.
 D-AConv erter−Adigital-
to-anal ogconvert
erconv ert
st hedigit
aldatagiv
enbyt he
processortoanalogdat a.
 Actuator−Anact uatorcompar estheoutputgivenbyt heD-AConv ertert
o
generatestheactualorexpect edoutput.

Anembeddedsyst em hast hr
eemai ncomponent s:
 Embeddedsy stem hardwar e:
 Anembeddedsy stem usesahardwar eplatformt oexecutetheoperation.
 Har dwar e oft he embedded sy stem consi stofPowerSuppl y,Reset,
Oscil
l
at or Ci rcuit
, Memor y i .
e. Pr ogr am and dat a, Pr ocessor
(Mi
crocont rol
ler,ARM,PI C,ASI C),Ti mers,I nput/
Outputci r
cui
ts,Ser i
al
communi cati
onpor t
s,SASC( Sy
stem applicat i
onspecif
iccircui
ts)
,Interr
upt
Contr
oller,Parall
elport
s.
 No rmal l
y,anembeddedsy st
em includesthef ol
lowi
nghar dwareasshown
i
nFig.2. 2.

Fi
g.2.
2:EmbeddedSy
stem Har
dwar
e

 Embeddedsy st
em soft
war e:
 Thesof t
wareofanembeddedsy stem iswritt
entoexecuteaparticul
ar
functi
on.The sof twar
e used int he embedded syst
em i s setof
i
nstructi
onsi.
e.program.
 Themi cropr
ocessorsormi cr
ocontroll
ersusedinthehardwarecircui
ts
ofembeddedsy stemsar eprogr
ammedt operf
orm specif
ictasksby
fol
lowingthesetofinstr
ucti
ons.
 Thesepr ogramsar emainlywri
tt
enusinganyprogr ammingsoftware
l
ikePr ot
eusorLab- vi
ew usi
nganyprogramminglanguagessuchasC
orC++orembeddedC.
 Then, the pr ogr
am i s stor
ed i nt
o the mi cropr
ocessor
s or
microcontr
oller
s memoryt hatare used i
nt he embedded sy st
em
cir
cuit
s.

Vishal Chavre
  EmbeddedOper
ati
ngsy
stem:
 Anembeddedoperat
ingsyst
em (OS)isadedicat
edoper
ati
ngsy
stem
desi
gnedt
oper
form aspeci
fi
ctaskforadev
ice.
 Themainj
obofanembeddedoper
ati
ngsy
stem i
stor
unt
hecodet
hat
al
lowst
hedev
icet
oper
formitsj
ob.
 TheembeddedOSalsoall
ow t
hedevi
ce’
shar
dwar
eaccessi
blet
othe
sof
twar
ethati
srunni
ngontopoft
heOS.
 Embeddedoper
ati
ngsy
stemsar
eal
soknownasr
eal
-t
imeoper
ati
ng
sy
stems(RTOS)
.
 Themostcommonexampl esofembeddedoperat
ingsy
stem ar
oundus
i
ncludeWi ndowsMobi l
e/CE (
handhel
dPersonal Dat aAssist
ant
s),
Symbian(cellphones)andLinux,Pal
m OS,i
OS-SubsetofMacOSX,
usedinApple’smobiledevi
ces

2.
1.4EmbeddedprocessorsPIC,ARM, AVR,ASIC
 EmbeddedPr ocessorconsistsofControlUnit(
CU) ,Execut
ionuni
t(EU),
inbuil
t
Progr
am and Dat a Memor y
,Ti mer,Int
err
upts,Ser i
alcommuni cat
ion port
,
Paral
lelpor
ts,Inputand Out putDriv
erCi r
cuits,Powersuppl y
,Resetand
Oscil
l
atorCi
rcuit
s,System Applicat
ionSpecif
icCircuit
ssuchasADC, DACet c.

(
a)PI
C(Programmabl e/ Peripheral I
nter
faceControl
lers)
 PIC mi crocontrollers aret he smal l
est mi crocontroll
ers which can be
programmedt oper f
orm al argerangeoftasks.
 PIC microcontrollersareusedi nmanyel ectronicdev i
cessuchasphones,
comput ercont rolsy st
ems,al arm systems,embedded sy stems,et c PI
C
microcontrol
lerar chit
ectureconsi st
sofRAM, ROM, CPU, t
imers,counter
s,A/
D
converter
,Por ts,Fl ash memor y,generalpur pose register(GPR) ,speci
al
purposer egi
ster( SPR),Stack,Interr
uptandsuppor t
st heprotocolssuchas
SPI,CAN, andUARTf orinterfaci
ngwi t
hotherper i
pherals.
Feat
uresofPI
C
 RISC(reducedi nstruct
ionsetcomput er)archit
ectur
e.
 Onchippr ogram ROM i nt heform offl
ashmemor y.
 OnChipRAM ( random accessmemor y)
 OnChipDat aEEPROM
 I
ncludeTimer s.
 I
ncludeADC( Analogt oDi gi
talconver
ter)
.
 I
ncludeUSARTpr otocol f
orPCcommuni cati
on.
 Contai
nsI /Opor tsandI /Oportregist
erarebitaccessi
bleandportaccessi
blebot
h.
 I
ncludeCAN, SPIandI 2CPROTOCOLf orserialcommunicat
ion.
 Supportn-stagepi peli
ning
 Provi
deinterrupts
Appli
cat
ionofPIC:
1.MotorCont r
ol,Di
git
alPower&Li
ght
ing
 Mo torContr
ol
 Digit
alPower
 Lighti
ng
 Au t
omot i
ve
 Ho meAppl i
ance
 HighTemper atur
efor150C

2.HumanI nterf
ace
 GraphicsSoluti
ons
 Segment edLCD
 TouchSensi ngSol
uti
ons
 AudioandSpeech
3.Connecti
v i
ty
 Wirel
ess
 USB
 Et
hernet
 CAN

Vishal Chavre
 (b)AVR(Alf-
Egil
BogenVegar dWol l
anRISCmi crocontrol
lerorAdvancedVirt
ual
RISC)
AVRwasdev elopedi nt hey ear1996byAt melCor porati
onandt hearchit
ectureof
AVR wasdesi gner dbyAl f
-Egil
BogenandVegar dWollan.AVR andst andsf orAlf
-
Egil
BogenVegardWol lanRISCmi crocontr
oll
er,alsoknownasAdv ancedVir
tualRISC.
 AVRmi crocontroll
erexecut esmostoft heinstruct
ionsinsingl
eexecuti
oncy cle.
 AVRsar eaboutf ourtimesf asterthanPICsandconsumesl esspower.
 AVRscanbeoper at
edi ndiffer
entpowersav ingmodes.
 M,
,
Feat
uresofAVR
AVRspr ov i
desawi der angeoff eatures:
 Int ernal,self-
pr ogrammabl einstructi
onf lashmemor yupto256KB
 I
n-sy stem pr ogr ammabl e( I
SP)usi ngser i
al/paral
l
ell
ow-vol
tagepr
opri
etar
y
i
nter facesandOn- chipdebuggi ngsuppor tthroughJTAG
 Int ernal dataEEPROM upt o4KBandSRAM upt o16KB
 E xternal 64KBl i
ttl
eendi andat aspacei nsomemodel sofAVR
 8 -bitand16- bittimer s
 PWM o utput,Anal ogcompar ator
 1 0or12- bi
tA/ Dconv erters,withmul t
iplexofupt o16channels
 1 2-bitD/ Aconv erter s
 Synchr onous/ asynchr onousser i
al peri
pher als(UART/USART),
Ser
ial
2
Per i
pher alInterfaceBus( SPI ),
IC
 Mu l
ti
plepower -
sav ingsl eepmodes
 Li
ght ingandmot orcont rol(PWM)cont roll
ermodel s
 CAN, USB.Et her net ,LCD, DMAcont r
ollersuppor t
 Low- oper ati
ngv oltagedev i
cesi .
e.1.8V

Appli
cati
onsofAVR
 Signalsensi
ngandDat aacqui
sit
ion
 Mot i
oncontrol
andInterf
acemot or
s
 DisplaysonLCD
 Inter
faceanytypeofsensorsandtransducer
s
 Inter
faceGSM andGPS
  Controlandautomationofindustr
ial
plants,mechani
cal&el
ect
ri
cal
syst
ems
 Automat i
onofheavymachi neri
es
 DevelopmentsforUAVs( UnmannedAer ialVehi
cles)
 Li
ghtsensing,Temperatur
esensing&cont rol
li
ngdevices
 Fi
redet ect
ion&safetydevi
ces
 I
ndust r
iali
nstr
umentati
ondev i
ces
 Processcontroldev
ices

(c)ARM microcontrol
ler
TheARM ( Adv ancedRISCmachi ne)i
sa32- bitReducedI nst
ruct
ionsSetComput er
(RISC)microcontroll
erand i nt
roduced byt he Acron computers’or
ganizati
on in
1987.TheARM ar chi
tectur
eusesa‘ Harvardarchit
ecture’whichsupportseparate
dataandinstructi
onbusesf orcommuni cat
ingwiththeROM andRAM memor ies.
 The ARM mi
crocontr
oll
ers suppor
tfor bot
h l
ow-
lev
el and hi
gh-
lev
el
progr
ammi
ngl
anguages.

Feat
uresofARM mi crocont roller
 Load/storeRISCar chi t
ect ure.
 AnARM a ndThumbi nst ructionsetsi.
e.32-biti
nstruct
ionscanbefreel
y
i
ntermixedwi th16- bi
tinst ructi
onsinapr ogram.
 Eff
ici
entmul t
i-corepr ocessi ngandeasi ercodingfordeveloper
s.
 Supportmul ti
-processi ng
 Enhancedpower -savingdesi gn.
 64and32- bi
texecut i
onst atesforscal
ablehi ghperfor
mance.
 SupportsMemor yManagementUni t(MMU)andt heMemor yProt
ecti
onUni
t(MPU)
.
 SupportforDi gitalSignal Pr ocessi
ng(DSP)al gori
thms.
 Sma l
lersize,reducedcompl exit
yandlowerpowerconsumpt i
on.
 Fl
oating-pointsuppor t

Appl
icati
onsofARM mi cr
ocontroll
er
 Smar tphones
 Multimedi aplayers
 3dshandhel dgameconsol es
 Digi
tal camer as
 Tabletcomput ers
Indust riali
nstrumentcont r
ol systems
 Wirelessnet workingandsensor s
 Automot i
vebodysy st
em
 Robot i
cs
 Consumerel ectronics Vishal Chavre
 Set-
topboxes
 Digi
tal tel
evision
 Smar twat ches
 Wirelesslan, 802.11,Bluet
oot h
(d)ASIC( Appl
icati
on- specifi
cintegr at
edcircui
t)
AnASI C( appl
icati
on- specifi
cintegratedcircui
t)isami crochipdesignedf oraspecial
appli
cation,such as a par t
icularki nd oftransmi ssion pr ot
ocolora hand- held
computer .You mi ghtcont r
asti twi t
h generali ntegrated cir
cuits,such as the
microprocessorandt her andom accessmemor ychipsi ny ourPC.
ASICsar eusedi nawi de-rangeofappl icat
ions,includi ngautoemi ssioncontrol,
envir
onment almoni toring,andper sonal di
git
alassistants( PDAs).AnASI Ccanbepr e
-manufacturedf oraspeci alapplicati
onori tcanbecust om manuf actured(t
ypi
cal l
y
usingcomponent sf rom a" buil
dingbl ock"li
braryofcomponent s)f orapar ti
cular
customerapplication.

