CPT PART 1: REPERTORY GRID
Approved Topic: Digital Self-learning versus Traditional Learning
Members: CASER, D., CANSECO, J.L., DACANAY, G.B., GONONG M.C.A., MACUSI, A.R.J., MANILA, C.A., PAULO, J., SERIDON, P.A.
NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
1. Virtual versus traditional
learning during COVID-19:
quantitative comparison of
outcomes for two articulating
ADN cohorts.
Banjo-Ogunnowo, S. M., &
Chisholm, L. J.
Elsevier Inc.
July 2022.
Research Problem
The problem is that
clinical reasoning is vital
to developing clinical
nursing judgment but
nursing schools replaced
traditional classroom
and in-hospital clinical
with virtual classroom
and clinical learning.
Major Constructs
Vital clinical decisions.
Research Objectives Research Approach / Method / Variables Included
Design
The objective of the This study used a quantitative Virtual and
study is to find and approach and measured the Traditional Learning.
compare the outcome outcomes of the study using a
between nursing standardized HESI specialty exam, Nursing students.
students involving HESI end of program (Exit) exam,
virtual learning and and HESI clinical judgment Exam Scores.
traditional learning subscales. Independent-samples
during COVID-19. t-tests and Chi square were
conducted to compare outcomes
from virtual and traditional learning.
Salient Findings Recommendations for Further Limitation of the
Investigation study
The research found no The paper emphasized the future The study is limited
significant difference research to look into the long-term to LVN articulating
between traditional and impact of virtual learning on nursing students
virtual learning on education. from one Health
various nursing exams, Care institution in the
pointing that institutions Southeast Texas
not using virtual region.
simulation learning may
consider its adoption.
NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
2. Self-regulated learning-based
digital module development
to improve students' critical
thinking skills.
Kusmaharti. D., & Yustitia, V.
PGSD Study Program, PGRI
Adi Buana University of
Surabaya
June 31, 2022
NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
3. Problems of Online Learning
During Covid-19 Pandemic in
EFL Classroom and the
Solution.
Research Problem
This research states that
learning technology can
support low critical thinking
skills, and how to improve
said critical thinking of
students whilst being self
regulated. The problem is
the lack of direction in
problem solving which
could be mitigated by self
regulation.
Major Constructs
Critical Thinking Skills
Research Problem
This study aimed to
analyze the online learning
difficulties faced by EFL
teachers
and students, and
Research Objectives Research Approach / Variables Included
Method / Design
The objective of the The research uses a Self Regulation
research was to create a R&D or research and
digital module based on development design. Student Motivation
self regulated learning The model it uses is the
before applying it to ADDIE Model.
learners. This was to see
the effectiveness of said
module in improving a
student’s critical thinking.
Salient Findings Recommendations for Limitation of the study
Further Investigation
The research showed
self-regulated digital N/A N/A
learning as a valid learning
style, having positive
responses. It is also
highlighted as a style that
enhanced critical thinking
skills, which was observed
in the experimental classes
compared to the control
group.
Research Objectives Research Approach / Variables Included
Method / Design
The objective of the study This research used a Online learning during
on online learning during Literary study or library COVID-19 Pandemic.
the Covid-19 pandemic is research that involved
to analyze the difficulties obtaining data from EFL Classroom
faced by English as a various sources, such
 Efriana, L. students’ parents during Foreign Language (EFL)
the Covid-19 pandemic. teachers, students, and
2021. parents, and to propose
solutions to address these
challenges.
as textbook, e-books,
periodicals, analyzed
qualitatively and
completed in four steps:
data collection,
reduction, display, and
verification. The study
aims to analyze online
learning difficulties
faced by EFL teachers
and students during the
Covid-19 pandemic, it
also aims to explore the
challenges encountered
by students’ parents
during the pandemic.

Major Constructs Salient Findings Recommendations for Limitation of the study

Further Investigation

Online learning difficulties
Online learning is a N/A Online learning and EFL
learning system that uses students and teachers.
an interactive model
internet based
and Learning Management
System. Teachers can still
teach, and students can
still study in their own
homes, during this
Covid-19 pandemic.
However, online
learning is highly
dependent on the
availability of information
and communication
technology.