Theadvant
agesofASI Cincludethefol
lowing.
o Th esmallsi
zeofASI Cmakesi tahighchoi ceforsophisti
catedl
argersystems.
o Asal argenumberofci r
cuitsbui
ltoverasinglechip,thi
scauseshigh-speedappl
icat
ions.
o ASI Chaslowpowerconsumpt i
on.
o Ast heyarethesystem onthechip,cir
cuit
sar epresentsidebysi
de.So, very
mini
mal r
outingi
sneededt oconnectv ari
ouscircuit
s.
o ASI Chasnot imi
ngissuesandpost -pr
oduct i
onconfigurati
on.

Thedi
sadvantagesofASICincl
udethefol
lowing.
o Ast hesearecustomizedchi
pstheyprovi
delowflexi
bil
i
tyforpr
ogr
amming.
o Ast hesechipshavetobedesignedfr
om therootlev
eltheyar
eofhi
ghcostperuni
t.
o ASIChav elargert
imetomarketmargin.

2.
2IoTDef i
niti
on:
 Thei nter
netofthings( IoT)i sacomput ingconceptt hatdescr ibestheideaof
everydayphysicalobj ectsbei ngconnect edtot hei nternetandbei ngabl et o
i
dent i
fythemselvest oot herdevices.
 I nter
netofThings( IoT)r eferstophy sicalandv irt
ualobj ect sthathaveunique
i
dent i
ti
esandar econnect edt otheinternettof acil
it
at eintell
igentappli
cati
ons
thatmakeener gy ,
logisti
cs, i
ndustri
alcont rol
,retail
,agricultureandmanyot her
domai ns"smarter".
 I nter
netofthi
ngs( I
oT)isanewr evol
ut i
oni nwhi chendpoi nt sconnectedtot he
i
nternetanddr i
v enbyt headv ancement si nsensornet wor ks,mobiledev i
ces,
wirel
esscommuni cations, networki
ngandcl oudt echnologi es.

Characteri
sti
csofI oT:
 Dy namic&Sel f-Adapti
ng:IoTdevicesandsy stemsmayhav et hecapabil
ityto
dynamicallyadaptwiththechangi ngcontextsandt akeacti
onsbasedont hei
r
operat
ingcondi ti
ons,user '
scontext,orsensedenv ir
onment.Forexample,the
survei
l
lancecamer ascanadaptt heirmodes( t
o normalori nfr
a-r
edni ght
modes)basedonwhet heritisdayornight.
 Sel f
-Configuri
ng:I
oTdev icesmayhav esel
f-confi
guri
ngcapabi l
i
ty,al
lowinga
l
argenumberofdev i
cestowor ktogethertopr ov
idecert
ainfuncti
onal
ity(such
asweat hermoni t
ori
ng).
  Interoper ableCommuni cationPr otocol s:
IoTdev icesmaysuppor tanumberof
i
nter operabl e communi cat i
on pr otocol s and can communi cate wit
h ot her
dev icesandal sowi ththei nfr
astructure.
 Uni queI dentit
y :EachI oTdev i
cehasauni quei dent i
tyandauni queidentifi
er
(suchasanI Paddr essoraURI ).IoTdev icei nt
erf acesall
owuser stoqueryt he
dev ices,moni tort heirstatus,andcont r
olt hem r emot el
y,inassoci at
ionwi th
thecont rol,conf igurat
ionandmanagement infr
ast ruct
ure.
 Integratedi ntoInf ormationNet wor k:IoTdev icesar eusuallyintegrat
edi nt
ot he
i
nf ormat ionnet workt hatal l
owst hem t ocommuni cateandexchangedat a
withot herdev icesandsy stems.
 Enor mousscal e:Thenumberofdev icest hatneedt obemanagedandt hat
communi catewi theachot herwi llbeatl eastanor derofmagni t
udel arger
thant hedev i
cesconnect edt othecur rentI nt er
net .

Feat
uresofIoT:
 Connect i
v it
y :Connect i
vityreferstoest ablishapr operconnectionbetweenal l
thethingsofI oTt oI oTpl atformi tmaybeser verorcl oud.
 Analyzing: Afterconnect ingal l
ther elevantthings, itcomest oreal-
ti
me
analyzingt hedat acollectedanduset hem t obui ldeffecti
vebusiness
int
ell
igence.
 Int
egrat i
ng: IoTi ntegratingt hev ari
ousmodel st oi mprovetheuserexper i
ence
aswel l.
 Arti
fi
cialInt ell
igence: IoTmakest hingssmar tandenhancesl if
et hr
oughthe
useofdat a.
 Sensing: Thesensordev icesusedi nIoTt echnol ogiesdetectandmeasur eany
changei nt heenv ir
onmentandr eportont heirst atus.
 Acti
v eEngagement :IoTmakest heconnect edt echnology,product,orser
vices
toactiveengagementbet weeneachot her.
 EndpointManagement : I
tisi mpor t
antt obet heendpoi ntmanagementofal l
theIoTsy stem ot herwi se;itmakest hecompl etef ail
ureofthesystem.

Adv
ant
agesandDi sadvant agesof IoT:
Adv
ant
agesofI oT
 Eff
icientresourceut ili
zati
on: I
fweknowt hef unct i
onalit
yandt hewayt hathow
eachdev i
cewor kwedef i
nitelyincreaset heef fi
cientresourceuti
lizati
onas
wellasmoni tornat uralresour ces.
 Minimizehumanef for t
:Ast hedev icesofI oTi nter
actandcommuni catewit
h
eachot heranddol otoft askf orus,thentheymi ni
mi zethehumanef fort.
 Savet ime:Asi tr educest hehumanef fortt heni tdefini
telysav
esoutt ime.
Timei stheprimar yf actorwhi chcansav et hroughI oTpl atf
orm.
 Improv e securi
ty:Now,i fwe hav e a sy stem t hatal lthese things are
i
nterconnectedt henwecanmaket hesy stem mor esecur eandeffi
cient.
  ReducedWast e:I
oTmakesar easofi mpr ovementcl ear.Currentanalyt
icsgive
ussuperfi
ciali
nsight,butIoTpr ovidesr eal
-worldinformationl eadi
ngtomor e
eff
ecti
vemanagementofr esources.
 EnhancedDat aCollecti
on:Moder ndat acol lect
ionsuf f
ersf r
om i t
slimitat
ions
anditsdesi
gnf orpassiveuse.I oTbr eaksitoutoft hosespaces, andplacesit
exact
lywher ehumansr eal l
ywantt ogot oanal yzeourwor ld.Itall
owsan
accur
atepictur
eofev er
ything.

Di
sadv
ant agesofI oT
 Secur ity:As t he I oT sy stems ar ei nterconnect ed and communi cate over
net wor ks.Thesy stem of ferslitt
lecont roldespi t
eanysecur i
tymeasur es,and
itcanbel eadt hev ariouski ndsofnet wor kattacks.
 Privacy : Evenwi t
houtt heact ivepar t
icipationont heuser ,
theIoTsy stem
prov i
dessubst ant i
al per sonal datainmaxi mum det ai
l.
 Compl exi t
y:Thedesi gni ng,dev el
oping, andmai ntaini
ngandenabl i
ngt he
larget echnol ogyt oI oTsy st
em i squitecompl icated.
 Flexibilit
y :Manyar e concer ned aboutt he f l
exibil
it
yofan I oT sy stem to
integrat e easi l
ywi th anot her .Theywor r
yaboutf inding themselves with
sev eral confli
ct i
ngorl ockedsy st
ems.
 Compl iance:I oT,l ikeanyot hert echnol ogyi nt her ealm ofbusi ness,must
compl ywi t
hr egul ations.I tscompl exitymakest hei ssueofcompl i
anceseem
incredibl ychal lengi ngwhenmanyconsi derst andardsof t
warecompl i
ancea
bat tl
e.

2.
2.1PhysicaldesignofI oT:
 Thi ngsofIoT:
 The" Thi
ngs"i nIoTusual l
yreferstoI oTdev i
ceswhi chhav euni queidenti
ti
es
andcanper formr emot esensi
ng, actuati
ngandmoni tori
ngcapabi l
iti
es.
 I oTdev i
cescanexchangedat awi thot herconnecteddev icesandappl i
cati
ons
(directl
yorindirectl
y),orcoll
ectdat afrom otherdevicesandpr ocessthedata
eitherlocall
yorsendt hedat atocent rali
zedserversorcloud- basedappl i
cati
on
back- endsforpr ocessingthedat a,orper form somet asksl ocallyandother
taskswi thintheI oTinfrast
ructur
e,basedont empor alandspaceconst rai
nts
(i.
e.,memor y,processingcapabilit
ies,communi cat
ionl atenciesandspeeds,
anddeadl i
nes).
 Fi
g2.
3Gener
icBockDi
agr
am ofanI
oTDev
ice
 AnI oT dev icemayconsi stofsev erali nterfacesf orconnect ionst oother
dev ices,bot hwi r
edandwi reless.Thesei ncl ude( i)I/ Ointer f
acesf orsensor s,
(ii
)inter facesf orInt ernetconnect i
v i
ty,(ii
i)memor yandst orageinterfacesand
(iv
)audi o/ vi
deoi nter f
aces.
 AnI oTdev icecancol l
ectvar i
oust ypesofdat afrom t heon- boardorat tached
sensor s,suchast emper ature,humi dity,lighti ntensi t
y.Thesenseddat acan
becommuni catedei thertoot herdev icesorcl oud- basedser vers/storage.
 IoTdev icescanbeconnect edt oact uator st hatal low them t oi nteractwith
otherphy sicalentities( i
ncludingnon- I
oTdev icesandsy stems)i nt hev ici
nit
y
oft hedev i
ce.Forexampl e,ar el
ayswi tchconnect edt oanI oTdev icecant urn
anappl ianceon/ of fbasedont hecommandssentt ot heI oTdev iceov erthe
Internet.
 IoTdev icescanal sobeofv ari
edt ypes,f ori nstance,wear ablesensor s,smar t
wat ches, LEDl i
ght s,automobi l
esandi ndust rialmachi nes.
 Almostal lIoTdev icesgener atedat ai nsomef orm ort heot herwhi chwhen
processedbydat aanal yti
cssy stemsl eadst ousef ulinf ormat i
ont oguide
furtheract i
onsl ocal l
yorr emot ely.
 Fori nstance,sensordat agener atedbyasoi lmoi sturemoni tori
ngdev i
ceina
gar den,when pr ocessed can hel pi n det ermini ng the opt i
mum wat eri
ng
schedul es.
 Followi ngFi gur
eshowsdi fferenttypesofI oTdev ices.

Vishal Chavre
  I
oTPr
otocol
s

Fi
g.2.
4IoTPr
otocol
s
LinkLayerPr ot ocols:
 Link l ay erpr ot ocol
s det ermine how t he dat ais physicallysentov ert he
networ k'sphy sicallayerormedi um ( e.g.
,copperwi re,coaxialcabl e,orar adio
wav e).
 Link l ay erdet ermines how t he packet s ar e coded and si gnaled by t he
hardwar edev iceov ert hemedi um t owhi cht hehosti satt ached( suchasa
coaxial cable).
802.3-Et
her net:IEEE802. 3isacol lecti
onofwi redEt her
netst andar dsf ort helink
l
ay er
.Forexampl e,802. 3ist hest andardf or10BASE5Et hernett hatusescoaxi al
cableasashar edmedi um,802.3.iisthest andardf or10BASE- TEther netov ercopper
twist
ed-pairconnect i
ons,
802.3.
jisthest andar df or10BASE- FEt hernetov erfiberopticconnect ions,802. 3aeis
thestandar dfor10Gbi t/sEthernetov erfi
ber ,andsoon.

802.
11-WiFi:I
EEE802. 11isacol l
ect
ionofwi rel
essl ocalareanetwor k(WLAN)
communicat
ionstandards,i
ncl
udi
ngextensi
vedescript
ionoft helinklayer
.802.11a
oper
atesinthe5GHzband,802. 11band802. 11goper ateint he2. 4GHzband,
802.
11noperatesinthe2.4/
5GHzbands,802.11acoper atesi
nt he5GHzbandand
802.
11adoperatesinthe60GHzband.Thesest andardspr ovi
dedat aratesfr
om 1
Mb/stoupto6.75Gb/s.

802.16-WiMax: I
EEE802.16isacol l
ectionofwi r
elessbroadbandst andards,i
ncluding
extensive descr
ipt
ions f
ort he l
inkl ay er(al
so call
ed Wi Max).Wi Maxst andar ds
providedatar at
esf r
om 1.5Mb/ sto1Gb/ s.Therecentupdat e(802.16m)pr ovides
datar at
esof100Mbi t
/sformobil
est ationsand1Gbi t/
sf orfi
xedst at
ions.

802.15.4-
LR-WPAN:IEEE802.15.
4isacollect
ionofstandar
dsforl
ow-r
atewir
eless
personal area net
works (LR-WPANs). These st
andards f
orm the basi
s of
specif
icat
ionsforhighlev
elcommuni cat
ionprot
ocolssuchasZigBee.LR-
WPAN
standar
dsprovi
dedatar
atesfrom 40Kb/s250Kb/ s.Thesestandar
dspr
ovi
del
ow-
costandlow-
speedcommunicati
onforpowerconst
rai
neddevices.

Vishal Chavre
2G/3G/4G -Mobi le Communi cati
on:Ther e ar
e diff
erentgener ati
ons ofmobi l
e
communi cati
on standar
ds i ncluding second generat
ion (2G includi
ng GSM and
CDMA) ,t
hirdgenerati
on(3G-i ncludi
ngUMTSandCDMA2000)andf ourt
hgenerat
ion
(4G
-incl
uding LTE).IoT devicesbased ont hesestandardscancommuni cat
eov er
cel
lul
arnetworks.Dataratesf orthesestandardsrangefrom 9.6Kb/ s(f
or2G)t
oupt o
100Mb/ s(for4G)andar eavai l
ablefrom the3GPPwebsi tes.

Network/I
nternetLayerPr otocols:
Thenet worklay er
sarer esponsiblef orsendi
ngofI Pdatagramsf rom thesour ce
networktot hedest i
nationnet wor k.Thislayerperformst hehostaddr essingand
packetrouti
ng.Thedat agr amscont ainthesourceanddest inat
ionaddresseswhi ch
areusedtorout ethem f
rom t hesour cet
odestinat
ionacrossmul ti
plenetworks.Host
i
dentif
icat
ionisdoneusi nghi erarchicalI
Paddressi
ngschemessuchasI Pv4orI Pv
6.
IPv4:I
nternetProt
ocolversion4(IPv4)isthemostdepl oyedInternetpr otocolthatis
usedt oidenti
fythedevicesonanet workusi ngahi erarchi
caladdr essingscheme.
I
Pv 4 uses a 32-bi
taddr ess scheme thatal lows totalof232 or4, 294,967,
296
addresses.IPv
4hasbeensucceededbyI Pv6.TheI Pprotocolsestablishconnect ions
onpacketnet works,butdonotguar ant
eedel iver
yofpacket s.Guar anteeddel i
v er
y
anddat aint
egri
tyarehandledbytheupperl ayerprotocols(suchasTCP) .
IPv6:I
nter
netPr ot
ocolver
sion6(
IPv6)i
sthenewestv
ersionofI
nter
netprot
ocoland
successortoIPv4,IPv
6uses128-
bitaddr
essschemethatall
owstot
alof2128or3.4
x1038addr esses.

6LOWPAN:6LOWPAN ( I
Pv6 overLow powerWi rel
essPer sonalAr ea Networks)
bri
ngsIPprot
ocoltot
helow-powerdev i
ceswhichhaveli
mitedpr ocessingcapabili
ty.
6LOWPANoper at
esinthe2.4GHzf requencyr
angeandpr ovidesdat atransf
errates
of250Kb/ s.6LOWPAN wor kswitht he802.15.
4l i
nklayerpr otocolanddef ines
compressi
onmechani
smsf orIPv6datagramsoverIEEE802.15.4-
basednet works.

Transpor
tLay erProtocols:
The Transportl ayerpr otocols pr
ov i
de end-t
o-end message t r
ansfercapabil
i
ty
i
ndependentoft heunder l
yingnetwork.Themessaget ransf
ercapabil
it
ycanbeset
up on connect i
ons, ei t
her usi ng handshakes ( as i n TCP) or wi t
hout
handshakes/acknowl edgement s(asinUDP).Thet ransportl
ayerprovi
desfunct
ions
suchaserrorcont r
ol,segment ati
on,fl
owcontrolandcongestioncontr
ol.
TCP:Transmi ssi
onControlProtocol(
TCP)i sthemostwi delyusedt r
ansportlayer
prot
ocol,thatisusedbywebbr owsers(alongwi t
hHTTP,HTTPSappl icat
ionlayer
prot
ocols)
,emai lpr
ograms(SMTPappl icat
ionlayerprotocol)andfil
etr
ansfer(FTP).
TCP i s a connection ori
ented and statefulpr ot
ocol. TCP ensur es reli
able
tr
ansmissionofpacketsin-
orderandalsopr ov
ideser r
ordet ect
ioncapabil
it
ysot hat
dupl
icatepacketscanbediscardedandlostpacketsarer et
ransmitt
ed.
UDP:UDPi saconnectionl
esspr ot
ocol.UDPi susef
ulforti
me- sensi
tiveapplicat
ions
thathav ev erysmalldatauni t
st o exchangeand do notwantt heov erhead of
connectionsetup.UDPisatransacti
onor i
entedandstat
elesspr ot
ocol.UDPdoesnot
provideguaranteeddeli
ver
y,orderi
ngofmessagesanddupl icateeli
mi nat
ion.Higher
l
ev el
sofpr otocolscanensurereli
abl
edel i
veryorensuri
ngconnect ionscr eatedare
rel
iable.

ApplicationLayerProt
ocols:
Applicationlayerpr
otocol
sdefinehowt heappl i
cati
onsinterf
acewi t
ht helowerlay
er
protocolstosendt hedataoverthenet wor k.Theappli
cationdata,typi
call
yinfi
les,i
s
encodedbyt heappli
cati
onlayerpr ot
ocolandencapsul atedint het r
ansportlay
er
protocolwhi chprovi
desconnectionort ransacti
onor i
entedcommuni cat
ionoverthe
networ k.Portnumbersareusedf orapplicati
onaddressing(forexampl eport80for
HTTP,por t22f orSSH,etc.
).Appl i
cat
ionl ayerprot
ocolsenablepr ocess-t
o-pr
ocess
connect i
onsusi ngport
s.
HTTP:Hy pertextTransferPr otocol(HTTP)i stheappl icati
onl ayerpr ot
ocolt hat
formst hef oundati
onoft heWor l
dWi deWeb( WWW) .HTTPi ncludescommands
suchasGET, PUT,POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE,OPTI ONS, et
c.Thepr otocolfol
lows
ar equest-responsemodelwher eacl ientsendsrequeststoaser v
erusi ngtheHTTP
commands.HTTPi sast atelesspr ot
ocolandeachHTTPr equesti sindependentof
theot herr equest
s.AnHTTPcl i
entcanbeabr owseroranappl icati
onr unni
ngont he
cli
ent( e.g.,anappl i
cati
onr unningonanI oTdevice,amobi leappl i
cationorot her
software) .HTTPpr otocolusesUni ver
salResourceI dent
if
iers(URIs)toidentif
yHTTP
resources.
COAP:Const r
ainedAppl i
cationPr ot
ocol( CoAP)i sanapplicati
onlayerprotocolfor
machine-to-machine(M2M)appl icati
ons,meantf orconstr
ainedenv i
ronmentswi th
constrai
neddev icesandconst r
ainednet works.LikeHTTP,COAPi sawebt r
ansfer
prot
ocolandusesar equest-responsemodel ,howev eri
trunsont opofUDPi nst
ead
ofTCP.COAP usesacl ient-serverarchitectur
ewher eclientscommuni catewi th
serv
ersusi ngconnect i
onlessdat agrams.COAPi sdesignedt oeasil
yinter
facewi th
HTTP.Li keHTTP,COAPsuppor tsmet hodssuchasGET,PUT,POST,andDELETE.
COAPdr aftspecifi
cati
onsar eav ail
ableonI EFTConstrai
nedenv ir
onments( CORE)
WorkingGr oupwebsi t
e.

WebSocket:WebSocketpr otocolall
owsfull
-dupl
excommunicati
onov erasingl
e
socketconnect
ionforsendingmessagesbetweenclientandser
ver.WebSocketi
s
basedonTCPandal l
owsst reamsofmessagest obesentbackandforthbet
ween
thecli
entandserverwhil
ekeepi ngtheTCPconnectionopen.Thecli
entcanbea
browser,
amobileappli
cat
ionoranI oTdev
ice.
MQTT:MessageQueueTel emet ryTransport(MQTT)i sal ight-
weightmessagi ng
protocolbased on the publ
ish-subscri
be model.MQTT uses a cl ient-
server
archit
ectur
ewherethecli
ent(suchasanI oTdevi
ce)connect stotheser ver(also
call
edMQTTBr oker
)andpublishesmessagest otopicsont heserver
.Thebr oker
forwardsthemessagestotheclientssubscri
bedtot opics.MQTTi swel lsuit
edf or
constrai
nedenvi
ronment
swher et hedev i
ceshavel i
mi t
edpr ocessi
ngandmemor y
r
esour
cesandt
henet
wor
kbandwi
dthi
slow.