NO. Title of the Study / Author / Research Problem Research Objectives Research Approach / Variables Included
Publisher / Year of Method / Design
Publication
4. Educational Transformation:
An Evaluation of Online
Learning Due To COVID-19.
International Journal of
Emerging Technologies in
Learning
The research problem lies
in the unpreparedness of
educational institutions and
stakeholders to effectively
transition to online learning
amidst rapid changes
brought about by the
COVID-19 pandemic.
The research aims to
evaluate the state of online
learning in Indonesian
higher education
institutions during the
COVID-19 pandemic,
focusing on students’
perspectives. It seeks to
understand the challenges
and opportunities
presented by online
education and provide
insights for its future
implementation
post-pandemic.
The research adopts a Online Learning
narrative approach,
focusing on individual COVID-19
stories to understand
the transformation of
education towards fully
online learning before
the COVID-19
pandemic based on
student perceptions.

Major Constructs Salient Findings Recommendations for Limitation of the study

Further Investigation

Behavioristic Theory The paper showed digital

self-learning guided by N/A N/A
online courses initially was
welcomed by students
since the type of learni.ng
was considered more
flexible, effective, and
efficient. Although also
seeing flaws in scheduling,
inadequate facilities, and
the use of learning media is
not optimal

NO. Title of the Study / Author / Research Problem Research Objectives Research Approach / Variables Included
Publisher / Year of Method / Design
Publication

5. Students' perception of online
learning during the COVID-19
pandemic: A survey study of
Polish medical students.
Bączek, M.,
After 8 weeks of
E-learning, the researchers
wanted to test the
effectiveness of this
teaching approach.
The researchers aimed to
get the perspective of the
medical students in various
Polish colleges on the new
form of learning.
Using a quantitative Students’ perception of
approach, the online learning.
researchers distributed
an anonymous Polish Medical Students.
questionnaire via
 Zagańczyk-Bączek, M.,
Szpringer, M., Jaroszyński,
A., & Wożakowska-Kapłon, B.
2021
NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
6. Online vs. Face-to-Face
Lecture Courses: Factors
Impacting the Effectiveness
of Online Learning.
Janmaimool, P., &
Nunsunanon, S.
July 13, 2021
Major Constructs
perception
Research Problem
The problem this study
wants to assess is the
effectiveness between
both online and
face-to-face learning as
well as the exploration of
the factors that can affect
the effectiveness of online
learning.
Salient Findings
Findings found lower
engagement in e-learning
compared to traditional
classes. The paper
emphasized fostering
clinical and social skills
among medical students,
being the limitation that
e-learning styles are
dealing with.
Research Objectives
This study aims to
investigate differences in
the learning effectiveness
of online and face-to-face
lecture courses. It also
explores factors impacting
the effectiveness of online
instruction. These factors
include interactions among
learners; interactions
between learners and the
instructor; the quality of
online platforms; learners’
ability to use devices and
follow instructions; and
environmental challenges,
such as software and
hardware errors,
forums for medical
students on facebook,
to Polish Medical
Students.
Recommendations for Limitation of the study
Further Investigation
N/A Limitations of this study
include the response rate.
Eight hundred
four participants is a small
number in comparison to
the amount
of all medical students in
Poland.
Research Approach / Variables Included
Method / Design
With a quantitative Online vs. Face-to face
approach, a purposive lecture courses
sampling method was
used to select Factors impacting the
participants; students effectiveness of online
who registered for an learning
elective, lecture-based
social science course,
such as history, humans
and the environment, or
general philosophy,
were selected as
participants. Data
collection occurred in
May and June 2020,
with analysis including
descriptive statistics,
paired t-tests comparing

NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
7. Procrastination predicts
online self-regulated learning
and online learning
ineffectiveness during the
coronavirus lockdown.
Personality and Individual
Differences
Hong, J., Lee, Y. F., & Ye, J.
Major Constructs
Students’ behavior
Concentration
Enjoyment
Comprehension
Motivation
Research Problem
Few studies have explored
the ineffectiveness of self
regulated and digitized
learning during the
pandemic.This research
aims to prove that
procrastination will be a
much more rampant
practice during self
regulated or digital
disturbances or distractions
in learners’ environments,
and learners’ lack of active
engagement in the learning
process due to distraction.
Salient Findings
It explored the
effectiveness of
face-to-face lectures to
online ones. In short, online
learning provides flexibility,
motivation, and needing
sufficient learning tools.
While emphasizing
interaction during online
classes for learning
effectiveness. It also
highlighted the
environment as a variable
affecting online learning
effectiveness, positing
on-campus online learning
spaces as a solution.
Research Objectives
The objective of this
research isn’t necessarily
to undermine digital and
self regulated learning. As
said by the researchers, it
sought to help teachers
make more practical and
better learning avenues for
their students in the future.
learning effectiveness,
and multiple regression
analysis identifying
factors impacting online
course effectiveness.
Recommendations for Limitation of the study
Further Investigation
N/A This study compares the
learning effectiveness of
face-to-face and online
lecture courses. In this
study, learning
effectiveness refers to
learners’ learning behaviors
or affects during class
participation. This includes
students’ concentration
during class, enjoy-
ment in learning, and
enthusiasm about the
class. In addition, students’
learning outcomes after
finishing the class are also
explored.
Research Approach / Variables Included
Method / Design
To support their model, Procrastination
the researchers used
trait activation theory. Online self-regulated
The model studied six learning and online learning
SROL approaches ineffectiveness during the
(task-strategy, coronavirus lockdown
mood-adjustment,
self-evaluation,
environmental-structure,
time management, and
 2021
NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
8. Innovation in education: what
works, what doesn’t, and
what to do about it?
Serdyukov, P.
learning, its focus being on
the Coronavirus period.
Major Constructs
Impact of online learning
Research Problem
The USA lacks educational
innovation and because of
this intensely lacks
learning outcomes across
the span of the education
system.
Salient Findings
The paper found
self-regulated learning
(SRL) strategies essential
to the effectiveness of
online learning, promoting
self-reflection in the
learning process, and high
levels of self-regulated
learning correlate to high
academic outcomes. Vice
versa, low levels of SRL
due to procrastination,
leads to a heightened
perception of online
learning infectivity.
Research Objectives
Identify the barriers to
innovation in education and
online potential directions
for effective innovations. It
also aimed to emphasize
the importance of effective
help-seeking).
Recommendations for Limitation of the study
Further Investigation
Future studies may This study did not analyze
include academic the effect of the number of
procrastination as a hours spent on online
predictor of perceived learning on the variables of
learning ineffectiveness participants’ procrastination
to check if its multiple and SROL.
linear regression can
confirm the essential
nature of academic
procrastination. It is
suggested that future
studies conduct a
comparison to explore
the effect of the number
of hours spent on online
learning with those
components of SROL
that may affect the
perception of online
learning effectiveness
during the coronavirus
lockdown and take
gender impact into
consideration.
Research Approach / Variables Included
Method / Design
This research was a Innovation in Education
survey based analytical
research. It was based
on a literature survey
and author research.
 April 3, 2017 innovations of scale that
can produce high-quality
learning outcomes across
the education system. In
essence, The objective is
to raise the quality and
scale of innovations in
education, which will
positively affect education
itself and benefit the whole
society.

Major Constructs Salient Findings Recommendations for Limitation of the study

Further Investigation

Effectiveness of The paper posited the N/A N/A

technology innovation human element as a crucial
aspect in learning. The
research questioned the
readiness of the integration
of technology in learning
environments. The paper
proposed a
multidimensional approach
to revitalize the educational
system, fostering learner
autonomy, self-efficacy,
critical thinking, creativity
and a supportive culture for
innovative education.

NO. Title of the Study / Author / Research Problem Research Objectives Research Approach / Variables Included
Publisher / Year of Method / Design
Publication