Vishal Chavre
XMPP:Ext ensibleMessagingandPr esencePr otocol(XMPP)i sapr ot
ocolf orr
eal-
ti
me communi cat
ion and str
eami ng XML dat a bet ween net workenti
ties.XMPP
powerswider angeofapplicati
onsi ncludingmessagi ng,presence,datasy ndi
cat
ion,
gaming,multi-
par t
ychatandv oice/videocalls.XMPPal lowssendi ngsmallchunksof
XML dat af rom one net work ent ityt o anot herin nearr eal
-ti
me.XMPP i sa
decent
rali
zedpr ot
ocolandusesacl ient
-serverar chit
ecture.XMPPsuppor t
sboth
cl
ient
-t
o-serverandser ver
-to-
ser vercommuni cat i
onpat hs.I nthecont extofI oT,
XMPPal l
owsr eal-
ti
mecommuni cati
onbet weenI oTdevices.
DDS:Dat aDistri
buti
onSer v
ice(DDS)i sadata-
centr
icmiddlewar estandardfordevice
-to-dev i
ceormachi ne-t
o-machi necommuni cati
on.DDSusesapubl i
sh-
subscribe
modelwher epubl i
shers( e.g.devicesthatgeneratedata)cr eatet opi
cst owhi ch
subscr i
bers(e.
g.,devicesthatwantt oconsumedat a)cansubscr ibe.Publi
sherisan
objectresponsibl
efordat adi st
ri
buti
onandt hesubscr
iberi
sr esponsibleforrecei
ving
published data.DDS pr ovides quali
ty-
of-
serv
ice (
QoS)cont roland conf igur
able
reli
abil
ity
.
AMOP:Adv ancedMessageQueui ngPr otocol(AMQP)i sanopenappl icati
onl ay
er
prot
ocol for business messagi ng. AMQP suppor t s both point-
to-poi
nt and
publ
isher/
subscri
bermodel s,rout
ingandqueui ng.AMQPbr okersrecei
vemessages
fr
om publi
shers(e.g.
,devi
cesorappl i
cationsthatgeneratedata)androutethem over
connecti
onst oconsumers( appli
cati
onst hatprocessdat a)
.Publ i
sher
spubl ishthe
messagest oexchangeswhi chthendistri
butemessagecopi est oqueues.Messages
areeit
herdel i
ver
edbyt hebr okertot heconsumer swhi chhav esubscr i
bedt othe
queuesortheconsumer scanpul lt
hemessagesf rom t
hequeues.

2.
2.2Logi
cal
desi
gnofI
oT:
Logi
caldesignofanIoTsyst
em r
efer
stoanabstractr
epr
esent
ationoftheenti
ti
es
andprocesseswi
thoutgoi
ngi
ntot
helow-
lev
elspeci
fi
csoft
heimplementati
on.

I
oTfuncti
onalblocks:
AnIoTsystem comprisesofanumberoff unct
ionalbl
ocksthatpr
ovi
det hesyst
em
the capabi
li
ti
es f or ident
if
icat
ion, sensi
ng, actuat
ion, communicati
on, and

management
 Fi
g.2.
5Fundament
albl
ockofI
oT

Vishal Chavre
  Device:AnI oTsy stem compr isesofdev i
cesthatprovidesensi ng,actuati
on,
moni tori
ngandcont rolfuncti
ons.
 Communi cati
on:Thecommuni cat
ionblockhandl esthecommuni cati
onf orthe
IoTsy stem.
 Services:AnI oTsy stem usesv ar
ioust ypesofI oTservicessuchasser vi
ces
fordev icemoni toring,dev i
cecont rolservi
ces,datapubl ishi
ngser vi
cesand
servi
cesf ordevi
cedi scovery.
 Management :Managementf unctionalblockpr ovi
desv ari
ousf unctionst o
gover ntheI oTsystem.
 Secur i
ty:Secur i
tyfunct i
onalblocksecur est heIoTsy stem andbypr ovi
ding
functionssuchasaut hent i
cati
on,authori
zation,messageandcont entintegri
ty,
anddat asecur it
y.
 Application:IoTappl icati
onspr ovi
deani nterf
acethatt heuser scanuset o
controlandmoni torvariousaspectsoft heIoTsy st
em.Appl i
cati
onsalsoal l
ow
userst ov iewthesy stem stat
usandv i
eworanal yzethepr ocesseddata.

IoTCommuni cati
onmodel s:
Request-Response:Request -Responseisacommuni cat
ionmodeli nwhichthecli
ent
sendsr equestst ot heser v
erandt heserverr espondstother equests.Whent he
serverreceiv
esar equest,itdecideshow t or espond,fet
chest hedat a,ret
ri
eves
resourcerepresentations,pr
eparestheresponse, andthensendst heresponsetothe
cli
ent.Request -
Response modeli s a st
ateless communicati
on modeland each
request-
responsepai risindependentofothers.

Fi
g.2.
6Request
-Responsecommuni
cat
ionmodel
Publi
sh-Subscri
be:Publ ish-
Subscr
ibe is a communi cati
on modelt hatinvolves
publi
shers,broker
sandconsumer s.Publishersarethesour ceofdat a.Publishers
sendt hedatat othet opicswhicharemanagedbyt hebr oker.Publishersarenot
awareoft heconsumer s.Consumer ssubscribet
othet opi
cswhi charemanagedby
thebroker.Whent hebrokerrecei
vesdataf oratopi
cfrom thepublisher,i
tsendst he
datatoallthesubscri
bedconsumer s.
 Fi
g.2.
7Publ
i
sh-
Subscr
ibecommuni
cat
ionmodel

Push-Pul
l
:Push-Pullisacommuni cati
onmodeli nwhichthedataproducer spushthe
datatoqueuesandt heconsumerspullthedatafr
om t hequeues.Producersdonot
needt obeawar eoft heconsumer s.Queueshel pindecouplingt hemessagi ng
betweentheproducer sandconsumer s.Queuesalsoactasabuf f
erwhi chhelpsin
si
tuati
onswhent herei samismat chbetweenther at
eatwhi chthepr oducer
spush
dataandtherat
er ateatwhichtheconsumer spul
ldata.

Fi
g.2.
8Push-
Pul
lcommuni
cat
ionmodel

Exclusi
vePair
:Exclusi
vePai risabi-
direct
ional
,fullyduplexcommuni cat
ionmodel
thatusesapersist
entconnecti
onbetweent hecl
ientandser ver
.Oncetheconnecti
on
i
sset upitremainsopenunt ilthecl
ientsendsar equesttoclosetheconnection.
Cli
entandservercansendmessagest oeachotheraf t
erconnecti
onsetup.Excl
usive
pairisast at
efulcommuni cati
onmodelandt heser veri sawareofal ltheopen
connecti
ons.
 Fi
g.2.
9Excl
usi
vePai
rcommuni
cat
ionmodel

oTCo
I mmuni
cat
ionAPI
s:
REST-
basedCommuni
cat
ionAPI
s
RESTi sacr onymf orREpr esent ationalSt at eTr ansf er.I ti sar chitect ur alst ylef or
dist
ri
but edhy permedi asy stems.I tisasetofar chi tectur alpr i
nciplesbywhi chy ou
candesi gnwebser vi
cesandwebAPI sthatf ocusonasy stem'sr esour cesandhow
resour
cest at esar eaddr essedandt ransf erred.TheRESTar chit
ect ur alconst raint s
areasf oll
ows:
 Cl ient –server– Bysepar ating t heuseri nter f
aceconcer nsf r om t hedat a
storageconcer ns,wei mpr ov et hepor t
abi li
tyoft heuseri nter f aceacr oss
mul tiple pl atf
or ms and i mpr ov e scal abi l
i
ty by si mpl i
fying t he ser v er
component s.
 St atel ess – Each r equestf r
om cl i
entt o ser v
ermustcont ain al loft he
i
nf ormat i
onnecessar yt ounder standt her equest ,andcannott akeadv ant age
ofanyst oredcont extont heser ver .Sessi onst atei st hereforekeptent irelyon
thecl ient.
 Cacheabl e–Cacheconst raintsr equi ret hatt hedat awi t
hinar esponset oa
requestbei mpl ici
tl
yorexpl icitl
yl abel edascacheabl eornon- cacheabl e.I fa
responsei scacheabl e,thenacl ientcachei sgi vent her ightt or euset hat
responsedat af orl
ater ,equi valentr equest s.
 Uni f
or m i nterface – By appl yi
ng t he sof twar e engi neer i
ng pr inciple of
gener al i
tyt ot he componenti nt erface,t he ov er allsy stem ar chi tectur ei s
simpl ifiedandt hev isibil
ityofi nter act i
onsi si mpr ov ed.I nor dert oobt aina
unifor mi nterface,mul t
iplear chitect uralconst raintsar eneededt ogui det he
behav iorofcomponent s.REST i s def ined by f ouri nterface const r aints:
i
dent i
ficati
onofr esources; mani pul ationofr esour cest hroughr epr esent at i
ons;
self-descr i
ptivemessages; and, hyper medi aast heengi neofappl i
cat i
onst ate.
 Lay ered sy stem – Thel ay ered sy stem st yl
eal lowsanar chi tect uret o be
composedofhi er
archicall ayersbyconst rainingcomponentbehav i
orsuch
thateachcomponentcannot“ see”bey ondt hei mmedi atel ay erwi t
hwhi ch
t
heyar
eint
eract
ing.

Vishal Chavre
  Codeondemand( opt
ional
)–RESTall
owscl
ientfuncti
onal
i
tytobeext ended
bydownloadi
ngandexecutingcodei
ntheform ofapplet
sorscr i
pts.Thi s
si
mpli
fi
escl i
ent
sbyr educi
ng t
henumberoff eat
uresrequi
red t
o bepr e-

i
mpl
ement
ed.
Fi
g.2.
10Communi
cat
ionwi
thRESTAPI
s

Fi
g.2.
11Request
-ResponseModel
usedbyREST

ARESTful
webservi
ceisa"
webAPI"implementedusi
ngHTTPandRESTpr incipl
es.
HTTP ResourceTy
pe Acti
on Exampl e
Method
GET Col
lect
ionURI Listal
l t
he http:
//exampl e.com/api /
resources tasks/(l
istalltasks)
i
nacol l
ect
ion
GET El
ementURI Get http:
//exampl e.com/api /
i
nf or
mat i
on tasks/1/(getinformationon
abouta task-
resource 1)
POST Col
l
ect
ionURI Cr
eat
eanew ht
tp:
//exampl
e.com/
api
/

Vishal Chavre
 r
esour
ce tasks/
(cr
eateanewt
askfrom
dataprov
idedi
nther
equest)
POST El
ementURI Generall
ynotused
PUT Col
lect
ionURI Replacethe http://
exampl e.com/ api
/
ent
irecoll
ecti
on tasks/(replaceent i
re
wit
hanot her collecti
onwi thdat a
col
lecti
on prov i
dedi nthe
request)
PUT El
ementURI Updatearesource http://
exampl e.com/ api
/
tasks/1/ (
updatet ask-1wit
h
data
prov i
dedi nther equest )
DELETE Col
lecti
onURI Del
etetheenti
re http://
exampl e.com/ api
/
col
lect
ion tasks/(deleteall tasks)
DELETE El
ementURI Del
etearesource ht tp://
exampl e.com/ api
/
tasks/1/ (
deletet ask-1)
Tabl
e2.
1:HTTPrequestmethodsandact i
ons

WebSocket-
basedCommuni cati
onAPI s:
WebSocketAPIsall
owbi-di
recti
onal,f
ulldupl
excommuni
cat
ionbet
weencl
ientsand
ser
ver
s.WebSocketAPI sfoll
ow theexclusi
vepai
rcommuni
cati
onmodeldescri
bed
i
nprevi
oussectionandasshowni nFigure.