9. The rise of education rentiers: There is a lack of The paper first highlighted This research used a Education rentiers
digital platforms, digital data understanding and the need for further theoretical analysis, in a
and rents. knowledge about the research in understanding qualitative sense in Digital platforms, digital
amount of digital rents contemporary digitization in proving the theoretical data, and rents
Komljenovic, J being paid by educational the academic sector. It concept of the
institutions including the aims to introduce its implications of digital
 2021, February 22
NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
10 Educational Transformation:
An Evaluation of Online
Learning Due To COVID-19.
Firmansyah, R., Putri, D. M.,
need for further research in
this area.
Major Constructs
Financial
Research Problem
The research problem lies
in the unpreparedness of
educational institutions and
stakeholders to effectively
concept of rentiership and rentership in education.
assetization into the study
of the political economy of
education technology. It
aims to study the changes
happening in the education
sector as a result of digital
rentiership.
Salient Findings Recommendations for Limitation of the study
Further Investigation
The paper highlighted the N/A This article focused on the
implications of digital political economy of edtech.
rentership in education,
namely payment of
monetary rent, legal
implications, expansion of
contractual governance in
education, the possibility of
de-institutionalization and
re-institutionalization of
education through
algorithmic
decision-making and
individual platform use, and
monopolistic implications of
digital platforms.
Emphasizing the rapidly
evolving landscape of
edtech during the
pandemic.
Research Objectives Research Approach / Variables Included
Method / Design
The research aims to The research adopts a Educational Transformation
evaluate the state of online narrative approach,
learning in Indonesian focusing on individual Evaluation of Online
higher education stories to understand Learning Due To COVID-19
 Wicaksono, M. G. S., Putri, S.
F., Widianto, A. A., & Palil, M.
R.
International Journal of
Emerging Technologies in
Learning
2021
NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
11. Impact of YouTube Tutorials
in Skill Development among
University Students of
Lahore.
Iftikhar, M., Riaz, S., &
Yousaf, Z.
transition to online learning
amidst rapid changes
brought about by the
COVID-19 pandemic.
Major Constructs
Students’ perceptions
Research Problem
With the rise of youtube
and the ever growing
popularity, it leads people
to wonder just how many
students rely solely on
youtube tutorials and the
effects this surely would
cause on the youth.
institutions during the
COVID-19 pandemic,
focusing on students’
perspectives. It seeks to
understand the challenges
and opportunities
presented by online
education and provide
insights for its future
implementation
post-pandemic.
Salient Findings
The paper showed digital
self-learning guided by
online courses initially was
welcomed by students
since the type of learni.ng
was considered more
flexible, effective, and
efficient. Although also
seeing flaws in scheduling,
inadequate facilities, and
the use of learning media is
not optimal.
Research Objectives
Through this, the
researchers aim to
understand the sheer
popularity of these online
video tutorials and how
dependent scholars are
when it comes to learning
through online tutorials.
the transformation of
education towards fully
online learning before
the COVID-19
pandemic based on
student perceptions.
Recommendations for Limitation of the study
Further Investigation
The next research The main focus of this
is expected to be able study is how the process of
to examine more learning transformation that
broadly about online happen in a state university
learning practitioners, in Indonesia, as well as
so that there will be what challenges and
suggestions or policy opportunities are faced
models that can be during the transition to
applied by educational sustainable learning.
institutions, especially
universities in
Indonesia.
Research Approach / Variables Included
Method / Design
A quantitative research Impact of Youtube tutorials
was built on statistical
analysis and the use of Skill Developing
a survey. Using a
random sampling
method of 400 male and
female university
students of Lahore
 Pakistan Journal of Distance
and Online Learning
2023.
NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
12. A Systematic Review of the
Effectiveness of Online
Learning During The
Covid-19 pandemic period.
Meng, W., Yu, L., Liu, C.,
Pan, N., Pang, X., & Yunyun
Frontiers
Above all the only way to
understand these forms of
learning is to assess
effectiveness in teaching
the youth.
Major Constructs Salient Findings
Learning skills The paper spotlights
YouTube as a viable
platform for learning.
Tutorials have become a
staple of YouTube, also
many foreign universities
utilize YouTube videos for
classroom learning.
Research Problem Research Objectives
There was no gap found The study aimed to
since it was a systematic comprehend modern
review. Although the literature concerning online
knowledge pertaining to learning effectiveness and
modern literature is still systematically review them.
unknown beforehand, can
be identified as such.
aged between 18 to 22.
Recommendations for Limitation of the study
Further Investigation
The researcher The focus of this
recommends the future research paper is on
researchers to continue learning skills by watching
this study YouTube tutorial among
in other dimensions. university students of
Other dimensions may Lahore, Pakistan.
include finding that
extra need
other than the 6 needs
of the theory which
persuades a person to
watch
different kinds of
tutorials related to
various branches and
aspects of life.
Research Approach / Variables Included
Method / Design
The study implemented Online Learning during the
a systematic review of Covid-19 Pandemic
25 selected articles to
comprehensively
evaluate online learning
effectiveness during the
pandemic period and
identify factors that
influence such
effectiveness.
 January 2024
NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
13. Negative Impacts From the
Shift to Online Learning
During The Covid-19 Crisis:
Evidence from a Statewide
Community College System
Bird, K.A., Castleman, B.L., &
Lohner, G.
Major Constructs Salient Findings
Effectiveness of online It was concluded that past
learning. studies failed to achieve a
consensus over online
learning effectiveness and
research results are largely
by how learning
effectiveness was
assessed, e.g.,
self-reported online
learning effectiveness, and
longitudinal comparison.
Meanwhile, a set of factors
that positively or negatively
influence the effectiveness
of online learning were
identified, including
infrastructure factors,
instructional factors, the
lack of social interaction,
negative emotions,
flexibility, and convenience.
Research Problem Research Objectives
The problem this research What the researchers wish
looks into is if there’s a to improve upon is to better
correlation between improve upon how online
depression, anxiety, and teaching is conducted and
stress among community how it can be improved in
college students engaged quality for the quality of the
in online learning during active learners.
the pandemic.
Recommendations for Limitation of the study
Further Investigation
Future research is There are several
encouraged to adopt an limitations in past research
RCT design and collect regarding online learning
a large-sized sample to effectiveness during the
objectively, rigorously, pandemic period. The first
and accurately quantify is the lack of rigor in
the effectiveness of assessing learning
online learning. effectiveness. Second, the
Scholars are also widely accepted criteria for
encouraged to develop assessing learning
a new framework to effectiveness are absent,
assess learning and past empirical studies
effectiveness used diversified
comprehensively. This procedures, techniques,
framework should cover instruments, and criteria for
multiple dimensions of measuring online learning
learning effectiveness effectiveness, resulting in
and have strong difficulty in comparing
generalizability. It is research results. Third,
recommended that learning effectiveness is a
future research could multi-dimensional construct
compare the but its multidimensionality
effectiveness of online was largely ignored by past
learning between research.
different subjects.
Research Approach / Variables Included
Method / Design
The pandemic has led Online learning during the
to a shift from Covid-19 Crisis.
face-to-face learning to
distance learning
platforms, causing
mental strain. South
Africa's study revealed
inadequate
September 2020 psychological support
for isolated students,
increasing emotional
burnout. A US-based
survey revealed
increased depression
and anxiety among
students, highlighting
the need for improved
support and
psychological resources
in education.