Fi
g.2.
12Excl
usi
vepai
rmodel
usedbyWebSocketAPI
s

Unl
ikerequest-r
esponseAPI ssuchasREST,t heWebSocketAPI sall
ow fullduplex
communicationanddonotr equireanewconnect iontobeset upf oreachmessage
tobesent.WebSocketcommuni cati
onbeginswi t
haconnect i
onset uprequestsent
bythecli
enttotheser ver
.Thisrequest(cal
ledaWebSockethandshake)i ssentov er
HTTP andt heser verint
erpretsitasanupgr ader equest
.Ift heserversuppor ts
WebSocketpr otocol
,theserv errespondstotheWebSockethandshaker esponse.
Aft
ertheconnect i
onissetup,theclientandser
v ercansenddat a/messagest oeach
ot
heri
nful
l
-dupl
exmode.WebSocketAPI
sreducet
he

Vishal Chavre
networkt r
affi
c and lat
encyas thereis no ov
erhead f
orconnecti
on set
up and
terminat
ionrequestsforeachmessage.WebSocketissuitabl
eforI
oTappli
cat
ions
thathavelowlatencyorhight
hroughputr
equi
rements.

2.
2.3I
oTEnabl
i
ngTechnol
ogi
es:

IoTi senabl edbysev er alt echnol ogiesi ncludingwi r

elesssensornet wor ks,cloud
comput ing, bi g dat a anal yti
cs, embedded sy stems, secur i
ty protocols and
architectures,communi cat ionpr otocol s,webser vi
ces,mobi lei nter
netandsemant i
c
searchengi nes.Fol l
owi ngar esomet echnologieswhi chpl ayakeyr olei
nI oT.
Wi r
eless SensorNet wor ks:A Wi reless SensorNet wor k( WSN)compr ises of
distr
ibut eddev iceswi thsensor swhi char eusedt omoni tort heenv ir
onment aland
physicalcondi ti
ons.AWSN consi stofanumberofend- nodesandr outersanda
coordi nator.Endnodeshav esev eralsensor sattachedthem.Endnodescanal soact
asr out ers.Rout ersar er esponsi bleforr outingt hedatapacket sf rom end-nodest o
thecoor dinat or.Thecoor dinatorcol lectst hedat afrom al lthenodes.Coor dinat
or
alsoact sasagat ewayt hatconnect st heWSN t otheI nternet .Someexampl esof
WSNsusedi nIoTsy stemsar edescr ibedasf ol
lows:
 Weat hermoni toringsy stems
 I ndoorai rqual i
tymoni tori
ngsy st ems.
 Soi l
moi sturemoni t
or ingsy stems
 Sur veill
ancesy stems
 Smar tgr i
ds
 St ruct ural healt
hmoni tor
ingsy stems

ZigBeei soneoft hemostpopul arwi r

elesstechnol
ogiesusedbyWSNs.Zi gBee
specif
icati
onsarebasedonIEEE802.15.4.ZigBeeoper
atesat2.4GHzfrequencyand
offer
sdat aratesupt
o250KB/ sandr angef r
om 10to100met ersdependi
ngont he
powerout putandenvi
ronment
alconditi
ons.

CloudComput ing:
Cloudcomput i
ngi sat r
ansfor mat ivecomput i
ngparadigm t hatinv olvesdeliveri
ng
appli
cationsandser vicesov ert heinternet.Cloudcomput i
ngser vicesar eoffered
touseri ndifferentfor ms:
 I nfr
ast ructure-as-a-Service ( IaaS):I
aaS pr ovi
des t he user st he abi li
tyt o
provisioncomput ingandst orager esources.Theser esour cesar eprov i
dedt o
theuser sasv i
rtualmachi nei nstancesandv i
rtualst orage.User scanst art
,
stop, conf i
gur eandmanaget hev i
rtualmachinei nstancesandv i
rt
ualst or
age.
User scandepl oyoper atingsy stemsandappl icationsoft heirchoiceont he
virt
ualr esour cespr ovisionedi nthecl oud.Thecl oudser vicepr ovi
dermanages
theunder lyi
ngi nfr
astruct ure.Virtualresourcespr ov i
sionedbyt heuser sar e
bill
edbasedonapay -per-usepar adigm.Someexampl esoft hewi deusageof
IaaS ar e aut omat ed,pol i
cy -
dri
ven oper ati
ons such as backup,r ecov ery
,
moni toring,cl usteri
ng,i nternalnet working,websi t
ehost ing,et c.Theser vice
provideri sr esponsi blef orbui l
ding the server s and st orage,net wor king
f
ir
ewal
ls/secur
it
y,andt
hephy
sicaldat
acent
er.Somekeypl
ayer
sof
fer
ing
I
aaSar
eAmazon

Vishal Chavre
 EC2,Micr
osoftAzur
e,Googl
eCl
oudPl
atf
orm,
GoGr
id,
Rackspace,
Digi
tal
Oceanamongothers.

 Platf
orm-as-a-Ser vi
ce( PaaS):PaaSpr ovidest heuser stheabi li
tytodev elop
anddepl oyappl icationi nthecl oudusi ngt hedev elopmentt ools,appl i
cation
programmi ngint erfaces( APIs) ,soft
war elibr
ariesandser v i
cespr ovidedbyt he
cl
oudser vi
cepr ov i
der .Thecl oudser vicepr ov i
dermanagest heunder lying
cl
oudi nfr
ast r
uct ureincludingser ver
s, networ k,operatingsy stemsandst orage.
Theuser s,themsel ves,arer esponsi blef ordev el
oping,depl oying,conf i
guring
andmanagi ngappl i
cat i
onsont hecl oudi nfr
astructure.ThePaaSenv ironment
enablesclouduser s(accessi ngt hem v i
aawebpage)t oinst al
landhostdat a
sets,dev el
opmentt ools and busi ness anal y ti
cs applications,apar tfrom
buil
dingandmai ntainingnecessar yhar dwar e.Somekeypl ayersof f
eringPaaS
areBl uemix,Cl oudBees,Sal esf orce.com,Googl eAppEngi ne,Her oku,AWS,
MicrosoftAz ure, OpenShi f
t,Or acleCloud, SAPandOpenShi ft.

 Softwar e-as-
a-Ser vice(SaaS) :
SaaSpr ov i
dest heuser sacompl etesof t
war e
appli
cat ionort heuseri nterfacet ot heappl i
cat i
oni tsel
f .Thecl oudser v i
ce
providermanages t he under ly
ing cl oud i nfrast r
ucturei ncluding ser vers,
networ k,operatingsy st
ems,st orageandappl i
cat ionsof t
war e,andt heuseri s
unawar eoft heunder l
yi
ngar chit
ect ur
eoft hecl oud.Appl icationsar epr ovi
ded
totheusert hroughat hincl i
entinterface( e.g.,abr owser ).SaaSappl i
cati
ons
arepl atformi ndependentandcanbeaccessedf r
om v ariouscl i
entdev ices
suchaswor kstations,l aptop,tabl et
sandsmar t-phones,r unni ngdi ff
erent
operating sy stems.Si nce t he cl oud ser vi
ce pr ovidermanages bot ht he
appli
cat ionand dat a,theuser sar eabl eto accesst heappl i
cationsf rom
anywher e.SaaS l ets user s easilyaccess sof twar e applications --such as
emai l
s- -ov ert hei nternet.Mostcommonexampl esofSaaSar eMi crosof t
Offi
ce 360,AppDy nami cs,Adobe Cr eati
v e Cl oud,Googl e G Sui te,Zoho,
Salesforce,Mar keto,Or acl
eCRM,Par dotMar keti
ng Aut omat i
on,and SAP
BusinessBy Desi gn.

Benef
it
sofcl oudcomput i
ngserv i
ces
 Fasterimplementationandt i
met ov alue
 Anywher eaccesst oapplicationsandcont ent
 Rapidscalabil
ityt
omeetdemand
 Higherutil
izat
ionofinfrastructur
ei nv estments
 Loweri nf
rastr
ucture,energy ,
andf aci l
itycosts
 GreaterITstaffproducti
vityandacr ossor gani
zat
ion
 Enhancedsecur it
yandpr otect i
onofi nformati
onasset
s

Bi
gDat
aAnal
yti
cs:
Bi
gDat
aanal
yti
csi
sthepr
ocessofcol
l
ect
ing,
organi
zi
ngandanal
yzi
ngl
argeset
sof
data(cal
ledBi
gData)todi
scoverpatt
ernsandotherusefulinfor
mation.Bi
gData
anal
yti
cscanhelp or
gani
zat
ionsto bett
erunder
stand t
hei nformat
ioncontai
ned
wit
hinthedat
aandwil
lal
so
hel
pidentifythedatathatismosti mpor t
anttot hebusinessandf utur
ebusi ness
deci
sions.Analy
stsworkingwithBigDat atypi
call
ywantt heknowledget hatcomes
fr
om analyzingt
hedata.BigDataAnaly
ticsinvol
vedseveralstepsstart
ingfrom data
cl
eansing,datamungi
ng( orwrangl
i
ng),dataprocessi
ngandv isual
i
zati
on.

2.2.
4IoTlevel
sanddeploymenttemplates:
IoTLevel1:Syst
em hasasinglenodethatperformssensingand/oract
uation,stores
data,perfor
ms analysi
s and hostthe applicat
ion as shown i
nf i
g.Sui t
ablef or
modelinglow costandlow complexi
tysoluti
onswher ethedatainvol
vedi snotbi g
andanalysisrequi
rementarenotcomput at
ionall
yint
ensive.Ane.g.
,ofIoTLev el1is

Homeaut
omat
ion.
Fi
g.2.
13I
oTLev
el-
1

IoT Level
2:hasasi ngl
enodet hatper f
ormssensi ngand/oractuati
ngandl ocal
anal
y si
sasshowni nf i
g.Dat aisst or
edi ncloudandappl i
cat
ionisusuall
ycloud
based.Level2IoTsystemsar esui tableforsol
utionswheredataareinvol
vedisbig,
howev er
,theprimar
yanal ysi
sr equirementisnotcomput ati
onal
lyint
ensiv
eandcan
bedonel ocal
lyit
sel
f.Ane,g.,
ofLev el2IoTsy st
em forSmartI
rri
gati
on.
 Fi
g.2.
14I
oTLev
el-
2

IoTLev el3:sy
stem hasasi nglenode.Datai
sst oredandanal y
zedi nthecloud
appl
icationiscloudbasedasshowni nf i
g.Lev
el3I oT sy
stemsar esuitabl
efor
sol
utions wher e the dat
a i nvol
ved i
s big and anal y
sis requirements are
comput ati
onal
lyint
ensi
ve.Anexampl eofIoTlevel3system fortrackingpackage
handli
ng.