Major Constructs Salient Findings Recommendations for Limitation of the study

Further Investigation

Impact of this shift to the The COVID-19 pandemic N/A N/A

learners and teachers has significantly impacted
the mental health of higher
education students, leading
to a higher frequency of
psychological problems.
Common issues include
anxiety, stress, social
media fatigue, and
depression. Factors
affecting mental health
include inadequate time
management, lack of
adaptation strategies,
ineffective self-regulation,
and cognitive complaints.
Limited publications have
addressed the mental
health of students during
distance learning,
particularly in university
settings.
NO. Title of the Study / Author /
Publisher / Year of
Publication
14. Association Between Online
Self-Directed Learning
Ability and Negative
Emotions Among College
Students During the
COVID-19 Pandemic: A
Cross-Sectional Study in
Anhui Province, East China.
Chang, W.-w., Zhang, L.,
Wen, L.-y., Su, H., & Jin,
Y.-l.
Frontiers in Psychology
2021
Research Problem
This study investigated the
correlation between
depression, anxiety, and
stress among college
students engaged in online
learning during the
coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) pandemic and
self-directed learning
(SDL) ability, which could
provide a scientific basis
for mental health education
of the college students.
Major Constructs
Negative Emotions
Mental Health Impact
Research Objectives Research Approach / Variables Included
Method / Design
The researchers aimed to A cross-sectional study Online Self-Directed
prove the impact of Online was conducted among Learning ability.
self-directed learning to 5,558 students from two
college students’ mental universities in Anhui College Students during the
health during the covid-19 province, East China. Covid-19 Pandemic.
pandemic. The Depression,
Anxiety, and Stress
Scale-21 (DASS-21)
and the Self-directed
Learning Ability Scale
were used to conduct
an online questionnaire
survey.
Salient Findings Recommendations for Limitation of the study
Further Investigation
This study provides our N/A This study was
understanding of the cross-sectional and it
relationship between cannot draw a causal
online self-directed conclusion. The way
learning ability and students fill in the
emotional well-being questionnaire is through the
among college students internet, which reduces the
during COVID-19 recovery rate and efficiency
pandemic. It emphasizes of the questionnaire.
the importance of
promoting self-directed
learning skills as part of
effective educational
strategies, particularly in
remote learning
environments.
 The said research all did specify which subject was to be studied. One of the studies by Banjo-Ogunnowo and Chisholm (2022) studied
nursing education exams. A gap seen in such research and other research was the difference between traditional learning and digital self-learning.
Another gap these studies neglected was the difference in lower grades such as elementary and pre-collages grades such as senior highschool.
Also particular to Saint Louis University (SLU), this study has never been conducted in SLU before.
Thus this study will address part of the gap observed by the researchers, that being the difference between traditional learning and digital
self-learning in senior highschool subjects in SLU.

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