Fi
g.2.
15I
oTLev
el-
3

IoTLev el4:Syst
em hasmul ti
plenodesthatper
forml ocalanal
ysi
s.Datai
sstoredin
thecloudandappl icati
oniscloudbasedasshowni nf i
g.Level
4contai
nslocaland
cloud based obser vernodes which can subscri
be to and recei
veinfor
mat i
on
coll
ectedi nthecloudf r
om IoTdevices.AnexampleofaLev el4I
oTsystem f
orNoise
Monitoring.
 Fi
g.2.
16I
oTLev
el-
4

IoTLevel5:Syst
em hasmul tipl
eendnodesandonecoor di
natornodeasshowni nf i
g.
Theendnodest hatperfor
m sensi ngand/ oractuati
on.Coor di
natornodecol lects
datafrom theendnodesandsendst othecloud.Dataisstoredandanal yzedint he
cloudandappl icat
ioniscloudbased.Lev el
5I oTsystemsar esuitabl
ef orsoluti
on
based on wi r
eless sensornet work,in which datainvol
ved is big and analysis
requi
rement sarecomput at
ionall
yintensiv
e.Anexampl eofLev el
5sy st
em f orForest
FireDetect
ion.

Fi
g.2.
17I
oTLev
el-
5
IoTLev el
6:Sy stem hasmul t
ipl
eindependentendnodest hatperform sensi
ngand/or
actuati
onandsenseddat atothecloud.Dataisstoredi
nt hecloudandappl i
cati
onis
cloudbasedasshowni nf i
g.Theanal y
ticscomponentanalysest hedataandstores
ther esultint hecl oud data base.Ther esul
tsar evi
sualized with cl
oud based
appli
cation.Thecent ral
i
zedcont rol
leri
sawareoft hest
atusofal ltheendnodesand
sendscont rolcommandst onodes.Anexampl eofaLev el6IoTsy st
em forWeather

Moni
tor
ingSy
stem.
Fi
g.2.
18I
oTLev
el-
6

2.
2.5IoTI ssuesandChal l
enges, Applicat i
ons
MostofI ssuesandChal l
engesr elev antt oI oTar e:
 Dat aPr ivacy :Somemanuf acturer sofsmar tTVscol l
ectdat aaboutt hei
r
cust omer st oanal yzet hei rv i
ewinghabi tssot hedat acol lectedbyt hesmar t
TVsmayhav eachal lengef ordat apr i
v acydur ingt ransmi ssi on.
 Dat aSecur ity:Dat asecur it
yi salsoagr eatchal lenge.Whi let ransmi tti
ngdat a
seaml essly, i
tisi mpor tantt ohidef rom obser v i
ngdev icesont hei nternet .
 I nsur ance Concer ns:The i nsurance compani es installing I oT dev ices on
vehicl escol lectdat aaboutheal thanddr i
vingst atusinor dert ot akedeci sions
abouti nsurance.
 LackofCommonSt andar d:Sincet her ear emanyst andar dsf orI oTdev ices
andI oTmanuf acturingi ndust ri
es.Ther ef ore,itisabi gchal l
enget odi stinguish
betweenper mittedandnon- per mi t
t eddev i
cesconnect edt ot heint ernet.
 Techni calConcer ns:Duet ot hei ncr easedusageofI oTdev i
ces,t het raffi
c
gener ated byt hesedev icesi sal so i ncreasi ng.Hencet her ei saneed t o
i
ncr easenet wor kcapaci ty,theref or e,iti sal soachal lenget ost oret hehuge
amountofdat aforanal y sisandf urt herf inalst orage.
 Secur i
tyAt tacksandSy st em Vul ner abi l
ities:Ther ehasbeenal otofwor kdone
i
nt hescenar i
oofI oTsecur it
yupt illnow.Ther elatedwor kcanbedi v i
dedi nto
system secur i
ty,appl i
cat ionsecur i
t y,andnet wor ksecur it
y.
 o Syst
em Secur i
ty:System securitymai nl
yf ocusesonov er al
lI
oTsy stem
toidenti
fydi f
ferentsecur i
tychal l
enges,t odesign diff erentsecur i
ty
fr
amewor ks and t o provide propersecurit
y gui del
ines i n orderto
maintai
nthesecur i
tyofanet work.
o Appli
cati
onsecur ity:Appli
cati
onSecur i
tywor ksforI
oTappl i
cat i
onto
handl
esecurityissuesaccor di
ngt oscenariorequir
ement s.
o Network secur it
y: Networ k secur it
y deal s wi th secur ingtheI
oT
communi cat
ionnet workforcommuni cati
onofdi ff
erentI oTdev i
ces.

Appli
cati
ons-Domai n Specif
ic
I
oTsHomeAut omation:
 Smar tLighti
ng:hel psinsav ingener gybyadapt i
ngt helightingtot heambi ent
conditi
onsandswi t
chingon/ offordi mingt heli
ghtwhenneeded.
 Smar tAppl i
ances:maket hemanagementeasi erand al so prov i
dest atus
inf
ormat iontotheuser sr emot el
y.
 Intr
usionDet ection:usesecur i
tycamer asandsensor s(PIRsensor sanddoor
sensors)t odetecti nt
rusi
onandr aiseal er
ts.Al
ertscanbei nt heform ofSMS
oremai lsenttot heuser .
 Smoke/ GasDet ectors:Smokedet ectorsar ei
nstall
edi nhomesandbui ldings
todetectsmoket hatist ypicall
yanear lysignoff ir
e.Alert
sr ai
sedbysmoke
detectorscanbei nt heform ofsi gnal st oafir
eal arm system.Gasdet ectors
candet ectthepr esenceofhar mful gasessuchasCO, LPGet c.
,

Ci
ti
es:
 Smar tPar ki
ng:maket hesear chf orpar kingspaceeasi erandconv eni
entf or
drivers.Smar tparkingar epower edbyI oTsy st
emst hatdetecttheno.of
empt ypar ki
ngsl otsandsendi nformationov erinternett osmar tappl
icati
on
backends.
 Smar tLighti
ng:forroads, parksandbui l
di ngscanhel pi nsav i
ngenergy.
 Smar tRoads:Equi pped wi th sensors can pr ovi
de i nformati
on on drivi
ng
condi tion,tr
aveltimeest i
mat ingandal erti ncaseofpoordr i
vi
ngcondi t
ions,
traffi
ccondi ti
onandacci dents.
 Struct uralHealth Moni t
oring:uses a net wor k ofsensor st o monitorthe
vibrationlevelsinthest ructuressuchasbr idgesandbui ldings.
 Surv eill
ance:Thev ideof eedsf rom survei l
lancecamer ascanbeaggr egatedi n
cloudbasedscal ablest oragesol ut
ion.
 Emer gencyResponse: IoTsy stemsf orf ir
edet ecti
on,gasandwat erleakage
detect ioncanhel pi ngener atingal er
tsandmi nimizingt heireff
ectsont he
crit
ical inf
rastr
uctures.

Env
ironment:
 Weat herMoni t
oring:Syst
emscollectdatafrom ano.ofsensorsat
tachedand
sendthedat atocl oudbasedapplicat
ionsandst oragebackends.Thedata
coll
ected i
n cloud can then be anal
y zed and vi
sual
ized bycl
oud based
appli
cati
ons.
  AirPol lutionMoni toring:Sy stem canmoni toremi ssi
onofhar mf ulgases( CO2,
CO,NO,NO2 et c.,
) by f actories and aut omobi l
es usi ng gaseous and
met eor ologicalsensor s.Thecol lect eddatacanbeanal yzedt omakei nformed
deci si
onsonpol l
utionscont rolappr oaches.
 Noi sePol l
utionMoni t
or i
ng:Duet ogr owingurbandev elopment ,noiselevelsin
cit
ieshav eincreasedandev enbecomeal arminglyhighi nsomeci ti
es.I oT
based noi sepollution moni tori
ng sy stemsusea no.ofnoi semoni t
or i
ng
syst emst hatar edepl oyedatdi fferentplacesi naci ty.Thedat aonnoi se
l
ev elsf rom t hestat i
oni scol l
ect edonser versori nthecl oud.Thecol lected
datai st henaggr egat edt ogener at enoi semaps.
 ForestFi reDet ection:For estf i
r ecancausedamaget onat uralresour ces,
proper tyandhumanl i
fe.Ear lydet ecti
onoff orestfir
ecanhel pi nmi nimizing
damage.
 RiverFl oodDet ection:Ri verf l
oodscancausedamaget onat uralandhuman
resour cesandhumanl ife.Ear lywar ni
ngsoff l
oodscanbegi venbymoni t
or i
ng
thewat erl evelandf lowr at e.IoTbasedr iv
erfloodmoni t
oringsy st
em usesa
no.ofsensornodest hatmoni tort hewat erlev
el andflowr at
esensor s.

Ret
ail
:
 I nvent oryManagement :
IoTsy stemsenabl
eremot emonitori
ngofinventor
y
usingdat acol
lect
edbyRFI Dr eaders.
 Smar tPay ments:
Soluti
onssuchascont act-
lesspaymentspower edby
technol ogiessuchasNearFi eldCommunication(NFC)andBluetoot
h.
 Smar tVendingMachines:Sensor sinasmartv endi
ngmachinesmoni t
orsits
oper ationsandsendt hedatat ocloudwhi
chcanbeusedf orpredi
cti
ve
mai ntenance.

Logi
sti
cs:
 Rout egenerati
on&schedul i
ng: I
oTbasedsy stem backedbycl oudcanpr ovi
de
fi
rstresponset ot her out egener ationqueri
esandcanbescal eduptoservea
l
ar getransport
ationnet work.
 FleetTracking:UseGPSt otr
ackl ocat i
onsofvehiclesinr
eal-
time.
 ShipmentMoni toring:IoT basedshi pmentmoni tori
ngsy st
emsusesensor s
suchast emp,humi di ty,tomoni torthecondi t
ionsandsenddat at ocloud,
wher eitcanbeanal yzedt odet ectfoodspoilage.
 Remot eVehi cl
eDi agnost i
cs:Sy stemsuseon- boardIoTdevicesforcoll
ecti
ng
dat aonVehi cl
eoper ati
on’s( speed,RPMet c.
,)andst at
usofv ar
iousvehicl
e
subsy stems.

Agr
icul
ture:
 Smar tIr
ri
gat
ion:
todeteminemoist
ureamountinsoi
l
.
 Gr eenHouseContr
ol:
toimprov
eproducti
vi
ty.

I
ndust
ry:
 Machi
nedi
agnosi
sandpr
ognosi
s
 I
ndoorAi
rQual
i
tyMoni
tor
ing

Vishal Chavre
Heal
thandLif
eStyl
e:
 Health&Fit
nessMoni
tor
ing
 WearableEl
ectr
oni
cs

2.
2.6I
oT Dev i
ces and i tsf eatur es:Ar duino,Uno,Raspber r
yPi ,
NodeµI oTDev i
ces:
 I nternetofThi ngsDev icesi snon-standarddev i
cest hatconnectwi rel
esslytoa
net wor k wi th each ot herand abl et ot ransfert he data.IoT dev i
ces ar e
enlargi ng t he i nternet connect iv
ity bey ond st andard dev ices such as
smar tphones, laptops, tablets,anddeskt ops.
 Ther ear el argev ar
ietiesofI oT dev i
cesav ai
lablebasedonI EEE802. 15.4
standar d.Thesedev icesr angef rom wi r
elessmot es,att
achablesensor -
boar ds
toi nterface-boar dwhi char eusef ulforresearchersanddev elopers.
 I oT dev i
ces i nclude comput erdev i
ces,sof twar e,wireless sensors,and
act uator s.TheseI oTdev icesar econnect edov ert heint
ernetandenabl ingt he
dat at ransfer among obj ect
s or peopl e aut omat i
call
y wi thout human
i
nt ervent ion.
 Someoft hecommonandpopul arIoTdev icesar egi v
enbelow

Fi
g.2.
19I
oTDev
icesandTechnol
ogi
es

Pr
operti
esofI oTDev i
ces
Someoft heessentialpropert
iesofIoTdev i
cesarement i
onbel ow:
 Sense: Thedev icesthatsenseitssurroundingenvi
ronmenti nthefor
m of
temperature,mov ement ,
andappearanceoft hi
ngs,etc.
 Sendandr ecei
vedat a:I
oTdev i
cesareablet osendandr ecei
v et
hedata
overthenet workconnect i
on.
 Anal yze:Thedev i
cescanabl et
oanal yzethedatat
hatreceivedfrom t
he
otherdeviceovert heint
ernetnetworks.
  Cont
rol
led:I
oTdevi
cesmaycontrolf
rom someendpoi
ntal
so.Other
wise,
theI
oTdev i
cesarethemselv
escommunicatewi
theachotherendl
essl
y
l
eadstothesyst
em f
ail
ure.

Ar
dui
noUno:
 Arduinodev icesar ethemi cr
ocontr
oller
sandmi crocont
rol
lerki
tf orbui l
ding
digi
taldevicest hatcanbesenseandcont rolobj
ectsinthephysical anddi gi
tal
world.
 Arduinoboar dsar efurnishedwit
hasetofdi git
alandanaloginput /outputpins
thatmaybei nterfacedtov ar
iousothercir
cui
ts.
 SomeAr duinoboar dsincludeUSB( Univer
salSeri
alBus)usedforl oading
programsf rom t hepersonalcomput er.
 Arduinoisanopen- sourceelectr
onicsplat
for
m basedoneasy -
to-use
hardwareand sof tware.

Pr
oper
tiesofAr duino:
 Inexpensi ve: Arduino boar ds ar er elativelyi nexpensi ve compar ed to ot her
mi crocont rollerplat forms.Thel eastexpensi vev ersionoft heAr duinomodul e
canbeassembl edbyhand, andev ent hepr e-assembl edAr duinomodul escost
lesst han$50.
 Cr oss- platform:TheAr dui
noSof twar e( I
DE)r unsonWi ndows, Maci ntoshOSX,
andLi nuxoper atingsy stems.Mostmi crocont rol l
ersy stemsar el imitedt o
Wi ndows.
 Si mpl e,clearpr ogr ammi ngenv ironment :TheAr dui noSof twar e(IDE)i seasy -to
-usef orbegi nner s,y etf l
exi bl
eenoughf oradv anceduser stot akeadv antage
of as wel l
.For t eacher s,i t's conv enient l
y based on t he Pr ocessi ng
pr ogrammi ng env ironment , so st udent s l ear ning t o pr ogr am i n t hat
env ironmentwi l
lbef ami li
arwi thhowt heAr duinoI DEwor ks.
 Opensour ceandext ensibl esof twar e:TheAr dui nosof twar ei spubl i
shedas
opensour cet ools,av ail
abl ef orext ensionbyexper i
encedpr ogr ammer s.The
language can be expanded t hrough C++ l ibrar i
es,and peopl e want i
ng t o
under standt het echni caldet ailscanmaket hel eapf rom Ar duinot ot heAVRC
pr ogrammi ngl anguageonwhi chi t
'sbased.Si mi l
ar l
y, y
oucanaddAVR- Ccode
direct l
yi ntoy ourAr duinopr ogr amsi fyouwantt o.
 Opensour ceandext ensiblehar dwar e: Thepl ansoft heAr duinoboar dsar e
publ ishedunderaCr eat i
veCommonsl icense, soexper iencedci rcuit
desi gner scanmaket heirownv ersionoft hemodul e, extendi ngitand
impr ov ingi t.Ev enr elat i
velyi nexper i
enceduser scanbui ldt hebr eadboar d
ver si
onoft hemodul ei nor dertounder standhowi twor ksandsav emoney .
 Fi
g.2.
20 Ar
dui
noUno

RaspberryPi:
TheRaspber ryPii sal owcost ,credi
t-
cardsi zedcomput ert
hatplugsint
oacomput er
monitororTV,andusesast andardkeyboar dandmouse.TheRaspber ryPiisav ery
cheapcomput ert hatr unsLi nux,butitalsopr ovi
desasetofGPI O(generalpur
pose
i
nput/output)pi nst hatal low you to cont rolelectr
oni
ccomponent sf orphy si
cal
comput i
ngandexpl oret heI nt
ernetofThi ngs( I
oT).Raspber
ryPihasanARMv 6700
MHzsi ngle-corepr ocessor ,aVideoCoreI VGPUand512MBofRAM.i tusesanSD
cardforitsoper atingsy stem anddat ast or
age.TheRaspber ryPioffi
cial
lysupports
Raspbian,al i
ght weightl inuxOSbasedonDebi an.Backi n2006,whileEbenUpt on,
hiscoll
eaguesatUni versityofCambr idge, i
nconj unct
ionwit
hPet eLomasandDav id
Braben,formedt heRaspber ryPiFoundation.

Fi
g.2.
21Raspber
ryPi

Model
Component sofRaspberr
yPi Board
 ARM CPU/ GPU--ThisisaBr oadcom BCM2835Syst
em onaChi p(SoC)that'
s
madeupofanARM cent ralprocessi
ngunit(
CPU)andaVideocore4graphics
processinguni
t(GPU).TheCPU handl esal
lthecomput
ationsthatmakea
comput er
 wor k( takingi nput ,doingcal culat i
onsandpr oducingout put ),
andt heGPU
handl esgr aphi csout put .
 GPI O- -Thesear eexposedgener al-pur posei nput /
outputconnect ionpoi nt
s
thatwi ll all
owt her eal har dwar ehobby iststheoppor t
uni tytot i
nker .
 RCA- -AnRCAj ackal lowsconnect ionofanal ogTVsandot hersi milaroutput
dev i
ces.
 Audioout- -Thi si sast andar d3. 55-mi llimeterjackf orconnect ionofaudi o
outputdev icessuchasheadphonesorspeaker s.Ther eisnoaudi oi n.
 LEDs- -Li ght-emi tti
ngdi odes, forall ofy ourindicatorlightneeds.
 USB- -Thi si sacommonconnect i
onpor tf orperipher aldev icesofal ltypes
(i
ncludi ngy ourmouseandkey boar d) .ModelAhasone, andModelBhast wo.
YoucanuseaUSBhubt oexpandt henumberofpor t
sorpl ugy ourmousei nto
yourkey boardi fi thasi tsownUSBpor t.
 HDMI- -Thi sconnect oral lowsy out ohookupahi gh- def i
nit
iont elevi
sionor
othercompat ibledev iceusi nganHDMIcabl e.
 Power- -Thi sisa5vMi cr oUSBpowerconnect orintowhi chy oucanpl ugy our
compat i
bl epowersuppl y.
 SDcar dsl ot- -Thi sisaf ul l
-sizedSDcar dsl ot.AnSDcar dwi thanoper ating
system ( OS)i nst all
edi sr equi r
edf orboot i
ngt hedev ice.Theyar eav ai
lablefor
purchasef rom t hemanuf act urers, buty oucanal sodownl oadanOSandsav e
i
tt othecar dy our sel
fi fy ouhav eaLi nuxmachi neandt hewher ewi t
hal.
 Ether net- -Thi s connect oral l
ows f orwi red net wor k access and i s only
availabl eont heModel B.

Adv
ant
agesofDifferentRaspber r
yPi Model
s
 Thesizeofther aspberrypiisinsmal
lofcr
edi
tcard
 Thepriceofther aspberrypiislow
 Gatheri
ngasetofr aspberr
ypi towor
kasaserveri
smor
eef
fect
ivet
han
thenormalserver.

Appli
cati
onsofRaspber rypi
Thediff
erentappli
cat ionsoftheraspber
rypi
model
are
 Medi asteamer
 Tabletcomput er
 Homeaut omat ion
 Inter
netradio
 Controll
i
ngr obot s
 Cosmi cComput er
 Arcademachi nes
 Raspberrypi basedpr oject
s
Nodeµ
 NodeMCUi sanopensour ceI oTpl at form.
 TheNodeMCU( NodeMi croCont rollerUni t
)isanopensour cesof twareand
har dwar edev el
opmentenv ironmentt hatisbui ltar oundav eryi nexpensiv e
Sy stem-on- a-Chip( SoC)cal ledt heESP8266.
 TheESP8266canbecont r oll
edf rom y ourlocalWi -Finet wor korf r
om t he
internet(afterpor tforwar ding) .TheESP- 01modul ehasGPI Opi nst hatcanbe
progr ammedt otur nanLEDorar elayON/ OFFt hrought hei nternet.
 The modul e can be pr ogr ammed usi ng an Ar dui no/USB- t
o-TTL conv erter
throught heser i
al pins( RX, TX) .
 Itusest heLuascr i
ptingandCl anguagewi t
har dui nosof twar e(usingar dui
nol ibr
ary
).
 Ithas10GPI O,ev eryGPI OcanbePWM, I
2C,1-wi re.ItisWi -Fi enableddev ice.
 NodeMCU Dev elopmentboar di sf eaturedwi t
hwi ficapabi li
ty,anal ogpi n,
digitalpinsandser i
al communi cationpr otocols.
 NodeMCUDevKi thasAr dui nol ikeAnal og(i.
e.A0)andDi gital(D0-D8)pi nson
itsboar d.Itsuppor tsser i
alcommuni cationpr otocol si.e.UART,SPI ,I2Cet c.
Usi ngsuchser i
alpr otocol swecanconnecti twi thser i
aldev i
cesl i
keI 2C
enabl ed LCD di spl ay,Magnet omet erHMC5883,MPU- 6050 Gy ro met er+
Accel eromet er,
RTCchi ps, GPSmodul es,touchscr eendi splay s,SDcar dset c.

Fi
g.2.
22NodeMcuESP8266

2.
2.7Casest
udyonI
oTAppl
i
cat
ionsusi
ngv
ari
ousSensor
sandact
uat
ors
Sensor
s:
 A sensorisanelectr
oni
ci nstr
umentthatisabl
etomeasur
ethephy
sical
quanti
tyandgener
ateaconsider
ateout
put.
 Theseout
putoft
hesensor
sar
eusual
l
yint
hef
orm ofel
ect
ri
cal
signal
s.
 Sensor
sar
eplacedassuchtheycandir
ectl
yint
eractwi
tht
heenv
ironmentt
o
senset
hei
nputener
gywit
hthehelpofsensi
ngelement.
 Thissensedenergyisconv er
tedint
oamor esuit
abl
eform byatransduct
ion
el
ement .Therearevari
oust ypesofsensorssuchasposi t
ion,t
emperature,
pressur
e,speedsensors,butfundamental
lyther
earetwotypes–analogand
di
gital
.Thediff
erentt
ypescomeundert hesetwobasicty
pes.
 A di
git
alsensorisincorpor
ated wi
th an Anal
og-
to-
digi
talconv
ert
erwhi
l
e
anal
ogsensordoesnothaveanyADC.
Act
uat
ors:
 Anact uat ori sadev icethatal ter
st hephy si
calquant i
tyasi tcancausea
mechani cal componentt omov eaftergetti
ngsomei nputfrom thesensor .
 Inotherwor ds,itreceivescont roli
nput( generall
yint heform oftheel ect
rical
signal)andgener atesachangei nt hephy si
calsy stem t hr
oughpr oducing
force,heat ,
mot ion,etcetera.
 Anact uat orcanbei nterpretedwi t
ht heexampl eoft hesteppermotor ,where
anel ectrical pul
sedr ivesthemot or
.
 Eacht imeapul segi venint heinputaccor dingl
ymot orrot
at esinapredefined
amount .
 A steppermot orissui tablef ortheappl icati
onswher et heposit
ionoft he
objecthast obecont r
oll
edpr ecisel
y,forexampl e,r
obot i
car m.

Vishal Chavre
TypesofI oTSensor s
Temper at
ur esensors:
Thesedev i
cesmeasur et heamountofheatener gygeneratedf r
om anobj ector
surr
oundingar ea.
Theyfindappl icati
oninair-conditi
oner s,refr
igerat
orsandsi milardev
icesusedf or
envi
ronment alcontrol
.
Theyareal sousedi nmanufact ur
ingpr ocesses, agr
icul
tureandhealthi
ndustry
.
Temper at
ur e sensor s i nclude t her mocouples, t her
mistors, resi
stor
temperaturedet ect
ors(RTDs)andi ntegr atedcir
cuit
s( I
Cs).

Fi
g.2.
23Temper
atur
eSensor
s

Humidi
tysensor s:
Theamountofwat ervapourinai
r,orhumi di
ty,canaf
fecthumancomfor
taswellas
manymanuf acturi
ngprocessesinindust
ries.
Somonitor
inghumi dit
yleveli
simpor t
ant.
Mostcommonl yuseduni tsforhumi di
tymeasur ementarerel
ati
vehumidi
ty(
RH),
dew/
frostpoint(D/FPT)andpar t
spermi l
lion(PPM).

Fi
g.2.
24Humi
dit
ySensor

Moti
onsensors:
Moti
onsensorsarenotonlyusedforsecuri
typur
posesbutalsoinaut
omaticdoor
cont
rol
s,automati
cparki
ngsy st
ems,automatedsinks,aut
omatedtoi
letf
lusher
s,
handdr
yers,
energymanagementsyst
ems, et
c.

Youuset
hesesensor
sint
heI
oTandmoni
tort
hem
fr
om yoursmart
phoneorcomputer.HC-SR501passi
vei
nfr
ared(
PIR)sensori
sa
popul
armoti
onsensorf
orhobbypr
oject
s.

Fi
g.2.
25Mot
ionSensor

Gassensors:
 Thesesensor sareusedt odetectt
oxicgases.
 Thesensi ngtechnologiesmostcommonl yusedar eelect
rochemi
cal
,photo-
i
onisationandsemi conductor.
 Wi thtechnicaladvancement sandnewspeci f
icati
ons,t
hereareamult
itudeof
gassensor sav ail
ablet o hel
p ext
end thewi red and wi
rel
essconnecti
vi
ty
deployedinIoTapplicat
ions.

Fi
g.2.
26GasSensor

Smokesensor s:
 Smokedet ectorshavebeeni nuseinhomesandi ndustr
iesf orqui
tealong
ti
me.
 Wi ththeadv entoft heIoT,thei
rappli
cati
onhasbecomemor econveni
entand
user-fr
iendly.Furt
hermor e,addi
ngawi rel
essconnecti
ont osmokedet ect
ors
enablesadditional
featuresthati
ncreasesafet
yandconv enience.

Fi
g.2.
27SmokeSensor

Pressur
esensor
s:
Thesesensorsareusedi
nIoTsy
stemst
omoni
torsy
stemsanddev
icest
hatar
e
dri
venbypressur esi
gnals.
Whent hepr essurerangeisbeyondt hethreshol
dlevel
,thedeviceal
ert
stheuser
abouttheproblemsthatshouldbefi
xed.
Forexample,BMP180i sapopulardi
gitalpr
essuresensorforuseinmobi
lephones,
PDAs,GPSnav i
gati
ondev i
cesandoutdoorequipment.
Pressuresensorsar
ealsousedi
nsmar
tvehi
clesandai
rcr
aft
stodet
ermi
nef
orce
andalt
it
ude,respect
ivel
y.
I
nv ehi
cle,
tyrepr
essur
emonit
ori
ngsyst
em (TPtMS)isusedt
oalertt
hedr
iverwhen
t
yrepressureist
oolowandcoul
dcreat
eunsafedri
vi
ngcondit
ions.

Vishal Chavre
Imagesensor s:
Thesesensor sarefoundindigi
talcameras,medicali
magingsystems,ni
ght
-v i
sion
equipment ,thermalimagingdevi
ces, r
adars,
sonars,
mediahouseandbi ometri
c
syst
ems.
Inther etail
industry
,thesesensor
sar eusedt omonit
orcustomersvisi
ti
ngthe
stor
et hroughI oTnetwork.
Inoffi
cesandcor poratebui
ldi
ngs,theyareusedtomonitoremployeesandv ar
ious
acti
vit
iest hr
oughI oTnetworks.

Fi
g.2.
28I
mageSensor

Accelerometersensor
s:
Thesesensor sareusedinsmartphones,vehicl
es,air
craf
tsandotherappl
i
cati
onsto
detectori
entati
onofanobject
,shake,tap,ti
l
t,motion,posi
ti
oni
ng,shockorvi
brat
ion.
Dif
ferenttypes ofacceler
ometersi ncl
ude Hal l
-ef
fectaccel
erometer
s,capaci
tive
acceler
ometersandpiezoel
ect
ricacceler
omet ers.

Fi
g.2.
29Accel
erat
orSensor
s
I
Rsensor
s:
 Thesesensor
scanmeasur
etheheatemi
tt
edbyobj
ect
s.
 Theyar eusedinv ar
iousIoTpr oj
ectsi ncl
udi
nghealt
hcaret
omoni t
orblood
fl
ow andbl oodpressure,smartphonest ouseasr emotecont
rolandother
funct
ions,wearabl
e dev i
ces to detectamountofl i
ght,t
her
momet er
st o
monitortemper
atureandblind-
spotdet ecti
oni
nvehi
cles.
 Fi
g.2.
30I
RSensor

Vishal Chavre
Proximi
tysensors:Thesesensorsdet
ectthepresenceorabsenceofanear
byobj
ect
withoutanyphy si
calcontact.Dif
fer
enttypesofpr oximi
tysensor
sareinduct
ive,
capacit
ive,phot
oelect
ri
c,ult
rasoni
candmagnet ic.Thesear
emost l
yusedinobj
ect
counter
s, pr
ocessmonitor
ingandcontrol
.

I
RPr
oxi
mit
ySensor I
nduct
ive Capaci
ti
veSensor
ReedSwi
tch
proxi
mit
y
sensor

Fi
g. 2.
31 Pr
oxi
mit
y

sensor
s Basi
c act
uat
orsy
ou may use i
nyourI
oT

projects
Servomot or s:AServoisasmal ldevi
cet hatincorpor
at esatwowi reDCmot or,agear
trai
n, apot ent i
ometer,
ani nt
egratedci
rcuit,andashaf t(out
putspine)
.Theshaf tcan
beposi t
ionedt ospeci
ficangularposi
tionsbysendi ngt heservoacodedsi gnal .Of
thet hreewi resthatstickoutf r
om theser vocasing,onei sf orpower,onei sfor
ground,and one i s a contr
olinputline.I tuses t he positi
on-
sensing device to
determi net her ot
ati
onalposit
ionoftheshaf t,soitknowswhi chwaythemot ormust
turntomov et heshaf
ttothecommandedposi ti
on.

Fi
g.2.
32Ser
voMot
or

St
epperMot or:St
eppermotorsareDCmot orsthatmoveindi scr
etesteps.Theyhave
mult
iplecoil
sthatar
eorganizedingroupscall
ed“phases”.Byenergi
zingeachphase
i
nsequence,t hemotorwil
lr ot
ate,onestepatat ime.Wi thacomput ercont
rol
led
st
epping,youcanachiev
everypreciseposi
ti
oningand/orspeedcontrol.
Fi
g.2.
33St
epperMot
or
DC mot ors:DirectCur r
ent(DC)mot orist he mostcommon actuatorused in
elect
ronicspr oj
ects.Theyar esi
mpl e,cheap,andeasytouse.DCmot or
sconv er
t
elect
ricalintomechanicalenergy.Theyconsistofpermanentmagnet
sandl oopsof
wireinside.Whencur rentisappl
ied,thewireloopsgener
ateamagneticfi
eld,whi
ch
react
sagai nstt
heoutsidefi
eldofthestati
cmagnet s.

Fi
g.2.
34DCMot
or

Li
nearActuat
or:Ali
nearactuatori
sanactuatorthatcr
eatesmoti
oni nast r
aightl
i
ne,
i
ncontrasttothecir
cularmot i
onofaconv ent
ionalel
ectri
cmotor.Linearactuat
ors
ar
eusedi nmachinetoolsandindust
ri
almachinery,i
ncomputerperipheral
ssuchas
di
skdrivesandpr i
nter
s,inv al
vesanddamper s,andi nmanyot herplaceswher e

l
i
nearmot
ioni
srequi
red.
Fi
g.2.
35Li
nearAct
uat
or

Relay:Ar el
ayisanelectr
icall
yoperatedswi tch.Manyr elaysuseanelectr
omagnetto
mechani cal
lyoperateaswi t
ch,butot heroper at
ingpr i
ncipl
esarealsoused,suchas
sol
id-staterel
ays.Theadvantageofrel ay
si sthatittakesar el
ati
vel
ysmallamountof
powert ooper atetherel
aycoi l
,butt her el
ayi t
selfcanbeusedt ocontr
olmotors,
heaters,l
ampsorACci r
cuitswhichthemsel vescandr awal otmor eel
ectr
ical
power.

Fi
g.2.
36Rel
ay

Sol
enoid:A sol
enoidissi
mpl
yaspecial
l
ydesignedelect
romagnet.Sol
enoi
dsar e
i
nexpensiv
e,andthei
rusei
spr
imar
il
yli
mitedt
oon-offappl
icat
ionssuchasl
atchi
ng,
l
ocki
ng,
and t
rigger
ing.Theyar efrequent
lyused in home appl iances(e.
g.
washi
ng machi ne v al
ves)
,of f
ice equi
pment( e.g.copy machines)
,
aut
omobi l
es (e.g.doorl atches and the startersolenoid),pi
nbal
l
machines(e.g.
,plunger
sandbumper s)
,andfactoryautomat i
on.

Fi
g.2.
37Sol
enoi
d